INFORMATION & DIAGNOTICS

>ping
Verifies IP-level connectivity to another TCP/IP computer by
sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo
Request messages.

>control admintools
>services.msc
> devmgmt.msc
>eventvwr.msc (or just eventvwr)
>systeminfo
Displays detailed configuration information about a computer
and its operating system, including operating system
configuration, security information, product ID, and hardware
properties, such as RAM, disk space, and network cards.

>msconfig
>hostname
Displays the host name portion of the full computer name of
the computer.

>drwtsn32
Dr Watson diagnostics
Run >eventvwr
or
mmc.exe X:\WINDOWS\system32\eventvwr.msc
Event Viewer
>perfmon.exe [file_name]
[/HTMLFILE:converted_file settings_file]
Allows you to open a Windows XP Performance console
configured with settings files from Windows NT 4.0 version
of Performance Monitor.

>regsvr32 [/u] [/s] [/n] [/i[:cmdline]] dllname

/u : Unregisters server.
/s : Specifies regsvr32 to run silently and to not display any
message boxes.
/n : Specifies not to call DllRegisterServer. You must use this
option with /i.
/i:cmdline : Calls DllInstall passing it an optional [cmdline].
When used with /u, it calls dll uninstall.
dllname : Specifies the name of the dll file that will be
registered.

NETWORK
>ipconfig [/all] [/renew [Adapter]] [/release
[Adapter]] [/flushdns] [/displaydns] [/registerdns]
[/showclassid Adapter] [/setclassid Adapter
[ClassID]]
/all : Displays the full TCP/IP configuration for all adapters.
/renew [Adapter] : Renews DHCP configuration for all
adapters (if an adapter is not specified) or for a specific
adapter if the Adapter parameter is included.
/release [Adapter] : Sends a DHCPRELEASE message to the
DHCP server to release the current DHCP configuration and
discard the IP address configuration
/flushdns : Flushes and resets the contents of the DNS client
resolver cache.
/displaydns : Displays the contents of the DNS client
resolver cache, which includes both entries preloaded from
the local Hosts file and any recently obtained resource
records for name queries resolved by the computer.
/registerdns : Initiates manual dynamic registration for the
DNS names and IP addresses that are configured at a
computer.
/showclassid Adapter : Displays the DHCP class ID for a
specified adapter.
/setclassid Adapter [ClassID] : Configures the DHCP class ID
for a specified adapter.

>tracert [-d] [-h MaximumHops] [-j HostList] [-w

Timeout] [TargetName]
Determines the path taken to a destination by sending
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request
messages to the destination with incrementally increasing
Time to Live (TTL) field values.

>netstat [-a] [-e] [-n] [-o] [-p Protocol] [-r] [-s]

[Interval]
Displays active TCP connections, ports on which the
computer is listening, Ethernet statistics, the IP routing
table, IPv4 statistics (for the IP, ICMP, TCP, and UDP
protocols), and IPv6 statistics
-a : Displays all active TCP connections and the TCP and
UDP ports on which the computer is listening.
-e : Displays Ethernet statistics, such as the number of
bytes and packets sent and received. This parameter can
be combined with -s.
-n : Displays active TCP connections, however, addresses
and port numbers are expressed numerically and no
attempt is made to determine names.

>nslookup
Displays information that you can use to diagnose Domain
Name System (DNS) infrastructure. Before using this tool,
you should be familiar with how DNS works. The Nslookup
command-line tool is available only if you have installed the
TCP/IP protocol.

WIN XP/2K COMMANDS

at (windows XP/2000)
Scheduling utility.
bootcfg (XP only)
This utility allows you to set up your boot options,
such as your default OS and other loading
options.
cacls (XP, 2000, & NT4.0)
Changes the ACLs (security Settings) of files and
folders. Very similar to chmod in Linux.
comp (XP & 2000)
This utility is very similar to diff in Linux. Use the
/? switch to get examples of command usage.
contig (works with NT4.0 and newer)
A great defrag utility for NTFS partitions.
control (XP only) - unpublished!
Allows you to launch control panel applets from
the command line.
control userpasswords2, for example will
launch a helpful local user admin utility.
defrag (XP only - NT4.0 and Win2k use
contig)
If you are running Win2k or NT4.0 there is still
hope. Contig is a free defrag program that I
describe on the defrag page.
diskpart (XP only)
Use this command to manage your disk
partitions. This is the text version for the GUI
Disk Manager.
driverquery (XP only)
Produces a list of drivers, their properties, and
their versions. Great for computer
documentation.

This generates a summary of the user settings

and computer group policy settings.
gpupdate (XP only)
Use this utility to manually apply computer and
user policy from your windows 2000 (or newer)
domain.
MMC (XP, 2000 & NT4.0) - Microsoft
Management Console
This is the master tool for Windows, it is the main
interface in which all other tools use starting
primarily in Windows 2000 and newer systems.
more
Utility used to display text output one screen at a
time. Ex. more c:\windows\win.ini
msconfig (XP only)
The ultimate tool to change the services and
utilities that start when your Windows machine
boots up. You can also copy the executable from
XP and use it in Win2k.
msinfo32 (XP &smp; 2000)
An awesome diagnostic tool. With it you can get a
list of running processes, including the residing
path of the executable (great for manually
removing malware) and get detailed information
about hardware and system diagnostics.
narrator (XP only)
Turns on the system narrator (can also be found
in accessibility options in control panel). Will will
allow your computer to dictate text to you.
netsh (XP & 2000)
A network configuration tool console. At the
'netsh>' prompt, use the '?' to list the available
commands and type "exit" to get back to a
command prompt.
nslookup (all)
A DNS name resolution tool.

eudcedit (XP only) -unpublished!

Private Character editor. Yes with this program
built into Windows XP you can create your own
font!

openfiles (XP Only)

Allows an administrator to display or disconnect
open files in XP professional. Type "openfiles /?"
for a list of possible parameters.

findstr
Find String - similar to Linux's Grep.

Pathping (XP & 2000)

A cross between the ping and traceroute utilities.
Who needs Neotrace when you can use this? Type
"pathping <ip address>" and watch it go.

fsutil (XP only) - unpublished!

This is a utility with a lot of capability. Come back
soon for great examples.
getmac (XP & 2000)
This command gets the Media Access Control
(MAC) address of your network cards.
gpresult (XP & 2000)

recover (XP & 2000)

This command can recover readable information
from a damaged disk and is very easy to use.
reg (XP & 2000)
A console registry tool, great for scripting
Registry edits.

sc (XP & 2000)

A command line utility called the Service
Controller. A power tool to make service changes
via a logon/logoff or startup/shutdown script.
schtasks (XP only)
A newer version of the AT command. This allows
an administrator to schedule and manage
scheduled tasks on a local and remote machines.
secedit (XP & 2000)
Use this utility to manually apply computer and
user policy from your windows 2000 (or newer)
domain. Example to update the machine policy:
secedit /refreshpolicy
machine_policy /enforce
To view help on this, just type secedit.
NOTE: In Windows XP SP1 and news, this
command is superceded by: gpupdate /force
sfc (XP & 2000)
The system file checker scans important system
files and replaces the ones you (or your
applications) hacked beyond repair with the real,
official Microsoft versions.
shutdown (XP & 2000)
With this tool, You can shut down or restart your
own computer, or an administrator can shut down
or restart a remote computer.
sigverif (XP only)
Microsoft has created driver signatures. A signed
driver is Microsoft tested and approved. With the
sigverif tool you can have all driver files analyzed
to verify that they are digitally signed. Just type
'sigverif' at the command prompt.

Taskkill contains the rest of the task manager

functionality. It allows you to kill those unneeded
or locked up applications.
tree (XP & 2000)
An amazing experience everyone should try! This
command will provide a 'family tree' style display
of the drive/folder you specify.

WMIC (XP & 2000)

Windows Management Instrumentation Command
tool. This allows you to pull an amazing amount
of low-level system information from a command
line scripting interface.
BASIC SHORTCUTS
Alt + F
program.
Alt + E
program
F1

File menu options in current

Edit options in current
Universal Help in almost ever Windows

program.

Ctrl + A
Select all text.
Ctrl + X
Cut selected item.
Shift + Del Cut selected item.
Ctrl + C
Copy selected item.
Ctrl + Ins
Copy selected item
Ctrl + V
Paste
Shift + Ins Paste
Home
Goes to beginning of current line.
Ctrl + Home Goes to beginning of document.
End
Goes to end of current line.
Ctrl + End
Goes to end of document.
Shift + Home
Highlights from current position to
beginning of line.

Shift + End

Highlights from current position to end of

line.

systeminfo (XP only)

Basic system configuration information, such as
the system type, the processor type, time zone,
virtual memory settings, system uptime, and
much more. This program is great for creating an
inventory of computers on your network.

Ctrl +
at a time.
Ctrl +
at a time.

Moves one word to the right

CONTROL PANEL QUICK KEYS

sysedit (XP/2000)
System Configuration File Editor. An old tool that
was very handy for the Windows 9X days.
msconfig is what you want to use now.

tasklist (XP pro only)

Tasklist is the command console equivalent to the
task manager in windows. It is a must have when
fighting scumware and viruses. Try the command:

tasklist /svc
to view the memory resources your services take
up.

taskkill (XP only)

Moves one word to the left

Accessibility Options
Add New Hardware
add new hardware
Add/Remove Programs
appwiz.cpl
Date/Time Properties
Display Properties
FindFast
findfast.cpl
Fonts Folder
Internet Properties
Joystick Properties
Keyboard Properties
keyboard
Microsoft Exchange

control access.cpl
control sysdm.cpl
control
control timedate.cpl
control desk.cpl
control
control fonts
control inetcpl.cpl
control joy.cpl
control main.cpl
control mlcfg32.cpl

(or Windows Messaging)

Microsoft Mail Post Office
Modem Properties
Mouse Properties
Multimedia Properties
Network Properties

control
control
control
control
control

wgpocpl.cpl
modem.cpl
main.cpl
mmsys.cpl
netcpl.cpl

NOTE: In Windows NT 4.0, Network properties is

Ncpa.cpl, not Netcpl.cpl

Password Properties
control
password.cpl
Power Management (Windows 95) control
main.cpl power
Power Management (Windows 98) control
powercfg.cpl
Printers Folder
control
printers
Regional Settings
control intl.cpl
Scanners and Cameras
control
sticpl.cpl
Sound Properties
control mmsys.cpl
sounds
System Properties
control sysdm.cpl

WINDOWS SHORTCUT KEYS

EXPLORER SHORTCUTS

+D
Brings the desktop to the top
of all other windows.
+M

Minimizes all windows.

+ SHIFT + M
minimize done by

Undo the

+ M and WINKEY + D.
+E

Open Microsoft Explorer.

+ Tab Cycle through open programs

through the taskbar.

Alt +
Back a page.
Alt +
Forward a page.
F5
Refresh current page / frame.
F11 Display the current website in full
screen mode. Pressing F11 again will
exit this mode.
Esc Stop page or download from
loading.
Ctrl + Enter
Quickly complete an
address.
Ctrl + N
Open New browser window.
Ctrl + P
Print current page / frame.
Spacebar Moves down a page at a
time.
Shift + Spacebar
Moves up a page
at a time.
OUTLOOK SHORTCUTS

+F
Display the Windows Search /
Find feature.
+ CTRL + F Display the search for
computers window.
+ F1 Display the Microsoft
Windows help.
+R

Open the run window.

+ Pause / Break key

system properties window.
+U

Open the

Open Utility Manager.

+L
Lock the computer (Windows
XP and above only).

Ctrl + K
Complete the name
and/or e-mail being typed in the e-mail
address bar.
Ctrl + R Reply to an e-mail.
Ctrl + F Forward an e-mail.
Ctrl + N Create a new e-mail.

UNIX COMMANDS

Starting
login: `Logging in'
telnet: Connect to another machine
logout: `Logging out'

File Commands

emacs: `Using the emacs text editor'

mkdir: `Creating a directory'
cd: `Changing your current working directory'
ls: `Finding out what files you have'
cp: `Making a copy of a file'
mv: `Changing the name of a file'
rm: `Getting rid of unwanted files'
chmod: `Controlling access to your files'
cmp: Comparing two files
wc: Word, line, and character count
compress: Compress a file

Utils

ps: `Finding your processes'

kill: `Killing a process'
nohup: Continuing a job after logout
nice: Changing the priority of a job
&: `What is a background process?'
Cntrl-z: Suspending a process
fg: `Resuming a suspended process'

Communication
e-mail: `Sending and receiving electronic
mail' talk: Talk to another user
write: Write messages to another user
sftp: Secure file transfer protocol
Information
man: Manual pages
quota -v: Finding out your available disk
space quota
ical: `Using the Ical personal organizer'
finger: Getting information about a user
passwd: Changing your password
who: Finding out who's logged on

Printing
lpr: `Printing'
lprm: Removing a print job
lpq: Checking the print queues

Finding

grep: search for a string in a file

tail: show the last few lines of a file
who: . shows who is logged into the local
system

df: .. shows disk space available on the

system
du: .. shows how much disk space is being
used up by folders
chmod .............. changes permissions on a
file
bc: .. a simple calculator

Compiling

Job & Process Control

w: ... shows who is logged on and what

they're doing
finger (emailaddr).. shows more information
about a user

make: compiles source code

gcc (file.c) ....... compiles C source into a file
named 'a.out'

Compression Utils

gzip: best compression for UNIX files

zip: . zip for IBM files
tar: . combines multiple files into one or viceversa
lharc, lzh, lha .... un-arc'ers, may not be on
your system

Conversion Utils

dos2unix (file) (new) - strips CR's out of dos

text files
unix2dos (file) (new) - adds CR's to unix text
files

LINUX COMMANDS
alias
Create an alias
awk
Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index
break Exit from a loop
builtin Run a shell builtin
cal
Display a calendar
case
Conditionally perform a command
cat
Display the contents of a file
cd
Change Directory
cfdisk Partition table manipulator for Linux
chgrp Change group ownership
chmod Change access permissions
chown Change file owner and group
chroot Run a command with a different root directory
cksum Print CRC checksum and byte counts
clear
Clear terminal screen
cmp
Compare two files
comm Compare two sorted files line by line
command
Run a command - ignoring shell functions
continue
Resume the next iteration of a loop
cp
Copy one or more files to another location
cron
Daemon to execute scheduled commands
crontab
Schedule a command to run at a later time
csplit
Split a file into context-determined pieces

cut
Divide a file into several parts
date
Display or change the date & time
dc
Desk Calculator
dd
Data Dump - Convert and copy a file
declare Declare variables and give them attributes
df
Display free disk space
diff
Display the differences between two files
diff3
Show differences among three files
dir
Briefly list directory contents
dircolors
Colour setup for `ls'
dirname
Convert a full pathname to just a path
dirs
Display list of remembered directories
du
Estimate file space usage
echo
Display message on screen
ed
A line-oriented text editor (edlin)
egrep
Search file(s) for lines that match an extended
expression
eject
Eject CD-ROM
enable Enable and disable builtin shell commands
env
Display, set, or remove environment variables
eval
Evaluate several commands/arguments
exec
Execute a command
exit
Exit the shell
expand Convert tabs to spaces
export Set an environment variable
expr
Evaluate expressions
factor
Print prime factors
fdformat
Low-level format a floppy disk
fdisk
Partition table manipulator for Linux
fgrep
Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed string
find
Search for files that meet a desired criteria
fmt
Reformat paragraph text
fold
Wrap text to fit a specified width.
for
Expand words, and execute commands
format Format disks or tapes
free
Display memory usage
fsck
File system consistency check and repair
function Define Function Macros
gawk
Find and Replace text within file(s)
getopts Parse positional parameters
grep
Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern
groups Print group names a user is in
gzip
Compress or decompress named file(s)
hash
Remember the full pathname of a name argument
head
Output the first part of file(s)
history Command History
hostname
Print or set system name
id
Print user and group id's
if
Conditionally perform a command
import Capture an X server screen and save the image to
file
info
Help info
install
Copy files and set attributes
join
Join lines on a common field
kill
Stop a process from running
less
Display output one screen at a time
let
Perform arithmetic on shell variables
ln
Make links between files
local
Create variables
locate Find files
logname
Print current login name
logout Exit a login shell
look
Display lines beginning with a given string
lpc
Line printer control program
lpr
Off line print
lprint
Print a file
lprintd Abort a print job
lprintq List the print queue
lprm
Remove jobs from the print queue
ls
List information about file(s)
m4
Macro processor
man
Help manual
mkdir
Create new folder(s)
mkfifo Make FIFOs (named pipes)
mknod Make block or character special files
more
Display output one screen at a time
mount Mount a file system
mtools Manipulate MS-DOS files

mv
Move or rename files or directories
nice
Set the priority of a command or job
nl
Number lines and write files
nohup Run a command immune to hangups
passwd Modify a user password
paste
Merge lines of files
pathchk Check file name portability
ping
Test a network connection
popd
Restore the previous value of the current directory
pr
Prepare files for printing
printcap Printer capability database
printenv
Print environment variables
printf
Format and print data
ps
Process status
pushd Save and then change the current directory
pwd
Print Working Directory
quota
Display disk usage and limits
quotachec
k Scan a file system for disk usage
quotactl Set disk quotas
ram
ram disk device
rcp
Copy files between two machines.
read
read a line from standard input
readonly
Mark variables/functions as readonly
remsync
Synchronize remote files via email
return Exit a shell function
rm
Remove files
rmdir
Remove folder(s)
rpm
Remote Package Manager
rsync
Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees)
screen Terminal window manager
sdiff
Merge two files interactively
sed
Stream Editor
select
Accept keyboard input
seq
Print numeric sequences
set
Manipulate shell variables and functions
shift
Shift positional parameters
shopt
Shell Options
shutdown
Shutdown or restart linux
sleep Delay for a specified time
sort
Sort text files
source Run commands from a file `.'
split
Split a file into fixed-size pieces
su
Substitute user identity
sum
Print a checksum for a file
symlink Make a new name for a file
sync
Synchronize data on disk with memory
tac
Concatenate and write files in reverse
tail
Output the last part of files
tar
Tape ARchiver
tee
Redirect output to multiple files
test
Evaluate a conditional expression
time
Measure Program running time
times
User and system times
touch
Change file timestamps
top
List processes running on the system
tracerout
e Trace Route to Host
trap
Run a command when a signal is set(bourne)
tr
Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
tsort
Topological sort
tty
Print filename of terminal on stdin
type
Describe a command
ulimit
Limit user resources
umask Users file creation mask
umount Unmount a device
unalias Remove an alias
uname Print system information
unexpand
Convert spaces to tabs
uniq
Uniquify files
units
Convert units from one scale to another
unset
Remove variable or function names
unshar Unpack shell archive scripts
until
Execute commands (until error)
useradd Create new user account
usermod
Modify user account
users
List users currently logged in
uuencode
Encode a binary file
uudecode
Decode a file created by uuencode
v
Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')

vdir
vi
watch
wc
whereis
which
while
who
whoami
xargs
yes
.period
###

Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')

Text Editor
Execute/display a program periodically
Print byte, word, and line counts
Report all known instances of a command
Locate a program file in the user's path.
Execute commands
Print all usernames currently logged in
Print the current user id and name (`id -un')
Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s)
Print a string until interrupted
Run commands from a file
Comment / Remark

Software Design Specification Outline

Introduction
System Overview
Design Considerations
Assumptions and Dependencies
General Constraints
Goals and Guidelines
Development Methods
Architectural Strategies
strategy-1 name or description
strategy-2 name or description
System Architecture
component-1 name or description
component-2 name or description
Policies and Tactics
policy/tactic-1 name or description
policy/tactic-2 name or description
Detailed System Design
module-1 name or description
module-2 name or description
Glossary
Bibliography

More TECH KEYWORDS

Kick-start
Embark, Commence
Executing
Dispatch
Hinge
Underpinnings
Instant
Lightweight
Apparatus
Instrumentation
Mechanism
Retrofit
Retreat
Compute
Hack / Tweak
Flush
Drain
Draw draw down
Marshal marshal data
Propagate

Hurdles
Traverse
Bundle

TEST PLAN OUTLINE

1. Background
2. Introduction (Scope)
3. Assumptions
4. Test Items
List each of the items (programs) to be tested.
5. Features to be tested
List each of the features (functions or
requirements) which will be tested or
demonstrated by the test.
6. Features not to be tested
Explicitly lists each feature, function, or
requirement which won't be tested and why not.
7. Approach
Describe the data flows and test philosophy.
Simulation or Live execution, Etc.
8. Item Pass/Fail Criteria Blanket statement
Itemized list of expected output and
tolerances
9. Suspension/Resumption Criteria
Must the test run from start to completion?
Under what circumstances may it be resumed
in the middle?
Establish check-points in long tests.
10. Test Deliverables
What, besides software, will be delivered?
Test report
Test software
11. Testing Tasks
Functional tasks (e.g., equipment set up)
Administrative tasks
12. Environmental Needs
Security clearance
Office space & equipment
Hardware/software requirements
13. Responsibilities
Who does the tasks in Section 10?
What does the user do?
14. Staff and Training
15. Schedule
16. Resources
17. Risks and Contingencies
18. Approvals