the basic forms of communication and equipment available for your business.

Types of Communication
External
Internal
Basic Communication Tools
Landline telephones
Cell phones
Smartphones
Video and web conferencing
Social networking sites
Online chat tools
Fax
Computers
Desktop
Laptop
Notebooks/Netbooks
Tablet
Handheld
Software
Auxiliary Products
Internet
Communicating and creating leads
Technology Planning
Top Ten Do's and Don'ts
Business Plan
TYPES OF COMMUNICATIONl

BASIC COMMUNICATION TOOLS

Specific tools that can be used for communication include landline telephones, cell phones,
smartphones, iPads and fax machines. The lines between the devices are blurring. For
example, an advanced cell phone (the smartphone) can contain many of the functions of a
computer including Internet, email, text messaging, faxing, word processing and more. For
this discussion, however, each device will be presented as a separate entity.
Mail
Even with all the modern methods of communication, regular postal mail is still one of the
most powerful tools for a business. It adds a personal touch, it's used for delivering secure
documents, contracts, and shipping items. A convenient way to handle mail from your own
home or office is through a Stamps.com account, which allows you to print postage from
your own computer.
Landline Telephones
There are many types of telephones, and only you can decide which type(s) or combinations
of types are right for you. Even the standard telephone (landline) that is installed in your
office has many options. You should start with at least one line that is unique to your
business. This line should have the capability to take messages in case it is not answered
personally. Here are some telephone tips:
It is important to treat the telephone as an important business tool. Record a voice mail
message that indicates when you will return the call and then continually check your voice
mail to return calls promptly.

Have a separate line for your business phone and your personal phone. Don't have family
members pick up or use the business phone. Get any required extra telephone lines installed
before you start.
A remote (voice mail) answering system is usually more desirable than using an answering
machine. Voice mail is reliable, reasonable in cost, accessible from anywhere and projects a
more business-like image.
The need for an 800 number is becoming less important because long-distance rates are much
more affordable.
Consider using either a wireless or corded headset for both landline phones and cell phones.
It is clearer, safer and you can move about with free arms.
When leaving phone messages, clearly state your name and phone number at the beginning
and the end of the message.
Be polite in cell phone use! Good business courtesy includes avoiding being interrupted by
telephone calls when in a meeting or during a business lunch.
Cell Phones/Mobile Phones
The cell phone, also called a mobile phone, is used for mobile communications over a
cellular network of cell sites. There are numerous plans and carriers. Many carriers have
plans tailored for small businesses including options that bundle popular features and usage
patterns, making them very cost effective. Be sure to ask questions about your specific needs
before selecting a carrier and a plan.
When your usage or needs change, do not hesitate to request information on plans that more
closely meet your new set of requirements. Most cell phone companies allow you to return
the phone within 15 to 30 days after activation if you are not happy. Use this time to check if
the cell phone has acceptable reception at your home and work place. Basic cell phones are
offered free by many carriers for a specific length of time, usually two years. But be aware
there are hefty fees for canceling early.
Smartphones
Growth in demand for advanced mobile devices boasting powerful memory, larger screens,
and open operating systems has outpaced the rest of the mobile phone market for several
years. A smartphone is a cell phone offering advanced capabilities with computer-like
functionality. A smartphone incorporates advanced features like e-mail, Internet, and e-book
reader capabilities and include a full keyboard or an external keyboard. In other words, a
smartphone is a miniature computer that has phone capability.
Smartphones are also capable of text messaging and may include a camera and video
recorder. Some models are capable of "Push to Talk" which is a feature similar to a walkietalkie. Outside your office, a smartphone can become a valuable tool for e-mail, web
browsing and the ability to review and edit documents. Several models have global
positioning system (GPS) capability and many other available applications. The most popular
are the iPhone, Samsung, Blackberry, Droid and Google's Nexus. Each has different strengths
you will need to factor into your business needs.
Video and Web Conferencing
Video conferencing transmits and receives images and voice in real-time. Web conferencing
adds another dimension - it allows you to share documents and applications. For more details
on Webinar conferencing with customers visit Session 2
in the Business Expansion course.
Telepresence takes video and web conferencing to new levels. A telepresence conference
room includes ultra-high-definition video cameras, large screens displaying life-size images,
and spatially discrete audio to create an "in person" experience. Facial expressions for crucial
business discussions and negotiations can be discerned across the "virtual table."
Telepresence solutions can be deployed to support your business' need from one-on-one

conferencing in private offices to stadium seating for larger meetings.

All these solutions allow you to communicate as if you were face-to-face with customers
anywhere in the world. Time and money that would be spent on traveling can be used to
conduct meetings. You can share documents, make presentations and conduct meetings on
short notice. For example, without leaving your office, you can collaborate with employees
who work from home or from other company locations.
Social Networking Sites
A social network is a social structure made of individuals or organizations that are tied
together by common interests, often like a community. Internet-based social networking
occurs through a variety of websites that allow users to share content and interact with similar
interests. It has expanded to include a company's customers, celebrity's fans and a politician's
constituents. This has created a great opportunity for businesses to generate interaction with
present and potential customers through Web-based sites established for that purpose. To be
successful requires a steady effort and participation over time. With an ongoing commitment
of effort you can create a niche market through sites such as LinkedIn, Facebook and Twitter.
A note of caution on Internet social networking: once you put something out there it's hard to
take it back, so you have to be careful.
Online Chat Tools
Wikipedia describes chat tools best: "On

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4 Negative Effects of Using Facebook Too Much

Jess Bolluyt

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August 05, 2015

Facebook

Twitter

Linkedin

Stumbleupon

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Source: Thinkstock
If youre like many users of Facebook, the worlds largest social network, you continue to
check in with your friends via Facebooks website or app on a regular or semi-regular
basis despite your misgivings about the good intentions of Facebooks News Feed algorithm,
the social networks attentive collection of your data, or the number of cat videos
and conspiracy theories you see in your News Feed.
Baby photos can get repetitive, political rants can grow tiresome, comments from people you
never talk to get annoying, and watching all of your friends get married, have kids, or earn
graduate degrees through the steady march of status updates and smartphone photos can wear
on you when youre less-than-satisfied with how your life is going. But when you close the
browser or lock your phone, the low level of annoyance subsides, and you get back to your
life. Right? According to an assortment of studies on the psychological effects of logging in
to the social network, wrong.
Researchers at a number of academic institutions plus at Facebook itself have
conducted an ever-increasing number of studies into how logging in to Facebook, scrolling
through your News Feed, checking up on what your friends and acquaintances are doing, and

posting your own photos and status updates on the social network affect how you feel about
yourself and your life. And a lot of what theyve found doesnt bode so well for Facebook
and for those addicted to checking in to the social network.
Researchers have found that using Facebook frequently is linked to symptoms of depression.
Theyve proven that emotions, both positive and negative, spread easily via the posts users
share on the social network. Theyve found that simply logging in to Facebook regularly
negatively impacts how happy young adults are. And theyve found that passive participation
or feeling ostracized on the social network lead to negative psychological effects. Read on for
the results of four of these studies and then perhaps consider checking in to the social
network a little less frequently, or taking it a little less seriously when you do.

1. Comparing yourself to your Facebook friends is

depressing

Source: Thinkstock
The Washington Post reports that research has drawn a connection between Facebook use and
symptoms of depression, thanks to our tendency to compare ourselves and our lives to the
images our friends project on the social network. The study, titled Seeing Everyone Elses
Highlight Reels: How Facebook Usage is Linked to Depressive Symptoms and published in
the Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, found that The more time you spend on
Facebook, the more likely it is for you to feel depressive symptoms, according to lead
author Mai-Ly Steers, a PhD candidate in social psychology at the University of Houston.

The underlying mechanism is social comparison. So essentially the reason you feel these
feelings is that you tend to socially compare yourself to your friends.
Steers and her coauthors completed two experiments with more than 100 subjects,
measuring their Facebook usage, depressive symptoms, and their tendency to compare
themselves with others. Spending a lot of time on the social network, or visiting it more
frequently, was positively correlated with a tendency to compare oneself to others, which, in
turn, is associated with increased depressive symptoms.
A lot of this likely has to do with social media users tendency to present their lives in the best
light possible, leaving out the more mundane or disappointing details. If youre looking at
your friends highlight reels, you might feel you dont measure up, but that is a very distorted
view, Steers tells the Post. She adds, If the images of our fabulous friend are causing us to
feel more depressed, maybe we need to step away.
2. Your mood is affected by what your Facebook friends postAs Vindu Goel reported for The
New York Times last summer, Facebook revealed that it manipulated the News Feeds of more
than half a million unsuspecting Facebook users to alter the emotional content of the posts
that they saw. It did so to study whether and how emotions can be spread on social media.
The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and titled
Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks
(PDF), revealed that Facebook had altered the number of positive and negative posts in the
News Feeds of 689,003 users to see what effect the changes had on the tone of the posts those
users then wrote.
The researchers found that moods were contagious; the users who saw more positive posts
wrote more positive posts, while those who saw more negative posts were more negative in
their own posts. The study highlighted the degree to which Facebook controls the content its
users see, with the algorithm that populates the News Feed playing a decisive role in
choosing which of all of the potential posts will actually end up in front of a user.
While Facebook maintained that users consent to this kind of experimentation when they
agree to its terms of service, the Internet was quick to pass judgment on the social networking
giant. Many regarded the study as unethical, if not strictly illegal, even as others pointed out
that Facebook is hardly the only tech company to manipulate aspects of a products user
experience and analyze how users respond. And the study seemed to clearly violate the
principles of academic and psychological research, even as the researchers behind the study
presented their findings as social science.

3. And Facebook itself probably doesnt help your mood

Source: Thinkstock
Two years ago, Elise Hu reported for NPR that a study conducted by researchers at the
University of Michigan found that the more frequently young adults used Facebook, the
worse they felt. The study, published in the PLOS ONE journal, found that Facebook usage
led to declines in both moment-to-moment happiness and overall life satisfaction among
college-aged adults.
Researchers tested the variables of happiness and satisfaction in real time on 82 participants,
text-messaging them five times per day for two weeks to find out how Facebook use
influenced the way they felt. The participants responded to questions about loneliness,
anxiety, and general emotional wellbeing. While the study didnt deeply investigate why
Facebook made users sadder and less satisfied, coauthor John Jonides pointed to social
comparison as a possibility.
When youre on a site like Facebook, you get lots of posts about what people are doing. That
sets up social comparison you maybe feel your life is not as full and rich as those people
you see on Facebook, he told NPR. The study found that Facebooks negative effects were
most pronounced for users who socialize the most in real life, with those who did the most
face-to-face socializing reporting the most dramatic Facebook-related mood decline. But the
solution, the researchers found, was simple enough: direct interactions with other people,
either face-to-face or over the phone, led participants to feel better.

4. Lurking or feeling ostracized on Facebook hurts your self

esteem

Source: Thinkstock
Science Daily reported last year that a study published in the journal Social Influence, called
Threats to belonging on Facebook: lurking and ostracism, found that a lack of
active participation on the social network negatively impacts users wellbeing and their
perception that their lives are meaningful.
The researchers conducted two experiments to examine the effects of lurking and ostracism,
which they identified as to threats to a sense of belonging on a social network like
Facebook. In the first study, participants were either allowed or not allowed to share
information on Facebook for 48 hours. Those who werent allowed to share had lower levels
of belonging and meaningful existence.
In the second study, the researchers simulated a version of Facebook where half of the
participants profiles would not receive any feedback on status updates. The participants who
didnt receive feedback had lower levels of belonging, self esteem, control, and meaningful
existence, and the researchers concluded that passive Facebook participation or feeling
ostracized on the social network have a negative impact on users wellbeing.

More from Tech Cheat Sheet:

How Much Money Are You Worth to These 5 Social Networks?

The Tech Products That Will Last the Longest

How Facebook Will Be Everywhere in the Connected World

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More Articles About: Facebook, Internet, psychological study, social
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The Negative Effect of Social Media on Society and

Individuals
by Brian Jung, Demand Media

Social networking allows users to easily meet and communicate.

Social networking sites like Facebook and MySpace allow you to find and connect with just
about anyone, from a coworker in a neighboring cube to the girl who played Emily in your
high school production of "Our Town" thirty years ago. Browsing these sites can make you
feel connected to a larger community, but such easy, casual connection in an electronic
environment can also have its downside.

A False Sense of Connection

According to Cornell University's Steven Strogatz, social media sites can make it more
difficult for us to distinguish between the meaningful relationships we foster in the real
world, and the numerous casual relationships formed through social media. By focusing so
much of our time and psychic energy on these less meaningful relationships, our most
important connections, he fears, will weaken.

Cyber-bullying
The immediacy provided by social media is available to predators as well as friends. Kids
especially are vulnerable to the practice of cyber-bullying in which the perpetrators,
anonymously or even posing as people their victims trust, terrorize individuals in front of
their peers. The devastation of these online attacks can leave deep mental scars. In several
well-publicized cases, victims have even been driven to suicide. The anonymity afforded
online can bring out dark impulses that might otherwise be suppressed. Cyber-bullying has
spread widely among youth, with 42% reporting that they have been victims, according to a
2010 CBS News report.
Related Reading: Facts About Corporate Social Media

Decreased Productivity
While many businesses use social networking sites to find and communicate with clients, the
sites can also prove a great distraction to employees who may show more interest in what
their friends are posting than in their work tasks. Wired.com posted two studies which
demonstrated damage to productivity caused by social networking: Nucleus Research
reported that Facebook shaves 1.5% off office productivity while Morse claimed that British
companies lost 2.2 billion a year to the social phenomenon. New technology products have
become available that allow social networks to be blocked, but their effectiveness remains
spotty.

Privacy
Social networking sites encourage people to be more public about their personal lives.
Because intimate details of our lives can be posted so easily, users are prone to bypass the
filters they might normally employ when talking about their private lives. What's more, the
things they post remain available indefinitely. While at one moment a photo of friends doing
shots at a party may seem harmless, the image may appear less attractive in the context of an
employer doing a background check. While most sites allow their users to control who sees
the things they've posted, such limitations are often forgotten, can be difficult to control or
don't work as well as advertised.
References (4)
About the Author

Brian Jung has been writing professionally since 1991. Currently he works as a software
developer for University Hospitals in Cleveland, Ohio, where he also contributes reviews and

commentary on children's and young adult literature to his own blog, Critique de Mr
Chompchomp, and to Guys Lit Wire. Brian holds a Doctor of Philosophy in English from the
University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
Photo Credits

Jupiterimages/Comstock/Getty ImagesFacebook can have positive and negative effects on

teens levels of a stress hormone, say researchers at the University of Montreal and the Institut
universitaire de sant mentale de Montral. Led by Professor Sonia Lupien, the team found
that having more than 300 Facebook friends increased teens' levels of cortisol. On the other
hand, teens who act in ways that support their Facebook friends - for example, by liking what
they posted or sending them words of encouragement - decreased their levels of cortisol.
Their findings were published in Psychoneuroendocrinology.
Lupien and her colleagues recruited 88 participants aged 12-17 years who were asked about
their frequency of use of Facebook, their number of friends on the social media site, their
self-promoting behaviour, and finally, the supporting behaviour they displayed toward their
friends. Along with these four measures, the team collected cortisol samples of the
participating adolescents. The samples were taken four times a day for three days.
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Stress levels measured in adolescents from cortisol samples are obviously not entirely due to
the popular social media site. "While other important external factors are also responsible, we
estimated that the isolated effect of Facebook on cortisol was around eight percent," Lupien
said. "We were able to show that beyond 300 Facebook friends, adolescents showed higher
cortisol levels; we can therefore imagine that those who have 1,000 or 2,000 friends on
Facebook may be subjected to even greater stress."
Other studies have shown that high morning cortisol levels at 13 years increase the risk of
suffering from depression at 16 years by 37%. While none of the adolescents suffered from
depression at the time of the study, Lupien could not conclude that they were free from an
increased risk of developing it. "We did not observe depression in our participants. However,
adolescents who present high stress hormone levels do not become depressed immediately; it
can occur later on," Lupien said. "Some studies have shown that it may take 11 years before
the onset of severe depression in children who consistently had high cortisol levels."
The study is one of the first in the emerging field of cyberpsychology to focus on the effects
of Facebook on well-being. "The preliminary nature of our findings will require refined
measurement of Facebook behaviors in relation to physiological functioning and we will need

to undertake future studies to determine whether these effects exist in younger children and
adults," Lupien said. "Developmental analysis could also reveal whether virtual stress is
indeed 'getting over the screen and under the skin' to modulate neurobiological processes
related to adaptation."
Source:

University of Montreal5 Weird Negative Effects of Social

Media on Your Brain
According to new research, your social networking habits might be
affecting your brain more than you know.
View as Slideshow
3.2K Shares

It might make you spend more money.

Phillip Stewart via Flickr

New research suggests that heavy social media use might be correlated to lower
self-control, which marketing experts believe could lead to higher spending.
"Ultimately, the way you counteract this is by raising your self-awareness,
Columbia University Professor Keith Wilcox told TODAY. It's not about don't
spend time on Facebook, but just be aware of what it might be doing to you."

It alters your appetite.

Damon Beres
According to Women's Health, "food porn" photos can activate the brain's reward
center and compel viewers to overeat; one study suggests that even looking at
food images after a meal can trigger hunger.

It messes with your ability to think independently.

Adam Fagen via Flickr

One study from HP Labs found that people were more open to peer pressure
within social networks. Subjects were more likely to change their minds about
"liking" certain things (one cute baby over another, for instance) if enough time
had passed and they could see that the other side was even moderately popular.

It hurts your self-esteem.

Sarah Reid via Flickr

When two German universities joined forces to investigate social networking,
researchers discovered that one in three people surveyed felt worse ("lonely,
frustrated or angry") after spending time on Facebook, often due to perceived
inadequacies when comparing themselves to friends.

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It can "butcher" real-life conversations.

Susan Greenfield of Oxford University has compared online chats to buying

prepackaged meat at a store: "Perhaps future generations will recoil with similar
horror at the messiness, unpredictability and immediate personal involvement of
a three-dimensional, real-time interaction."
More: Everyday Wellness Computers & Technology The Human Brain

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Romancing a Terrorist: I Posed Online as a Young Woman Interested in ISISntroduction

One of the definitions of technology given in Websters Third New International
Dictionary is the totality of the means employed by a people to provide itself with the
objects of material culture (1872). Modern technology includes e-mail, cellular phones,
conference calls, fax machines, computers, pagers, and video conferencing. Technology is
apparent in every aspect of life. It has changed everyday living dramatically, both in positive
and in negative ways.
Nowhere is this more evident than in the world of business. Everything from decision-making
to human resources has been affected by new technology. This paper will discuss the impact
of technology, both positive and negative, on business.
Technologys Impact on Decision Making
Technology, especially the Internet, has made obtaining information a much quicker and
easier process. In the past, obtaining information required days or even weeks of research in
the library, often tying up the time of several employees. Today, one researcher, using online
sources, can compile more up-to-date research in a matter of hours. Having so much
information, literally at ones fingertips, allows for quick, informed decision-making. This is
especially important in todays global market where it is essential for multi-national
organizations to have current information from around the world before making crucial
decisions.

However, there is a downside to this process. In the past, managers took more time
processing the information they received. They shared the information with other concerned
parties and came to an agreement regarding the goals of the project. Todays technology may
have decreased the amount of time it takes to accumulate data, but it has also decreased the
amount of time managers have to assimilate that information and make decisions. According
to an article by Paul Rogers, Internet time encourages immediate decision-making, even at
the cost of mistakes (15). As a result of such quick decision making, there may be less buyin by stakeholders because there was no time for information sharing and reaching agreement
on project goals.
Technologys Impact on Communication
Today, business communications is alive and well through e-mail. E-mail allows for quick
communication and efficient organization of that communication. Messages can be routed to
folders, prioritized and, if necessary, immediately responded to. In addition, new hand-held
computers, such as the Blackberry, allow managers to receive e-mails from any location.
This device, which takes pagers to a new level, beeps or vibrates when e-mail is received on
the computer back in the office. The manager can then read, forward, fax, delete, save or
ignore the message (Maciag, 52). It is like carrying a portable office.
However, e-mail can also make business communications overwhelming. Many individuals
have numerous e-mail accounts, requiring a system to manage them all. In one day, hundreds
of e-mails can come across a managers computer. Although managers can filter this e-mail
using selection software, there is an inherent danger in doing so. If an important e-mail does
not meet the softwares criteria for response, it could go unnoticed.
Technologys Impact on Human Resources
Due to advanced technology such as computers, fax machines, and video conferencing, many
organizations are implementing telecommuting as an option for their employees. This is
expected to create a significant increase in worker productivity. Other benefits that have been
cite include reduced costs, improved recruitment and retention, reduced stress, reduced travel
time, and increased job satisfaction (Harvey, 58). Additionally, telecommuting has global
advantages because it will allow an organization to develop a team of employees from
virtually any location in the world.
However, this new technology will require the development of new management and
communication skills. In addition, organizations will need to develop creative benefit
packages to attract and keep employees since the job market will not be limited to their
demographic area. Organizational loyalty may become a thing of the past.
Technologys Impact on Marketing
Marketing may well be the one area on which technology has had the greatest impact. The
virtual marketplace is everywhere, from Amazon Books to Virtual Universities. The Internet
takes the product to the customer, saving the customer time and, in some cases, money
(Graham, 8). The Internet allows companies to sell merchandise throughout the world

without having to amass a great deal of inventory which they might not be able to get rid of
later. For example, Amazon Books has over 1.2 million different books to sell. No one
bookstore could possibly stock all those titles. Even companies that have a physical location,
like Home Depot and Office Max, are marketing their products through the Internet. For
some companies, this is an additional marketing appeal. For example, Best Buy advertises the
fact that a customer can purchase items online, but return them to the store if they are
dissatisfied.
Best Buy has managed to circumvent one of the chief disadvantages of the virtual
marketplace. One disadvantage for consumers buying from an Internet site, as opposed to a
physical store, is having to return unsatisfactory merchandise to the company, often at their
own expense. Another disadvantage is that a customer has to wait for the merchandise to be
delivered, a problem that became very apparent two Christmases ago when parents waited in
vain for toys that did not arrive.
Technologys Impact on Competitive Advantage
Quicker decision-making, made possible by the easy accumulation of information, enables a
company to gain and keep a competitive advantage. Michael Colcannon, vice-president of
business development at Bovis Lend Lease Inc. says that technology has helped us plan our
future and allows us to do things in a much more condensed time frame and make decisions
in faster scenarios (Rogers, 16).
Better and faster communications, made possible by e-mail and hand-held computers, can
also help a company gain and retain a competitive advantage. Since managers are always
available, any problems that come up can be dealt with immediately, rather than being placed
on the back burner. Additionally, the web can allow companies to develop better customer
service which creates a competitive advantage. Company web sites allow the company to stay
in contact with customers. Dell is a company which has built web sites around the world.
They have found this to be a tremendous cost saving as far as customer service is concerned,
allowing them to easily answer customer questions and keep the customers up-to-date on new
products (Gates, 15).
Conclusion
Technology has certainly made a tremendous impact on the business world. In many ways, it
allows an organization to gain and maintain a competitive advantage. Quicker access to upto-date information allows for more rapid decision making. E-mail, video conferencing, and
hand-held computers allow for quicker communications and more rapid problem solving.
Computers, fax machines and conference calls allow organizations to employ highly skilled
individuals, disregarding demographics.
However, technology is not without its drawbacks. Along with rapid decision-making comes
more frequent errors. Quality can suffer as a result. Along with rapid communication, comes
a loss of free time. If a manager is always accessible, his or her personal life will suffer.
Along with this comes increased stress from being constantly under pressure. This could lead

to increased health problems. Although there is a real advantage to telecommuting, it can lead
to a lack of organizational loyalty both for the employer and for the employee. More rapid
turnover in employees can cause discontinuity in an organization. For employees, there will
be less job security and less opportunity for long-term employment.
Recommendations
The benefits of technology need to be closely weighed against its costs. Managers will need
specialized training if they are to keep pace with our ever changing technology. Part of that
training should include the decision making process in a fast paced environment. Perhaps
managers should heed the old sayings Act in haste, repent in leisure and Make haste
slowly. Additionally, managers will need to establish personal boundaries. No one can or
should be on the clock twenty-four hours a day. Finally, organizations will need to focus on
practices for attracting and maintaining good employees and find means to develop
organizational loyalty even
3.
4.