386 F.

2d 232

UNITED STATES ex rel. Tomislav KORDIC and Venka

Kordic, Appellants,
v.
P. A. ESPERDY, as District Director of the Immigration and
NaturalizationService, Appellee.
No. 150, Docket 31722.

United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit.

Argued Sept. 22, 1967.
Decided Nov. 8, 1967.

Leon Polsky, New York City (Edward Q. Carr, Jr., Legal Aid Society,
Robert L. Feldt, New York City, on the brief), for appellants.
Francis J. Lyons, Sp. Asst. U.S. Atty. (Robert M. Morgenthau, U.S. Atty.
for Southern Dist. of New York, Daniel Riesel, Sp. Asst. U.S. Atty., on
the brief), for appellee.
Before: WATERMAN, HAYS and FEINBERG, Circuit Judges.
FEINBERG, Circuit Judge:

Tomislav Kordic and Venka Kordic, husband and wife, appeal from an order of
the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, Edward
C. McLean, J., dismissing a writ of habeas corpus. 276 F.Supp. 1
(S.D.N.Y.1967). Appellants contend that they were denied a proper
administrative hearing on their claim under 8 U.S.C. 1253(h) that they would
be subject to political persecution if returned to Yugoslavia. They also argue
that the district court adopted an improper standard in reviewing the decision of
the District Director denying them relief. For the reasons given below, we
affirm.

Appellants were members of the crew of the Yugoslav vessel M/V Goranka,
which arrived in Portland, Oregon on June 22, 1967. They each received a socalled D-1 conditional landing permit, which grants shore privileges for no

more than twenty-nine days, but only while the vessel is in a United States port
and if the crewman's passport is surrendered for safekeeping to the master of
the vessel. See 1 Gordon & Rosenfield, Immigration Law and Procedure 6.2c at
6-17 (rev.ed.1966). The conditional landing permits were issued under 8 U.S.C.
1282(a)(1), which provides:
3

(a) No alien crewman shall be permitted to land temporarily in the United

States except as provided in this section * * *. If an immigration officer finds
upon examination that an alien crewman is a nonimmigrant * * * and is
otherwise admissible and has agreed to accept such permit, he may, in his
discretion, grant the crewman a conditional permit to land temporarily pursuant
to regulations prescribed by the Attorney General, subject to revocation in
subsequent proceedings as provided in subsection (b) of this section, and for a
period of time, in any event, not to exceed--

(1) the period of time (not exceeding twenty-nine days) during which the vessel
* * * on which he arrived remains in port, if the immigration officer is satisfied
that the crewman intends to depart on the vessel * * * on which he arrived.

The permit required appellants to depart with the Goranka from Portland; it
also allowed them to rejoin the vessel at another United States port if they had
'advance written permission from the master * * * to do so.' 8 C.F.R. 252.1(d).
Without such permission, appellants immediately flew from Portland to New
York City, deserting their ship. They were located on June 29, 1967, and on
that date their permits were revoked under 8 U.S.C. 1282(b), which provides:

(b) Pursuant to regulations prescribed by the Attorney General, any

immigration officer may, in his discretion, if he determines that an alien is not a
bona fide crewman, or does not intend to depart on the vessel * * * which
brought him, revoke the conditional permit to land which was granted such
crewman under the provisions of subsection (a)(1) of this section, take such
crewman into custody, and require the master or commanding officer of the
vessel * * * on which the crewman arrived to receive and detain him on board
such vessel * * *, if practicable, and such crewman shall be deported from the
United States at the expense of the transportation line which brought him to the
United States. Until such alien is so deported, any expenses of his detention
shall be borne by such transportation company. Nothing in this section shall be
construed to require the procedure prescribed in section 1252 of this title to
cases falling within the provisions of this subsection.

At the time appellants were apprehended, the Goranka was still in a United

States port, and was scheduled to sail about July 7, 1967.

8

Before appellants were returned to the vessel under the statutory procedure set
forth above, they applied to the District Director to withhold their deportation
under 8 U.S.C. 1253(h). That section provides:

(h) The Attorney General is authorized to withhold deportation of any alien

within the United States to any country in which in his opinion the alien would
be subject to persecution on account of race, religion, or political opinion and
for such period of time as he deems to be necessary for such reason.

10

A Supervisory Immigrant Inspector interviewed appellants early in July 1967.

The District Director concluded that no showing of 'persecution' had been made
and directed that they be returned to the vessel. Appellants applied to the
District Court for the Southern District of New York for a writ of habeas
corpus; meanwhile the Goranka sailed without them. On July 25, Judge Bonsal
ordered the District Director to grant appellants further interviews, with their
attorney present, and an opportunity to call witnesses and offer evidence in
support of their claim of persecution. However, he denied the writ, without
prejudice to later renewal. 274 F.Supp. 873 (S.D.N.Y.1967). Thereafter, there
were further interviews before the same inspector and a Trial Attorney of the
Immigration and Naturalization Service; at these, appellants and two brothers of
Mrs. Kordic testified. On August 23, the District Director rejected appellants'
claim for the second time. Appellants again sought a writ of habeas corpus; on
September 12, Judge McLean dismissed the writ, and this appeal followed.

11

* Appellants first argue that they were entitled to a hearing before a special
inquiry officer of the Service-- which for want of a better term we hereafter call
a 'formal' hearing-- rather than before other Service officials. They assert that
'with only one exception'-- crewmen covered by 8 U.S.C. 1282(b) whose ships
are still in port-- all aliens legally within the United States have a statutory right
to a hearing before a special inquiry officer on a claim of political persecution
when the Government seeks to deport them. 8 U.S.C. 1252(b); 8 C.F.R.
242.17(c). Appellants argue that the exception is improper. The hearing
appellants did receive was pursuant to 8 C.F.R. 253.1(e), which provides:

12

Crewman alleging persecution. Any alien crewman denied a conditional

landing permit or whose conditional landing permit issued under 252.1(d)(1) of
this chapter is revoked who alleges that he cannot return to a Communist,
Communist-dominated, or Communist-occupied country because of fear of
persecution in that country on account of race, religion, or political opinion

may be paroled into the United States under the provisions of section 212(d)(5)
of the Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(d)(5)) for the period of time and under the conditions
set by the district director having jurisdiction over the area where the alien
crewman is located.
13

The hearing was by no means perfunctory or unfair, as we hold in a later part of

this opinion. But if appellants are correct in their first assertion, it was improper
nonetheless because it was not before a special inquiry officer.

14

At this point it may be helpful to consider the effect of the immigration laws
generally upon alien crewmen. Originally, these laws did not apply to seamen,
but Congress found that many aliens were using the guise of this occupation to
obtain unlawful entry. Accordingly, regulation of this group began half a
century ago. 1 Gordon & Rosenfield, Immigration Law and Procedure 6.1
(rev.ed.1966). Before passage of the 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act, the
Senate Judiciary Committee recommended stringent controls designed to keep
temporary stays of foreign seamen in United States ports from becoming
permanent.1 8 U.S.C. 1282 was enacted in response thereto. As that statutory
language makes clear, generally speaking, no alien crewman is allowed to land
even temporarily in the United States without the permission of an immigration
officer. However, there are other ways for an alien seaman to effect initial
physical entry. For example, under 8 U.S.C. 1182(d)(5), the Attorney General
may 'parole' any alien-- including a crew member-- into the Unted States 'for
emergent reasons of for reasons deemed strictly in the public interest.' An
obvious reason would be for medical treatment, as was the case in United
States ex rel. Lam Hai Cheung v. Esperdy, 345 F.2d 989 (2d Cir. 1965). Finally,
of course, a seaman's initial entry into the country may be completely illegal,
such as by jumping ship and swimming ashore.

15

In some of these situations, well-established doctrines have evolved. A

'parolee,' even though physically in the country, is not regarded as having
'entered' and thus has not acquired the full protection of the Constitution. If he
is required to leave the United States, he is being excluded, not expelled. Thus,
when a 'paroled' alien alleged the threat of political persecution, the Supreme
Court held that she was not even entitled to make a claim under 8 U.S.C.
1253(h), since she was not 'within the United States' as required by that section.
Leng May Ma v. Barber, 357 U.S. 185, 78 S.Ct. 1072, 2 L.Ed.2d 1246 (1958).
Conversely, an alien whose initial physical presence here was illegal, but whose
presence is recognized as an 'entry' in law, is said to be subject to expulsion, not
exclusion. He is entitled to 'additional rights and privileges not extended to
those in the former category who are 'merely on the threshold of initial entry."
Id. at 187, 78 S.Ct. at 1073. See also Shaughnessy v. United States ex rel.

Mezei, 345 U.S. 206, 212, 73 S.Ct. 625, 97 L.Ed. 956 (1953); United States ex
rel. Lam Fo Sang v. Esperdy, 210 F.Supp. 786, 790 (S.D.N.Y.1962). These
distinctions have been severely criticized, see Davis, The Requirement of a
Trial-Type Hearing, 70 Harv.L.Rev. 193, 248-56 (1956); Comment,
Deportation and Exclusion: A Continuing Dialogue Between Congress and the
Courts, 71 Yale L.J. 760, 786 (1962), but they remain the teaching of the cases.
16

Predictably, however, life is more varied than the rules. Some situations do not
easily fit into a neat compartment, cf. United States ex rel. Paktorovics v.
Murff, 260 F.2d 610 (2d Cir. 1958) (2-1), and this case presents one of them.
Appellants were not paroled into the country originally, nor was their initial
presence here illegal. Therefore, they fall into neither of the well-recognized
categories. A system of conditional landing permits is similar, of course, to
admission by 'parole' since both place limits on the purpose and duration of
physical entry. Perhaps the fiction that the alien is still under detention 'at the
boundary line,' Kaplan v. Tod, 267 U.S. 228, 230, 45 S.Ct. 257, 69 L.Ed. 585
(1925), is better served by the device of 'parole' than by a conditional landing
permit, although we would be hard put to explain why, except that the statute
providing for parole, 8 U.S.C. 1182(d)(5), explicitly provides that it 'shall not
be regarded as an admission of the alien,' and 8 U.S.C. 1282 is silent on the
subject.2 But the Service does not argue that parole and conditional entry have
the same legal consequences: It says instead that once appellants' permits were
revoked, their rights as conditional entrants disappeared; they were then in the
position of alien crewmen detained on board the vessel who had not yet
received permission to go on shore leave. As such, the teaching of Leng May
Ma is that they do not have the statutory right to seek relief under 8 U.S.C.
1253(h) and obtain a formal hearing thereon. Certainly, appellants do not claim
that revocation of their conditional landing permits was improper; obviously,
the determination that the Kordics did 'not intend to depart on the vessel * * *
which brought (them)' was justified. Once the permits were revoked, the
analogy to crew members who had not yet left the ship has force-- at least
while the vessel was still in port so that it was 'practicable,' to use the language
of section 1282(b), for appellants to be physically returned to it. On the other
hand, appellants claim that once they were legally in the country they should at
least have the same rights, under 8 U.S.C. 1253(h), as a ship jumper; they reject
the parole analogy since they did in fact make at least a temporary 'entry.'

17

While we do not accept the Service's analogy completely, we think its position
is more nearly correct and that appellants are not entitled to a formal hearing
under section 1253(h). What authority there is on point is inconclusive.
Appellants rely on United States ex rel. Szlajmer v. Esperdy, 188 F.Supp. 491
(S.D.N.Y.1960). In that case, a claim of political persecution was made by a

crew member physically present in the country under an unrevoked conditional

landing permit. Although the permit was thereafter revoked, the court held that
the alien had a right to a full hearing under 8 U.S.C. 1253(h); the court
specifically rejected the parolee analogy and thus distinguished Leng May Ma.
The Service did not appeal this decision but instead added to its regulations
covering the alien seaman a new one, 8 C.F.R. 253.1(e) quoted above, under
which appellants' claim in this case was heard. The fact that at the time
Szlajmer was decided there was no such 'opportunity for relief to an alien
crewman' claiming persecution was emphasized in a later case, which disagreed
with Szlajmer. Glavic v. Beechie, 225 F.Supp. 24 (S.D.Tex.1963), aff'd, 340
F.2d 91 (5th Cir. 1964). In that case, a crewman was denied the right to a
formal hearing before a special inquiry officer; the court in Glavic primarily
relied on the last sentence of 8 U.S.C. 1282(b), quoted above,3 which expressly
makes the usual deportation procedures for aliens inapplicable to crewmen.
Accord, Vucinic v. United States Immigration and Naturalization Service, 243
F.Supp. 113 (D.Ore.1965).
18

We think the reasoning of Glavic persuasive, particularly its emphasis on

congressional intent to deny formal hearings to alien crewmen in the position of
appellants. Carrying out this purpose, the permits issued to appellants in this
case provide:

19

By accepting this conditional permit to land the holder agrees to all the
conditions incident to the issuance thereof, and to deportation from the United
States in accordance with the provisions of section 252(b) (8 U.S.C. 1282(b)) of
the Immigration and Nationality Act.

20

The significance of this language was recently emphasized by this court's

observation in United States ex rel. Stellas v. Esperdy, 366 F.2d 266, 269 (2d
Cir. 1966),4 in dealing with an analogous situation, that:

21

Petitioner suggests that it was improper for the INS to revoke his landing
permit and instead to parole him, and he claims that if he had entered under his
landing permit, he would have had the protection of full-scale deportation
procedure, upon a revocation of the permit, or upon his failure to return to the
ship, and could not be summarily deported. This misreads the statute. Sec.
252(b) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1282(b), provides that plenary deportation
procedure, that required by 242 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1252, is not required in
deporting an alien on revocation of his permit. Nor does the Constitution
compel a different result. Appellant's permit, like all others, states, 'By
accepting this conditional permit to land the holder agrees to all the conditions
incident to the issuance thereof, and to deportation * * * in accordance with the

provisions of 252(b) * * *.' Had appellant entered on a permit, he would have

waived any Constitutional right to full-scale deportation proceedings. Compare
United States ex rel. Szlajmer v. Esperdy, 188 F.Supp. 491 (S.D.N.Y.1960).
22

Appellants contend that the summary proceeding envisioned by section 1282(b)

(and the waiver of a formal hearing) apply only to the two grounds specified in
that section: whether the alien was a crewman and whether he intends to depart.
On this issue of statutory construction both Glavic and Vucinic appear to
disagree, as does the dictum in Stellas. Moreover, the terms of section 1282(b)
and its legislative history afford no comfort to those who would read it to allow
a formal hearing to these appellants. In tightening up the immigration laws
affecting crew members, Congress was concerned with the sheer volume of
seamen deserting ships and the need for 'a summary type of deportation.'
S.Rep. No. 1515, 81st Cong., 2d Sess. 555-556 (1950). At least while the
vessel is still in a United States port, the master can be required to receive the
deserter and take him back with a minimum of difficulty, and the statute so
provides. Congress thus established a statutory procedure to deal with a very
narrow situation.5 Thus, a crew member who overstays his twenty-nine day
leave apparently obtains greater rights than one whose permit is revoked more
swiftly. This may be thought anomalous, but the justification for quick
resolution of the problem departs with the vessel, cf. United States ex rel.
Martinez-Angosto v. Mason, 344 F.2d 673, 685 (2d Cir. 1964), and the
distinction is recognized by the Service itself in regulations and decision. 8
C.F.R. 252.2; Matter of M., 5 I. & N. 127 (1953). Moreover, surface anomalies
are not absent in this field. A parolee whose parole has expired is in the country
illegally, and an argument could be made that he is then like the ship jumper,
who initially entered illegally but apparently is entitled to a formal hearing on a
claim of persecution. The premise would be that it is strange to give the latter, a
law breaker from the start, greater rights than one who initially arrived here
properly. However, this notion has been impliedly rejected in a series of cases
in this court. Unted States ex rel. Stellas v. Esperdy, 366 F.2d 266 (2d Cir.
1966);6 Lam Hai Cheung v. Esperdy, 345 F.2d 989 (2d Cir. 1965); Wong Hing
Fun v. Esperdy, 335 F.2d 656 (2d Cir. 1964), cert. denied sub nom. Ng Sui
Sang v. Esperdy, 379 U.S. 970, 85 S.Ct. 667, 13 L.Ed.2d 562 (1965).

23

In any event, we deal only with the facts before us. Appellants' permits were
revoked seven days after they received them, at a time when their ship had not
yet departed. Congress intended to provide speedy treatment for this precise
class of alien crew members. Moreover, the free dispensation of the privilege of
shore leave is a necessity of international trade and comity. Acceptance of
appellants' position in this case, with its concomitant increase in the difficulty
of expelling from the country seamen who suddenly decide to stay here

permanently, would be quite likely to prompt some curtailment in the issuance

of landing permits-- an intention we are reluctant to impute to Congress. See
Leng May Ma v. Barber, 357 U.S. 185, 190, 78 S.Ct. 1072, 2 L.Ed.2d 1246
(1958). We characterize the decision to stay as sudden because it was so
presented to us; obviously, if the Kordics had raised the threat of persecution
before they left the vessel, they would have had no right to a formal hearing
under 8 U.S.C. 1253(h). Leng May Ma v. Barber, 357 U.S. 185, 78 S.Ct. 1072
(1958). In sum, we acknowledge that regulation of foreign crewmen raises
troublesome questions, distinctions are frequently technical, and reliance on
generalizations is dangerous. We also realize that the importance of
fundamental fairness to the individual should not be overlooked in the pull of
competing policies. Taking all of this into account, we need not agree with the
Government that appellants were like crew members who had never left the
vessel and had no statutory right at all to make a claim of persecution; but we
do conclude that appellants were not entitled to the formal hearing they say was
their due.
24

Our conclusion is fortified by the procedural rights appellants were eventually

accorded at the hearing they did receive. They were represented by an attorney
of their own choosing, were allowed to offer documentary evidence, and had
witnesses testify on their behalf. Relying on Wong Yang Sung v. McGrath, 339
U.S. 33, 70 S.Ct. 445, 94 L.Ed. 616 (1950), appellants imply that they received
less than procedural due process, apparently because the officials who heard
their claim had a mixture of duties. But even a special inquiry officer, under the
statute that appellants contend is applicable, may both 'make determinations'
and also 'present * * * evidence, interrogate, examine, and cross-examine the
alien or witnesses * * *.' 8 U.S.C. 1252(b); 8 C.F.R. 242.8(a). Moreover, more
recent authority indicates that the procedure which appellants received was
'essentially fair.' United States ex rel. Dolenz v. Shaughnessy, 200 F.2d 288 (2d
Cir. 1952), cert. denied, 345 U.S. 928, 73 S.Ct. 780, 97 L.Ed. 1358 (1953);
Maggiore Bakery, Inc. v. Esperdy, 238 F.Supp. 374 (S.D.N.Y.1964); cf.
Marcello v. Bonds, 349 U.S. 302, 75 S.Ct. 757, 99 L.Ed. 1107 (1955).
II

25

Appellants also argue that the district court applied an improper standard in
reviewing the decision of the District Director not to suspend deportation. They
urge that Judge McLean should have applied the test of 'substantial evidence,'
not 'abuse of discretion.'

26

The District Director reviewed the record before him and concluded that
appellants' claim 'that they may be persecuted if returned to Yugoslavia * * * is

utterly lacking in truth.' Some of the facts the District Director relied upon are
that Mr. Kordic has been sailing in and out of Yugoslavia since 1961 on
Yugoslav vessels with the knowledge of the Yugoslav Government, despite his
claim that the had had 'trouble' since 1963 because he would not join the
Communist Party; that although his position allegedly was worsened by
marrying a woman related to persons who had fled Yugoslavia, that
government permitted him to have his wife join him as a third cook on a vessel
bound for the United States, although she actually had no functions to perform;
and that the punishments given for ship desertion in Yugoslavia are 'not
inordinate.' On the entire record, the Director concluded that appellants
27

do not honestly fear persecution if returned to Yugoslavia. In my judgment,

they are only seeking to immigrate to the United States to a better economic
life.

28

Judge McLean concluded that while he might not have been persuaded, as was
the District Director, that appellants were acting in bad faith, nevertheless, their

29

evidence of persecution was not so strong that it can be said that theDistrict
Director acted arbitrarily in refusing to uphold their claim.

30

The judge examined not only the files of appellants but also those of Mrs.
Kordic's brothers who had left Yugoslavia and come to the United States. The
judge concluded that he was 'unable to say that the decision of the District
Director was an abuse of discretion.'

31

Emphasizing this last phrase and relying on Wong Wing Hang v. Immigration
and Naturalization Service, 360 F.2d 715, 717 (2d Cir. 1966), appellants argue
as follows: The District Director was called upon to engage in a two-step
process. The first was a factual inquiry as to the probability that appellants
would be subjected to persecution if returned to Yugoslavia; the second was an
exercise of his discretion on the facts he had found. In Wong Wing Hang, we
said that the first step-- the 'factual findings on which a discretionary denial of
suspension is predicated'-- 'must pass the substantial evidence test.' Therefore,
according to appellants, Judge McLean's statement that the District Director's
decision was not an abuse of discretion shows that he used the wrong test of
review.

32

We think this argument is incorrect. A close reading of the judge's opinion

demonstrates that he analyzed the evidence carefully to see if appellants would
be subjected to persecution; he concluded that they had not made out a clear

case. For instance, referring to appellants' fears of persecution, he stated:

33

I cannot say with certainty that they are not justified, but on the other hand, I
cannot say with certainty that they are.

34

If Judge McLean was unable to say that the District Director was wrong on this
crucial point, there had to be, in his view, substantial evidence to support either
conclusion. Moreover, even if the judge had applied the wrong test, we would
be obliged to apply the right one; doing so, we conclude that the District
Director's determination should not be disturbed.

35

Accordingly, the judgment is affirmed.

S.Rep. No. 1515, 81st Cong., 2d Sess. 550, 554-558 (1950)

However, it does provide that: 'Nothing in this section shall be construed to

require the procedure prescribed in section 1252 of this title (8 U.S.C. 1252) to
cases falling within the provisions of this subsection.'

See note 2 supra

The judgment in Stellas was vacated by the Supreme Court and remanded with
instructions that it be returned to the Service for further hearings. 388 U.S. 462,
87 S.Ct. 2121, 18 L.Ed.2d 1322 (1967). This was done at the suggestion of the
Service itself to allow the relator to take advantage of an informal hearing
procedure (instituted while the cause was sub judice) by which an alien
crewman paroled into the country must be given an examination before his
parole may be revoked. See Memorandum for Respondent in the Supreme
Court of the United States, p. 4 Under these circumstances, we think this court's
remarks in Stellas have continuing validity

How narrow it is appears from a close reading of 8 U.S.C. 1282(b); the

summary procedure and waiver of a formal hearing apply only to landing
permits which are issued to those crewmen intending to leave on the vessel on
which they arrive (D-1 permits issued under 8 C.F.R. 252.1(d)(1)) and not to
those who intended to depart on vessels other than those on which they arrived
(D-2 permits issued under 8 C.F.R. 252.1(d)(2)), and even then, only when
receipt of the crewman and detention on board by the master are 'practicable.'

See note 4 supra