United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit
United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit
United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit
2d 73
63 A.F.T.R.2d 89-544, 89-1 USTC P 9133
existence for federal income tax purposes during the years in question. The
United States District Court for the District of Delaware granted M & E's
motion for summary judgment, denied the government's cross-motion, and
awarded M & E refunds for taxes paid in 1979-81, as well as statutory interest.
The government appeals.
2
I.
3
"[T]he parties do not dispute any material issues of fact." United States v.
McDonald & Eide, Inc., 670 F.Supp. 1226, 1227 (D.Del.1987). M & E was
incorporated in 1953 under the laws of Delaware and engaged in the business of
oil and gas exploration in Montana. In 1954, the company invested nearly all its
capital in a single well which proved to be dry. In 1955, M & E ceased all
business operations. Acting under state law, Delaware's governor revoked M &
E's corporate charter in January 1958 for failure to pay franchise taxes. The
shareholders were informed that the company had no assets and was defunct.
Between 1958 and 1961, title to all of M & E's assets, including part interests in
various mineral rights and oil and gas leases, was transferred from the
corporation to a group of former officers. In February 1965, ten years after M &
E ceased all business operations and seven years after it lost its corporate
charter, some former M & E shareholders filed a legal action in the Delaware
Court of Chancery against the former corporate officers and directors for fraud,
embezzlement, and misappropriation of corporate assets and sought the
appointment of a receiver. Granting that request, the state court appointed Frank
Gunnip.1
As receiver, Gunnip brought two suits against former M & E officers and
shareholders. In an action filed in Minnesota, he sought surrender of capital
stock for which they had not paid valuable consideration. In another action filed
in Montana, he sought recovery of misappropriated mineral rights and lease
interests. Judgment for Gunnip was entered in the Montana action in 1970. The
Minnesota case settled favorably to Gunnip and M & E in 1972.
The Montana mineral rights and lease interests Gunnip recovered at first
seemed worthless. In 1979, however, they began producing royalties which
were paid to Gunnip as receiver. Since then, Gunnip has sought to identify all
Except for the Montana and Minnesota suits and his attempts to identify former
shareholders entitled to royalty distributions, Gunnip's activities have been
minimal. He did, however, institute suits in 1979 to determine the amount M &
E was owed pursuant to a lease and in 1985 to quiet a leasehold interest title.
All his activities have been conducted under the supervision of the Delaware
Court of Chancery.
In January 1981, Gunnip requested a letter ruling from the Internal Revenue
Service (IRS) whether he was required to file corporate income tax returns for
M & E reporting the royalty income from the lease interests. The IRS ruled that
M & E was still in existence for income tax purposes and therefore that Gunnip,
as receiver, was required to file returns for M & E. Although he did so for the
years 1979 to 1983, he paid the taxes due under protest, asserting that M & E
was not then in existence. The government took no action on the 1979-81
returns but did refund the taxes paid for 1982 and 1983. It then brought this
action to recover the 1982 and 1983 refunds.
II.
A.
9
B.
10
At the threshold, we must determine whether federal or state law governs this
question. The district court utilized both in its analysis. After first reviewing
Delaware corporate law, Judge Latchum concluded that "as a matter of
Delaware law M & E did not legally exist as a corporation in 1979 or any year
thereafter." Id. at 1231. State law cannot determine status for federal tax
purposes. However, the district court went on to examine federal treasury
regulation 1.6012-2(a)(2) and concluded that "the federal definition of existence
can be more restrictive than a potential state law definition of existence. M & E
meets this federal definition. By 1979 M & E had long ago ceased business,
dissolved and distributed its assets." Id. We agree.
12
The core test of corporate existence for purposes of federal income taxation is
always a matter of federal law. See Ochs v. United States, 305 F.2d 844, 847,
158 Ct.Cl. 115 (1962) ("[w]hether an organization is to be taxed as a
corporation under the Code is determined by Federal, not state, law."). The
district court did not hold otherwise; indeed, it explicitly applied the federal
definition. Disputing the relevance of the district court's references to state
corporate law, the government refers us to our decision in Messer v.
Commissioner, 438 F.2d 774 (3d Cir.1971). In Messer, we stated that "[a]
corporation is subject to federal corporate income tax liability as long as it
continues to do business in a corporate manner, despite the fact that its
recognized legal status under state law is voluntarily or involuntarily
terminated." Id. at 778. Messer correctly holds that state law is not
determinative; however, because there is no body of federal common law on
corporations, analysis of state common law is sometimes necessary to fill in the
interstices. Nevertheless, state law is not controlling. Reference to the statutory
and common law of the corporate domicile may be useful in determining
whether a corporate taxpayer has dissolved or still holds assets. The extent of its
utility depends, however, on its consistency with the purposes of the federal tax
law. Looked to in this limited way, state law is used where persuasive, but
ignored when not in accord with the policies of the Internal Revenue Code.
Here, the district court's reference to state law does not determine the federal
question.
III.
13
14
15
26 C.F.R. Sec. 1.6012-2(a)(2). Under this regulation, we agree with the district
court that M & E did not exist for purposes of federal income taxation during
the years in question. It ceased doing business in 1955, more than two decades
before appearance of the royalty income the government now seeks to tax. It
was dissolved in 1958 when the governor of Delaware revoked its corporate
charter. There remains only the question of whether M & E retained any assets.
We therefore turn to that issue.
16
After the revocation of its corporate charter, M & E transferred title to its
existing assets to a group of former officers. The government argues that the
suits Gunnip brought during his tenure as receiver constituted "valuable claims"
which were not transferred and which therefore serve to keep M & E in
existence. We disagree. The treasury regulation states that "[i]f the corporation
has valuable claims for which it will bring suit during this period [of winding
up its affairs], it has retained assets and therefore continues in existence." Id.
(emphasis added). In this case, any such period for winding up corporate affairs
had ended by 1961 when the process of transferring M & E's assets to its
former officers was complete.2 The claims Gunnip pursued years later resulted
only from an investigation initiated by former shareholders into possible
misappropriation of former assets. The subsequent pursuit of these claims,
which culminated in favorable judgments a decade after M & E initially
transferred them and in royalties nearly another decade later, does not make
them "valuable claims" which can keep a corporation in existence for purposes
of federal income taxation.
17
claim.
18
19
Because M & E was not in existence during the relevant period, we will affirm
the district court's order granting summary judgment for M & E and awarding a
refund for the taxes Gunnip paid on M & E's behalf for 1979-81, and statutory
interest.
Hon. John F. Gerry, Chief United States District Judge for the District of New
Jersey, sitting by designation
The district court made reference to the three-year dissolution period allowed
under Delaware law. McDonald & Eide, 670 F.Supp. at 1230