Ec6301 - Object Oriented Programming and Data Structure

EC6301 - OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING AND DATA STRUCTURE

QUESTION BANK
PART - A
UNIT I DATA ABSTRACTION AND OVERLOADING
1. What is the output of the following program, if it is correct? Otherwise indicate the
mistake: [May 2006]
int l=10;
Void main ()
{int l=20;
{int l=30;
cout<<l<<::l;
}}
The program is in correct due to syntax error. Within the main function, there is no need of
another opening braces in the int l=20; and also closing braces.
2. Difference between Class and structure? [April -2010, Dec-2012]
Class is the ADT where as structure is udt.
Class needs access specifier such as private, public & private where as structure
members can be accessed by public by default & dont need any accessfiers.
Class is oops where structure is borrowed from traditional structured [pop] concept.
3. What is abstract Class? [Nov-2009]
An abstract class is a class that is designed to be specifically used as a base class. An abstract
class contains at least one pure virtual function. You declare a pure virtual function by using a
pure specifier [= 0] in the declaration of a virtual member function in the class declaration.
4. List out the advantages of new operator over malloc[] [Dec-2012]
It automatically computes the size of the data object.
It automatically returns the correct pointer type
It is possible to initialize the objects while creating_ the memory space.
It can be overloaded.
5. What are the basic concepts of OOS? [ April -2011]
Objects.
Classes.
Data abstraction and Encapsulation.
Inheritance.
Polymorphism.
Dynamic binding.
Message passing
6. What is the difference between local variable and data member? [Nov-2011]
A data member belongs to an object of a class whereas local variable belongs to its
current scope.
A local variable is declared within the body of a function and can be used only from the
point at which it is declared to the immediately following closing brace.
A data member is declared in a class definition, but not in the body of any of the class
member functions.
Data members are accessible to all member function of the class.
AMSEC/ECE
Prepared By : Ms.P.Latha, AP/CSE

7. What is the function parameter? Difference between parameter and Argument. [Nov2011]
A function parameter is a variable declared in the prototype or declaration of a function:
void foo[int x]; // prototype -- x is a parameter
void foo[int x] // declaration -- x is a parameter
{
}
An argument is the value that is passed to the function in place of a parameter
8. What is data hiding? [April -2011,Nov-2010]
The insulation of data from direct access by the program is called as data hiding or
information binding.
The data is not accessible to the outside world and only those functions, which are
wrapped in the class, can access it..
9. What are the advantages of Default Arguments? [Nov-2010]
The function assigns a default value to the parameter which does not have a matching
argument in the function call. They are useful in situations where some arguments always have
the same value.
e.g., float amt [float P, float n, float r = 0.15];
10. List out the basic concepts of Object Oriented Programming. [Nov-2009]
Objects
Classes
Data Abstraction and Encapsulation
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Dynamic Binding
Message Passing
11. What are abstract classes? [Nov 2009, Apr 2013]
Classes containing at least one pure virtual function become abstract classes. Classes
inheriting abstract classes must redefine the pure virtual functions; otherwise the derived classes
also will become abstract. Abstract classes cannot be instantiated.
12. Define abstraction and Encapsulation [Apr 2011]
Data Abstraction
Abstraction refers to the act of representing the essential features without including the
background details or explanations.
Data Encapsulation
The wrapping up of data and functions into a single unit is known as data encapsulation.
13. What is the Need for Static Members [April 2011]
Class members can be declared using the storage class specifier static in the class
member list. Only one copy of the static member is shared by all objects of a class in a program.
When you declare an object of a class having a static member, the static member is not part of
the class object.
14. Define Polymorphism. [Apr 2013]
AMSEC/ECE

Polymorphism is another important oops concept. Polymorphism means the ability to
take more than one form. For example, an operation may exhibit different behavior in different
instances. Behavior depends upon the types of data used in the operation.
15. What do you mean by pure virtual functions? [Dec2008]
A pure virtual member function is a member function that the base class forces derived
classes to provide. Any class containing any pure virtual function cannot be used to create object
of its own type.
16. Write a C++ program to check the given integer is prime or composite number. [Apr2010]
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
int main[]
{
int num,d,ctr;
clrscr[];
printf["\n Enter a number="];
scanf["%d",&num];
d=1;
ctr=0;
while[d<=num]
{
if[num%d==0]
ctr++;
d=d+1;
}
if[ctr==2]
printf["\n %d is a prime number",num];
else
printf["\n %d is a composite number",num];
getch[];
return[0];
}
17. What is function Prototype? [DEC 2011]
A function prototype or function interface in C, Perl, PHP or C++ is a declaration of a
function that omits the function body but does specify the function's return type, name and
argument types. While a function definition specifies what a function does, a function prototype
can be thought of as specifying its interface.
18. List out four Storage Classes in C++ [Nov 2008]
Storage classes are used to specify the lifetime and scope of variables. How storage is
allocated for variables and how variable is treated by complier depends on these storage classes.
These are basically divided into 5 different types :
1. Global variables
2. Local variables
3. Register variables
4. Static variables
5. Extern variables
AMSEC/ECE

19. What is an identifier?
Identifiers are names for various programming elements in c++ program. such as
variables, arrays, function, structures, union, labels ect., An identifier can be Composed only of
uppercase, lower case letter, underscore and digits, but should start only with an alphabet or an
underscore.
20. What is a keyword?
Keywords are word whose meanings have been already defined in the c compiler. They
are also called as reserved words.
(ex) main(), if, else, else, if, scanf, printf, switch, for, goto, while ect.,
21. List out the benefits of oops.
Can create new programs faster because we can reuse code
Easier to create new data types
Easier memory management
Programs should be less bug-prone, as it uses a stricter syntax and type checking.
`Data hiding', the usage of data by one program part while other program parts cannot
access the data
22. List out the application of oops.
Client server computing
Simulation such as flight simulations.
Object-oriented database applications.
Artificial intelligence and expert system
Computer aided design and manufacturing systems.
23. Define data hiding.
The purpose of the exception handling mechanism is to provide a means to detect and
report an exceptional circumstance so that appropriate action can be taken.
24. What is the use of scope resolution operator?

In C, the global version of the variable cannot be accessed from within the inner block.
C++ resolves this problem by introducing a new operator :: called the scope resolution operator.
It is used to uncover a hidden variable.
Syntax:
:: variable name
25. When will you make a function inline?
When the function definition is small, we can make that function an inline function and
can mainly go for inline function to eliminate the cost of calls to small functions.
26. What is overloading?
Overloading refers to the use of the same thing for different purposes.
There are 2 types of overloading:
Function overloading
Operator overloading
AMSEC/ECE

27. What is the difference between normal function and a recursive function?
A recursive function is a function, which call it whereas a normal function does not.
Recursive function cant be directly invoked by main function.
28. What are objects? How are they created?
Objects are basic run-time entities in an object-oriented programming system. The class
variables are known as objects. Objects are created by using the syntax:
classname obj1,obj2,,objn;
(or) during definition of the class:
class classname
{
------}obj1,obj2,,objn;
29. List some of the special properties of constructor function.
They should be declared in the public section.
They are invoked automatically when the objects are created.
They do not have return types, not even void and cannot return values.
Constructors cannot be virtual.
Like other C++ functions, they can have default arguments
30. Describe the importance of destructor.
A destructor destroys the objects that have been created by a constructor upon exit from
the program or block to release memory space for future use. It is a member function whose
name is the same as the class name but is preceded by a tilde.
Syntax:
~classname(){ }
31. What do you mean by friend functions?
C++ allows some common functions to be made friendly with any number of classes,
thereby allowing the function to have access to the private data of thse classes. Such a function
need not be a member of any of these classes. Such common functions are called friend
functions.
32. What are member functions?
Functions that are declared within the class definition are referred as member function.
33. Define dynamic binding.
Dynamic binding means that the code associated with a given procedure call is not
known until the time of the call at run-time.
34.Write any four properties of constructor.(DEC 2010)
Constructors should be declared in the public section.
They are invoked automatically when the objects are created.
They do not have return types
They cannot be inherited
35.List any four Operators that cannot be overloaded.(DEC 2010) (DEC 2009) (DEC 2011)
Class member access operator (. , .*)
Scope resolution operator (::)
Size operator ( sizeof )
AMSEC/ECE

Conditional operator (?:)
36.What is a Destructor? (DEC 2012)
A destructor is used to destroy the objects that have been created by a constructor. It is a
special member function whose name is same as the class and is preceded by a tilde ~symbol.
When an object goes out from object creation, automatically destructor will be executed.
Example:
class File {
public:
~File(); //destructor declaration
};
File::~File()
{
close(); // destructor definition
}
37.What is the Need for initialization of object using Constructor? (DEC 2012)
If we fails to create a constructor for a class, then the compiler will create a constructor
by default in the name of class name without having any arguments at the time of compilation
and provides the initial values to its data members. So we have to initialize the objects using
constructor
38.What is a Copy Constructor (DEC 2009)
A copy constructor is used to declare and initialize an object from another object. It takes
a reference to an object of the same class as an argument.
Eg: integer i2(i1); would define the object i2 at the same time initialize it to the values of i1.
Another form of this statement is
Eg: integer i2=i1;
The process of initializing through a copy constructor is known as copy initialization.
39.Give an example for a Copy Constructor (JUNE 2013)
#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;
class Example {
// Variable Declaration
int a,b;
public:
//Constructor with Argument
Example(int x,int y) {
// Assign Values In Constructor
a=x;
b=y;
cout<<"\nIm Constructor";
}
void Display() {
cout<<"\nValues :"<<a<<"\t"<<b;
}
AMSEC/ECE

};
int main() {
Example Object(10,20);
//Copy Constructor
Example Object2=Object;
// Constructor invoked.
Object.Display();
Object2.Display();
// Wait For Output Screen
getch();
return 0;
}
40.What is the Need for Destructors? (June 2013)
Destructor is used to destroy an object.
By destroying the object memory occupied by the object is released.
41. Explain the functions of Default Constructor (MAY 2011)
The main function of the constructor is, if the programmer fails to create a constructor for
a class, then the compiler will create a constructor by default in the name of class name without
having any arguments at the time of compilation and provides the initial values to its data
members.
Since it is created by the compiler by default, the no argument constructor is called as
default constructor.
42. What is the need for Overloading an operator (MAY 2011)
To define a new relation task to an operator, we must specify what it means in relation to
the class to which the operator is applied. This is done with the help of a special function called
operator function. It allows the developer to program using notation closer to the target domain
and allow user types to look like types built into the language.
Or
The ability to tell the compiler how to perform a certain operation when its corresponding
operator is used on one or more variables.
43. What is the function of get and put function (MAY 2010)
Cin.get(ch) reads a character from cin and stores what is read in ch.
Cout.put(ch) reads a character and writes to cout
UNIT II INHERITANCE AND POLYMORPHISM
1. What are templates? (AUC DEC 2009)
Template is one of the features added to C++.
It is new concepts which enable us to define generic classes and functions and thus
provides support for generic programming.
A template can be used to create a family of classes or functions.
2. Illustrate the exception handling mechanism. (AUC DEC 2009)
C++ exception handling mechanism is basically upon three keywords, namely,
try, throw, and catch.
try is used to preface a block of statements which may generate exceptions.
AMSEC/ECE

throw - When an exception is detected, it is thrown using a throw statement in
the try block.
Catch- A catch block defined by the keyword catch catches the exception
thrown by the thrown statement in the try block and handles its appropriately.
3. What happens when a raised exception is not caught by catch block? (AUC MAY 2010)
If the type of object thrown matches the arg type in the catch statement, then catch block is
executed for handling the exception.
If they do not match the program is aborted with the help of abort() function which is invoked by
default.
When no exception is detected and thrown, the control goes to the statement immediately after
the catch block. That is the catch block is skipped.
4. Give the syntax of a pointer to a function which returns an integer and takes arguments
one of integer type and 2 of float type. What is the difference between a class and a
structure? (AUC MAY 2010)
int (X_fun) (int, float);
5. What is a template? What are their advantages (AUC DEC 2010/JUN 2012/DEC 2012)
A template can be used to create a family of classes or functions.
A template is defined with a parameter that would be replaced by a specified data type at the
time of actual use of the class or functions.
Supporting different data types in a single framework.
The template are sometimes called parameterized classes or functions.
6. How is an exception handled in C++? (AUC DEC 2010)
Exceptions are run time anomalies or unusual conditions that a program may encounter
while executing.
1. Find the problem (Hit the exception)
2. Inform that an error has occurred.( Throw the exception)
3. Receive the error information. ( Catch the exception)
4. Take corrective actions.( Handle the exception)
7. What is function template? Explain. (AUC MAY 2011)
Like class template, we can also define function templates that could be used to create a
family of functions with different argument types.
The general format of a function template is:
template<class T>
returntypefunctionname ( arguments of type T)
{
//
//.Body of function with type T wherever appropriate
//..
}
8. List five common examples of exceptions. (AUC MAY 2011)
Division by zero
Access to an array outside of its bounds
Running out of memory or disk space.
AMSEC/ECE
9. What is class template? (AUC DEC 2011)

Templates allows to define generic classes. It is a simple process to create a generic class
using a template with an anonymous type.
The general format of class template is:
template<class T>
classclassname
{
// class member specification.
//. with anonymous type T wherever appropriate
//,..
}
10. What are 3 basic keywords of exception handling mechanism? (AUC DEC 2011)
C++ exception handling mechanism is basically built upon three keywords
try
throw
catch
11. What are the c++ operators that cannot be overloaded?
Size operator (sizeof)
Scope resolution operator (::)
member access operators(. , .*)
Conditional operator (?:)
12. What is a virtual base class?
When a class is declared as virtual c++ takes care to see that only copy of that class is
inherited, regardless of how many inheritance paths exist between the virtual base class and a
derived class.
13. What is the difference between base class and derived class?
The biggest difference between the base class and the derived class is that the derived
class contains the data members of both the base and its own data members. The other difference
is based on the visibility modes of the data members.
14. What are the rules governing the declaration of a class of multiple inheritance?
More than one class name should be specified after the : symbol.
Visibility modes must be taken care of.
If several inheritance paths are employed for a single derived class the base class must
be appropriately declared
15. Mention the types of inheritance.
1.Single inheritance.
2. Multiple inheritance.
3. Hierarchical inheritance.
4. Multilevel inheritance.
5. Hybrid inheritance.
16. Define dynamic binding. APRIL AMY 2010
Dynamic binding means that the code associated with a given procedure call is not
known until the time of the call at run-time.
AMSEC/ECE
17. What do u mean by pure virtual functions?

A pure virtual function is a function declared in a base class that has no definition relative
to the base class. In such cases, the compiler requires each derived class to either define the
function or redeclare it as a pure virtual function. A class containing pure virtual functions
cannot be used to declare any objects of its own.
18. Mention the key words used in exception handling.
The keywords used in exception handling are
throw
try
catch
19. List the ios format function.
The ios format functions are as follows:
width()
precision()
fill()
setf()
unsetf()
20. List the manipulators.
The manipulators are:
setw()
setprecision()
setfill()
setiosflags()
resetiosflags()
21. Mention the equicalent ios function for manipulators.
Manipulator Equivalent ios function
setw(int w) width()
setprecision(int d) precision()
setfill(int c) fill()
setiosflags(long f) setf()
resetiosflags(long f) unsetf()
endl \n
22. Define fill functions.
The fill( ) function can be used to fill the unused positions of the field by any desired
character rather than by white spaces (by default). It is used in the following form:
cout.fill(ch);
where ch represents the character which is used for filling the unused positions. For example,
the statements
cout.fill(*);
cout.width(10);
cout<<5250<<\n;
will produce the following output:
23 .Give the syntax of exception handling mechanism.
The syntax of exception handling mechanism is as follows:
AMSEC/ECE

try
{
--------------------throw exception
--------------------}
catch(type arguments)
{
----------------------------------------}
------------------------------------------UNIT-III LINEAR DATA STRUCTURES
1. Write down the definition of data structures? NOV DEC 2012
Data structure is a mathematical or logical way of organizing data in the memory that
consider not only the items stored but also the relationship to each other and also it is
characterized by accessing functions.
2. Binary Heap NOV DEC 2012 , APRIL MAY 2009
The implementation we will use is known as a binary heap. Its use is so common for
priority queue implementations that when the word heap is used without a qualifier Structure
Property.
A heap is a binary tree that is completely filled, with the possible exception of the bottom
level, which is filled from left to right. Such a tree is known as a complete binary tree.
3. Define Algorithm?
Algorithm is a solution to a problem independent of programming language. It consist of
set of finite steps which, when carried out for a given set of inputs, produce the corresponding
output and terminate in a finite time.
4. What are the features of an efficient algorithm?
Free of ambiguity
Efficient in execution time
Concise and compact
Completeness
Definiteness
Finiteness
5. List down any four applications of data structures?
Compiler design
Operating System
Database Management system and Network analysis
6. What is meant by an abstract data type (ADT)?
An ADT is a set of operation. A useful tool for specifying the logical properties of a
datatype is the abstract data type.ADT refers to the basic mathematical concept that defines the
datatype.
Eg.Objects such as list, set and graph along their operations can be viewed as ADT's.
AMSEC/ECE

7. What are the operations of ADT?
Union, Intersection, size, complement and find are the various operations of ADT.
8. What is meant by list ADT?
List ADT is a sequential storage structure. General list of the form a1, a2, a3.., an and
the size of the list is 'n'. Any element in the list at the position I is defined to be ai, ai+1 the
successor of ai and ai-1 is the predecessor of ai.
9. What are the two parts of ADT?
Value definition
Operator definition
10. What is a Sequence?
A sequence is simply an ordered set of elements.A sequence S is sometimes written as
the enumeration of its elements,such as
S =If S contains n elements,then length of S is n.
11. Define len(S),first(S),last(S),nilseq ?
len(S) is the length of the sequence S.
first(S) returns the value of the first element of S
last(S) returns the value of the last element of S
nilseq :Sequence of length 0 is nilseq .ie., contains no element.
12. What are the two basic operations that access an array?
Extraction:
Extraction operation is a function that accepts an array, a ,an index,i,and
returns an element of the array.
Storing:
Storing operation accepts an array , a ,an index i , and an element x.
13. Define Structure?
A Structure is a group of items in which each item is identified by its own identifier ,each
of which is known as a member of the structure.
14. Define Union ?
Union is collection of Structures ,which permits a variable to be interpreted in several
different ways.
15. Define Automatic and External variables?
Automatic variables are variables that are allocated storage when the function is invoked.
External variables are variables that are declared outside any function and are allocated storage at
the point at which they are first encountered for the remeinder of the programs execution.
16. What is a Stack? NOV DEC 2008
A Stack is an ordered collection of items into which new items may be inserted and from
which items may be deleted at one end, called the top of the stack. The other name of stack is
Last-in -First-out list.
17. What are the two operations of Stack?
_ PUSH
AMSEC/ECE

_ POP
18. What is a Queue?
A Queue is an ordered collection of items from which items may be deleted at one end
called the front of the queue and into which tems may be inserted at the other end called rear of
the queue.Queue is called as Firstin-First- Out(FIFO).
19. What is a Priority Queue? NOV DEC 2010
Priority queue is a data structure in which the intrinsic ordering of the elements does
determine the results of its basic operations. Ascending and Descending priority queue are the
two types of Priority queue.
20. What is a linked list?
Linked list is a kind of series of data structures, which are not necessarily adjacent in
memory. Each structure contain the element and a pointer to a record containing its successor.
21. What is a doubly linked list?
In a simple linked list, there will be one pointer named as 'NEXT POINTER' to point the
next element, where as in a doubly linked list, there will be two pointers one to point the next
element and the other to point the previous element location.
22. Define double circularly linked list?
In a doubly linked list, if the last node or pointer of the list, point to the first element of
the list,then it is a circularly linked list.
23. What is a circular queue?
The queue, which wraps around upon reaching the end of the array is called as circular
queue.
24. Define max and min heap?
A heap in which the parent has a larger key than the child's is called a max heap.
A heap in which the parent has a smaller key than the child is called a min heap.
UNIT IV NONLINEAR DATA STRUCTURES
1. Define non-linear data structure?
Data structure which is capable of expressing more complex relationship than that of
physical adjacency is called non-linear data structure.
2. Define tree?
A tree is a data structure, which represents hierarchical relationship between individual
Data items.
3.Define child and parent of a tree.
The root of each subtree is said to be a child of r and r is the parent of each subtree
root.
4. Define leaf?
In a directed tree any node which has out degree o is called a terminal node or a leaf.
5. What is a Binary tree?
AMSEC/ECE

A Binary tree is a finite set of elements that is either empty or is partitioned into three
disjoint subsets. The first subset contains a single element called the root of the tree. The other
two subsets are themselves binary trees called the left and right sub trees.
6. What are the applications of binary tree?
Binary tree is used in data processing.
a. File index schemes
b. Hierarchical database management system
7. What is meant by traversing?
Traversing a tree means processing it in such a way, that each node is visited only once.
8. What are the different types of traversing?
The different types of traversing are
a.Pre-order traversal-yields prefix form of expression.
b. In-order traversal-yields infix form of expression.
c. Post-order traversal-yields postfix form of expression.
9. What are the two methods of binary tree implementation?
Two methods to implement a binary tree are,
a. Linear representation.
b. Linked representation
10. Define Graph?
A graph G consist of a nonempty set V which is a set of nodes of the graph, a set E which
is the set of edges of the graph, and a mapping from the set for edge E to a set of pairs of
elements of V.
It can also be represented as G=(V, E).
11. Define adjacent nodes?
Any two nodes which are connected by an edge in a graph are called adjacent nodes. For
Example, if and edge xE is associated with a pair of nodes (u,v) where u, v V, then we say that
the edge x connects the nodes u and v.
12.Name the different ways of representing a graph?
a. Adjacency matrix
b. Adjacency list
13. What are the two traversal strategies used in traversing a graph?
a. Breadth first search
b. Depth first search
14. What is an acyclic graph?
A simple diagram which does not have any cycles is called an acyclic graph.
15. Give some example of NP complete problems.
Hamiltonian circuit.
Travelling salesmen problems
16.What are AVL trees?
AMSEC/ECE

An AVL tree is a binary search tree with a balancing condition.For every node in the tree
the heigh of the left and right subtrees can differ at most by 1.The height ofan empty tree is
defined to be -1.It ensures that the depth of the tree is O(log N)
17. What is topological sort?
A topological sort is an ordering of vertices in a directed acyclic graph,such that if there
is a path from vi then vj appears after vi in the ordering.
18. What is single source shortest path problem?
Given as an input a weighted graph, G=(V,E) and a distinguished vertex,s find the
shortest weighted path from s to every other vertex in G.
19.Mention some shortest path problems.
Unweighted shortest paths
Dijikstras algorithm
All-pairs shortest paths
20.What are the algorithms used to find the minimum spanning tree?
Prims algorithm
Kruskals algorithm
21. Define complete binary tree.
It is a complete binary tree only if all levels, except possibly the last level have the
maximum number of nodes maximum.
A complete binary tree of height h has between 2h and 2h+1 1 node
22. Define binary search tree. Why it is preferred rather than the sorted linear array and
linked list?
Binary search tree is a binary tree in which key values of the left sub trees are lesser than
the root value and the key values of the right sub tree are always greater than the root value. In
linear array or linked list the values are arranged in the form of increasing or decreasing order. If
we want to access any element means, we have to traverse the entire list.
But if we use BST, the element to be accessed is greater or smaller than the root element
means we can traverse either the right or left sub tree and can access the element irrespective of
searching the entire tree.
23. Give various implementations of trees.
Linear implementation
Linked list implementation
24. List out the application of trees.
Ordered tree
C representation of tree
25. What is the difference between binary tree and binary search tree?
Binary Tree
A tree is said to be a binary tree if it, has at most two children
AMSEC/ECE
Binary Search Tree

A BST is binary tree in which the key values in the left sub tree is lesser than the root
and key values of the right sub tree is greater than the root value.
It doesnt have any order. It should be in order.
26. Show the maximum number of nodes in a binary tree of height H is 2H+1 1.
Consider H = 3
No. of nodes in a full binary tree = 2H+1 1
= 23+1 1
= 24 1
= 15 nodes
We know that a full binary tree with height h=3 has maximum 15 nodes.
Hence proved.
27. List out the cases involved in deleting a node from a binary search tree.
Case 1: Node to be deleted is a Leaf node
Case 2: Node to be deleted has one child
Case:3: Node to be deleted has two children.
28. Write the pre-order, in-order, post-order traversal for the tree. (AUC NOV/ DEC
2010)
In order traversal: (A * B) + (C * D) + E
Pre order traversal: + * A B + * C D EPost order traversal: A B * C D * E + +
AMSEC/ECE
29. A + (B-C)*D+(E*F), if the above arithmetic expression is represented using a binary

tree, Find the number of non-leaf nodes in the tree.
Expression tree is a binary tree in which non leaf nodes are operators and the leaf nodes
are operands.
In the above example, we have 5 operators. Therefore the number of non-leaf nodes in the tree is
5.
30. What is a BST binary search tree? (AUC NOV/ DEC 2009)
Binary search tree is a binary tree in which key values of the left sub trees are lesser than
the root value and the key values of the right sub tree are always greater than the root value.
31. Define threaded Binary Tree. (AUC NOV/ DEC 2010)
A binary tree is threaded by making all right child pointers that would normally be null
point to the inorder successor of the node, and all left child pointers that would normally be null
point to the inorder predecessor of the node.
32. Write the advantages of threaded binary tree. (AUC NOV/ DEC 2009)
1. By doing threading we avoid the recursive method of traversing a Tree , which makes use of
stack and consumes a lot of memory and time.
2. The node can keep record of its root
33. Write an algorithm to declare nodes of a tree structure. (AUC APR / MAY 2010)
Struct tree node
{
int element;
Struct tree *left;
Struct tree *right;
}
UNIT V SORTING AND SREARCHING
1. What is maxheap? Apr/May,2010
We want the elements in the more typical increasing sorted order, we can change the
ordering property so that the parent has a larger key than the child. it is called max heap.
2. What is divide and conquer strategy?
In divide and conquer strategy the given problem is divided into smaller problems and
solved recursively. The conquering phase consists of patching together the answers. Divide and
conquer is a very powerful use of recursion that we will see many times.
3. Differentiate between merge sort and quick sort? Apr/May, 2011
Mergesort
1. Divide and conquer strategy, 2. Partition by position
Quicksort
1. Divide and conquer strategy, 2. Partition by value
4. Mention some methods for choosing the pivot element in quicksort?
1. Choosing first element
2. Generate random number & 3. Median of three
5. What are the three cases that arise during the left to right scan in quicksort?
I and j cross each other
AMSEC/ECE

I and j do not cross each other
I and j points the same position
6. What is the need of external sorting?
External sorting is required where the input is too large to fit into memory. So external
sorting is necessary where the program is too large. It is a basic external sorting in which there
are two inputs and two outputs tapes.
7. Define multi way merge? Apr/May,2011
If we have extra tapes then we can expect to reduce the number of passes required to sort.
8. Define polyphase merge?
The k-way merging strategy requires the use of 2 k tapes. This could be prohibitive for
some applications. It is possible to get
9. What is replacement selection?
We read as many records as possible and sort them. Writing the result to some tapes. This
seems like the best approach possible until one realizes that as soon as the first record is written
to a output tape the memory it used becomes available for another record. If the next record on
the input tape is larger than the record we have just output then it can be included in the item.
Using this we can give algorithm. This is called replacement selection.
10. What is sorting?
Sorting is the process of arranging the given items in a logical order. Sorting is an
example where the analysis can be precisely performed.
11. What is mergesort?
The mergesort algorithm is a classic divide and conquer strategy. The problem is divided
into two arrays and merged into single array
12. What are the properties involved in heapsort? Apr/May,2010
1. Structure property
2. Heap order property
13. Define articulation points.
If a graph is not biconnected, the vertices whose removal would disconnect the graph are
known as articulation points.
An expression tree is a binary tree in which the operands are attached as leaf nodes and
operators become the internal nodes.
14. What is meant by Expression Tree? (Apr / May 13)
An expression tree is a binary tree in which the operands are attached as leaf nodes and
operators become the internal nodes
15. Determine the average running of Quick sort.
The fastest sorting algorithm is Quick sort.
Best Case: Input array is evenly divided. So the running time complexity is O (n log n).
Worst Case: Input array is not evenly divided. So the running time complexity is O (n2).
Average Case: The running time complexity is O (n log n).
16. Difference between Linear and binary search.
AMSEC/ECE

Linear Search
It does not require sorted order of an
array
A method for finding a particular value
in a list that consists of checking every
one of its elements, one at a time and in
sequence, until the desired one is
found.
Binary Search
The array should be arranged in
ascending or descending order.
The algorithm compares the search key
value with the key value of the middle
element of the array.
17. List the types of sorting technique.

Insertion sort
Quick sort
Merge sort
Heap sort
18. Determine the complexity of linear search.
Best case complexity requires O (1) time.
Worst case complexity requires O (n) time.
Average case complexity requires O (n) time.
19. Determine the complexity of Binary search.
Best case complexity requires O (1) time.
Average case complexity requires O (log n) time.
20. What is the complexity of insertion sort algorithm?
Best case: Only one comparison is made in each pass. The time complexity is O(n2).
Worst case: The time complexity is O(n2).
Average case: The time complexity is O(n2).
20. Mansion the complexities of merge sort and shell sort. ( May/June 2006)
Merge sort: The merge sort algorithm passed over the entire list and requires atmost log n
passes and merges n elements in each pass. The total number of comparisons required by the
merge sort is given by, O ( n log n)
Shell sort:
Best case : If appropriate sequence of increments is required by the merge sort is given
by O ( n log n).
Worst case : If the increment sequence is not chosen properly the running time of the
shell sort is O (N2)
21. Name the type of searching?
Linear search & Binary search.
22. Differentiate between internal sorting and external sorting.
Internal sorting
AMSEC/ECE
External sorting

Sorting takes place in the main memory
of a computer
Less number of elements.
Example:
Bubble sort, Insertion sort, etc
PART - B
Sorting take place in the secondary

storage of a computer.
Number of objects is more.
Example:
Multiway merge, Polyphase merge.
16 MARK QUESTIONS
UNIT 1
1. Explain in detail about the features of Object Oriented paradigm with diagram.
2. a)What are the elements of Object Oriented Programming?

b) Explain object and classes with examples.
3. Explain in detail about File stream classes with an example.
4. What are the various categories of operators supported by C++? List any two types and
give examples.
5. Explain the following with appropriate sample programs.
(i) for loop
(ii) dowhile
6. Write programs for the following statements.
(i) Nested ifelse
(ii) Switch statement
7. Write an interactive program to perform matrix multiplication.
8. Explain about the three types of Parameter passing with suitable examples.
9. What is Function overloading? Explain it with a suitable program.
10.a) What is a Pointer? Explain its need and advantages.
b) List the various pointer arithmetic operations and explain them with sample
expressions.
11. Illustrate with a program class declaration, definition and accessing class members.
12. Explain the client-server model of object communication.
13. a) What is a constructor? Give its syntax.
b) Define Constructor overloading and illustrate its use with a suitable program.
14. a) Write a program to demonstrate the use of Copy constructor.
b) What is a destructor? Explain it with an example.
15. What is operator function? Describe operator function with syntax and examples.
16. Write a program to perform addition of complex numbers using stream loading.
UNIT-2
1. a) List the different forms of Inheritance and explain.
b) Explain the Multiple Inheritance model with syntax and example.
2. Write a program to demonstrate the overloading of functions in base and derived
classes.
3. Explain the difference between a normal Virtual function and Pure Virtual function With
example.
4. What is an Abstract class? Write a program for testing the debuggable class.
5. Define Inheritance.Give Eg.
AMSEC/ECE

6. What is an abstract class?
7. What is the use of seekg() and seekp()?
8. What is a pointer? What are the types of pointers?
9. Define Virtual function.
10. Define Polymorphism.
11. Write about Templates.
12. Define Exception handling
13. How strings can be manipulated?
14. What is a pure virtual function?
UNIT-3
1. Explain the types of analysis that can performed on an algorithm?
2. i)Design an algorithm to reverse the linked list. Trace it with an example?
ii) Define an efficient representation of two stacks in a given area of memory with n words
and explain.
3. Explain the process of problem solving?
4. Explain program verification in detail?
5. Explain top down design?
6. What is a Stack? Explain with example?
7. Write the algorithm for converting infix expression to postfix expression?
8. What is a Queue? Explain its operation with example?
9. Explain the applications of stack?
10. What is a Priority Queue? What are its types? Explain?
11. Write an algorithm for inserting and deleting an element from Doubly linked list? Explain
linear linked implementation of Stack and Queue?
UNIT-4
1.What is a Binary tree?Explain Binary tree traversals in C?
2.Explain Representing lists as Binary tree?Write algorithm for finding Kth element and
deleting an element?
3.Explain Binary search tree representation?
4.Explain AVL tree in detail.Give an example.
5.Write notes on
i) Implementation of Binary tree.
ii) Expression tree.
6. Explain search tree ADT.
7. Discuss AVL trees with example.
8. i)Write in detail about topological sort.
ii) Explain Dijkstras algorithm with example.
9. i)Discuss about single source shortest path problem?
ii) Discuss about Unweighted shortest path problem?
10. Explain a simple maximum flow algorithm in detail.
11. Explain NP-Completeness problem with suitable example.
12. Explain Prims Algorithm with Example?
13. Explain Kruskals Algorithm with Example?
AMSEC/ECE
UNIT-5
1. Describe in detail about Heap Sort with example.
2. Explain Insertion sort with example?
3. Write a algorithm for merge sort with example?
4. Describe in detail about shell sort with example?
5. Brifly explain about quick sort with example?
6. Explain Shortest path algorithm with example?
7. Explain Depth first and breadth first traversal?
8. Explain spanning and minimum spanning tree?
9. Explain Kruskals and prims algorithm?
10. Explain topological sorting?
11. Explain Greedy algorithm with an example.
12. Explain about All pair shortest path algorithm.
13. Explain about Divide and Conquer technique in detail with an example.
AMSEC/ECE

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