NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
_____________
No. 10-3438
_____________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
SHERMAN KEMP
A/K/A Goose
A/K/A Hoseay Sachez
A/K/A Lil Dog,
Appellant
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(No. 2-07-cr-00549-011)
District Judge: Hon. J. Curtis Joyner
Argued: May 23, 2014
Before: McKEE, Chief Judge, CHAGARES, Circuit Judge, and THOMPSON, District
Judge*
(Filed: October 17, 2014)
Paul M. George, Esq. [ARGUED]
239 South Camac Street
Philadelphia, PA 19107
Attorney for Appellant

The Honorable Anne E. Thompson, United States District Judge for the District of New
Jersey, sitting by designation.

Linwood C. Wright, Jr. [ARGUED]

Office of United States Attorney
615 Chestnut Street
Suite 1250
Philadelphia, PA 19106
Attorney for Appellee
____________
OPINION
____________

CHAGARES, Circuit Judge.

Sherman Kemp was convicted by a jury of conspiracy to distribute five kilograms
or more of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. 846. He now appeals his conviction and
sentence. For the reasons that follow, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.
I.
We write exclusively for the parties and therefore set forth only those facts that are
necessary to our disposition. On September 12, 2007, a grand jury charged Kemp with
conspiracy to distribute five kilograms or more of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
846. In the same indictment, eight codefendants were charged with numerous other
counts. On January 23, 2008, the grand jury returned a superseding indictment, which
added two defendants and notices of forfeiture, but otherwise did not alter the original
indictment. All of the defendants pleaded guilty except for Kemp, Maurice Phillips, and
David Garcia, who proceeded to a joint trial.
The evidence at trial showed that, from 1998 through 2007, Phillips controlled a
cocaine distribution network (the Phillips Cocaine Organization or PCO) with outlets
2

in, among other places, the Philadelphia metropolitan area, Newark, New Jersey,
Washington, D.C., New York, and Virginia. In the late 1990s, Stanley Wagner and
Anthony Ballard managed the PCOs cocaine distribution operation in Maryland. Kemp
worked directly for them and thus by extension for Phillips. Mark Harris also distributed
cocaine for Phillips in Maryland, and Phillips delivered cocaine to him through Samuel
McQueen. After Wagner and Ballard were incarcerated, Phillips provided cocaine to
Kemp through Harris. Eventually, Phillips started to deal directly with Kemp. At that
point, McQueen also started delivering cocaine to Kemp. Kemp acted as the PCOs
cocaine distributor in the Baltimore area throughout 2002.
The evidence further established that Kemp enlisted the help of Baltimore resident
Sharon Drake, who let him use her residence as a stash house for PCO drugs and
money. In September 2002, Baltimore police officers followed Kemp to the stash house
based on information received from a confidential informant. Kemp drove off, and when
officers attempted to stop his car, he repeatedly rammed a police car and fled at high
speed. Officers subsequently searched Drakes residence and recovered, among other
things, approximately 2.5 kilograms of cocaine and a digital scale containing cocaine
residue. In 2003, Kemp delivered money to Chanell Cunningham, a lieutenant in the
PCO, who testified that she collected as much as $40,000 to $80,000 per trip. In the
spring of 2004, Ballard was released from prison, and Phillips once again put him in
charge of the Maryland distribution network. Sometime in 2005, Kemp left the PCO.
After a lengthy trial, the jury found all three defendants, including Kemp, guilty of
the charged offenses. Kemps sentencing hearing was scheduled for August 11, 2010.
3

On August 9, 2010, Kemp filed a motion for a new trial on the basis of newly discovered
evidence. The District Court denied this motion and imposed sentence on August 11,
2010. The court sentenced Kemp to 30 years of imprisonment, to run concurrently with a
sentence imposed by a federal court in Maryland. The court also imposed a ten-year
period of supervised release and ordered Kemp to pay a fine of $5,000 and special
assessment of $100. Kemp filed a timely notice of appeal.
II.1
Kemp argues that the evidence was insufficient to establish that he participated in
the PCO conspiracy. He also asserts that the District Court erred by: (1) allowing the
Government to introduce certain evidence; (2) miscalculating his sentence; and (3)
denying his motion for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence. We will address
each argument in turn.
A.
We apply a particularly deferential standard of review to challenges to the
sufficiency of the evidence supporting a conviction. United States v. Powell, 693 F.3d
398, 401 n.6 (3d Cir. 2012). We view all evidence in the light most favorable to the
government, and sustain conviction as long as any rational trier of fact could have found
the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. (quotation marks
omitted).

The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 3231. We have jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. 1291 and 18 U.S.C. 3742. We note the standards of review with
regard to each claim below.
4

The essential elements of a drug conspiracy are: (1) a unity of purpose between
the alleged conspirators; (2) an intent to achieve a common goal; and (3) an agreement to
work together toward that goal. United States v. Iglesias, 535 F.3d 150, 156 (3d Cir.
2008). In determining whether a defendant was a member of a drug conspiracy, we may
consider how long the defendant was affiliated with members of the conspiracy, whether
there is an established method of payment in the transactions, whether the transactions
are standardized in other ways, and whether there is a demonstrated level of mutual trust.
United States v. Gibbs, 190 F.3d 188, 199 (3d Cir. 1999).
Kemp argues that that the Government failed to prove that he was linked to
Phillips and the PCO conspiracy.2 The record reflects, however, that Kemp participated
in the PCOs distribution activities. The Government presented evidence, including
testimony from co-conspirators, showing that: (1) Kemp was the PCO distributor in the
Baltimore area, first working for Ballard and Wagner and later assuming responsibility
for that area himself; (2) he received PCO cocaine from Harris and McQueen; (3) he at
times coordinated with Harris; and (4) he attended PCO social events that were attended
by other distributors for the PCO. See Supplemental Appendix (Supp. App.) 161-62;
287-88; 519-20. The Government established that Kemp was not just a buyer of PCO
cocaine with no stake in the operation, but an active and long-term participant. Thus, a
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of a drug conspiracy beyond
a reasonable doubt.
B.
2

Kemp does not challenge the District Courts finding that a conspiracy existed.
5

Kemp challenges the District Courts admission of two sets of evidence. We

review a district courts decision to admit or exclude evidence for abuse of discretion,
and our review is plenary as to [its] interpretation of the Federal Rules of Evidence.
Marra v. Phila. Hous. Auth., 497 F.3d 286, 297 (3d Cir. 2007).
First, Kemp challenges the District Courts admission of: (1) the testimony of
Cunningham regarding statements made by Phillips about Kemp; (2) the testimony of
Harris regarding a statement made by McQueen about Kemp; and (3) letters to Phillips
from Wagner and Ballard which refer to Kemp.3 Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(E)
provides that a co-conspirator statement is not hearsay, and thus generally admissible,
when made during the course and in furtherance of the conspiracy. In order for this
rule to apply, the District Court must find, by a preponderance of the evidence, that: (1) a
conspiracy existed; (2) the declarant and the party against whom the statement is offered
were members of the conspiracy; (3) the statement was made in the course of the
conspiracy; and (4) the statement was made in furtherance of the conspiracy. United
States v. McGlory, 968 F.2d 309, 333 (3d Cir. 1992). Where a district court finds that a
conspiracy existed, we review the courts findings as to these elements for clear error.
United States v. Vega, 285 F.3d 256, 265 (2002). Clear error exists when giving all due
deference to the opportunity of the trial judge to evaluate the credibility of witnesses and
to weigh the evidence, we are left with a definite and firm conviction that [a] mistake has
3

Cunningham testified that Phillips told her he was dealing directly with Kemp. Supp.
App. 507-09. Harris testified that Phillips told McQueen to deliver to Kemp 10
kilograms of cocaine that was intended for Harris. Supp. App. 856. The letters
discussed, among other things, the obligation of non-incarcerated members of the PCO to
provide financially for incarcerated members of the PCO. Supp. App. 3420-34.
6

been committed. Commerce Natl. Ins. Servs., Inc. v. Commerce Ins. Agency, Inc., 214
F.3d 432, 435 n.1 (3d Cir. 2000).
Here, there was sufficient evidence of Kemps and his co-conspirators
participation in the PCO conspiracy. Furthermore, all of the statements at issue were
made during the course of and in furtherance of the conspiracy, as they were meant to
keep co-conspirators informed about the status and progress of the scheme. Accordingly,
the District Court did not err in admitting this evidence under Rule 801(d)(2)(E).4
Second, Kemp contends that the District Court erred in allowing the Government
to introduce portions of a video tape over his counsels objection. In the video, Kemp
stated, among other things, that: (1) his watch was worth over $100,000; (2) he has a lot
of money; (3) he deals with tractor-trailers rather than cars; and (4) money is not valuable
to him unless it comes street money, blood money, money in rubber bands and goes by
tractor-trailer west or south. Supp. App. 3380-82. The District Court denied Kemps
motion in limine to exclude the video clips and allowed into evidence all but one because
it deemed the clips relevant.
Federal Rule of Evidence 403 provides that a district court may exclude evidence
if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the
following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay,

Kemp also argues that statements of co-conspirators are presumptively unreliable. This
argument fails, as it merely attacks the hearsay exception itself. As the Supreme Court
has noted, the exception is based on the notion that out-of-court statements by coconspirators are just as reliable as in-court testimony. Crawford v. Washington, 541
U.S. 36, 74 (2004). Hence, we have held that co-conspirator statements do not pose a
Confrontation Clause problem. United States v. Bobb, 471 F.3d 491, 499 (3d Cir. 2006).
7

wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence. This rule creates a

presumption of admissibility. United States v. Cross, 308 F.3d 308, 323 (3d Cir. 2002).
Unfair prejudice means an undue tendency to suggest decision on an improper basis,
commonly, though not necessarily, an emotional one. Fed. R. Evid. 403 advisory
committees note. Thus, our focus must be on unfairness in the sense that the proponent
would secure an advantage that results from the likelihood the evidence would persuade
by illegitimate means. United States v. Blyden, 964 F.2d 1375, 1378 (3d Cir. 1992).
We hold that the District Court did not abuse its discretion here. In the video,
Kemp discussed transport by tractor-trailer, the method used by the PCO to distribute
cocaine and money. This evidence was relevant in linking Kemp to the conspiracy.
Moreover, Kemps display of excessive wealth was probative of his involvement with a
large drug trafficking operation such as the PCO. This probative value was not
outweighed by any undue prejudice to Kemp. Thus, the District Court did not err in
admitting this evidence.
C.
Next, Kemp claims that the District Court erred during sentencing by determining
that: (1) he was responsible for at least 150 kilograms of cocaine; and (2) he had a
managerial role in the conspiracy. We review the District Courts factual findings in
sentencing for clear error. See United States v. Hunter, 52 F.3d 489, 492 (3d Cir. 1995).
The District Court applied a base offense level of 38 because it determined that
Kemp was responsible for distributing at least 150 kilograms of cocaine. This finding is
supported by the record. For example, the record reflects that from 2000 to 2002, Harris
8

provided four to five kilograms of cocaine to Kemp every other week, and thereafter,
Phillips provided cocaine directly to Kemp. Supp. App. at 854. Therefore, the District
Court did not err in making this finding.5
The District Court also applied a three-level sentence enhancement under U.S.S.G.
3B1.1(b), which provides: If the defendant was a manager or supervisor (but not an
organizer or leader) and the criminal activity involved five or more participants or was
otherwise extensive, increase by 3 levels. We have held that to be a supervisor, there
must be some degree of control over others involved in the commission of the offense.
United States v. DeGiovanni, 104 F.3d 43, 46 (3d Cir. 1997) (emphasis omitted).
Here, the evidence showed that, after the incarceration of Wagner and Ballard,
Kemp managed the PCOs cocaine distribution in Baltimore. In doing so, he supervised
Sharon Drake, paying her so that he could use her home as a stash house for PCO drugs
and money, and directing her to retrieve and deliver drugs and to count money for him.
Supp. App. 1095-98. The record also reflects that, after the stash house was searched on
September 11, 2002, Kemp directed Drake to make false statements to a lawyer and law
enforcement, and paid her to go on a vacation so that she would not testify against him.
Supp. App. 1100-02. Accordingly, the District Court did not err in finding that Kemp
had a managerial role in the PCO conspiracy.
5

Moreover, we have held that a defendant may be held responsible for the quantity of
drugs distributed by his co-conspirators if the drugs distributed were: (1) in furtherance
of the jointly-undertaken activity; (2) within the scope of the defendants agreement; and
(3) reasonably foreseeable in connection with the criminal activity the defendant agreed
to undertake. United States v. Collado, 975 F.2d 985, 995 (3d Cir. 2000). Here, there
was ample evidence to establish Kemps involvement in and awareness of the PCO and
its distribution activities.
9

D.
Lastly, we will review the District Courts denial of Kemps motion for a new trial
based on new evidence. In his motion, Kemp argued that the Government withheld
evidence impeaching cooperating witness Lamont Smith, who testified at trial about his
involvement in the PCO. Kemp cites the testimony of several witnesses at another trial
(the 2005 trial of Kaboni Savage, the leader of another drug trafficking organization),
who stated that Smith participated in robberies of drug dealers homes.
Ordinarily, we review the denial of a motion for new trial on the basis of newly
discovered evidence for abuse of discretion. United States v. Pelullo, 14 F.3d 881, 886
(3d Cir. 1994). Because Brady claims present questions of law and fact, however, we
will conduct a de novo review of the District Courts conclusions of law and review its
findings of fact for clear error. Id.
In Brady v. Maryland, the Supreme Court held that the suppression by the
prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where
the evidence is material either to guilt or punishment. 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963). Evidence
is material if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to
the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different. United States v.
Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 682 (1985). A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome of the trial. Id. (quotation marks omitted).
Impeachment evidence, like exculpatory evidence, falls within the Brady rule. See
Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 154(1972).

10

Under Brady, Kemps argument is unavailing. First, the Government did not
actually suppress the impeachment evidence. The record reflects that the Government
provided defense counsel with the relevant information about Smith through FBI reports
during pretrial discovery.6 Defense counsel also could have obtained transcripts of the
testimony at the Savage trial, as these transcripts were a matter of public record. See
United States v. Starusko, 729 F.2d 256, 262 (3d Cir. 1984) ([T]he government is not
obliged under Brady to furnish a defendant with information which he already has or,
with any reasonable diligence, he can obtain himself . . . .). Second, this evidence was
not material. As we already noted, the Government presented significant evidence in
addition to the Smith testimony from which a rational factfinder could have convicted
Kemp of conspiracy beyond a reasonable doubt.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.

At the hearing on Kemps motion, defense counsel acknowledged that he had received
the FBI reports regarding Smiths history, but he did not review the reports because they
did not have a red sticker and were sort of a needle buried in the haystack. Supp.
App. at 3541-42.
11