SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

ON

JAVA AND PHP

Submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of the Degr ee
Of
Bachelor of Technology
Computer Engineering
XYZ
Roll No.-********
`

Branch-CSE

MAHARISHI MARKENDESHWAR UNIVERSITY

MULLANA-AMBALA
2013-2014

Acknowledgement
It gives me an immense pleasure to acknowledge my indebtedness and
a deep sense of
gratitude to Mr. Vikas Pathak, Training Experts, Technology Uncorked
for his valuable
guidance and encouraging attitude throughout the work, without which
it would not have
possible to present this work in its present shape.

XYZ

Certificate
I hereby declare that the work which is being presented in this
training report entitled
JAVA AND towards
PHP, the partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of
Technology in Computer Engineering, submitted in the Department
of Computer
Engineering at Maharishi Markandeshwar Univesity, Mullana, is
record of my work
carried out from under the Guidance of NIIT Campus Connect.

DATE:- 7th Nov,2013

ORGANIZATION INTRODUCTION

About NIIT, the organization which organized the training in

campus of M.M.
Engineering college, Mullana. NIIT has provided computer-based
learning to over 17,000
government and private colleges across the country cumulatively
impacting lives of more
than 10 million students. In 2004, NIIT was restructured into two
groups. One is NIIT
Limited, which focuses on the training and education in IT segment, and
another which is
known as NIIT Technologies which is an information technology
(IT) solutions
organization. NIIT Group is a leader in software and services sector .
Adjudged Best Training Company by Users in Computer World
opinion poll
2000.
Adjudged the "Best Microsoft Win2K Training Partner" 2000.
Conferred Microsoft's 'Best Training Company Award' 2001
'Best Training Service Provider on .Net' award by Microsoft for its
outstanding
contribution.
NIIT Technologies featured among the "Top 25 Great Places to
Work" in the
Business World Survey-2003.

Preface

This report is based on the in-house summer training we had undergone

in the campus of
|We obtained the knowledge of JAVA AND PHP language through the
selfless efforts of
the faculty arranged to us by the college administration. The training
was based on JAVA
AND PHP. We make web pages on these languages. The experience of
the training was
good and we learned lots of things. We were successfully able to
complete the training.

Contents

1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of java
3. Java and C
4. Java and C++
5. Object Oriented Principles
6. Classes and Objects
7. Declaring class members
8. Java Architecture
9. Garbage Collection in JVM
10. Java Bytecode
11. JVM
12. Packages
12.1 API
12.2 User-Defined Packages
13. J2ME or JAVA ME
14. J2EE or JAVA EE
15. PHP

Introduction

Java is a high-level,
generation
3 rd computer programming language that is
concurrent, object-oriented, class based and portable across platforms. It
is developed by
Sun Microsystems. It is intended to let application developers "write
once, run anywhere"
(WORA), meaning that code that runs on one platform does not need to
be recompiled to
run on another. The creator of Java is James Gosling, chief
programmer of Sun
Microsystems. Java is most similar to C. The most special thing about
Java in relation to
other programming languages is that it lets you write special programs
called applets that
can be downloaded from the Internet and played safely within a web
browser.
Java is used to write computer applications that play games, store data
or do any
of the thousands of other things computer software can do. It is also
used to implement
the web sites and web pages. Java is used to develop stand-alone
and Internet based
applications. The main region to use java is that it is more secure. Java
software works
everywhere, from the smallest devices, such as microwave ovens and
remote controls to
supercomputers.

Characteristics of Java:
1) Platform Independent
Java is a platform for application development. A platform is a loosely
def ined computer
industry buzzword that typically means some combination of
hardware and system
software that will mostly run all the same software.
machine
Java
compiled
The
interpreter
byteon
into
code
the
byte
reads
isfly.code
exactly
the
Since
still
byte
the
the
need
code
same
byte
an
and
interpreter
on
code
translates
every
is completely
to
platform..
itexecute
into thethem
platform
Java
nativeon any
programs
given
language
independent,
platform.
ofthat
the
only
have
hostthebeen

interpreter and a few native libraries need to be ported to get

Java to run on a new
computer or operating system.
All these pieces, the javac compiler, the java interpreter, the Java
programming language,
and more are collectively referred to as Java.
2) Object oriented
In object-oriented programs data is represented by objects. Objects
have two sections,
fields (instance variables) and methods. Fields tell you what an
object is. Methods tell
you what an object does. These fields and methods are closely tied to
the object's real
world characteristics and behavior. When a program is run messages are
passed back and
forth between objects. When an object receives a message it
responds accordingly as
defined by its methods.
3) Robust
Java implements a robust exception handling mechanism to deal with
both expected and
unexpected errors. The worst that an applet can do to a host system is
bringing down the
runtime environment. It cannot bring down the entire system.
Most importantly Java applets can be executed in an environment
that prohibits them
from introducing viruses, deleting or modif ying files, or otherwise
destroying data and
crashing the host computer. A Java enabled web browser checks the
byte codes of an
applet to verify that it doesn't do anything nasty before it will run the
applet.
4) Multithreaded
Java is inherently multi-threaded. A single Java program can have many
different threads
executing independently and continuously. Three Java applets on the
together
same pagewith
caneach
run getting equal time from the CPU with very little
extra
part
5)
High
ofeffort
the
performance
programmer.
on the

Java byte codes can be compiled on the fly to code that rivals C++ in
speed using a "justin-time compiler." Several companies are also working on nativemachine-architecture
compilers for Java. These will produce executable code that does not
require a separate
interpreter, and that is indistinguishable in speed from C++.

6) Dynamic
Java programs carr y with them substantial amounts of run-time type
information that is
used to verify and resolve accesses to objects at run-time. This
makes it possible to
dynamically link code in a safe and expedite manner. The java
programming language is
unusual than other programming languages it first compiles and
then interprets the
program. Compile first translate the program into intermediate
language called
intermediate language called java byte code. Java byte code is
platform independent
code, which is further interpreted by the interpreter on the java
platform. Interpreter
parses and run each java byte code instruction on the computer.
Compilation occurs only
once, interpretation occurs each time when the program is executed.

Fig 1.1
Java byte code helps in making the program write once, run
can
compiled
be compiled
java
byteprogram
into
codebyte
program
code isbyready
any to
platform
run on any
thatmachine
is having
having
the
anywhere.
The
javajava
the
machine
Need
compiler;
of virtual
Java
(JVM).theJVM is an interpreter for byte code.

The main motive for developing java was to meet the need of
portable and platform
independent language that could be used to produce code that would run
on a variety of
systems.

Java and C
Java does not include keywords like goto , sizeof and typedef.
Java does not contain data types like struct, union and enum.
Java does not define the type modifiers keywords like auto, register,
signed.
Java does not support an explicit pointer type.
Java does not have preprocessor.
Java does not support variables arguments to functions.
Java adds many features required for Object-Oriented Progr amming.

Java and C++

Java does not support operator overloading.
Java does not support multiple inheritances.
Java does not support global variables.
Java has replaced the destructor function with a finalize() function.
Java is a true object-oriented language while C++ is basically C
with objectoriented extension.
Java does not provide the access to the pointers.

Object Oriented Principles

The object oriented programming languages provide mechanisms
that help you
implement the object-oriented model.
because
One
making
of it
the
it available
seals
important
the data
onlyobject-oriented
(and
through
internal
the methods.
methods)
techniques
This
safely
technique
is hiding
inside the
the
is known
data
1) encapsulation
within
as
"capsule"
Datathe
Hiding
ofclass
theand
and
class,
Encapsulation

where it can be accessed only by trusted users (i.e., by the methods

of the class). The
most important reason is to hide the internal implementation details of
your class. If you
prevent programmers from relying on those details, you can safely
modify the
implementation without worrying that you will break existing code
that uses the class.
Another reason for encapsulation is to protect your class against
accidental or willful
stupidity. A class often contains a number of interdependent fields
that must be in a
consistent state. If you allow a programmer (including yourself) to
manipulate those
fields directly, he may change one field without changing important
related fields, thus
leaving the class in an inconsistent state. If, instead, he has to call a
method to change the
field, that method can be sure to do ever ything necessar y to keep
the state consistent.
Similarly, if a class defines certain methods for internal use only, hiding
these methods
prevents users of the class from calling them. When all the data for a
class is hidden, the
methods define the only possible operations that can be performed
on objects of that
class. Once you have carefully tested and debugged your methods, you
can be confident
that the class will work as expected. On the other hand, if all the fields
of the class can be
directly manipulated, the number of possibilities you have to test
becomes unmanageable.
There are other reasons to hide fields and methods of a class, as well:
Internal fields and methods that are visible outside the class just
clutter up the
API. Keeping visible fields to a minimum keeps your class tidy
and therefore
easier to use and understand.
If a field or method is visible to the users of your class, you have to
document it.
Save yourself time and effort by hiding it instead.
2) Inheritance
Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the properties of
another object.
This is important because it supports the concept of hierarchical
classification.
Most
knowledge in
mechanism
is Java
madethat
byallows
hierarchical
you to extend
classification.
a class (called
Inheritance
the base
is a
compile-time
class
with
In
Java,
another
or super
inheritance
class
class)(called
is usedthe
forderived
two purposes:
class or subclass).

Class inheritance - create a new class as an extension of another class,

primarily
for the purpose of code reuse. That is, the derived class inherits the
methods of the
base class.
Interface inheritance - create a new class to implement the methods
defined as
part of an interface for the purpose of sub typing. That is a class that
implements
an interface conforms to the interface.
In Java, unlike C++, these two types of inheritance are made distinct by
using different
language syntax. For class inheritance, Java uses the keyword extends
and for interface
inheritance Java uses the keyword implements.In Java, unlike C++,
only single class
inheritance is supported. I.e., for a given class, there is only one super
class.
3) Polymorphism
Polymorphism is the capability of an action or method to do different
things based on the
object that it is acting upon. This is the third basic principle of
object-oriented
programming.
Two types of polymorphism:
Overloading and Overriding.
Dynamic method binding

Classes and Objects

A class defines user defined objects and their characteristics. Any
concept need to
implement in a java program is encapsulated within a class. A class
defines the attributes
and methods of objects of the same type sharing common
characteristics. The main
coponents of classes are:
the type contains
Classes
of data tostatements
be stored.that
Methods
include
of the
class
decleration
contain a of
setdata
of
Data
members
(attributes)
members,
executable
gives
a desired
Methods
which
statements
output.
specify
that

Creating Classes in Java

Code:
class ClassName
{
//Declaration of data members
//Decleration of methods
}
Creating Objects of Classes
An object is an instance of class and has a unique identity. The
identity of an
object distinguishes it from other objects. While object has a unique
identity, a class is an
abstraction of the common properties of various objects.
Declaration: Declares a variable that holds the reference to the object.
class_name object_name;
Instantiation or creation: creates an object of the specified class.
When you declare an
object, memory is not allocated to it. Therefore you cannot store data in
the data members
of the object. New operator is used to allocate memory to an object.
object_name= new_class_name();

Declaring Class Members

Java supports some basic programming elements, such as data types,

Thekeywords,
literals,
built-in
variables
data types
and enums.
in javaJava
are known
is strictly
as primitive
typed language,
or the simple
which data
means javaData
importance
Primitive
types.
gives
to type
Types:
checking. Various data types are:

Group Data Type Size Range Default Value

Integer Byte One byte -2

7 to27 -1

(signed)
Short Two byte -2

15 to215

Int Four byte -2

31 to231 -1

Long Eight byte -2

63 to

Floating point Float Four byte 3.4

-1 0
0

263 -1 0

e-0.38

to

0.0

to

0.0

3.4e+0.38
e-308

Double Eight byte 1.7

1.7e+308
Boolean Boolean One bit True or false False
Character Char Two byte A single

Null
character

Table 1.1 Data types and its size.

Reference Data Types:
A reference data type contains the reference or an address of
dynamically created
objects. They are also known as non-primitive data types. Default value
of reference data
type is null.
Examples:
o

Objects

Arrays

Enums

Abstract Data Types:

more functions
Abstract data
thantypes
primitive
includedata
datatypes.
types derived
For example,
from primitive
string isdata types
an abstract
which
Keywords
can
and store
in
have
data
Java:
letters,
type digits and other characters like $ , # , ; etc.

Keywords are the reserved words for the java programming

language, which
cannot be used as names for variables, classes or methods. They
express the language
features. Some keywords are: abstr act, case, const, double, finally, if,
int, new, public,
boolean, catch, break, char, etc.
Variable:

A variable is used to store and manipulate data or values in programs. A

variable
is a name that r efers to the memory location where some data
value is stored. Each
variable that is used in the program must be declared.
Naming Conventions for variables:
o

The name of a variable needs to be meaningful, short and without

any space or
symbol such as ? , ! , # , @ , etc.

A variable name must be unique.

A variable name must begin with a letter, an underscore (_), or the

dollar symbol
($), which can be followed by a sequence of letters or digits.

A variable name should not start with a digit.

A variable name should not contain embedded white spaces.

A variable name should not contain a keyword.

o A variable name in Java is case-sensitive. There is a difference between

uppercase
and lowercase names.
Literals in Java:
Literals are the values to be stored in variables and constants. A
literal contains a
sequence of characters, such as digits, alphabets, or any other symbol
that represents the
value to be stored. Various types of liter als are:
o

Integer literals

oo Architecture
Floating
point
literals
Java
Character
String
Boolean
literals
literal
literals

Various components of Java ar chitectur e are:

Java programming language and class file
JVM
Java Application Programming Interface(API)

Java Programming Language and Class File

Java programs are saved with an extension .java. A .java file

is compiled to
generate the .class file, which contains the bytecode. The JVM
converts the
bytecode contained in the .class file to machine object code. JVM
needs to be
implemented for each platform running on a different operating system.
o

JVM

JVM: Java Virtual Machine

JVM forms the base for the Java platform and is convenient to
use on various
hardware- based platforms.
Components of JVM:

Class Loader

Execution engine

Just in time(JIT) compiler

Java Application Programming Interface(API)

The Java API is a large collection of ready-made software components

that provide many
useful capabilities, such as graphical user interface (GUI). The java API
is grouped into
libraries of related classes and interfaces these libraries are known as
packages.
JavaSo
urce
Code

Computer
Java
Java
Operating
Virtual
interpreter
JavaMachine
Compiler
System

JavaObj
Code
ect

The program By the interpreter

Garbage Collection in JVM

Garbage collection is a mechanism using which a programmer need not
explicitly
free the allocated memory. Java program creates and uses different
objects. This
process is used to free the memory of the objects that are no longer in
use.
When a program stops referencing an object, it is not required anymore
and can be
deleted. The space that is used by the object is released for use by
another object.

Java Bytecode
Java bytecode is the form of instructions that the Java virtual
machine executes.
Each bytecode is one byte in length, although some require parameters,
resulting in some
multi-byte instructions. A Java programmer does not need to be aware
of or understand
Java bytecode. Understanding bytecode and what bytecode is likely to
be generated by a
Java compiler helps the Java programmer in the same way that
knowledge
of assembly helps the C or C++ programmer.

JVM (Java Virtual Machine)

A Java virtual machine (JVM) is a virtual machine that can execute

Java
bytecode. It is the code execution component of the Java platform. Sun
Microsystems has
stated that there are over 5.5 billion JVM-enabled devices. Progr ams
intended to run on a
JVM
must
be compiled
into
Java
bytecode,
a(Java
standardized
portable
typically
many
The
Java
classes
comes
application
in different
in thelaunchers
form
files.
ofFor
.class
offer
easier
files
a standard
distribution
class
wayof
files).
of
large
executing
A
binary
format
which
program
programs,
files
Java
without
may
code,
a may
be
console
multiple
with
packaged
consist
or
window
class
together
of respectively.
in a .jar file
[2] (short for Java archive).

The JVM runtime executes .class or .jar files, emulating the JVM
instruction
set by interpreting it or using a just-in-time compiler (JIT) such as
Oracle's Hot Spot. JIT
compiling, not interpreting, is used in most JVMs today to achieve
greater speed. There
are also ahead-of-time compilers that enable developers to precompile class files into
native code for particular platforms.
Like most virtual machines, the Java virtual machine has a stack-based
architecture akin
to a microcontroller/microprocessor. However, the JVM also has
low-level support for
Java-like classes and methods, which amounts to a highly
idiosyncratic memory
model and capability-based architecture.

Packages

Java enables you to combine set of classes within a package. This

enables you to
organize the classes and interfaces. A package is a set of classes
that are stored in a
directory, which has the same name as the package name. Java
packages are classified
into the following two categories:
o

Java Application Programming interface (API) packages: The java

API consists
of various packages, such as java.lang, java.util, java.io, java.awt,
java.net and
java. applet.

o Java User defined Packages: The packages that a user creates are
called userdefined packages. The user-defined packages can be imported in
any Java
program.
Java API
The java API contains classes that are grouped in different
packages in
accordance to their functions.

Java Package Name Descriptioninterfaces

java.lang
It providesofvarious
java such
fundamental
as Object,
classes
System
and

and class. It contains various classes that

represent primitive data types, such as int,
char, long and double.
java.util It provides various utility classes and
interfaces that support date/calendar
operations, string manipulation, parsing
and basic event processing. This package
consists of various collection classes such
as Set, List, SortedSet, Dictionary and
stack and various utility classes such as
Date, Calendar and properties.
java.io Defines two streams, input stream and
output stream that determine the flow of
bytes from a source to destination.
java.awt Provides classes to implement graphical
user interface, such as creating buttons,
check boxes, text boxes, menus and list
boxes.
java.net Provides classes that support network
programming such as Socket, ServerSocket
and DatagramSocket.
java.applet Provides the applet class that provides
method to display images, play audio files
and obtain information about the applet
environment. Some of these methods are
Table
play(),
1.2 Java
getImage(),
getAudioclip().
Packages getAppletinfo() and

To use a package's class inside a Java source file, it is convenient to

import the classes
from the package with an import declaration.
The following declaration
import java.awt.event.*;
imports all classes from the java.awt.event package.
The next declaration
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
imports only the ActionEvent class from the package.
If you do not use a package declaration, your class ends up in an
unnamed package.
Classes in an unnamed package cannot be imported from classes in any
other package.
Package Access Protection
Classes within a package can access classes and members declared
with default
access and class member s declared with the protected access modifier.
Default access is
enforced when neither the public, protected nor private access modifier
is specified in the
declaration. By contrast, classes in other packages cannot access
classes and members
declared with default access. Class members declared as protected can
be accessed from
the classes in the same package as well as classes in other packages that
are subclasses of
the declaring class.
Package Naming Convention
Packages are usually defined using a hierarchical naming pattern,
with levels in
the hierarchy separated by periods (. , pronounced "dot"). A package
name begins with
the top level domain name of the organization and then the
organization's domain and
then any sub domains, listed in reverse order. The Java Language
Specification
establishes package naming conventions to avoid the possibility of
two
published
packages
package
namespaces.
names,
having
Thisthe
so
allows
same
that packages
packages
name. The
tothat
be
naming
separately,
are widely
conventions
easily
distributed
and
describewill
how
to create
have
automatically
catalogued.
unique
User-Defined
unique
installedPackage
and

A user-defined package contains one or more classes that can be

imported in a
Java program. User may create many classes. These classes can be
organized by creating
packages. The packages created by user are called user-defined
packages.
One can create a user-defined package by using the keyword
package . The
package decleration must be at the beginning of the source file.
Only one package
decleration can be made in one source file.
Code:
package <package_name>
// Class definition
public Class<classname1>
{
//Body of the class.
}
public Class<classname2>
{
//Body of the class.
}

The file containing the package is saved as .java file. After compiling
the source code, the
.class file is created that is stored in the directory having the same name
as the package
name.
Importing a User-Defined Package
A user defined package can be include using the import keyword.
In this we incuded user-defined package empDetails from app directory
import
Code:
in
a program.
app.empDetails.Employee J2ME or JAVA ME

It provides a robust, flexible environment for applications running on

mobile and
embedded devices: mobile phones, set-top boxes, Blu-ray Disc
players, digital media
devices, M2M modules, printers and more. Java ME technology was
originally created in
order to deal with the constraints associated with building applications
for small devices.
For this purpose Oracle defined the basics for Java ME technology to fit
such a limited
environment and make it possible to create Java applications running
on small devices
with limited memory, display and power capacity.
Java EE or J2EE
Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) is the standard in
community-driven
enterprise software. Java EE is developed using the Java
Community Process, with
contributions from industry experts, commercial and open source
organizations, Java
User Groups, and countless individuals. Each release integr ates new
features that align
with industry needs, improves application portability, and increases
developer
productivity. Today, Java EE offers a rich enterprise software
platform, and with 19
compliant Java EE 6 implementations to choose from, low risk
and plenty of options.
Java EE 7 developers will write less boilerplate code, have better
support for the latest
Web applications and frameworks, and gain access to enhanced
scalability and richer,
simpler functionality.

EVENT HANDLING IN JAVA

INTRODUCTION:
You are leaving for work in the morning and someone rings the
doorbell.
That
is
an
In
them
the
to
the
life,
application.
immediately.
programs
youevent!
encounter
Java
using
InsJava,
Abstract
events
events.
events
that
Windowing
When
represent
forcetheyou
Toolkit
all
user
to
activity
interacts
suspend
(AWT)
that with
other
goes on
a
activitiesthe
between
communicates
program
let
anduser
usthese
respond
say
andactions
byto

clicking a command button, the system creates an event

representing the action and
delegates it to the event-handling code within the program. This code
determines how to
handle the event so the user gets the appropriate response.
In today s tutorial we are going to learn event-driven programming, the
event model of
Java, and the different ways in which you can handle events.
Components of an Event:
Can be put under the following categories.
1. Event
When
Object:
the user interacts with the application by clicking a mouse button
or pressing a key an event is generated. The Operating System traps
this event and the
data associated with it. For example, info about time at which the
event occurred, the
event types (like keypress or mouse click). This data is then passed on
to the application
to which the event belongs. In Java, events are represented by objects,
which describe the
events themselves. And Java has a number of classes that describe and
handle different
categories of events.
2. EventAn
Source:
event source is the object that generated the event. Example if you
click a button an ActionEvent Object is generated. The object of the
ActionEvent class
contains information about the event.
3. Event-Handler
: Is a method that understands the event and processes it. The eventhandler method takes the Event object as a parameter. Java uses EventDelegation Model
:with JDK1.1 onwards; you can specify the objects that are to be
notified when a specific
event occurs. If the event is irrelevant, it is discarded. The four main
components based
on this model are Event classes, Event Listeners, Explicit event
handling and Adapters.
Let us take a closer look at them one by one.
Event Classes:
event
java.util
package.
the
event.
occurs,
The
package.
The
The
EventObject
you
getSource()
getId
can
While
()find
method
class
method
most
out iswhether
returns
of
atofthe
the
thethe
top
other
the
EventObject
nature
ofevent
the
event
event
of
was
classes
the
class
class
click,
event.
returns
hierarchy.
are
a press,
Forthe aIt
presentor
object
example,
move
that
belongs
in
release
ifinitiated
java.awt.event
a mouse
to the

from the event object. AWT provides two conceptual types of events:
Semantic and lowlevel events.

Semantic events:
These are defined at a higher-level to encapsulate the semantics of user
interface
component s model. Now let us see what are the various semantic event
classes and what
they
generate:
An Action Event object is generated when a component is
activated
An Adjustment Event Object is generated when scrollbars and
other adjustment
elements are used.
A Text Event object is generated when text of a component is
modified.
An Item Event is generated when an item from a list, a choice or
checkbox is selected.
Low-Level Events are the one that represents a low-level input
or windows-system
occurrence on a visual component on the screen. The various low-level
event classes and
what they generate are as follows:
A Container Event Object is generated when component are added or
removed from
container.
A Component Event object is generated when a component is
resized, moved etc.
A Focus Event object is generated when component receives
focus for input.
A Key Event object is generated when key on keyboard is
pressed, released etc.
A Window Event object is generated when a window activity, like
maximizing or close
occurs.
A Mouse Event object is generated when a mouse is used.
A Pain Event object is generated when component is painted.
object
An
event
object
occurs,
is passed
delegates
an to
event
a the
Listener.
object
task ofof
Ahandling
listener
the appropriate
must
an event
implement
type
to an
(asevent
illustrated
the interface
listener.
Event
when
below)
that
has
an
Listeners:
isthe
created.
methodThis

for event handling. A component can have multiple listeners, and

a listener can be
removed using removeActionListener () method. Next question in
your mind must be
what is an interface?. An Interface contains constant values and method
declaration. The
difference between classes and interface is that the methods in an
interface are only
declared and not implemented, that is, the methods do not have a body.
What is the Need
for interface? Are interf aces used to define behavior protocols
(standard behavior) that
can be implemented by any class anywhere in the class hierarchy.
The java.awt.event
package contains definitions of all event classes and listener
interface. The semantic
listener interfaces define by AWT for the above mentioned
semantic events are:
Action Listener
Adjustment Listener
Item Listener
Text Listener
The low-level event listeners are as follows:
Component Listener
Container Listener
Focus Listener
Key Listener
Mouse Listener
Mouse Motion Listener
Windows Listener.

Applets

An applet is a small Java program that is embedded and ran in

some other Java
interpreter program such as a Java technology-enabled browser.Sun
s applet viewer
program
Java
applet
aMachine
small
application
delivered
page
and itcalled
toisusers
thenappletviewer
in
executed
the formwithin
of.Abytecode.
a Java
Virtual
Theisuser
launches
(JVM)
the Java
in a
written
in
Java
and
appletthe
process
from
from
separate
weba browser
web
itself.

How Applets Differ from Applications :Although both the Applets and stand-alone applications are Java
programs, there
are certain restrictions are imposed on Applets due to security
concerns.
Applets don t use the main() method, while they are loaded
,automatically call
certain methods (init, start, paint, stop, destroy).
They are embedded inside a web page and executed in browsers.
They cannot r ead from or write to the files on local computer.
They cannot communicate with other servers on the network.
They cannot run any programs from the local computer.
They are restricted from using libraries from other languages.
The above restrictions ensures that an Applet cannot do any
damage to the local
system.

Applet Life Cycle

Every applet inherits a set of default behavior from the Applet class.
As a result, when
an applet is loaded, it undergoes a series of changes in its state. The
applet states include:
Initialization invokes init()
Running invokes start()
Display invokes paint()
Idle invokes stop()
Dead/Destroyed State invokes destroy()
Applet States
Initialization invokes init() only once
Invoked when applet is first loaded.
For
the first
time, start()
it is called
by the system after
Running
invokes
more automatically
than once
init() method
execution.

It is also invoked when applet moves from idle/stop() state to

active state. For
example, when we return back to the Web page after temporary
visiting other
pages.
Display invokes paint() - more than once
It happens immediately after the applet enters into the running state.It is
responsible
for
displaying output.
Idle invokes stop() - more than once
It is invoked when the applet is stopped from running. For example, it
occurs when
we leave a web page.
Dead/Destroyed State invokes destroy() - only once
This occurs automatically by invoking destroy() method when we
quite the
browser.
Applet Life Cycle Diagram
Born
Running Idle
Dead
Begin
init()
start()
paint()
stop()
start()
destroy()
End
Viewing Applets
browser
As
<APPLET>,
the
use
applet
youofacts
know,
aviewer
Web
as
is used
the
applets
browser
program
operating
to attach
are
orthat
other
displayed
system
a ships
Java
software
applet
with
forasapplets-you
the
ato
that
part
an
Java
serves
HTML
ofDevelopers
cannot
athe
Web
page.
function
run
page.
Running
Kit
an ofAa
special
an
browser,
from
applet
applet
Java
asHTML
such
arequires
Soft.
standalone
astag,
The

program in the same way you can run an executable file. At the time of
this writing, there
are three widely available Web browsers that can run Java applets:
Netscape Navigator version 2.02 or higher
Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0
Java Soft Hot Java 1.0 pre-beta 1
These programs load applets from a Web page and run them remotely
on the Web user's
computer. This arrangement raises security issues that must be
handled by the Java
language itself and by Java-enabled browsers
Applet method
o

Public void init()

This is the first method to execute.It is the best place to define the
GUI
Components.
o

Public void start()

Start are used when the Applet is doing time-consuming calculations

that
you don t want to continue when the page is not in front.
o

Public void destroy()

Use to explicitly release system resources.System resources are

usually
released automatically
o

Public void stop()

If the applet is doing heavy computation that you don t want to
continue
when the browser is on some other page.

programming
The input
interface
streamand
class
a partial
is an implementation
abstract superclass
of input
that provides a
Input
streams.stream
minimal class

The InputStream
class defines methods for reading bytes or arrays of bytes, marking
locations in the stream, skipping bytes of input, finding out the number
of bytes available
for reading, and resetting the current position within the stream.
An input stream is
automatically opened when you create it. You can explicitly close
a stream with
the close method, or let it be closed implicitly when the
is garbage
InputStream
collected. Remember that garbage collection occurs when the
object is no longer
referenced.

Output stream class

The output stream class is an abstract superclass that provides a
minimal programming
interface and a partial implementation of output streams. OutputStream
defines methods
for writing bytes or arrays of bytes to the stream. An output
stream is automatically
opened when you create it. You can explicitly close an output
stream with
the close method, or let it be closed implicitly when the
OutputStream is garbage
collected.
The java.io package contains several subclasses of InputStream and
OutputStream that
implement specific input or output functions.

JDBC

JDBC is a Java-based data access technology from Oracle

Corporation. This
technology is an API for the Java programming language that defines
how a client may
access a database. It provides methods for querying and updating
data in a database.
JDBC is oriented towards relational databases.The JDBC classes
are contained in
the Java package.JDBC allows multiple implementations to exist and be
application.
packages
The
registering
API provides
them awith
mechanism
the JDBC
fordriver
dynamically
Manager. The
used by theand
same
Servelts
loading
driver
used
asManager
athe
connection
correct
is Java
factory for creating JDBC
connections .

The servlet is a Java programming language class used to extend the

capabilities
of a server. Although servlets can respond to any types of requests, they
are commonly
used to extend the applications hosted by web ser vers, so they can be
thought of as Java
Applets that run on servers instead of in web browsers.Servlets can
be generated
automatically from Java Server Pages by the Java Server Pages
compiler. The difference
between servlets and JSP is that servlets typically embed HTML inside
Java code, while
JSPs embed Java code in HTML.
Life cycle of a servlet
o

During initialization stage of the servlet life cycle, the web

container
initializes the servlet instance by calling the init() method, passing an
object
implementing the javax.servlet.ServletConfig interface. This
configuration
object allows the servlet to access name-value initialization
parameters
from the web application.
After
o initialization, the servlet instance can service client requests.
Each request is serviced in its own separate thread. The web container
calls
the service() method of the servlet for every request. The service()
method
determines the kind of request being made and dispatches it to an
appropriate method to handle the request. The developer of the servlet
must
provide an implementation for these methods. If a request is made
for a
method that is not implemented by the servlet, the method of the
parent
class is called, typically resulting in an error being returned to the
requester.
oFinally, the web container calls the destroy() method that takes the
servlet
out of service. The destr oy() method, like init(), is called only once
in the
lifecycle of a servlet.
interfaces
The
base
The
outline
functionality
Servleta 2.3
generic,
API
is defined
consists
protocol-independent
in
of two
the packages:
javax.servlet
implementation.
javax.servlet
package and
Servlet
APIyouand
whosemeans
This
classes
javax.servlet.http.
can

use it for non-Web applications, too. Of course, the exam targets the
Web, so the HTTP
protocol is the only one discussed in this blog.

Java server page

Introduction

Java Server Pages (JSP) is a technology that helps software

developers create dynamically generated web pages based on HTML,
XML or other
document types. Released in 1999 by Sun Microsystems, JSP is
similar to PHP, but it
uses the Java programming language. JSP allows Java code and
certain pre-defined
actions to be interleaved with static web markup content, with the
resulting page being
compiled and executed on the server to deliver a document. The
compiled pages, as well
as any dependent Java libraries, use Java bytecode rather than a
native software
format. JSPs are usually used to deliver HTML and XML documents,
but through the use
of OutputStream, they can deliver other types of data as well.
The Web container creates JSP implicit objects like pageContext,
servletContext, session,
request & response.
JSP technology
JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology allows you to easily create web
content that has both
static and dynamic components. JSP technology makes available
all the dynamic
capabilities of Java Servlet technology but provides a more natural
A tolanguage
approach
creating for developing JSP pages, which are text-based
static
o content.
documents
describe
howthat
to processfora accessing
request and
constructobjects.
a response.
An
expression
language
server-side

o Mechanisms for defining extensions to the JSP language.

Configuring java page server
o

Registering back-end objects with the application so that all parts

of the
application have access to them.

o Configuring backing beans and model beans so that they are instantiated
with the
proper values when a page makes reference to them.
o Defining navigation rules for each of the pages in the application
so that the
application has a smooth page flow.
o

Packaging the application to include all the pages, objects, and other
files so that
the application can be deployed on any compliant container.

Java interface
An interface in the Java programming language is an abstract type that
is used to
specify an interface (in the generic sense of the term) that classes
must implement. An
interface never contains method implementations . A Java class may
implement, and an
interface may extend, any number of interfaces; however an interface
may not implement
an interface. . A class that implements an interface must implement
all of the methods
described in the interface, or be an abstract class. Object
references in Java may be
specified to be of an interface type; in which case, they must either be
null, or be bound
to an object that implements the interface.inter face is a reference type,
similar to a class,
that can contain only constants, method signatures, and nested
types. There are no
method bodies.
Java Libraries
The Java class library is a set of dynamically loadable lib.. that Java
applications can call
at run time.
applications
provides
a comprehensive
cannot
Becauserely
theon
Java
any
setPlatform
of
ofthe
standard
platform-native
is notclass
dependent
libraries,
libraries.
on containing
a Instead,
specific
operating
the
common
Java
functions
Platform
tosystem,
modern operating systems.

They
o
provide the programmer a well-known set of useful facilities,
such
as container classes and regular expression processing.
oThe library provides an abstract interface to tasks that would
normally
depend heavily on the hardware and operating system, such
as network access and file access.
Some
o underlying platforms may not support all of the features a
Java
application expects.
The library
o
implementation can either emulate those features or provide
a
consistent way to check for the presence of a specific feature.

XML

XML is a meta markup language used to describe the structure of

data.XML has taken
the computer industry by storm since its inception and isnow the
markup language of
choice for configur ation files, data interchange,B2B tr ansactions, and
Java 2 Enterprise
architectures. XML is even being used to represent calls to distributed
objects through the
simple object access protocol(SOAP), an XML application.XML
has numerous
advantages including being easy to read, easy to parse, extensible,and
widely adopted. In
addition, you can define a grammar through a document type definition
(DTD) to enforce
application-specific syntax. However,the greatest single advantage of
XML is that the
data can be easily processed by otherapplications; XML data is
not in a proprietary
format. In essence, XML has done for program.
XML schema
A newer schema language, described by the W3C as the successor
of DTDs, is XML
Schema, often referred to by the initialism for XML Schema
instances, XSD (XML
Schema
languages.
an
XMLDefinition).
document's
They use a XSDs
rich
logical
datatyping
are
structure.
far more
system
XSDs
powerful
andalso
allow
use
than
foranmore
DTDs
XMLin
describing
detailed
based
makes
XML
features
format,
it constraints
possible
XML
which
to on
use ordinary XML tools to help process them.

In XML Extract and XMLX Path Reader you can configure the
validation your input
XML files by specifying the Xml features attribute. The Xml
features configure
validation of the XML in more detail by enabling or disabling specific
checks, see Parser
Features

PHP
Introduction
PHP is a server-side scripting language designed for web
development but also
used as a general-purpose programming language. PHP is now installed
on more than 244
million websites and 2.1 million web servers.Originally created by
RasmusLerdorf in
1995, the reference implementation of PHP is now produced by The
PHP Group. While
PHP originally stood for personal homePage, it now stands for php
hypertext
preprocessor, a recursive acronym
PHP code.is interpreted by a web server with a PHP
processor module, which generates the resulting web page: PHP
commands can be
embedded directly into an HTML source document rather than calling
an external file to
process data. It has also evolved to include a command-line interface
capability and can
be used in standalone graphical applications .
History
PHP development began in 1994 when the developer
RasmusLerdorf wrote a series
of Common Gateway Interface (CGI) Perl scripts, which he used to
maintain his personal
homepage. The tools performed tasks such as displaying his
rsum and recor ding
his web traffic. On July 13, 2004, PHP 5 was released, powered by the
new Zend Engine
.PHP 5 included new features such as improved support for
programming,
consistent
enhancements.
interface
the
In 2008
PHP
forData
PHP
accessing
Objects
5 became
databases),
(PDO)
the only
extension
stable
and numerous
version
(which defines
under a
object-oriented
lightweight
performance
development.
static
What
binding
is php?
and
had
Latebeen missing from PHP and was added in version 5.3.

PHP is known as a server-sided language. PHP is probably the

most popular
scripting language on the web. It is used to enhance web pages. With
PHP, you can do
things like create username and password login pages, check details
from a form, create
forums, picture galleries, surveys, and a whole lot more. The most
popular explanation of
just what PHP stands for is "Hypertext Pre-processor". But that
would make it HPP,
surely.
Php preview
o

Easy learning.

Large function library.

Embedded directly into HTML

Used to create web sites.

Support a wide range of databases.

Interpreted,no nee d to compile.

Php exception
PHP 5 has an exception model similar to that of other programming
languages.
An exception can beand
thrown,
caught within PHP. Code may be surrounded in
a tryblock, to facilitate the catching of potential exceptions. Each
must havetry
at least
one corresponding catchblock. Multiple
blockscatch
can be used to catch different
classes of exceptions. Normal execution (when no exception is
thrown within
the tryblock, or whenmatching
a catch the thrown exception's class is not present) will
continue after that last catchblock defined in sequence. Exceptions canthrown
within
be
a catch block.
Why php?
Ifmean
PHP
youallows
ismight
simple
already
easy.you
add
If
things
have
fact,
tosome
interact
like
PHP
a website
new
e-mail
and
with
HTML
features
forms,
and
yourare
are
visitors
or
tofamiliar
interchangeable
more
yourinelaborate
site,
ways
withits
HTML
HTML,
basic
things
within
alone
making
like
the
the
page!
appearance
created
can't.
shopping
step
This
While
with
tocarts
can
is
HTML.
still all

that save your past orders and recommend similar products. It can
also mean
social things like interactive forums and private messaging systems.
PHP is a lot easier to get started with than you might think. By learning
just a few
simple functions, you are able to do a lot of things with your website.
And once
you know the basics, there are a wealth of scripts available on the
internet that
you only need to tweak a little to fit your needs.

INTRODUCTION ABOUT JAVASCRIPT

JavaScript
is a scripting language widely used for client-side web development.
It was the originating dialect of the ECMA Script standard. It is a
dynamic, weakly typed,
prototype-based language with first-class functions. JavaScript was
influenced by many
languages and was designed to look like Java, but be easier for nonprogrammers to work
with.
JavaScript, despite the name, is essentially unrelated to the Java
programming
language, although both have the common Csyntax, and JavaScript
copies many Java
names and naming conventions. The language's name is the result of a
co-marketing deal
between Netscape and Sun, in exchange for Netscape bundling Sun's
Java runtime with
their then-dominant browser. The key design principles within
JavaScript are inherited
from the self and Scheme programming languages.

INTRODUCTION ABOUT HTML

H TML, an initialize of Hyper Text Markup, is

Language
the predominant
markup language for Web pages. It provides a means to describe the
structure
of
textbased
lists,
and
information
so on
andintoasupplement
document by
that
denoting
text with
certain
interactive
text asforms,
links,
headings,
embedded
other
HTML
objects.
is written
paragraphs,
images,inand
the form of tags, surrounded by angle brackets.

HTML can also describe, to some degree, the appearance and semantics
of a document,
and can include embedded scripting language code (such as JavaScript)
which can affect
the behavior of Web browsers and other HTML processors.

INTRODUCTION ABOUT CSS

Cascading Style Sheets

) is a (style
CSSsheet language used to describe the
presentation of a document written in a markup language. Its most
common application is
to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML, but the language can
be applied to any
kind of XML document, including SVG and XUL.
CSS can be used locally by the readers of web pages to define colors,
fonts, layout, and
other aspects of document presentation. It is designed primarily to
enable the separation
of document content (written in HTML or a similar markup
language) from document
presentation (written in CSS). This separation can improve content
accessibility, provide
more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation
characteristics, and reduce
complexity and repetition in the structural content (such as by allowing
for table less web
design).

INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE

This is the most crucial part of system design, in today s world the
quantity of
data stored in organization increases in an almost geometric
progression. The management
decision-making process depends on the quality and quantity of
information.
The objectives of database are Accuracy, Integrity and successful
recovery from the failure
privacy and security of data and overall performance. We have
designedi.e.
database
astaking
efficiency
system,
as apossible
system
whoseshort
overall
and long
purpose
term ismemory
to record
requirements
and
What is Database
consideration.
Database
maintains
information.
System
Basically
system?
? it is nothing more than a computer based record keeping

Database Technology has been described as one of the most

rapidly growing areas of
Computer and Information Science. The information concerned
can be anything that is
deemed to be significant to the organization. In other words, it is
very helpful in the
decision making process that involves the management of the
organization.
Database System Involves Four Major Components:
1. Data/Information
2. Software
3. Hardware
4. Users
Data/Information
The term Data and Information are treated as synonyms of one another
but there
is some distinction between these two words. Data refers to the value
physically stored in
the database and Information refers to the meaning of those values as
understood by the
user.
Software
Between the actual stored data and the user of the system is a layer of
software, usually
called as DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Or DBMS.
All requests from
users for access to the database are handled by the DBMS.
Hardware
The hardware consist of the storage, volume, disk, taps etc. on which
the database
resides together with the associated devises, control unit, channels etc.
Users
There can be two classes of Users:
language or package.
Responsible
for writing
It operates
application
the data
programmers
in all usual way
that like
use retrieving
the
1.
APPLICATION
PROGRAMMERS
database
creating
information,
2.
ENDnew
USERS
in any
information, deleting the existing one.

For accessing the database from the terminal, may employee a

query language
provided as an integrated part of the system, may invoke a user written
application
program that accept commands from the terminals and in turn issues
request to the
DBMS on the end user behalf.
Why Database?
The major advantage that a business enterprise accrues from an
integrated
database is that the Dbase system provides the enterprise with
centralized control of
operational data, one of its most valuable assets.
Following ar e the advantages of centralized control of data in a
business enterprise,
which is the result of employing an integrated database.
Controlled data redundancy
Inconsistency can be avoided
The Data can be shared
Security restriction can be applied
Multiple interfaces
Data independence can be attained
The DBMS is the software that handles all access to the Dbase. It is a
computer based
tool used to setup database, which makes it available to the user
within an
organization and control the integrity of those data resource.

INTRODUCTION TO MYSQL
MYSQL is a relational data base and it is a part of the solution of LINUX
open
the
source evolution was
MYSQL
developed by TCX in 1996. They cr eated it because they
needed a relational database that could handle a large amount of data on
cheap hardware.
Mysqlitbased
why,
LINUX
is
has
and
thenot
system,
fastest
thealready
openrelational
though
source
caughtthere
product
the
database
are
attention
ports
was
now
practically
for
ofinindustry.
almost
market.
unknown.
ever
The
If ymysql
answer
plate is
forms
the
is in the
fastest
that
MYSQL
on
Uuntil
market.
and
primarily
1999,
good runs
NIX

Until the open source moment and the availability of UNIX based
operating system at
affordable price, no body looked at MYSQL as a contender.
Because of the popularity of Linux operating system MYSQL has
grown in market which
provided various users in market to use a relational data base language
license free with
many open source technology for development. As the PHP is a open
source server side
scripting language and use apache and Linux server to execute its
content, here the
MYSQL is a best relational database to use with open source PHP.
Why MYSQL:There are some points why to use MYSQL with PHP.
1. It is COST-EFFECTIVE.
2. It is QUICK and POWER FULL .
Database Connection Functions:
Description: PHP provides library for connecting the mysql database and
performing various operations in data base and associated tables.
Following are some functions provided by PHP for data base
connection and data
manipulation with query.
1. mysql_connect ():- Connect to the user s data base on particular host.
Syntax:-mysql_connect(hostname , user name, password);
Example:-mysql_connect(localhost , root , admin123 );
2. mysql_select_db ( ):- Selecting a particular data base of user.
Syntax:- mysql_select_db( database name);
3. Example:mysql_query():Syntax:-mysql_query(
mysql_select_db(customer);
mysql_query
sqlquery);
Executes
(SELECT
the*query
FROM USER);

4. Mysql_num_rows
Counts
():- the number of rows returned by mysql_query().
Syntax: - mysql_num_rows( $result);
Example: -

mysql_num_rows (mysql_query (SELECT*FROM

USER));

5. Mysql_fetch_objects ():Fetches each rows from memory returned by mysql_query ( ) Function.

Syntax:-mysql_fetch_object( $result);
Example:mysql_fetch_object(mysql_quer y(SELECT*FROM USER));

Conclusion
This training focussed upon increasing our knowledge and interest
in toward the
java.Because java is most interesting and most used language in these
days. We learnt
how to create a web sites and web pages.It was a great
experience.It increase our
practical skills that s the main yhing which we learnt in the training
session.Thus, we
believe that our project will be beneficial for various purposes & hence
our efforts will be
fruitful.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books:
1. Programming with JAVA (E Balagurusamy)
2. Mastering Enterprise JAVA( ED Roman)
3. Thinking in Java (Bruce Eckel)
4. The Complete Reference PHP 5 (Tata McGraw-Hill)
5. PHP, HTML, JS,MySql (Evan Bayross)

Websites:
Wikipedia about Java
http://www.PHP.net
http://www.google.co.in/