Systems Thinking

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If a factory is torn down but the rationality

which produced it is left standing, then that


rationality will simply produce another factory.
If a revolution destroys a government, but the
systematic patterns of thought that produced
that government are left intact, then those
patterns will repeat themselves. . . . Theres so
much talk about the system. And so little
understanding.
Robert Pirsig, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance

COURSE OVERVI EW:

D 17 0 SYS T E M S D E S I G N
D 170 Systems Design
Ms. Mona Alcudia
Department of Arts and Design
University of the Philippines Cebu

COURSE OUTLINE
This class is oriented towards the learning and
application of the systems approach towards a
design problem. Theme based projects are
undertaken which can cover a wide range of
problems areas. The emphasis is on the
understanding of interrelationships that make a
coherent whole.

COURSE OBJECTIVES

To define systems, systems thinking and systems


oriented design

To study various components of a system and its


sub systems which in relation to each other and as
a whole generate a system

To integrate systems thinking into the design


discipline and to apply system theories in the
problem-based approach

COURSE
METHODOLOGY

Class discussions on what constitutes a system and


what are different types of systems and how
system approach is practiced by designers

Paperwork: study and analysis of existing systems

Research: synthesis of collected information and


development of a systems model

Prototyping and Documentation

E VA LUAT I O N
CRITERIA

Quality of Analysis and problem statement

Concepts Alternative and use of systems


approach

The quality of design solution

Prototype and documentation

AN IN TRO DU CTION TO

SYS T E M S T H I N KI N G
D 170 Systems Design
Ms. Mona Alcudia
Department of Arts and Design
University of the Philippines Cebu

What is a system?

A system is a set of elements or parts that is


coherently organized and interconnected in a
pattern or structure that produces a
characteristic set of behaviors, often classified
as its function or purpose.

A system must consist of three kinds of things:

1. E L E M E N T S
2. INTERCONNECTIONS
3. FUNCTION/PURPOSE

Elements: teeth, enzymes,


stomach, intestines
Interconnections:
physical flow of food,
regulating chemical
signals
Purpose: to break down
food into its basic
nutrients and to transfer
those nutrients into the
bloodstream (another
system), while discarding
unusable wastes

Elements: roots, trunk,


branches, leaves
Interconnections: the
physical flows and
chemical reactions that
govern the trees
metabolic processes
Purpose: to bear seeds to
create more trees

System? Yes.

System? Yes.

System? Yes.

System? Nope.

Why study systems?

hone our abilities to understand parts


see interconnections

ask what-if questions about possible future


behaviors

be creative and courageous about system


redesign

interconnections

The relationships that hold the elements together

Many of the interconnections in systems operate


through the flow of information. Information
holds systems together and plays a great role in
how they operate.

Function/purpose

Function is used for a nonhuman system, and


purpose for a human one. Many systems have
both human and non-human elements
Purposes are deduced from behavior, not
from rhetoric or stated goals

Systems within systems


Student
Purpose: To get good grades

University
Purpose: To discover & preserve knowledge

Professor
Purpose: To get tenure

Administrator
Purpose: To balance the budget

IMPACT ON SYSTEM WHEN CHANGES


ARE MADE
The elements are the parts of the system we are
most likely to notice. They are least important in
defining the unique characteristics of the system.
Changing elements has the least effect n the
system
If interconnections change, the system may be
greatly altered.
Function/purpose is the least obvious part of
the system. It is the most crucial determinant
of the systems behavior.
Changes in function or purpose can be
drastic / profound

Element

Interconnections

Function/Purpose

Stocks & Flows


Stock: An accumulation of material or information
that has built up in a system over time.
Flow: Material or information that enters or leaves a
stock over a period of time.

The role of stocks in systems

A Stock takes time to change, because flows take time to


flow (delay)
Changes in stocks set the pace of the dynamics of systems.
Most individual and institutional decisions are designed to
regulate levels of stock
System thinkers see the world as a collection of stocks
along with the mechanisms for regulating levels in the
stocks by manipulating flows.

Stocks & Flows


Bathtub

adding water

draining water

Stocks & Flows


Stock

Inflow

Outflow

1.

Stocks are shown as boxes

2.

The flows are arrow-headed pipes, leading into or out of the stocks.

3.

The small T on each flow signifies a faucet.

4.

The clouds stand for wherever the flows come from and go to (i.e. the sources and the
sinks).

Behavior over time graphs


Water level in tub when the plug is pulled
1: Bathtub
1:

30

1
1:

15

1
1:

0
0.00

7.50

15.00
Minutes

22.50
30.00
11:46 AM Fri, Feb 20, 2009

Water in bathtub

System thinkers use graphs of system behavior to understand trends over time, rather
than focusing attention on individual events
Behavior-over-time graph is used to learn whether the system is approaching a goal
or limit, and if so, how quickly.

Understanding Behavior Over


Time
1: Bathtub
1:

26

1:

25

1:

24

0.00

7.50

15.00
Minutes

22.50
30.00
11:34 AM Fri, Feb 20, 2009

Water in bathtub

Principles
If the sum of all outflows equals the sum of all inflows, the stock level will not change; it will be
held in dynamic equilibrium
As long as the sum of inflows exceeds the sum of all outflows, the level of stock will rise
As long as the sum of all outflows exceeds the sum of all inflows, the level of stock will fall

Other Stocks & Flows


Bank Account

C02 In
Atmosphere
making deposits

adding c02

Self Esteem

building

Feedback Loops
Bank account

earning interest

interest rate

A feedback loop occurs when a stock affects its


flows

Stabilizing Loops - Balancing


Feedback
Energy Level of a Coffee Drinker
The feedback loop can correct
an oversupply or an
undersupply

Homing behavior of the balancing feedback


loop

Whatever the initial value of the system stock


(coffee temperature in this case), whether it
is above or below the goal (room
temperature), the feedback loop brings it
toward the goal. The change is faster at first,
and then slower, as the discrepancy between
the stock and the goal decreases.

Runaway Loops - Reinforcing


Feedback
earning interest

Bank account

Population

births

interest rate

Reinforcing loops are found wherever a system element has the ability to
reproduce itself or to grow as a constant fraction of itself. Those elements
include populations and economies.

birth rate

One-Stock Systems
A Stock with Two Competing Balancing Loops

One-Stock Systems
A Stock with One Reinforcing Loop and One
Balancing LoopPopulation and Industrial Economy

SHIFTING DOMINANCE OF FEEDBACK LOOPS: When one loop dominates


another, it has a stronger impact on behavior. Because systems often have several
competing feedback loops operating simultaneously, those loops that dominate the
system will determine the behavior.

One-Stock Systems
A Stock with One Reinforcing Loop and One
Balancing LoopPopulation and Industrial Economy

Systems with similar feedback structures produce similar dynamic behaviors, even
if the outward appearance of these systems is completely dissimilar.

One-Stock Systems
A System with DelaysBusiness Inventory

Delays are pervasive in systems, and they are strong determinants of behavior.
Changing the length of a delay may (or may not, depending on the type of delay
and the relative lengths of other delays) make a large change in the behavior of a
system.

TWO-Stock Systems
A Renewable Stock Constrained by a Nonrenewable
Stock an Oil Economy
Nonrenewable resources are
stock-limited. The entire stock is
available at once, and can be
extracted at any rate (limited
mainly by extraction capital). But
since the stock is not renewed the faster the extraction rate, the
shorter the lifetime of the
resource.

TWO-Stock Systems
Renewable Stock Constrained by a Renewable Stock
a Fishing Economy

Renewable resources are


flow-limited. They can support
extraction or harvest indefinitely,
but only at a finite flow rate equal
to their regeneration rate. If they
are extracted faster than they
regenerate, they may eventually
be driven below a critical
threshold and become, for all
practical purposes,
nonrenewable.

So what does toast have


to do with it?

First Assignment:
Mapping Me

Create a system that represents yourself

What are the elements in your life?

What are the parallels that run across these


elements? How are they connected?

What is the purpose of this system in your life?


What is your purpose?

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