PHYSICS NOTES SPM

@JMCO

CHARACTERISTICS OR PROPERTIES MARKING SCHEME

FOR MODIFICATIONS DAN MAKING DICISIONS QUESTIONS
Chapter 1/2/3 (FORCES AND MOTION/PRESSURE)
NO

ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/MODIFICATION

The small reading of scale 0.01 cm

2
3

Front and rear crumple zones

Air bags

Dashboard - made of soft material

5
6
7

Seat belt
Headrest
Thicker wall at the base

8
9

The wall is constructed using stronger

materials //Using reinforce concrete
Equipped with the water overflow system

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

The mass must be high

The types of engine is diesel
The diameter of the tyre must be bigger
Streamline
Low Density
Specific heat capacity high
High strength
Material made from glass
Small diameter of capillary tube
High density of shots/added more

20
21
22
23

Big diameter of bottom bulb

Aerodynamics //Cone shape at top
Small mass
Less than half of the bottle filled with
water(water roket)
3 or 4 wings
Angle of projection = 45 degree
Low density of an object
Higher density
High engine power
High spring constant //Stiffer spring

24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35

Wide tyre //Smooth tyre

Use a spring with a bigger diameter
The spring is made from steel
a larger k(spring constant)
Spring is greatly compressed
Slope of inclined plane is 45 degrees
The melting point should be high

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

REASON/EXPLANATION
More sensitif/ accurate/suitable to measure a small
length
To increase time of impact //To reduce impulsive force.
Will inflate during collision/to prevent driver and
passenger colliding with steering wheel and dashboard.
To lengthen the time of impact so as to reduce
impulsive force.
To prevent passengers thrown foward due to it inertia
To prevent head thrown back due to its inertia
To withstand greater pressure at the bottom as the
pressure increases with depth
To avoid the wall from breaking //To increase the
strength of the wall //To avoid leaking
To avoid flooding //To channel away the overflow
water
So that the vehicles becomes more stable
So the cost is low
So the pressure is low // more stable
Reduce the resistance of water
Higher buoyant force
Absorbs heat slowly
Difficult to damage
Glass does not corrode with acid
To increase the sensitivity of the hydrometer
Makes the hydrometer stays upright//Lower center of
gravity
To obtain a bigger upthrust/stability
Reducing of air friction
Higher rate of acceleration//Easy to carry
Enough space for increasing air pressure//Big buoyant
force
The stability of the rocket
Increase the flight distance
So that it is lighter//Accelerate faster
Bigger inertia/stability
To produce high acceleration//High resultant force
So that the spring is stiffer //Motorcycle bounce less
//Less vibration
To increase stability//To reduce friction
So that k is bigger
the type of material influences k produces a bigger
elastic PE. Elastic PE. changes to KE.
So that elastic Potential Energy is bigger
So that distance is maximum
To be able to withstand high temperature
@JMCO

36
37

41
42

The material must be very strong

Shaped with a curved surface at the top
and a flat surface at the bottom
(aerodynamic)
Run with higher speed
Bend pole greater //Jump when the pole is
maximum bend
Elastic pole // strong material // low
density
Wear fit attire
Use mattress/soft material

43

Made of concrete

44
45
46

Thicker wall at the bottom

Height from ground is high (dam)
Wide base cross section area

47
48
49
50

High volume of air space in the ship

Spring arrange in parallel
Spring with thicker wire
Spring with smaller diameter of coil

51
52
53
54
55
56
57

Rope with small diameter (parachute)

Long stem(for hydrometer)
Stem with smaller diameter
Low rate of rusting
Semicircular curve shaped(for slope)
Smooth surface
Synthetic material

38
39
40

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

To be able to withstand very strong force

To achieve an upward lifting force when moving at high
speed
To increase kinetic energy
Increase elastic potential energy
So that the pole can return to it original shape // So
that it will not break // light
Reduce air resistance
Increase time of collision // reduce impulsive
force//increase landing time
Stronger // Not easy to break
// metal can rust easily
Able to withstand the higher pressure at the bottom
To produce a greater difference in pressure
So that ship can float//prevent from overturn // ship
more stable // ship not sink deeper
Produce bigger buoyant force// ship can float
The spring sistem is stiffer/less extension/less elastic
The spring is stiffer/wire not easily break
Increase the stiffness of the spring//can with stand
higher force
Accupy less space/less mass
Cover a wider range of densities
Sink more and increase the sensitivity
To ensure tha material last longer
Exchange between KE and GPE easily
Easily to move/reduce frictional force
Light weight/air-proof material

@JMCO

Chapter 4 (HEAT)
NO

ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/MODIFICATION

The lid of the pan designed to lower the

air pressure inside the pan
The lid of the pan made of substance which
has weak conductivity of heat
Made from material with low specific heat
capacity
Made from a low density material
Made from material that is not easily
corroded or oxidized
The handle of the pot is made from
material with high specific heat capacity
The pot is designed to have vertical
compartments which can be added or
removed
High melting point

Liquid that difficult to compress.

10
11

High degree of hardness

Large numbers of fin blade (Engines)

12

Big size of fan

13

High boiling point

14

High specific heat capacity

15

Increase the length/area of cooling coil

16

A storage tank must be place at a higher

level
Pipe embedded in plate must be long
The pipe inside the plate must be made of
metal
Thermometer is made from strong
transparent glass
Thermometric liquid chosen is mercury
Capillary tube is made narrow and thin
Shape of the thermometer is round
Thermometer is placed in melting ice
Thermometer is placed in steam
Low specific heat capacity of ice cream box
Smaller size of ice cream box
Plastic PVC
Bright colour of outer box
Use insulator behind the absorber panel
Use an absorber panel which is painted
black.

2
3
4
5
6
7

17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

REASON/EXPLANATION
The boiling point of water decreased
Heat will not absorbed by the the lid, so heat will not
lost to surrounding
Temperature in the pot can be increased quickly when
heated. This saves fuel / cooking gas.
Pot is light and more portable
Pot is more durable and will not contaminate the food
with dangerous material
The handle becomes hot slower and can be held
without scorching the hand
This makes the pot versatile because different food can
be cooked at the same time
Does not melt easily if there is an increase in
temperature.
Pressure will be transmited uniformly in all directions/
flows easily
Can withstand great force // does not break easily
Increase surface area // release heat quickly // engine
cools quickly
Can suck more air // more air can be blow to the engine
/Can cool down a larger area
Not easily to vaporize // the volume of liquid reduce
slowly // takes a longer time to boil
Takes a longer time to become hot // the rise in
temperature is slow
Increase the resistance/Can transfer the heat faster to
the surrounding
To give higher pressure
Will enlarge surface area will absorbs heat faster
Metal is a good heat conductor,so it will transmit heat
to water easily
Not easily broken
Because it easily expands uniformly
More sensitive
Has magnifying effect
To obtain the lower point
To obtain the upper point
Easy get cold // becomes cool quickly
Easier to carry // easy too become cool
Poor conductor of heat
Does not absorb heat from surrounding quickly
To prevent the loss of heat energy
A black surface is a good absorber of radiation so it will
absorb heat faster
@JMCO

Chapter 5 (LIGHT)
NO

ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/MODIFICATION

1
2
3
4
5
6

Small critical angle.

Strong material
Flexible material.
Fine diameter
High refractive index
Optical fibre in a bundle

7
8
9

Material with weak rigidity

Material with great strength
A plane mirror mounted on an adjustable
arm
Use a converging mirror instead of plane
mirror
Place the filament at the centre of
curvature of the converging mirror // use
high powered lens
Use heat filter
Electric fan operates during and after the
lamp is switched on
Shorter // smaller size of binocular
Use prism to make the total internal
reflection occur
Higher density
Objective lens with larger diameter
Eyepiece with higher power
Shorter focal length
Convex lens
u a bit bigger than f
Periscope
2 plane mirror/prism
Casing to hold the mirror
Convex mirror
Optical fibre with higher densities/
refractive index inner compare than outer

10
11

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

REASON/EXPLANATION
Allow more light to involve in total internal reflection
Not easily broken.
Can easily change the shape.
Can enter small holes.
Total internal reflection can occur easily
Large number of signal/higher intensity of light can
propagate
The optical fibre can be bent easily
The optical fibre can last longer//not easily spoil
Reflects light to the vertical screen, corrects lateral and
vertical inversion
Focus the light directly to the lens // increase the
intensity of light.
Light goes directly from the lamp and reflect back on
the same path // increase the intensity of light towards
the transparency // to get brighter image
To absorb excess heat to the transparency
Cooling system to stabilize the temperature (heat
energy produced by filament bulb)
easy to carry
Produce upright image
Higher refractive indeks
More light passes through the lens
Shorter focal length
Higher power/increase the magnification
Can produce real image
Produce maximum magnification
Cheaper than CCTV
Can reflect light from object
Easier to handle periscope
Wider field view
To ensure total internal reflection occur

@JMCO

Form 5
Chapter 6 (WAVE)
NO

ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/MODIFICATION

Build near bay

Build retaining walls

Concrete barrier structure with a gap in

between

4
5
6
7
8

Build high retaining wall

Thick area at the base of the wall
Long wavelength
Short Slit
Ultrasonic wave

REASON/EXPLANATION
Waves are calmer due to divergence of energy//
Convergence of waves at the cape//The bay is
shallower//The speed of waves decreases//The
amplitude of waves at the bay is small
Reduce direct impact of the waves on the shore. To
reflect the waves from the shore//Protect the area
from large waves //Avoid erosion
Waves passing through the gap will be diffracted in the
childrens area/the smaller amplitude of the diffracted
waves causes the sea to be calmer there energy of
waves decreases.
To ensure the water not overflow.
To withstand high pressure at the base
Easy to diffract
Diffraction more obvious
Can transfer more energy

Chapter 7/8 (ELECTRIC & ELECTROMAGNET)

NO

ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/MODIFICATION

The electric appliances are connected in

parallel

Fit fuse at the live wire in the fuse box/Use

miniature circuit breakers (mcbs)

Earth connection to the metal case of

electrical appliances

6
7

Use low power lamps / install fluorescent

lamp
Regularly cleaning and removing dust from
the air filters of air conditioners
Low power lamp
High efficiency

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Long life span

Low price/cost
Smaller surface area
High melting point
Long (coiled) metal
Low rate of oxidation
Low resistance
Low resistivity
Low rate of thermal expansion
Use thin diaphragm

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

REASON/EXPLANATION
Allow each electric appliances to be switched on and
off independently/Higher voltage
One appliaces damage the another can still function
To stop the flow of current by melting when a high
voltage of electric current flows through the circuit //
switches itself off very quickly if the current exceeds
Earth wire connected to earth, so that when a fault
occurs and a current flows through the live wire and
the earth wire, the fuse in the live wire will blow and
cut off the supply.
To reduce the energy use
Do not waste the electrical energy
To make sure the appliaces function effectively
Save cost//electric bill
The room looks brighter//high output power//less
power wastage
No need to replace often
Save money/cost
The resistance is higher
Not easy to melt
To increase the resistance
Does not oxidize easily / can be used for a longer period
Current will increase / more heat will be produced
To reduce heat loss in the cables
The cables will not expand under hot weather
Easy to vibrate
@JMCO

18
19

Use strong material

More number of turns of coil

20
21

Thicker diameter of wire of coil

Using more powerful magnet to increase
the strength of the magnetic field

22

Change slip rings with commutator

23
24
25
26

Use stronger magnet

Use more number of turn for the coil/
Increase the speed of rotation
Diameter should be large
The rate of expansion should be low

27

Use capacitor

28

Using concave surface soft iron

29
30
31

Using a laminated iron core

Thick copper wire
Using soft iron for the core

32

Winding the secondary and primary coils

on top each other.

Not easy to break

Increase the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage //
The magnitude of the induced current or is also
increased
Reduce the resistance of the coil
Increase the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage
//The magnitude of the induced current or induced
electromotive force is also increased
To reverse contact with brushes so that the current
flow in same direction in external circuit
To increase the magnetic field strength
Increase the rate of change of magnetic field/increase
the induced current
To reduce the resistance of the cables
So there is less expansion and less sagging in the cables
during hot days
To smoothen the current produced/to store electric
charge
Produce radial magnetic field to ensure smooten
rotatation
Reduce Eddy current in iron core
Reduce the resistance of the coil
Reduce the hysterisis loss.
Easy to magnetize and demagnitize
Reduce Leakage of Magnetic Flux

Chapter 9 (RADIOACTIVE)
NO

ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/MODIFICATION

The half-life should be a few days long

The source should emit particles

3
4
5

The detector should be able to detect

particles (low ionising particles)
Has a long half-life
Emits beta

6
7
8

Solid form
Low ionising power
Higher ionising power

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

REASON/EXPLANATION
This allows for the location to be detected and the
radioactive contamination is reduced
This enables the radiation to be detected above the
ground/high penetrating power
High ionising particles like and particles are
absorbed by the ground
Can be used for a long time hence save cost
Can penetrate box and liquid and is less
dangerous than gamma
Easy to handle and contain.
Does not change the state and taste of juice
Easy for the medium to conduct electricity

@JMCO

UNDERSTANDING Questions
Form 4
CHAPTER 1
1. Explain the differences between accuracy and
consistency of a measuring instrument by
using suitable examples.
Accuracy is the ability of the instrument to give
readings close to the actual value.
The value determined is accurate if it is near to
the actual value
The consistency of a measuring instrument is
the ability of instrument to record consistent
readings for each measurement with little
deviation among readings.
The measurement is consistent if the values
determined are close to each other.
CHAPTER 2
2. To accelerate 2 objects with the same
acceleration, the heavier object needs a bigger
force. Explain the statement.
Higher mass, higher inertia
To accelerate an object, need to overcome the
inertia first.
Therefore, more force is needed for heavier
object.
3. Can you explain why the passenger thrown
forward when the bus suddenly stop and the
head of the passenger were thrown back when
the car started moving?
When the bus was moving, the passenger were
also moving at the same speed as the bus.
When the bus stopped, the passengers
continued moving. Hence, they were thrown
foward.
The people in the car tried to remain in their
state of rest when the car started moving.
Hence, they were thrown back.
In both situations, the passengers were
resisting a change in their state of motion and
also known as Inertia.
The concept of inertia also known as Newtons
First Law of Motion, which states that an
object will remain at rest or continue with a
constant speed in a straight line unless an
external forces acting on it

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

4. Can you explain why a maximum speed of

supertanker might need to stop its engine over
a distance of about 3 km before it can come to
stop?
A supertanker at a state of motions and have a
maximum velocity.
A supertanker has a larger mass.
A larger mass have a larger inertia.
When the engine stop, the supertanker will
continue it state of motions.
So it take a longer distance/time to stop due to
its has a larger inertia.
5. Explain why a softball player moves his hand
backwards while catching a fast moving ball.
Other situation: bend our knee after jump?
A soft ball has a high velocity.
A soft ball has a high momentum.
The soft ball player moves his hand backward
to increase time impact.
The higher the time impact will reduce
impulsive force.
So we will not feel hurt.
6. Diagram (a) shows two identical spherical
plasticine balls before being released from the
same height. Diagram (b) shows the state of

the plasticine balls when they hit the wood

and the sponge. It was observed that the
plasticine stopped more quickly when it hit the
wood.
Explain the changes in energy that occur from
the moment the plasticine ball is released until
reaches the position in Diagram (b)
Before released, the plasticine has
Gravitational Potential energy.
When falling, Gravitational Potential energy
changes to Kinetic energy
When the plasticine hits the surface of wood,
the Kinetic energy changes to Heat energy / /
Sound energy
The energy / work done is use to changes the
shape of sponge

@JMCO

7. Explain how the forces between the molecules

caused the elasticity when the spring is
compressed and stretched.
There are two types of force; attraction and
repulsive force between the particles of the solid.
When the solid is stretched, the molecules
displaced away from each other
Attractive forces are acting to oppose the
stretching
When the solid is compressed, the molecules
displaced closer to each other
Repulsive forces are acting to oppose the
compression
8. Explain how you can determine the density of
cork stopper.
Measure the mass of the cork stopper
Tie the stopper with string and put it into a
measuring cylinder filled with water
Change in volume of water displaced equal to the
volume of the stopper.
Density of stopper = Mass/Volume
9. Using the principle of conservation of
momentum, explain the working principle of
the rocket.
Fuel burns in the combustion chamber
Hot gases expelled at high speed backwards
A large backwards momentum is produced
Based on the principle of conservation of
momentum, the rocket gains forwards
momentum of equal magnitude
10. Why the boy with mass 40kg slides down the
flume when the angle of inclination is 30 o and
remains stationary when the angle of
inclination is 17.5o.(the frictional force is
120N)

Boy slide down when component of weight

parallel to the slope is higher than frictional
force
Resultant force acting to produced
acceleration
Boy remain stationary when component of
weight parallel to the slope is equal to
frictional force
Resultant force is equal to zero make the boy
in force equilibrium

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

11. Explain why the boat moves away from the

jetty as a boy jumps out of the boat onto the
river bank.

When the boy jumps onto the river bank, his

momentum is forward.
Using the Principle of conservation of
momentum
the total momentum before and after
jumping is equal
The boat moves backward to balance the
forward momentum

12. Explain why the need of steel structure and

the separate compartments to build in lorry
carrying heavy load.

The inertia of lorry and load is very big when it

is moving
The separate compartments make the load
divided into smaller mass, thus reducing the
inertia of each unit.
The momentum of lorry and load is very big
when it is moving and produce a bigger
impulsive force.
The steel structure will prevent the loads from
smashing into the drivers compartment
during emergency braking.

13. Why we feel easier to pull the wheel barrow

compared to push the load?

The object on the wheel barrow has a weight

When we push the wheel barrow there is
force acting on the ground in the same
direction as the weight.
So the total force acting on the ground is the
weight and the force produced when we push
the wheel barrow.
When we pull the wheel barrow the force
produced is in opposite direction with the
weight.
So the total force acting on the floor is a
weight less the force produced when we pull
the wheel barrow

@JMCO

CHAPTER 3

19. Diagram shows a copper block and a bowl

shape copper sheet of same mass.

14. Explain why the wooden block move upwards

and then float on the water surface when it
release from the above of the water surface.

Buoyant force increase when the volume of

water displace increase.
Buoyant force higher than weight of block.
Boyant force pushed the wooden block
upward.
The wooden block then float because the
buoyant force is equal to the weight of the
wooden block
Archimedes principle

15. Exlplain how the brake system operates when the

car needs to slow down.

When the brake is pressed, a force is applied

to the piston and pressure is exerted.
Pressure is transmitted uniformly throughout
the brake fluid.
Force is exerted on the piston of the brake
pads
Brake pads will press against the brake discs.

16. The toothpaste flows out of its tube while

squeezing at the bottom end
Explain how the toothpaste flows out and name a
physics principle related to it.

Force is applied to the toothpaste (tube)

Will produced a pressure
The toothpaste carry the pressure
and apply the pressure of the equal magnitude
to the whole tube
Pascals principle
17. Explain how a submarine is able to submerge
into deep sea water
Valve release air from ballast tank.
Sea water flooded ballast tank
The weight of water displaced is smaller.
Buoyant force < Weight of the submarine
18. Explain why a balloon filled with helium gas
rises up in the air.
The balloon acted by two forces: Buoyant
force and the weight of the balloon
The density of helium gas is less than the
density of surrounding air
Buoyant force equals to the weight of the air
displaced by the balloon
Buoyant force is higher than the weight of the
balloon
PHYSICS NOTES SPM

Explain why the copper block sink in water but

the bowl shape copper sheet floats on water
two forces act on the copper block and bowl
are buoyant force and weight
Buoyant force small because small volume //
vise versa
The average density of cooper sheet is smaller
than density of water. Cooper sheet will float.
Block sink because weight > Buoyant force
Sheet float because weight = Buoyant force
20. Diagram shows a cross-sectional of a wing of a
moving aeroplane. The wing of the aeroplane
experiences a lift force. Explain why the lift
force acts on the wing of the aeroplane.

Higher velocity on the upper surface and

lower velocity on the lower surface
Thus produced lower pressure on the upper
surface and higher pressure on the lower
surface
Lift force = difference in pressure x area of
surface
Bernoullis principle

21. Explain the principle of Insect Piston Spray

When the piston is pushed, air is forced out

through the jet of gas at a high speed.
According to Bernoullis Principle, the
pressure of the moving air decreases as the
speed of the air increases.
The higher atmospheric pressure in the insect
poison container will push
the insect poison liquid up through the
narrow metallic tube.

@JMCO

22. Explain how the vacuum cleaner is able to

remove dust from the floor

the fan blow air out of the vent

produce a partial vacuum area in the vacuum
cleaner
difference in pressure occurs/atmospheric
pressure is higher than the pressure inside the
vacuum cleander
forced is exerted in/pushed in the dirt.
Bernoullis principle

27. Explain how the evaporation process

resulting in reduced fluid temperature.

23. Bunsen burner burning with yellow flame .

Explain how a blue flame can be produced.

High velocity of gas flow in narrow passage of

burner creating region of low pressure
Higher atmospheric pressure pushes outer air
inside and mix with the gas
Complete mixture of combustion will produce
blue flame
Enlarge the orifice to allow more air
Bernoullis principle

24. The roof of a house being lifted by strong winds.

Explain why.

The strong wind above the roof is moving very fast

While the air in the house is at rest
According to Bernoullis principle, the higher the
velocity, the lower the pressure
pressure inside the house is higher than the
outside.
a force is generated by the difference in pressure
which is strong enough to lift the roof.

25. Explain why the hovercraft moves with

constant velocity in terms of the force
acting on it

The forward force = friction // forward thrust

= drag
The resultant force is zero
The hovercraft is in force in equilibrium
CHAPTER 4

26. Water is used as a cooling agent in a

radiator. Explain how water is used as a
cooling agent in the radiator.

Water has high specific heat capacity

When water in tube passes through the engine
it can absorb large amount of heat energy

Once water reach the radiator, the heat of

the water absorbed by the fin blade of the
PHYSICS NOTES SPM

radiator
The same time the fan in the radiator push the
heat out of the car.

In the water, molecules are constantly

moving at different velocities
At water surface, high moving molecules
gain high kinetic energy
The bond between molecules overcome and
water is released to the air.
Losing of high moving water molecules,
water pressure will decrease and thus the
temperature decreases

28. According to the principle of thermal

equilibrium and the working principle of a
thermometer, explain how a doctor can
check his patient temperature during medical
treatment.

Thermometer is placed in the mouth of

patient,
Heat is transferred from patients body to the
thermometer.
Thermal equilibrium between the
thermometer and patients body is reached
when the net rate of heat transfer is zero.
The thermometer and the patients body are
at the same temperature.
The thermometer reading shows the
temperature of the patients body.

29. Explain the changes which occur in the liquid

naphthalene when it is cooled until it changes
from the liquid to the solid state.
As liquid naphthalene cools, it loses energy to
surroundings
Its temperature begins to fall until it reaches
freezing point 800C
At its freezing point, naphthalene begins to
solidify as molecules become closely packed.
Heat energy is lost to surrounding.(Latent
heatof fusion)
Temperature remains constant
Kinetic energy remains constant
30. Why the ice cube stick to the wet finger. Not
to dry Finger?
Melting of ice cube will absorb heat(Latent
heat of fusion)
The finger has small amount of heat when it is
wet and it will be absorbed by the ice cube.
@JMCO

The heat release from water causes it to be

frozen.
So the ice cube and finger will stick together
due to the frozen of water
Furthermore, finger have a rough surface and
it helps the ice stick to our finger

34. The coldest weather experienced in late

winter, when snow began to melt. Explain why?
Heat needed to melt snow
Latent heat of fusion is absorbed to convert
solid into liquid phase
More heat is absorbed from the environment

31. When a few drops of ether hand contact with

a student, his hands felt cold. Explain how this
happens.
Boiling point of ether is low
Temperature of hands higher than the
temperature of ether
Cause heat flowing from hand to ether
Ether evaporates // bring the latent heat of
vaporization
causes the low temperature and cold hands

34. Using kinetic theory of gasses, explain how

the pressure increase when the temperature
increase in the pressure cooker.
Molecules moving freely in random motion
When temperature increase, kinetic
energy//velocity increase
Molecules strike the walls of pressure cooker
more frequently
The rate of change of momentum increase
Force exerted on the walls increase, pressure
(P = F/A) increase

31. Your body sweats when you are feeling

hot.How does sweating helps to cool down
your body?

When we do the activity involving body

movement, sweat will be produced.

Water evaporates from the skin during

sweating.

During evaporation, change of phase of

matter from liquid to steam occur.

The heat is needed to change this phase is

call the latent heat of vapourisation.

So we feel cool when evaporation occur due

to the release of heat from our body.

Factor influence the process: air velocity,

temperature and humidity.
32. We cannot use a cooling system of a
refrigerator to cool the hot room. Explain
why?

Cooling system of a refrigerator is smaller

Less cool air from refrigerator flow out

compare to the hot air flow in

Position of refrigerator is on the floor

The cool air does not flow upward

33. Why we put the fishes in the ice cube rather
than cold water?

Ice melts need heat known as latent heat of

fusion

Heat is absorbed from the fish.

Fish will release heat until 0oC

Cold water not experience a change of phase

Only process of thermal equilibrium will

happen when they in thermal contact.

The lower temperature is not 0oC

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

35. In the morning feel hot at the sea .Explain

why this phenomenon happens?
During the day,the land and the sea receive
the same amount of heat from the sun
Water has a higher specific capacity than the
land
The land is heated to a higher temperature
than the sea
The density of the air above the sea is higher
than the density of the air above the land
The air above the land flows up and the air
above the sea flows towards the land
CHAPTER 5
36. Tousrist at a beach observing the sunset.
Explain why the tourist can still able to see the
sun even though it has already set.

Refraction of light ray occurs

Light travels from less dense to a denser
medium
The light will bend towards the normal
In the observer eyes, the sun is still not setting
as they can still see the image from refraction

37. While driving a car on a hot day, you may see

a mirage on the road. Explain how mirage
occurred.

The layers of air nearer the road warmer.

The density of air decrease nearer to the
road surface.
The light travel from denser to less dense
area.
The light refract away from the normal
When the angle of incidence exceed the
critical angle, total internal reflection occurs
@JMCO

38. Diagram shows a ray of light directed

perpendicularly at a side of the semi circular
glass block. The ray passes through the glass
block to a point O before leaving the glass
block. The angle of incidence in the glass
block is 30.

41. It is known that the sky is red during sunset

and the formation of rainbow on the sky
always appeared after raining. Explain these
phenomena.

Explain how total internal reflection occurs in

diagram above?

Increase the angle of incidence, then angle of

refraction will also increase
Keep on increasing the angle of incidence
until angle of refraction is 90
The angle of incidence is called critical angle
Increase the angle of incidence more than the
critical angle, the ray will be reflected
internally.

Light consisting of seven colours.

Red has the longest wave length and the last
to be refracted during sunset.
A droplet of water trap in the atmosphere
after raining acts a lens.
Light travel through this water droplet and
undergo the process of refraction ,total
internal reflection and dispersion of light
occurred.

42. The sound wave from the train(etc) can be

heard loudly and clearly at night. Why?

Air near the ground colder tha above air

Air layer the ground more denser
Sound travel slower in cold air/wavelength
decrease in cold air
Sound bend toward the observer/sound bend
away to normal

39. Explain why a piece of paper burns when

placed under a convex lens aimed towards
hot sun rays.

The parallel rays of the sun will pass through

the a convex lens
After entering the lens, the light rays is
focused at the principal focus of the lens
At the principal focus, the light ray is focused
on one small area
Heat energy causes an increase in
temperature, the paper starts to burn

40. Explain how you would estimate the focal

length of a convex lens in your school
laboratory.

The convex lens is aimed/focused to a distant

object (infinity)
The screen is adjusted until a sharp image is
formed on the screen
The distance between the screen and the
lens is measured
Focal length = distance between the screen
and the lens

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

@JMCO

Form 5
CHAPTER 6
43. Explain how the depth of the sea can be
measured.
ocean depths can be measured using
equipment and hydrophone OSK
hydrophone can detect ultrasonic waves in
water that are emitted
OSK can measure the time after the
transmitted and reflected waves back to the
receiver.
The depth can be calculated using the formula
d=(vt)/2

47. Descibe the movement of two similiar ships

that are located at A and B. Explain?

44. Can you explain why the wave front of sea

water will follow the shape of the shore
when it approaches the shore?

The depth of the water decreasing as it travel

towards the shore.

The velocity and wavelength is decreasing

due to the wave travel from the deeper to
the shallow area.

The wave will bend and change their

direction(refraction occurs).

So, wave front of sea water will follow the

shape of the shore.

45. Explain why strong double-glazed glass is

used as walls of the observation tower in an
airport.

All particles in a material/matter/glass

vibrate at its natural frequency

The airplane engine produces noise which

cause the air to vibrate

Due to resonance, the glass vibrate at a

higher/maximum amplitude

Need strong glasses to withstand the effect

of resonance which vibrate with high
amplitude

so that it does not brek easily

46. How can when the oprah singer sing can make
the glass break.
The singer sing with a certain frequency and
produce sound energy
The energy is transferred to the glass
Resonance occures when the sound frequency
made by the singer is the same as the natural
frequency of the glass
The glass will vibrate with maximum
amplitude
Increase in energy transferred may cause the
glass to break

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

The ship at A will move up and down

Because constructive inteference(Antinodal
line) happens at point A
The ship will remain calm at location B
Because destructive inteference(Nodal line)
happens at point B
CHAPTER 7

48. Explain the advantages of parallel circuit in a

house wiring system.

A parallel circuit can run several devices using

the full voltage of the supply.
If one device fails, the others will continue
running normally
If the device shorts, the other devices will receive
no voltage, preventing overload damage.
A failure of one component does not lead to the
failure of the other components.
More components may be added in parallel
without the need for more voltage.
Each electrical appliance in the circuit has it
own switch

49. Explain why a three pin plug is more suitable

compared with a two pin plug.

Two pin plug has no earth wire while three

pin plug has earth wire
Using 2 pin plug, if there is leakage of current it
will also flow through the metal body while
using 3 pin plug if there is leakage of current
it will flow to the ground
The person who touches the metal body will
experiences electric shock while using 3 pin
plug, the current will be earthed
Using 2 pin is not safe to the consumer while
using 3 pin plug is more safer to the consumer

@JMCO

50. What happen to the candle flame when it

place between 2 metal plate supply with Extra
High Tension (EHT).

Candle flame spread into two

Heat from candle split neutral air molecules
into + and - ions
Positive charge will attracted to negative plate
while negative charge will atracted to positive
plate
Candle flame spread wider to negative plate
because positive charge is more haviear than
negative charge

51. Toaster T marked 240 V, 650 W and toaster U

marked 240 V, 840 W.
Determine Which toaster has a heating
element with a smaller resistance.

toaster U
both the toaster has equal voltage
Power = V2/R
toaster with a higher power has a heating
element with a smaller resistance

52. Explain why the bulb connected to two dry

cells lights up brighter than one bulb
connected to one dry cell.
The two dry cells are connected in parallel
The effective e.m.f. remains the same
The effective internal resistance of the two
cells is smaller
A larger current will flow through the bulb to
make it brighter
53. A battery consists of two 1.5 V dry cells
connected to a bulb labeled 2.5V, 0.3 A.
Found that the bulb is lit with a normal
brightness when the switch is turned on.
Explain why the bulb is lit with a normal
brightness even EMF of battery is greater than
that metol.

battery has a internal resistance

some of the battery EMF is lost to overcome
internal resistance
So, voltage supplied to the bulb is almost
similar to voltage needed to light the bulb

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

CHAPTER 8
54. The acceleration of a magnet that drops
vertically into a solenoid is much smaller than
the gravitational acceleration. Explain the
statement.
Magnetic flux change in the solenoid
Induced current generates in the solenoid
Direction of induced current always flows
in the direction to generate magnetic pole
to oppose the pole of the falling magnet.
(Lenzs law)
Therefore, acceleration is lower
55. Explain how the electromagnet crane can be
used to lift scrap metal.
Current flow through the solenoid,
magnetic field is produced
Soft iron core will be magnetized
The scrap metal attracted to the iron core
No current flow, soft iron demagnetized
and metal scrap fall down
56. Most of our electric energy comes from
hydroelectric power stations and thermal
power station. These power stations are
connected by cables to transmit electricity to
users in industries, offices, schools and
houses. This system is called the national grid
network.
Explain briefly the importance of the national
grid network system in distributing electric
energy to the users.

The electrical supply is continuous,

although there is faulty in one of the
power station
The electrical energy from other station is
directed to the affected areas
The electrical energy from other area is
directed to the areas that need more
energy
The overall cost of production of
electricity can be reduced

@JMCO

59. Explain how the generator works to produce

direct current.

57. Diagram shows the pattern of magnetic field

formed when current flows in a coil.
Explain why the magnetic field strength is
greater at the center compared to the edge.

The direction of the magnetic field on the left

coil is anti clockwise
The direction of the magnetic field on the
right coil is clockwise

rotate the coil in clockwise direction

the coil cut across the magnetic field
current is induced in the coil
The commutator change the direction in the
coil so that the direction of current in external
circuit always the same.

60. Explain how the speed of coil (force) of

generator can be increased.

Increased input current

Increase strength of magnetic field
Increase length of conductor

61. Explain how to increase induced current in a

generator.
Increase the speed of conductor
Increase strength of magnetic field
Increase length of conductor
62. Explain the working principle of a transformer.

As the result the magnetic fields in the

middle of the coil are in the same direction,
ie upward.
So the magnetic field will be stronger in the
middle.

58. Using the concept of the magnetic effect of

an electric current, explain with the aid of
diagrams how forces are produced on a wire
in the coil of direct current electric motor?

The magnets produce a magnetic field /

diagram
The current in the wire produces a magnetic
field / diagram
The two magnetic fields interact/combine to
form a resultant / catapult field / diagram
The motor will rotate due to the differences
of force produce//turning effect from this
two forces

63. Explain the working principle of an electric

bell.

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

When a.c. voltage is supplied to primary coil,

(alternating current will flow) and
The soft iron core is magnetized.
The magnet produced varies in magnitude
and direction.
This causes a changing magnetic flux pass
through the secondary coil.
An induced EMF across the secondary coil is
produced

When the bell is pressed, a current flows in

the coils of the electromagnet, causing the
electromagnet to be magnetized.
The magnetized electromagnet attracts the
soft-iron armature, causing the hammer to
strike the gong.
The movement of the armature breaks the
circuit and causes the electromagnet to lose it
magnetism.
The light spring pulls the armature back,
remaking the contact and completing the
circuit again.
The cycle is repeated so long as the bell push
is pressed and continuous ringing occurs.

@JMCO

64. Explain how to increase the sensitivity of a

moving coil meter?
Increase the strength of magnetic field
Increase the number of turns of coil
Increase the stiffness of hairsprings
Decrease the mass of the coil and pointer
CHAPTER 9
65. Explain how the green shadow produced in
the CRO screen?
6V heater supply produced electron on it
surface
When 3 kV power supply are connected
Cathode rays/electron accelerate in a straight
line.
Cathode rays carry kinetic energy and
Converts to light energy when they hit the
screen.

CHAPTER 10
68. Radioisotope Strontium-90 is used to
measure the thickness of paper in a paper
industry Explain how Strontium-90 is used
to measure the thickness piece of paper?

69. Nuclear fission produces a chain reaction.

Describe how the chain reaction occurs in a
nuclear fission of an atom of Uranium- 235.

66. Explain why the bulb light up at night

At night resistance LDR increases

VBE increases (higher than 0.7 V for Si)
Ib increases and switch on transistor
Ic, increases and lights up bulb

67. Explain how to increase rate of thermionic

emission.
Increase the temperature of metal
Increase surface area
Copper has higher rate of thermionic emission
then iron.
Coat with matal oxides. Matal oxides emit
electron at lower temperature.

Neutron bombarded a uranium nucleus and

produced three neutral neutron
The new neutron bombarded a new uranium
nucleus
For every reaction, the neutrons produced
will generate a chain reaction
Diagram of chain reaction

70. Alpha particles can observed by using clod

chamber. Explain why the tracks formed is
thick and straight tracks.
The tracks are thick due to strong ionising
effect of alpha particles.
A lot of alcohol droplets are formed on the
ions produced along the track.
The tracks are straight because the alpha
particles are not easily deflected due to its
greater mass
71. Explain how radioisotopes can be used to detect
the location of the leakage

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

Put the radioactive source opposite the

detector
Detector is connected to the thickness
indicator
Detector detect the reading of the changes in
counts
Thickness is measured with the thickness
indicator
If the reading of the detector is less than the
specified value, the thickness of the paper
is too tick/ vice versa

Radioisotope is injected into the pipe

The water in the pipe flow with the
radioisotope
G-M tube as detector is used to find the
leakage across the pipe
Reading on detector increases when near a
leakage

@JMCO

Chap.

ITEM

Derived quantity

1
1
1
1
1
1

Base quantity
Scalar quantity
Vector quantity
Physical quantity
Error
Random error

1
1
1

Systematic error
Zero error
Sensitivity

1
1

Accuracy
Consistency

Hypothesis

1
1

Inference
Variable

Prefix

2
2
2

Scientific
notation/Standard
form
Distance
Displacement
Speed

2
2
2

Velocity
Acceleration
Formula

Inertia

Newtons First Law

of Motion
Newtons Second
Law of Motion

KNOWLEDGE/DEFINATION
DEFINATION

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

A physical quantity derived from combinations of base quantities through

multiplication or division or both multiplication and division.
A physical quantity that cannot be defined in terms of other quantities.
A physical quantity that has magnitude only.
A physical quantity that has magnitude and direction.
A quantity that can be measured.
The difference between the measured value and the actual value.
Error due to mistakes made when making measurement either through incorrect
positioning of the eye or the instrument when making measurement. Repeat and
calculate average reading to minimise.
An error which may be due to the error in the calibration of an instrument.
Error due to non-zero reading when the actual reading should be zero
The ability of a measuring instrument to detect a small change in the quantity to be
measured.
How close the measurement made is to the actual value.
The ability of the instrument to measure a quantity with little or no deviation
among measurements.
A statement of an expected outcome that usually states the relationship between
two or more variables intended to be given a direct experimental test.
An initial interpretation or explanation concerning the observation.
A physical quantity that can be varied in an experiment. There are three types of
variables; manipulated variable, responding variable and fixed variable.
A word, letter or value used to simplify the description of the magnitude of a
physical quantity that either very big or very small.
A way to write a numerical magnitude in the form A x 10", where 1 A < 10 and n is
an integer.
The total length of the path travelled from one location to another.
The length of the straight line connecting the two locations, in a specified direction.
The distance travelled per unit time. It is also defined as the rate of change of
distance.
The speed in specified direction. The rate of change of displacement.
The rate of change of velocity.
v = u + at

v2 = u2+ 2as

s = (u+v)t

a=

s = ut + at2

The inertia of an object is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or, if
moving, to continue its uniform motion in a straight line.
An object will remain at rest or continue with a constant speed in a straight line
unless an external forces acting on it
The acceleration of a body is parallel and directly proportional to the net force and
inversely proportional to the mass m, i.e., F = ma.

@JMCO

2
2
2

Newtons Third Law

of Motion
Momentum

2
2

Principle of
Conservation of
Momentum
Elastic collision
Inelastic collision

Force

Impulse

2
2

Impulsive force
Resultant force

2
2
2

Mass
Weight
Work

2
2
2

Power
Energy
Kinetic energy

Gravitational
potential energy
Gravitational
acceleration
Gravitational field

2
2
2
2

Gravitational field
strength
Free fall

Elastic potential
energy

Principle of
Conservation of
energy
Efficiency

The mutual forces of action and reaction between two bodies are equal, opposite
and collinear.
The momentum of an object is defined as the product of its mass and its velocity. [
Momentum=mv ]/ms-1
The total momentum if a system remains constant in the absence of external
force.
Momentum, kinetic energy and total energy are conserved. [ m1u1+m2u2=0 ]
Momentum and total energy are conserved but the kinetic energy after the
collision is less than the kinetic energy before the collision.
[ m1u1+m2u2= (m1+m2)v ]
Constant F: Acceleration inversely proportional to mass.
Constant m: Acceleration directly proportional to force. [ F=ma ]/N
The quantity of impulsive force multiplied by time.
[ Impulse=Ft/Ns ]//[ Impulse=mu-mv]/cms-1
The rate of change of momentum. [ (mv-mu)/t ]
A single force that represents the combined effect of two or more forces by taking
into account both the magnitude and the direction of the forces.
The amount of matter in an object.
The force of gravity acting on an object. [ Weight= mg ]/N
The product of an applied force and displacement of an object in the direction of
the applied force. [ Work=Fs ]/J
Rate of work done. [ P=Work done/t ]/W//Js-1
The capacity of a system to enable it to do work.
The energy of an object due to its motion. [ KE= mv2] /J
The energy of an object due to its higher position in the gravitational field.
[ GPE= mgh ]/J
The acceleration of an object due to the pull of the gravitational force.
A region in which an object experiences a force due to the gravitational attraction
towards the centre of the Earth.
The gravitational force acting on a mass of 1 kg placed at a point in the gravitational
field.
The motion when an object is acted upon by a gravitational force in the
gravitational field.
The energy stored in an object when it is extended or compressed by a force.
[ EPE= Fx ]/J
Energy can be transformed to one form to another but i cannot be destroyed or
created.
The percentage of the input energy that is transformed into useful energy.
Efficiency =

Non-renewable
energy resource

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

x 100%

An energy resource that cannot be replaced once it has been used.

@JMCO

2
2

Renewable energy
resource
Elasticity

Hooke's law

Pressure

Force acting per unit area on the surface. [ Pressure = ]/Pa//Nm-2

Pressure in liquid
Pascal's principle

[ Pressure = phg ]/ Pa//Nm-2

Pressure applied to an enclosed liquid is transmitted uniformly to every part of the
liquid (and to the walls of the container of the liquid)
For a body wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, the upward buoyant force acting
on the body is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.
Where the speed of a fluid is high, the pressure is low and vice versa.
An upward force, resulting from an object being wholly or partially immersed in a
fluid. [ BF = Vpg ]/N
The pressure exerted by the atmosphere on the surface of the Earth as well as all
objects on the Earth.
The measure of the degree of hotness of an object.
An instrument that measures temperature or the degree of hotness.
The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gaseous state,
where the change occurs throughout the liquid.
The temperature at which a substance changes its state from a solid to a liquid.
A condition where two objects in thermal contact have no net flow of heat energy
between each other.
The amount of heat that must be supplied to a body to increase its temperature by
1C. [ JC-1 ]
The amount of heat that must be supplied to increase the temperature by 1C for a
mass of 1 kg of the substance. [c = JC-1 kg-1 ]
The heat absorbed or the heat released at constant temperature during a change of
phase.
The amount of heat required to change 1 kg of a substance from the solid to liquid
phase without a change in temperature. [ Q=mLf ] /J
The amount of heat required to change 1 kg of a substance from the liquid to
gaseous phase without a change in temperature. [ Q=mLv ] /J
For a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is inversely proportional to its
volume when the temperature is kept constant. [PV=Constant ]
For a fixed mass of gas, the volume of the gas is directly proportional to its
absolute temperature when its pressure is kept constant. [ = Constant ]

3
3
3
3
3

Archimedes'
principle
Bernoulli's principle
Buoyant force

4
4
4

Atmospheric
pressure
Temperature
Thermometer
Boiling point

4
4

Melting point
Thermal equilibrium

Heat capacity

Specific heat
capacity
Latent heat

4
4

An energy resource that is continually replaced and will not run out.
A property of matter that enables an object to return to its original size and shape
when the force that was acting on it is removed.
The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force provided the
elastic limit is not exceeded.

Specific latent heat

of fusion
Specific latent heat
of vaporisation
Boyle's law

Charles' law

Pressure law

For a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to its
absolute temperature when its volume is kept constant. [ = Constant ]

Concave lens

Convex lens

A lens that is thinnest at its centre. It causes parallel rays of light to diverge after
passing through this lens.
A lens that is thickest at its centre. It causes parallel rays of light to converge after
passing through this lens.

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

@JMCO

5
5
5
5

Angle of incidence
Angle of reflection
Focal length, f
Focal point, F

Refraction of light

Critical angle

Total internal
reflection

5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6

Real depth
Apparent depth
Real image
Virtual image
Period, T
Frequency, f
Amplitude, a
Transverse wave

Longitudinal wave

Wave

In Phase

Wavefront

Wavelength

Damping

Resonance

Reflection of waves

Refraction of waves

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

The angle between the incident ray and the normal.

The angle between the reflected ray and the normal.
The distance between the centre of a lens to its focal point.
A point to which all rays parallel to the principle axis converge or appear to diverge
from, after reflection by the mirror(refraction by lens).
The bending of a light ray at the boundary as it travels from one medium to
another.
The angle of incidence in the denser medium when the angle of refraction in the
less dense medium is equal to 90.
The condition where the angle of incidence, i is increased further so that it is
greater than the critical angle, c. The light is no longer refracted but is internally
reflected.
The distance of the real object, 0 from the surface of the water or medium.
The distance of the virtual image, I from the surface of the water.
An image that can be displayed on a screen.
An image that can be seen by the observer but not be displayed on a screen.
The time taken to complete one oscillation.
The number of complete oscillations in one second. [ f = 1/t ]/s-1
The maximum displacement from the mean position.
A wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate in the direction perpendicular
to the direction in which the wave moves.
A wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate in the direction parallel to the
direction in which the wave moves.
A way of transmission of energy from one point to another without transfering of
matter.
Waves that vibrate in same direction and same distance from the equilibrium
position.
A line of plane which the oscillation of every points on it are in phase and the
points are at same distance from the source of the waves.
The horizontal distance between two adjacent points of the same phase on a wave.
[ v = f ]/ms-1
When the system loses energy to the surrounding in the form of heat.
Amplitude decreases.
When a system is made to oscillate at a frequency equivalent to its natural
frequency by an external force.
Angle of reflection = Angle of incident
Same speed, wavelength, frequency but direction of propagation of wave changes.
Amplitude decreases due to heat lost.
Refraction of waves occurs when there is change of direction of the propagation of
waves travelling from a medium to another medium due to a change of speed.
From shallow region(denser) to deep region (less dense)
Speed increases
Wavelength increases
Wave refracted from normal
Frequency constant

@JMCO

6
6

Diffraction of waves
Interference of
waves

Spreading of waves after passing through a gap or a small obstacle.

Caused by superposition of waves from 2 coherent sources, resulting in
constructive and destructive interference. [ = ]

Principle of
Superposition
Antinode
Node
Coherent waves
Electromagnetic
spectrum

When 2 waves interfer, the resultant displacement of the waves is the sum of the
displacements of the individual waves.
A point where a contructive interference occurs.
A point where a destructive interference occurs.
Waves having the same frequency, wave length,amplitude and in phase.
A group of waves with similar natures. The members of the electromagnetic
spectrum arranged in increasing frequencies (decreasing wavelengths) are radio
waves, microwaves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays and gamma
rays.
The angle between the refracted ray and the normal.

6
6
6
6

6
7

Angle of refraction
Electric current

Potential difference

Energy needed to move 1 electric charge,C around a complete circuit. (Between 2

points) [ V = ]/V

Resistance

Ratio of potential difference to current. [ R = ]/

7
7
7

Power
Electric field
Ohms Law

7
7

Ohmic Conductor
Series circuit

Parallel circuit

7
7

Open Circuit
Electrical energy

7
7

Electric power
Electromotive force

7
8
8
8

Internal resistance
Magnetic field
Electromagnet
Right-hand grip rule

The rate of work done.

A region in which an electric charge experiences an electrostatic force.
The current in a conductor is proportional to the potential differences across the
ends of the conductor if the psysical conditions remain constant.
I
Psysical conditions:
Length
Temperature
Cross-sectional area
V
Types of materials
Conductor which obey Ohms Law.
A circuit where all the electrical components are connected one end after the other
to a cell to form a single pathway for a current to flow.
A circuit where all the electrical components are connected side by side and their
corresponding ends are joined together to a cell to form separate and parallel paths
for a current to flow.
The battery is connected to a voltmeter only. (Test EMF)
The energy supplied by source of electricity when current flows in a close circuit. [
E = Pt ]/J
The rate of transfer of electrical energy.
Energy needed to move 1 electric charge,C around a complete circuit. (Between 2
terminals)
The resistance against the moving charge due to the electrolyte in the cell.
A region in which the magnetic materials experience a force.
A device which its magnetism is produced by electric current.
Determine the magnetic pole of a current-carrying solenoid/direction of magnetic
field.

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

The rate of charge flow in a circuit. [ I = ]/A

@JMCO

8
8
8

Flemings Left hand

rule
Flemings Right hand
rule
Direct current motor
Electromagnetic
induction
Transformer
Direct current
Alternating current

8
8

Electrical power lost

Faraday's law

8
8
9
9
9

Lenz's law
National Grid
Network
Thermionic emission
Cathode rays
Semiconductor

Doping

Emitter current

9
9

Cathode ray
oscilloscope
Maltese Cross tube

9
9
9
9

Diode
Forward biased
Reverse biased
Rectification

Half-wave
rectification
Full-wave
rectification
Transistor

Base current

8
8
8

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

Determine the direction of motion of current-carrying conductor in a magnetic

field.
Determine the direction of induced current.
Convert electric energy into mechanical energy.
Production of electromotive force in a conductor due to a change in magnetic flux
linking the conductor.
A device which steps up or steps down alternating current voltages.
A current which flows in one direction only.
A current which flows to and fro in two opposite directions in a circuit. It changes
its direction periodically.
Used to transfer current as its voltage can be step up or down easily by
tansformer.
P = VI = I2R
The magnitude of the induced e.m.f, is directly proportional to the rate of change
of the magnetic flux.
The direction of the induced current always oppose the change producing it.
A network system of cables which connects all the power stations and substations
in the country to the consumers in a closed network to transmit electricity.
The emission of electrons from the surface of a heated metal.
Beam of fast-moving electrons.
A material which can conduct electricity better than insulator, but not as well as
conductor.
A process of adding a small amount of specific impurities called dopants to
semiconductors to increase their conductivity.
The current that flows through the emitter terminal of a transistor. It is equal to the
sum of the base current and the collector current.
An instrument that converts electronic and electrical signals to a visual display.
A special cathode ray tube with a Maltese Cross in it which is used to investigate the
properties of cathode rays.
A device that allows current to flow in one direction only.
A state when a diode allows current to flow.
A state when a diode does not allow current to flow
A process to convert an alternating current into a direct current by using a diode or
diodes.
A process where only one half of every cycle of an alternating current is made to
flow in one direction only.
A process where both halves of every cycle of an alternating current is made to
flow in the same direction using bridge rectifier.
An electronic device which has three terminals labelled as base, collector and
emitter.
The current that flows through the base terminal of a transistor.

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Collector current

The current that flows through the collector terminal of a transistor. It will only flow
when a suitable base current flows through the circuit.

Capacitor

9
10

Logic gate
Nucleus

10
10
10
10

Proton number
Nucleon
Nucleon number
Isotopes

10
10

Radioisotope
Radioactivity

10
10
10
10

Alpha particle
Beta particle
Gamma rays
Alpha decay

10

Beta decay

10

Gamma decay

10

Half-life

10
10
10
10

Nuclear energy
Nuclear fission
Nuclear fusion
Chain reaction

10
10

Somatic effect
Genetic effect

A device used for storing charges and to smooth out output current in a rectifier
circuit.
Switching circuit that is applied in computers and other electronic devices.
A very small core of an atom which contains most of the mass and all of the positive
charge of the atom.
The total number of protons in a nucleus.
A subatomic particle found in the nucleus.
The total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus.
Atoms of an element which have the same proton number but different nucleon
numbers.
Unstable isotopes which decay and give out radioactive emissions.
The spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nucleus accompanied by the
emission of energetic particles or photons.
Helium nucleus emitted by an unstable nucleus.
High energy electron emitted by an unstable nucleus.
Electromagnetic waves with very high frequency and short wavelength.
A radioactive decay which emits an alpha particle.
[

+
]
A radioactive decay which emits a beta particle.
[

+
]
A radioactive decay which emits a gamma ray photon.
[

+ ]
The time taken for the number of undecayed nuclei to be reduced to half of its
original number.ie. mass, number of nuclei and activity.
Energy released by a nuclear reaction as a result of a mass defect. [ E = mc2 ]
The splitting of a heavy nucleus into two or more lighter nuclei.
The combining of two or more lighter nuclei to form a heavier nucleus.
A self-sustaining reaction in which the products of a reaction can initiate another
similar reaction.
The effect of radiation that appears in a person exposed to radiation.
The effect of radiation that appears in the future generations of the exposed person
as a result of radiation damage to reproductive cells.

Base Quantity
1. Length
2. Mass
3. Time
4. Current
5. Temperature

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

S.I. Unit
m
kg
s
A
K

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PHYSICS NOTES SPM

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PHYSICS NOTES SPM

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PHYSICS NOTES SPM

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PHYSICS NOTES SPM

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v = u + at

v2 = u2+ 2as

s = (u+v)t

a=

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

s = ut + at2

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PAPER 3

Precautions:
1. The position of eye must be pependicular to the scale reading to aviod error due to
parallax error( N/A if instrument is digital stopwatch)
2. Repeat the experiment twice, then calculate the everage to get accurate reading.
3. Check the voltmeter for zero error and make zero adjustment
4. Make sure elastic strings are stretched at constant length.(Force and acceleration)
5. Stir the water gently with the heater to ensure that heat is distributed uniformly to
all part of the water.(Heat)
6. Make sure the insulating jacket is covered all part of the beaker to prevent heat
loss.(Heat)
7. Assume no heat loss to the surrounding. (Heat)
8. Make sure the experiment is conducted in a dark room.(Light)
9. The wires and electrical components should be connected tightly to avoid current
loss.(Electric)
10. The circuit should be switched off when not taking readings to avoid
overheating.(Electric)
11. Use small value of current to avoid the wire from getting too hot easily.(Electric)

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

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PHYSICS NOTES SPM

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