Review of Literature: Difficulties Are Meant To Rouse, Not Discourage. The Human Spirit Is To Grow Strong by Conflict
Review of Literature: Difficulties Are Meant To Rouse, Not Discourage. The Human Spirit Is To Grow Strong by Conflict
Review of Literature: Difficulties Are Meant To Rouse, Not Discourage. The Human Spirit Is To Grow Strong by Conflict
A lot of research has been conducted in the areas of job satisfaction and conflict resolution. In the
field of Industrial/Organizational psychology, one of the most researched areas is the relationship
between job satisfaction and job performance (Judge, Thoresen, Bono, & Patton, 2001). Landy
(1989) described this relationship as the Holy Grail of Industrial psychology. Research linking
job performance with satisfaction and other attitudes has been studied since at least 1939, with
the Hawthorne studies (Roethlisberger & Dickson, 1939). In Judge et al. (2001), it was found by
Brayfield and Crockett (1955) that there is only a minimal relationship between job performance
and job satisfaction. However, since 1955, Judge et al. (2001) cited that there are other studies by
Locke (1970), Schwab & Cummings (1970), and Vroom (1964) that have shown that there is at
least some relationship between those variables. Iaffaldano and Muchinsky (1985) did an
extensive analysis on the relationship between job performance and job satisfaction. Across their
many studies, they found a mean correlation of .17 (Iaffaldano & Muchinsky, 1985). There are
also stronger relationships depending on specific circumstances such as mood and employee
level within the company (Morrison, 1997). Organ (1988) also found that the job performance
and job satisfaction relationship follows the social exchange theory; employees performance is
giving back to the organization from which they get their satisfaction.
Judge et al. (2001) argued that there are seven different models that can be used to describe the
job satisfaction and job performance relationship. Some of these models view the relationship
between job satisfaction and job performance to be unidirectional, that either job satisfaction
causes job performance or vice versa. Another model states that the relationship is a reciprocal
one; this has been supported by the research of Wanous (1974). The underlying theory of this
reciprocal model is that if the satisfaction is extrinsic, then satisfaction leads to performance, but