Decay Detection Manual

Basic Decay Detection Manual for
Trees & Timber Structures

Vol. 1
ISBN 0-646-46859-6
P. Blank
Copyright 2006
Disc 1
Copyright Peter Blank 2007
Copyright 2006
No part of the content of this manual is to be used
without permission of the author.
This manual is based on research and experience on
decay detection.
This manual must be applied on the basics of the users
own judgement and knowledge.
The author disclaims any liability from damage which
might arise from the application of the information in this
manual, especially injury to persons, damage to property
& pecuniary damage.
An Easy to Understand Manual.
Essential for the Resistograph operator.

For the Arborist & Tree Worker.
For the Environmental Engineer.
For the Parks & Garden Officer.
For anyone interested in the subject.
Foreword
Decay in trees is one of the most common causes of tree failure and not that much had
been written about it in Australia.
Peter Blank has compiled more than six years of research on decay detection into an
easy to understand manual called Basic Decay Detection Manual for Trees & Timber
Structures. Arguably it is the most comprehensive manual written on this subject,
particularly for Australian conditions. There are some 460 pages that include many color
photos and easy to understand graphics that show and explain where and why a tree can
fail due to decay .Topics range from the use of the Resistograph (mechanical decay
detection) to basic hazard assessment, tree mechanics and basic pruning to prevent
future failures. This very well explained and easy to understand manual is a handy tool
for the Consulting Arborist. It is also a good reference for the local government, for their
staff and when employing contractors.
This manual is fully key word searchable. It is also a great tool of reference when
writing tree reports.
The manual also contains an assessment section with multiple choice questions for
certification. The certification will ensure that a high standard is achieved and
maintained for Resistograph operators and Consulting Arborists around Australia and
World Wide.
Please Note: Some of the content in this manual might appear to be repetitious,
but in my opinion it is necessary to give as many examples and circumstances

as possible.
Index
Click on Headings
Part 1 - IML and the Resistograph

Tips & Tricks
Graph Examples - Interpreting graphs
Annual Growth Ring Analysis
Other Resistograph applications
Utility Pole & Bridge Testing
Testing for Termites & Building Inspections
Trouble Shooting
A few Testimonials
Other IML products
Part 2 In the Field
Where to drill
Wind & Weight
Cracks, Free Floating Wood & Wall thickness
Wounds in trees
Fruiting Bodies, Included Bark and Co Dominant Trees
Co Dominant Trees
Decay in Tree roots
Basic Tree mechanics
Part 3 Basic Pruning & deadwood
Part 4 Further Reading
Does Drilling Harm the Tree ?
Acknowledgements
PART 1.
The IML Resistograph
IML Resistograph Information
General Information
How to operate the Resistograph
Interpreting graphs
Applications
Trouble shooting
Other IML Products
INSTRUMENTA MECHANIK LABOR
IML Factory in Germany
IML Australia, New Zealand & Asia
AUSTRALIA
ABN: 37071465832
P.O. Box 82
Northlands QLD 4350
Ph: 0418 709 846
[email protected]
The IML Resistograph

The IML-Resistograph System is based on a drilling resistance
measuring method.
A drilling needle with a diameter of 1.5 mm to 3.0 mm penetrates into
the wooden structure with a regular advance speed, and the drilling
resistance is measured. The data is recorded on a wax paper strip at a
scale of 1:1. The wood will only be insignificantly injured, and the
drilling hole closes itself due to a special drilling angle that was
customized for the drill bit. A special computer program (F-TOOLS ) is
available for all instruments. If the Resistograph is equipped with the
Electronic Unit the user can download all information gathered during
the day into the computer program. Graph profiles can then be
downloaded and analysed.
The Resistograph Principle

- it measures the resistance in wood -
Sound
Decay
Sound
Please Note: this is a very exaggerated graph model

IML Resistograph Models
F150 S - Termite & Building Inspection

F300 S - Power Pole, Bridge & Tree Inspection
F400 S - Tree Inspections
F500 S - Tree Inspections
F300 S Electronic - Power Pole, Bridge & Tree Inspection
F400 S Electronic - Tree Inspections
F500 S Electronic - Tree Inspections
The IML Electronic Unit
F-Tools
F-Tools Pro includes: Cavity Detection, Growth Ring Analysing,
Average Curve & Export/Import Software.
The IML Electronic Unit Software is Microsoft Windows
compatible.
Please refer to the IML Electronic Unit User Manual.
The Electronic IML Resistograph
Electronic Print Out

A perfectly presented Report
View of the Software
Object Data Box
The object data box on the top left side of the Resistograph
report contains all the necessary information.
Example of the Comment Box on the

lower right of the graph print out.
Example of the Assessment Box in

the lower left side of the graph
print out.
Always insert Wax Paper

Even when engaging the Electronic Unit the Wax
Paper should be inserted for two reasons:
1. For protection of the Resistograph metal cover plate;
2. For easy identifying of graph when downloading.
Take Care of Your Resistograph

The Resistograph is a very
sophisticated and sensitive
measuring instrument therefore it
has to be handled with due care.
Depending on use the
Resistograph should be serviced at
least once a year.
Avoid overheating the drill when
used constantly.
Resistograph Kit
Insert Graph Paper

Wax paper
Push Wax paper strip forward
Shut cover
Inserting Wax paper

Bend wax paper strip
Place wax paper strip
Spindle / Gearing
There are 0.5 mm, 0.75mm, 1.35mm, 1.5mm &
2.5mm Spindles
Most Resistograph's that work with Hardwood
would be fitted with a 0.75 Spindle
However for extreme Hardwood testing use a
0.5 as with that setting the needle travels slower
but has more torque
Soft Wood Hard Wood Setting

For example: most Eucalyptus species would require a hard
wood setting ( 2 ) on the Resistograph.
For example: most Pinus species would require a soft wood
setting ( 1 ) on the Resistograph.
For example: most European species would require a soft
wood setting ( 1 ) on the Resistograph.
Remember the Resistograph readings are Relative
measurements and therefore it is a matter of experience what
species need what setting.
If unsure start with the hard wood setting (2) and if the graph
is too low, then a soft wood setting (1) is required.
(c) 2006
Measurement Example of a Pine (soft

wood) on the Hard Wood Setting (2)
Note: the Amplitude is very low.
(c) 2006
Soft/Hardwood Setting
on the same spot (hollow log)
Note the Amplitude is higher on Softwood setting
Hardwood Setting
Softwood Setting
(c) 2006
Hard Wood Soft Wood
Sensitivity
settings
Setting Wheel
Hard Wood Soft Wood
Firmly press and turn

wheel
Bolt caught
Hard Wood Soft Wood
Setting on 1 or 2
Hard Wood Soft Wood

Soft wood setting
Hard wood setting

Battery Life
Dependant on size of battery
Dependant on distance drilled
Dependant on temperature
8 to 12 x 500 mm drills out of a
2.4ah battery
Ensure that there is always a spare
battery on hand as the power is
lost without much warning !
Standard charge time is approx. 60
minutes
Car Quick Charger
The Car Quick

Battery Charger
charges a Battery
in 12 minutes !
Changing the Drill Bit

Please refer to User Manual
Tighten the grub screw that holds
the needle but not too tight !
Insert Drill Bit

Tips & Tricks
Service & Calibration

In order to make Accurate Resistograph Assessments
the unit has to be serviced and re-calibrated every 12
months
A Certificate of Currency will be issued by the
manufacturer
Operating Tips
Always ensure that the Resistograph is NOT driven
in full speed right back to the end
When reversing out of an object, gently pull needle
all the way out
When out of the object, hold the needle between
fingers while reversing back into Resistograph
When reversing out of extreme hard wood, free the
drill bit by a half a second slower speed before
going full speed out
Listen to the sound of the drill, when the drill hits a
cavity the sound pitch is noticeably different
(c) 2006
Holding the retracting Drill Bit
(c) 2006
Do Not Over Tighten Grub Screw

Over tightening the grub screw, that holds the needle in
place, can result in weakening and breaking the needle.
Just tighten it so the handle of the tool bends slightly in
your fingers.
Grub screw
needle
Grub screw
needle
weak
(c) 2006
If the Needle breaks behind the Grub Screw

Grub screw
pull
Magnet
New needle
pull
Broken bit
Should the needle break and leave a small bit behind the grub
screw, undo grub screw (not too far otherwise it falls out) and insert a magnetised
new needle and pull broken bit out gently.
(c) 2006
Drill Bits ( Needles)

For accurate measurements it is very important
to use sharp, clean & straight drill bits
Depending on the type of wood and drilling
length, a drill bit can last between 80 and 200
drills
Check your drill bit before each use
Blunt Drill Bit
Drill Bits
Sharp Drill Bit
Blunt Drill Bit

(c) 2006
Condition of the Drill Bit (Needle)
New Drill Bit
Blunt Drill Bit
Very Blunt Drill Bit
IML
Dirty Drill Bit (Needle)

If the drill bit gets dirty or sticky, particularly in
a tree with much sap, this can create a drag and
the measurement can be inaccurate.
The drill resistance is getting slowly higher.
Therefore the operator must ensure that the
needle is always clean and free of sap
Clean with Pure Alcohol
Operating the Resistograph

Ensure that a stable position is maintained
throughout the drilling process.
Moving or twisting of the Resistograph during
drilling can result in inaccurate measurements.
Ensure that the drilling process is started in full
drilling speed .
Once stoped in mid way the electronic unit
will record as a measurement.
Always refer to the IML operating manual for
further help.
(c) 2006
Ensure a comfortable position

If the Resistograph is not held correctly,
moved or is twisted during operation, drag
occurs on the needle and the measurement
can be inaccurate.
Drill Needle
(c) 2006
Drill Speed
It is recommended to conduct most measurements
with the drill speed setting 2 (fast)
However for extra torque on extreme hard wood
the operator can find it easier on drill speed 1 (slow)
It is advisable to stick to one setting as the change
of drill speeds will give a slightly different graph
Also for detecting Growth Rings it pays to try both
speeds for the clearest graph
Graph Examples on drill speed 1 & 2
Drill Speed 2 (fast)
Drill Speed 1 (slow)
(c) 2006
Take Notes on the Graph Paper

The more information that is written on the original graph
paper the better. The software will also ask for Species,
location, diameter, direction etc.
In order to do more than one measurement on a graph paper

Identifying information needs to be written on the end of each measurement.
(c) 2006
How to store the Wax Paper

Simple Paper Clips hold the Wax Paper stipes in place
(c) 2006
Relative Measurement
The Resistograph will provide us with a
Relative measurement. It measures the
resistance in all types of timber.
A tree of the same species can have a different
reading in different localities. It depends on soil,
rainfall and position of the tree.
However it is possible to build up a manual or
database for a specific area.
(c) 2006
Reference Drill
Always conduct a Reference
Drill on the most likely place
where sound wood is
suspected.
This is usually in the tension
side or in ridges on the trunk.
A reference measurement
should give a reading of
comparative sound wood.
Ref. Drill
Decay
(c) 2006
Free Downloads
Go to:
www.wooddecaydetectionmanual.com
www.imlaustralia.com
for all downloads of manuals, research and
movie clips.
For more info refer to the IML User Manual
Before Drilling
Ensure that a sharp drill bit ( needle ) is used

Ensure fresh graph paper is inserted
Identify the suspect decay & drilling places
Write tree info on graph paper
Select: softwood/ hardwood setting
Ensure electronic is turned on & ID number is set
Check forward position on Drill
Take a comfortable position
(c) 2006
Resistograph testing
Try to watch the graph as you drill.
(c) 2006
Resistograph Testing 10 m up the

Trunk in a cherry picker
(c) 2006
Resistograph used by Climber
(c) 2006
Resistograph Test on a large Bunya Pine

from a Crane Bucket
(c) 2006
Resistograph in Operation
Note the operator is watching the graph while testing.
(c) 2006
Pressure towards the Object is

important.
Pressure towards the Object ensures accurate

measurements
Different Ways to Hold & Operate
The Resistograph can be

Operated on its side
(c) 2006
Different Ways to Hold & Operate
The Resistograph can be

operated upside down.
(c) 2006
Operating the Resistograph on a 45

degree angle
(c) 2006
Graph Examples
Interpreting the Graph

When examining a graph we look for
irregularities and a drop of the graph indicates a
lower resistance, therefore decay, hollow,
honeycomb etc.
It is always advisable to conduct a Reference
Drill on an area where sound wood is
expected.
With more experience the operator will be more
accurate in the interpreting of graphs.
(c) 2006
Graph examples of Power Poles &

Timber Bridges
Graph Example of a Hardwood

Power Pole
Sound
Decay
Sound
(c) 2006
Example of Graph from a Timber

Bridge ( extreme hard wood)
Sound
Decay
Copyright Peter Sound/Wall
Blank 2007
(c) 2006
Example of a Typical Hardwood Power Pole

Graph Decay in Centre
Sound
Decay
Sound
(c) 2006
Graph Example of a Sound Power Pole
On a 30 cm diameter pole it is sometimes only necessary to drill a little

over half way to determine the soundness / wall thickness.
(c) 2006
Example of a Sound Power Pole

Measurement with a set Threshold
Threshold 50% amplitude

(Example only)
If the species & age of the poles are the same or simular, a threshold can
be created and the cavity detection parameter (in software) set accordingly
i.e. everything below 50% amplitude is not sound and over 50% is sound.
(c) 2006
Example of a Power Pole Graph

Cavity Detection Parameters set on 50% Amplitude
50% Amplitude Threshold
Needle Exit
Decay
(c) 2006
Example of a Timber Bridge Graph

From 0 6 Sound but some cracks
From 6 28 Decay
From 28 30 sound
Decay
Sound
Sound
Cracks
Very old, dry & cracked wood

(c) 2006
Cracked old Timber
An example of cracks in old timber
(c) 2006
Example of a Timber Bearer of a Bridge
Sound
Decay/Hollow
Sound/Cracks
(c) 2006
Graph Examples in
Trees
Graph Example
Drill Direction
Reaction Zone
Sapwood
IML
Graph Example ( Tilia sp.)

Compression Wood
Included Bark
The low amplitude here is due to

the needle going a little with
the growth rings
itude [%]
10
12
14
16
Bohrtiefe [cm]
Drill Direction
18
20
22
Graph Example of a Totally Decayed

Trunk of a Eucalyptus
Dia. 65 cm Test Level: 120 cm Direction: North
Decay / Soft Tissue
Example of little decay behind bark
SOUND
HEARTWOOD
DECAY
(c) 2006
Graph Example of a Reference Drill

in a Eucalyptus sp.
1st drill found decay in base
Sound Amplitude
Reference Drill
(c) 2006
Sound and Decayed Graph of a

Cupressus Macrocarpa
This test has found decay
after 11 cm of sound wall
Reference Drill
Sound Amplitude
(c) 2006
Sapwood & Heartwood

The amount of Sapwood & Heartwood
depends on the species.
Sapwood is always softer than Heartwood,
therefore the amplitude in the graph is
lower in Sapwood.
Heartwood
Sapwood
(c) 2006
Sapwood & Heartwood

Outer Bark
Inner Bark
Cambium
Sapwood
Heartwood
IML
Bark, Sap & Heartwood in a

Eucalyptus sp.
Heartwood
Bark
Sapwood
(c) 2006
Example of Graph of a Cupressus

macrocarpa.
Sapwood
Sound
Decay
Sound
Decay
Sound
(c) 2006
Example of Decay in Sapwood
DECAY
SOUND
HEARTWOOD
SOUND
SAPWOOD
Free Floating Wood

(c) 2006
Bark
Some trees i.e. Poplar, Iron Bark,
Pine etc. have sometimes up to 5 cm
of bark. The operator has to take this
fact into consideration when
interpreting the measurement.
The graph can show a low resistance
and false decay .
(c) 2006
Graph Example of a sound Silky Oak

Dia. 90 cm
Sound
Bark ! Not Decay !

The Cavity Parameter had been set at 15%
amplitude therefore it shows up as decay.
Refer to user manual re: Setting Parameters
(c) 2006
Graph Example of a Grey Box Tree
Decay/Soft
Sound/ very hard
Sound
Needle entry
- Bark
(c) 2006
Graph Example of a sound Hoop

Pine Dia. 65 cm
Sound
Bark
(c) 2006
Graph Example of a Radiata Pine

Dia. 100 cm
Heartwood
Sapwood
Decay or possibly a part

of the bark
(c) 2006
Graph Example of a Pinus radiata

Diameter: 120 cm
Sapwood
Heartwood
Bark
Decay/Crack
(c) 2006
Graph Example of a Co Dominant Tree
Decay
Decay
(c) 2006
Example of Crack in a Eucalyptus sp.

Dia. 40 cm
Sound Heartwood
Crack
Sound Sapwood
(c) 2006
Graph Example of Included Bark in a Illawarra

Flame Tree ( very soft)
Drill
(c) 2006
Graph Example of Decay in Elm Tree

Dia. 70 cm
Sound Heartwood
Decay
Sound Sapwood
(c) 2006
Graph Example of a sound Grey Box
(c) 2006
Measurement Example of a Sound

Cupressus Macrocarpa
Heartwood
Sapwood
(c) 2006
Graph Example of a sound

Grey Gum. Dia. 60 cm.
Sapwood
(c) 2006
Graph Example of a sound small Brush Box

on the tension side of the trunk
Dia. 30 cm
(c) 2006
Small amount of Oscillation

Please Note: In some species of tree with very
hard wood there is sometimes little Oscillation
in the graph due to the enormous drag on the
needle.
The Operator must take this into consideration
when interpreting the measurement.
Graph Example of a Sound large

Brush Box Dia. 150 cm
Crack
Sound Heartwood
Sound Sapwood
Bark
(c) 2006
Graph Example of a mature Moreton Bay Fig

Dia. 150 cm
Sound
(c) 2006
Graph Example of a Poplar

(soft wood setting)
Appears to be Sound
(c) 2006
Sound Hardwood Graph Example
Bark from 0 20 mm
Sapwood from 20 140 mm
Heartwood from 140 mm
(c) 2006
Example of a sound (very hard)

Eucalyptus tree
HEARTWOOD
SAPWOOD
(c) 2006
Clear Readings
Please Note: Only by drilling in a 90 degree
angle the Sapwood, Heartwood & Growth
Rings are clearly visible. However it is still
species dependant.
Graph Example of a sound Mango Tree Dia. 60 cm

Compression Side
Sound
Graph Example of a sound Mango Tree Dia. 120 cm

Tension Side
Sound
(c) 2006
Graph Example of an English Oak (A)

Dia. 180 cm
Measurement taken on southern

side of trunk
Floating sound wood

(c) 2006
Graph Example of an English Oak (B)

Dia. 180 cm
Decay/Hollow
(c) 2006
Graph Example of a Poplar sp.

Dia. 100 cm
Decay
Sound Sapwood
(Holding Wood)
(c) 2006
Graph Print Out Example of a Eucalyptus sp.
Start of Decay
Free Floating Wood
(c) 2006
Example of Decay in Sapwood

Eucalyptus sp.
Sound
Decay
(c) 2006
Graph Example of a Jacaranda

Dia. 70 cm
Honey Comb Decay

Free Floating Wood
Sound
Sound
Decay
Needle Entry
(c) 2006
Graph Example of a Camphor Laurel

Dia. 160 cm
Free Floating Wood
Soft Decay
Sound
(c) 2006
(c) 2006
Test
This narrow Leaf Iron Bark Tree locked perfectly healthy except for the small wound & little swelling
The graph shows that The tree has only some 7 cm wall thickness on the western side of the trunk.
Example of Decay in Centre

Sound
with cracks
Sound
with cracks
Decay
Possible Termites
(c) 2006
Example of Termite Activity

Note the sharp peaks and lows on the graph made by
the numerous tunnels created by termites.
(c) 2006
Example of Decay in Centre after 15 cm

of Holding Wood
SOUND
DECAY
Very little resistance soft decay
BARK
(c) 2006
Graph Example of a Poplar sp.
Free floating wood
Decay
Sound
Bark
Sapwood Copyright Peter Blank 2007
(c) 2006
Example Graph of the same Poplar

Dia. 50 cm
(on northern side of trunk.)
Decay from 0 36 cm !
The small bit of sound wood at 12 cm (Arrow)
is insignificant as it is free floating and not
attached to a wall.
See chapter on free floating wood .
(c) 2006
Example of Decayed Heartwood

- Soft -
Soft Tissue
(c) 2006
Electronic Graph Example of Decayed

Wood in Centre of a Limb
(c) 2006
Graph using the Average Curve

( Blue Line )
The Average line can be set in the IML Software F-Tools

Pro and can be used to show the average trend of a graph.
Sapwood
Heartwood
Average Line
(c) 2006
Decay
The Average Curve Blue Line
Die Average Curve (blue line) can also be used to create a threshold
database of sound trees of a cretin species in a cretin area.
(c) 2006
Free Standing Trees

Please Note: The graph amplitude is generally higher
in a free standing & wind exposed tree !
These trees build more muscles to compensate the
wind.
That will also apply for the compression side or a
bend in a tree.
(c) 2006
Threshold and Database of

Measurements
Trees are a living organism and due to geographical,
soil and weather differences it is only possible to have
a rough threshold for measurements. ( graphs)
In order to obtain an objective threshold, a minimum
of 10 trees of the same species but of different size
must be tested. The average of the data collected is
then the approximate threshold for that species for a
specific area.
(c) 2006
Threshold Example of a Sound species of

Tree in a particular area
Example Only !
Threshold: 25% Amplitude

(c) 2006
Find the extent of Decay by

Drilling through to the Sound Wood.
Always drill further
through the decay
into sound wood
Sound
(if possible) to determine
the extend of decay.
Decay
(c) 2006
Drill on 3,4 or 6 sides to know the

extent of Decay and Wall Thickness
Decay
(c) 2006
With 5 drills we would have a pretty good

idea on the average of the wall thickness
(c) 2006
Find the extend of Decay

or Sound Wood
Always drill further up and down in trunk
(c) 2006
I. Drill Example on a Log

Drill
(c) 2006
II. Drill Example on a Log

Drill
(c) 2006
Test for Sound Wood and/or Decay

Testing can be done two ways depending on the
individual circumstances:
for decay
or for the amount of sound wood.
Often it is satisfactory to know the amount of

sound wood in a tree and therefore the actual
amount of decay is less important.
Weight of the Tree
A large tree can weigh a few

tonne more at the base as of the
way up the trunk therefore the
measurement amplitude on
the graph can be higher at the
base
Less Weight
More Weight
(c) 2006
Drag on the Drilling Needle

Due to sometimes
extremely hard wood
and/or sap there can be
a drag on the needle (drill
bit).
The resistance increases
when there is drag on the
needle, therefore the
graph amplitude is
abnormally higher.
See: next two pages.
(c) 2006
Example of Hardwood Drag on needle in

very hard/old Timber Bridge
Decay
Decay
Even the Amplitude is over the decay threshold due to the drag of the
needle the slight drop in the graph indicates decay (lower resistance).
Irregularities should be noted.
(c) 2006
Timber Bridge Graph
From 0 2 needle entry

From 2 17 Sound
From 17 21 Decay
From 21 24 Sound
Note: Due to the drag on the needle in very hard/old timber the graph
does not fall right down when in decay/hollow ! see Arrow.
(c) 2006
Timber Bridge Graph
0 1 Needle entry
1 12 Sound
12 28 Decay - (in very hard wood there can be a lot of drag
on the needle so the graph does not always fall right down.)
(c) 2006
Measurement
Measuring Result
(c) 2006
Measurement
Testing with the 45 degree Adaptor or holding

the Resistograph in a 45 degree position
(c) 2006
45 degree testing formula

When testing in a 45 degree position the needle travels further, therefore
a cavity appears to be larger than it actually is.
The formula is 1.4
i.e. If a measurement is 25 cm long on a 45 degree angle and the cavity is
12 cm, the true size of the cavity is 12 divided by 1.4 = 8.57 cm
True size of object is 17.8 cm
True size of cavity is 8.57 cm
45 degree drill = 25 cm total

and 12 cm cavity
(c) 2006
Annual Growth Rings
The Resistograph reading will pick

up Growth Rings.
Growth Ring Analysis

The IML F-Tools Pro Software is capable of
Annual Growth ring Analysis.
This Software will help identify Annual
Growth Rings and the age of the tree.
Graph Example of Growth Rings
(c) 2006
Easy to Identify the Growth Rings in this Photo
(c) 2006
Growth Rings in a Graph

Growth rings generally have a higher resistance
therefore it shows up as a slight peak in the graph.
Only the first 50 % of

the trunk is measured.
p. s.
Drill has to be exact at 90 Degrees
at the trunk !
(c) 2006
Magnifying Graph for Growth Ring

Analysis (part of a graph)
1:1
5x
10 x
The software allows us to

zoom in on a graph until
annual growth rings are
clearly identified .
See Arrows.
Accurate Growth Ring Analysis

depends also on knowing the
individual species.
Tip:
Try both drill speeds in order to
find the best resolution of growth
rings on your graph.
(c) 2006
Analysing Growth Rings
The Growth Ring parameters have to

be applied manually with the software.
( Red lines )
Age of the Tree
(c) 2006
Analysing Growth Rings

Example
Saved Printout
Age
(c) 2006
IML Growth Ring Analysing Software

For more instructions please refer to the IML Software
User Manual.
(c) 2006
Other Applications for the

Resistograph
For Trees
For Timber Bridges
For Play Ground Equipment
For Power Poles
For Building Inspection
For Termite Inspection
Building Inspections
House stumps can also

be tested for decay &
Termites with the
Resistograph.
Utility Pole Testing
Power Pole Testing

The Resistograph is used for non invasive Power Pole
testing in USA, Canada, Germany, England, Italy,
Spain & France.
It replaces the old method of drilling a inch hole and
checking the sawdust.
Measurements can be stored in an electronic database.
Due to the size of the needle (1.5 mm) the pole can be
tested many times without being replaced.
Testing is done in a fraction of time (without digging)
and is recorded in a database.
This is a big advantage for the Asset Owner in terms of
cost saving and accuracy.
Power Pole Testing

Decay in timber poles is usually
around & below ground level
Pole Testing Field Trials
(c) 2006
45 degree Adaptor for use on Power

Poles & Timber Structures
Timber Bridge Testing

The Queensland Department of Main Roads
has undertaken comprehensive studies of Non
Destructive testing, as a result this department
is now using the Resistograph technology.
All studies & papers are available for download
from this website:
www.decaydetectionmanual.com
Bridge Testing
(c) 2006
(c) 2006
Power Pole Break Testing after Testing
(c) 2006
Power Pole Break Testing
(c) 2006
Testing for Termites

& Building
Inspection
Termite & Building Inspection

The Non Destructive
Resistograph Technology has
been proven in Termite &
Building inspection.
The F150S model is an
excellent choice due to its
compact size.
Articles on Termite inspection
with the Resistograph are
available from IML Australia
on request.
How the Resistograph F150-S Works to Find Damage

How the Resistograph F150-S Works to Find Damage:
The Resistograph F150-S finds termite galleries by detecting voids
inside the wood. As each location is probed, a small piece of water
proof wax graph paper is generated which shows sound wood
(medium graph line), rotted wood (1/4 height on graph), or void (zero
on graph). The routine graph spikes (up and down), from termites
eating only soft wood and leaving the rings, make subterranean
termites easy to identify. Other damage such as dry wood termites,
Carpenter ants and Formosan termites can also be detected with this
new technology. The Resistograph F150-S will not accidentally show a
void that is not there. If a graph shows a zero drop, it most certainly
indicates a void in the wood. Termite damage can be distinguished
from other damage by the characteristic up and down of the graph
showing the hollowed soft wood, followed by annual rings, and then a
void again. The only way to further verify a positive graph readout is to
probe nearby areas for a second or third verification of the same
results. A second or third readout will all but eliminate any misreads by
an untrained operator.
How the Resistograph F150-S helps to find Live

Termites
The Resistograph F150-S eliminates the need to drill
numerous holes into studs to find possible live termites.
Unlike surface bore scopes used to inspect the outside of a
stud in a wall void, the Resistograph F150-S pinpoints the
spot in the wood for direct observation with an inspection
scope and a inch drill hole. Live termites can be observed
in damaged timbers by drilling holes in the stud large
enough for magnified inspection scopes. The waterproof
wax graph paper will indicate the depth to find galleries,
making it possible to find termites quickly and easily.
The F150-S for Termite & Building

Inspection
The Resistograph F150-S was designed for
finding termite galleries inside finished walls
without damage to the wall surface. This
exciting new technology offers an added level
of professionalism to the termite industry.
Now, you can be certain of the damage and
activity inside a wall void without costly repair
bills.
Resistograph
Trouble Shooting
Trouble Shooting 1.
The drilling needle does not rotate, the slide does not
move, and a rattling noise is to be heard during
operation of the drill !
- the drill holder of the drill has opened
- the gearbox of the IML-RESI is damaged, please contact
your dealer!
TROUBLE SHOOTING 2,
The drilling needle rotates, but the slide does not move
forward from the rear position!
- Switch on the drill several times in forward running and see
whether the slide moves!
- Remove clutch cap in the front plate and turn the central
spindle clockwise a little by means of a screw driver.
- If the problem occurs frequently, the clutch will have to be readjusted, Clutch overload.
Trouble Shooting 3,
The drilling needle rotates, but the slide does not
move forward nor backward from any position!
- Re-adjust the clutch as described in the section
Overload Clutch in User Manual!
Trouble Shooting 4,
The drilling needle does not rotate, and the slide
does not move at all!
- the drill has not been set to any transmission stage!
- the safety pin has sheared off owing to overload,
- cf. Section Replacing the Safety Pin in User Manual
Trouble Shooting 5, (a)

The drilling needle may jam in the material to be
examined, if:
- the power of your drill is too low
- it hits hard, non-wooden materials (stone, splinter...)
- a drilling process in green wood has been stopped and
re-started more than several times
- minutes later and the needle has stuck in the wood
during this time
- the drilling instrument has been canted during the
measuring process
Trouble Shooting 5, (b)

If you are unable to remove the needle from the drill hole
by turning it, you will have to remove it from the drill, cf.
section Exchanging the Drilling Needle!
If you do not succeed in removing the needle from the drill
holder this way, you will have to cut it off between the
wood and the drilling instrument. The part that remains in
the drill holder will be removed as you would do for usual
exchange of the drilling needle and replaced by a new
drilling needle!
Adjusting the Clutch

Please refer to IML User Manual
Replacing the Safety Pin

Please refer to IML User Manual
A few
Testimonials
Testimonial
My Testimonial
by John Atkins
The Resistograph is one of the most accurate decay detection

devices available in Australia. The simplicity of operation,
portability of the unit and solid performance ensure the Arborist
has a reliable tool in the field. The ability to incorporate the
drilling results as a detailed graphical image into reports makes it
highly useful in presenting the facts. The Resistograph provides
the Arborist with an understanding of the inner portions of the
tree, and when combined with experience, a careful Visual Tree
Assessment and an understanding of how to interpret the results,
an Arborist can make definite judgements on tree strength and
decay. I like to call mine a 'Tree Saver', as the facts after testing
comprehensively with the Resistograph have saved many trees I
would have otherwise condemned.
Testimonial
Urban Tree Management has been using the Resistograph (Resi-500) for
more than 5 years which has now formed an intricate part of many
reports. It has enabled us as consultants to provide to our clients a
professional and clear understanding of the internal structure of a tree by
utilising a non-destructive method.
A Visual Tree Assessment is the initial stage for tree inspection and
examination but is limited to the external signs only. The Resistograph has
taken us to the next step by presenting the results of the concealed internal
structure of a tree which would generally go undetected without the
assistance of this technology.
The computer upgrade has taken us to a higher step again by enabling first
class presentation of the data with the ability to present it concisely in a
clear and easily understood format.
Feedback from our clients has only been positive and of high quality.
As professional Arboricultural consultants, we are legally accountable to
carry out tree hazard assessments with the most up to date and scientific
technologies. As a team of consultants we pride ourselves on quality and a
high standard, the Resistograph has enabled us to achieve that goal.
Testimonial
We at Bellarine Tree Services were looking for a way
to give absolute conclusive evidence to our clients of
the condition under the bark of their treesAfter
looking around at what the market had to offer we
purchased our Resistograph. (18 months ago.)
Since this time it has proven to be a valuable tool to our
consulting Airbursts and customers alike.
The Resistograph is simple to use but technical in
nature, so the information it details and records is state
of the art.
With the electronics kit included it is an all round tool
proving its worth job after job.
Testimonial
Resistograph Technology Eliminating the Guess Work
by Scott McKenzie BSc. (UNSW), Adv. Cert. Hort. (Ryd/Pad)
Botanist
All Suburbs Tree Services (NSW) P/L
As a botanist, it has always concerned me the degree to which a
Visual Tree Assessment (VTA) can accurately predict the internal
state of primary and secondary tissue development, or the lack there
of. The Resistograph allows me to accurately assess the state of
growth and/or decay within the tree (with respect to tree ring
analysis), eliminating the guess work for unnecessary tree removals.
A masterful piece of machinery that is fast, accurate and has no
significant impact on the health of trees. At All Suburbs Tree
Services (NSW) pty ltd, we have saved more trees, using the
Resistograph, than we have ever done in the past.
Testimonial for the IML Electronic

Hammer
IML Hammer
Wood Quality Focus (a private wood quality consultancy company in NZ) has used
the IML Hammer for a wide range of forest based projects over the last two years. It is
one of a small number of tools that can be used to obtain a reliable indication of
timber stiffness in standing trees and therefore has application across the age range
with younger trees sampled in conjunction with tree breeding programs and older
stands to assist harvest planning, log allocation and pricing. Timber stiffness is an
important property with regard to structural applications.
Initially I hired an IML Hammer from Ensis (formerly Forest Research located in
Rotorua N.Z.). Ensis staff have modified the probes for large scale in-forest use and
continue to make modifications in this area to enhance the ease of use allowing more
trees to be sampled in a given timeframe. More recently I have purchased my own
IML Hammer to allow me to continue to pursue both research and consultancies with
individual forest and breeding companies.
Don McConchie
Wood Quality Focus
New Zealand
Other IML Products
IML Electronic Hammer

- Ultrasound -
IML Fractometer II
IML Measuring Table
PART 2.
In the Field
Remember:
Resistograph Drilling is only ONE
PART of the Tree Assessment !
Where To Drill and Why
Identifying Target Areas

Target areas such as park
benches, picnic areas,
playgrounds, walkways,
roads & buildings play a
very important role in tree
assessment. Tree Safety in
target areas is of highest
priority !
(c) 2006
Prime Target Area:

Play Ground
(c) 2006
How to Read a Tree and where to

drill ?
Hazard Assessment & VTA Visual Tree Inspection ( C. Mattheck)

Walk around the tree and inspect from the roots to the top
Assess the trees general health and growing conditions
Look for obvious wounds & decay
Look for root damage, cracks, indentations, fibre buckling in trunk
Look for irregularities i.e. swelling, included bark, abnormal lean
Note the HD ( Height/Diameter) ratio
Work out the most likely spot for decay
Look out for fungi and soft tissue
Know your species
(c) 2006
Know your Species

Certain tree species are prone to specific types
of defects.
It is advisable to study the behaviour of species
in your particular area by:
Talking to the local Arborist or Tree Worker,
examine failed trees, test trees before felling and
dissecting after.
The more the operator knows about the behaviour
of the species in the area, the more acuate the
reports are.
(c) 2006
What is Decay ?
Wood decay often starts with an injury.

Bacteria & micro organisms that are getting in are
responsible for the start of decay.
Fungi are also associated with decay.
Wood decay is common among trees. Decay can affect
the roots, sapwood, or heartwood. Some trees may
appear to be healthy, yet have extensive decay within
the heartwood. These trees, although appearing healthy,
are structurally weakened and will be more likely to fail.
Decay Formula ?
It is impossible to have a standard formula regarding the
amount of decay or hollow.
It depends on:
Is the tree standing alone or in a group protected from wind?

Is the tree in or near a Target area?
Is the tree short or tall ? Hight/Diameter Ratio (HD)
Has the tree excessive weight in crown?
Has the tree a large or small sail area?
Is the tree in general good health?
The Age of the tree.
Is this particular species prone to fail easily?
(c) 2006
Examples
A single, thin & tall tree with no decay could be
more of a concern than a compact, thick tree
with some decay.
A tree with little decay next to a children's play
ground is more of a concern than a tree with
more decay in a park, surrounded by other trees
in a non target area.
(c) 2006
Wind & Weight
Protected Trees from Wind

When trees are close together
they are more protected from
wind and will not fail as a
single tree on its own.
Wind
(c) 2006
Trees Protect each other.
in a Park
(c) 2006
Trees Protect each other.
. In a Forest
(c) 2006
Single (slender) Tree not Protected

A single slender unprotected tree
is more likely to fail.
Wind
Compression
Anchor Root
Tension
(c) 2006
Height/Diameter Ratio
The H/D ( Height/Diameter) Ratio is
very important when assessing a tree.
Slender/Tall vs. Thick/Short

A slender & tall tree is more
likely to fail than a short and
thick tree.
Height/Diameter Ratio !
(c) 2006
This tree is short, thick, little weight

& small sail .
(c) 2006
This tree is tall, slender and free standing
(c) 2006
Sail Area & Weight

Sail Area is the wind resistance
of the leaves and branches.
Sail
Sail
A tree with a large sail area and

heavy weight will fail generally
easier than a tree ( same height)
with less weight and small
sail area
(c) 2006
WIND
WIND
WIND
Large
WIND
Sail
Small Sail
A tree with greater

Sail Area is more
susceptible to wind
than a tree with smaller
Sail Area of the same
eight.
(c) 2006
For how to calculate Wind Loads

please refer to Manual of Wood
Decay by K. Weber & C. Mattheck
Page 112.
Cracks, Free Floating Wood and

Wall Thickness
Cracks
In order to identify the size of the crack, the
drilling process continues until satisfied.
(c) 2006
The Needle finds a Crack

If the needle (drill bit) accidentally runs along a
crack the graph will identify it as decay. (A)
One or more reference drills will clarify. (R)
R
A
(c) 2006
% of Decay in Trunk or Wall

Thickness? Depends on the
Individual Tree
.
Min
e
c kn
i
h
lT
Wa l
ss
Decay
This trunk has less

than 30% decay but
a very minimal wallthickness therefore
the tree could fail.
(c) 2006
% of Decay or Wall Thickness ?

Here the % of decay is not that great but the
wall thickness on over half the trunk is minimal.
Therefore the tree is unsafe.
Min. Wall Thickness
(c) 2006
Free Floating Wood
The Holding Wood between two pockets of Decay is

to an extent free floating and of not much use for
the strength of the tree.
Wall
Wall
Free floating holing wood
Free floating holding wood
(c) 2006
Free Floating Sound Wood

Yellow: Sound Holding Wood
Red:
Decay
Yellow: X Free Floating Sound Wood
X
X
X
X
Note:
It might take more than 3 or 4 drills
to establish a picture like this.
(c) 2006
Free Floating Wood
(c) 2006
Example of Graph with free floating

sound wood .
Sound
Decay
Free Floating sound wood should be ignored

and classed as Decay as it does not serve any
role in the strength of the tree .
Decay
Bark
free floating
sound wood
(c) 2006
If there are pockets of decay with free floating

sound wood in between, then the whole should be
classed as Not Sound
Arrows show free floating

sound wood
Sound
Not Sound
(c) 2006
False identified Free Floating Wood

False Free Floating Wood
Drill
Free Floating Wood is NOT

attached to the sound structure
of the tree !
If there are two or more pockets of

decay and we only conduct one drill, then
we could identify the wood between these
pockets as free floating wood. Therefore
Copyright
Peter Blank
2007
more drilling is required
to be
sure.
(c) 2006
Free Floating Wood
(c) 2006
Different Stages of Decay

Honey Comb Decay
& Free Floating Wood
Decay start/soft
Wall
(c) 2006
Different Types of Decay

A
A = Wall
B = Decay start/ Soft / Free floating
C = Honey Comb Decay
C
B
(c) 2006
Basic Tree Mechanics

By C. Mattheck

By C. Mattheck
Wounds in Trees
Wounds in Trunk & Branches

Wounds on Trees can be caused by:
Fire.
Broken off or broken out branch.
Another tree or branch falling on it.
Stock & Wild Animals.
Machinery, i.e. Bulldozer, Lawnmower, Brush Cutter, Cars
etc.
Other human interference.
Decay is common in Wounds

Therefore decay is often suspected in or around
wounds on trunk and branches.
Wounds are the obvious and first place for
decay testing.
It is important to test not only in a wound but
also around the wound in order to find the full
extent of the decay.
Suspected Decay in right hand Trunk

and Root Crown
Large Wound,
Suspect Decay in most of the lower Trunk and Roots
If this tree is decayed and the trunk

Is below a minimal wall thickness,
failure would be very much expected.
Fail here
(c) 2006
Various Types of Wounds
Decay Zone
Drill Here
Drill Here
(c) 2006
Various Wounds
Arrows show where to suspect decay & drill.
Decay Zone
(c) 2006
Various types of Wounds

this wound is still open and therefore decay is suspected.
Drill Here
Drill Here
e
H
l
l
ri
re
(c) 2006
Arrows show where to drill.
(c) 2006
Traffic/Machinery Wound in an
Elm Tree
Decay Zone
Various Wounds
(c) 2006

This wound is too large for the tree to compartmentalise.
Drill Here
Drill Here
Drill Here
(c) 2006

Possible machinery or traffic wound.
Drill Here
Suspected Decay
Area
Drill Here
(c) 2006
Indentations & Bulges

Indentations & Bulges indicate
possible decay in trunk or a limb.
Drill Here
Ref. Drill
Drill Here
(c) 2006
Swelling on Co-Dominant Tree

The tree compensates decay, weight
and stress by forming more tissue
(like muscles), therefore one has
to suspect decay there.
Drill Here
(c) 2006
Swelling
Swelling is often associated
with decay as the tree
compensates with extra
tissue.
The most likely place to find
decay is : see Arrow
(c) 2006
Swelling in Trunk
Drill Here
(c) 2006
Swelling in Base of Trunk of

Co Dominant Tree
Drill Here
Drill Here
(c) 2006
Swelling in Trunk
Tension
Compression
l in g
Swel
Drill Here
Drill Here
He
l
l
i
r
D
re
(c) 2006
Ridge for Reference Drill

Ridge
Perfect Reference
Drill Point
Tension Side
h
nc
oo
R
r
Note: The Amplitude will be sightly higher

Copyright
Peter Blank 2007
on a Ridge Tension
side.
(c) 2006
Various types of Wounds

Traffic Wound
Reference
Suspected Decay
Area
Drill here
(c) 2006
Multi - Trunk
Ref. Drill
Drill Here
Drill here
(c) 2006

Tension
Compression
TENSION
REF.DRILL
DRILL HERE
(c) 2006
Heavy Machinery Wound
(c) 2006
Typical Fire Wound on Trunk
(c) 2006
Another Typical Fire Wound in a

Eucalyptus Tree

Machinery /Traffic Wound
REF. DRILL
DRILL HERE
(c) 2006

REF. DRILL
DRILL HERE
(c) 2006

REF. DRILL
DRILL HERE
(c) 2006
Drill here
Drill here
Drill here
he
D r il l
re
(c) 2006

Ref. Drill
Drill here
(c) 2006

On this obvious Fire Wound the operator is measuring the
remaining wall thickness and the extent of decay in the
upper trunk & root crown .
(c) 2006
DRILL HERE
Suspected Decay
Area
(c) 2006

Arrows show where to test.
(c) 2006

(c) 2006
Typical Rams Horn

The tree tried to compartmentalise the wound (fire
or machinery wound)
(c) 2006

Ref. Drill
Ref. Drill
Conduct Reference Drills to
determine the extent of decay
(c) 2006
Decay in Cupressus Mac.

( no visible wounds or faults from the outside ! )
(c) 2006
Various Wounds
Traffic Wound on an Elm Tree
Arrows show where to

suspect decay & drill
Open wound
(c) 2006
Various Types of Decay

Crack/Included Bark
Decay
Decay
(c) 2006
Various Wounds, same Species of Tree
Machinery Wound, 70% Decay / 4 cm wall

thickness in lower trunk. Also the root
crown has a large amount of decay.
This tree could potentially fail !
Machinery Wound, very little decay ,

some dead wood in lower trunk.
(c) 2006
Fruiting Bodies, Included Bark

& Co-Dominant Trees
Fungi or Fruiting Body
Fungi , an Indicator of Decay
(c) 2006
Fungi a Tell Tail of Decay

Residual sound wood
With still a good amount of residual

sound wood left, the fruiting body
has larger increments on top and
still growing. Therefore there is still
some sound wood in the tree.
Decay
(c) 2006
Fungi a Tell Tail of Decay

Residual sound wood
With very little sound wood

left, the increments on the
fruiting body are smaller and
finished growing. Therefore
there is little sound wood left.
Decay
(c) 2006
Old & Young Fungi
Younger, still growing
Older, finished growing
(c) 2006
Fruiting Bodies
Suspect Decay here
(c) 2006
Fruiting Body on the base of a Wound
Wound
Suspect Decay in
Root Crown and
In Wound
Fruiting Body
Suspected Decay
Area
(c) 2006
Very large Ganoderma Fungi on the base

of a Fig Tree
(c) 2006
Fruiting Body on Trunk

Note the spiral crack
Fungi
Suspect Decay
here first
Crack
(c) 2006
Small Fruiting Bodies Developing
(c) 2006
Fruiting Bodies on Base of Tree
L
DRI
E RE
H
L
(c) 2006
For more in depth information on

Fungus & Fruiting Bodies please
refer to: Manual of Wood Decays
by K. Weber & C. Mattheck.
Typical example of Included Bark .
(c) 2006
Co-Dominant & Included Bark

Arrows show where decay is suspected. (ears)
(c) 2006
What is included Bark ?

Included bark can be found enclosed between
branches with narrow angles of attachment,
forming a wedge between the branch or
trunk.
Included bark increases the risk of failure of
co-dominant stems.
Included bark can start off decay.
Included Bark
Included bark
(c) 2006
Included Bark
Drill Here
Drill Here
Drill Here
(c) 2006
Included Bark
(c) 2006
Included Bark in Eucalyptus sp.
(c) 2006

Arrows show where Decay is suspected.
(c) 2006
What is a Co Dominant Trunk ?

A co-dominant trunk are two or more trunks which
are competing in size and competing for light and
often contains included bark.
Co-dominant and multiple trunks are susceptible to
splitting.
Co-dominant stems that have included bark are
significantly weaker than those that do not have bark
included.
Co Dominant Trees
Ref. Drill
Included bark
Drill Here
Drill Here
(c) 2006
Co-Dominant Trunk
Trunk
Trunk
Included Bark
(c) 2006
Two Typical Examples of Included

Bark in Silky Oaks
(c) 2006
Graph Example of a Co-Dominant Tree

- 17 cm Dia -
(c) 2006
Included Bark on a Co-Dominant Trunk
(c) 2006
Co-Dominant Eucalyptus nicolii

* See next two pages for details
(c) 2006
The same tree sliced up.
Decay
Included Bark
(c) 2006
Co-Dominant Tree ( Eucalyptus nic.)
Resistograph Measurement
Decay-Hollow
Heartwood
Sapwood
Bark
(c) 2006
Failing Co-Dominant Tree
This Tree will Fail !
Crack
(c) 2006
Crack
(c) 2006
Pointy Ears
Pointy Ears on a co-dominant tree
is always a sign of a problem.
This co-dominant tree

is potentially unstable
Pointy Ears
(c) 2006
Co - Dominant Tree
Swelling
Swelling
Pointy Nosed Ears & Snub Nosed Ears
Snub Nose more stable then Pointy Nose Copyright Peter Blank 2007
(c) 2006
U Shape & V Shape

Co-Dominant Trunks
V
Potentially Unstable
More Stable
(c) 2006
Co Dominant Tree
Force
Included Bark
DRILL HERE
(c) 2006
Co Dominant Tree
- next to a building -
(c) 2006
Co - Dominant
Force
Force
Included Bark
DRILL HERE
(c) 2006

Arrows show where to suspect decay.
Included Bark
(c) 2006
Failed Co-Dominant Stem due to Decay
(c) 2006
Failed Co-Dominant Stem due to Decay

Arrows show decay.
(c) 2006
Broken Co-Dominant Stem

due to Decay
Broken Off Stem
Decay Zone
(c) 2006
Swelling
Broken out stem
Suspected Decay Zone

(c) 2006

due to Decay
Note the Swelling
(c) 2006
Swelling in fork
(c) 2006
Where this Tree can Fail
Decay Zone
Fail
(c) 2006
Co Dominant/ Multi Stem

Weight
Fo
r ce
o
F
e
H
l
l
i
Dr
re
rce
Decay Zone
(c) 2006
Failed Branch due to Decay in Dead Trunk

Dead Trunk
(c) 2006
Cracks
(c) 2006
Severe Shear Crack that WILL lead to Failure
Suspect Decay In
most of the trunk
Crack continuos on
into the root crown
(c) 2006
Shear Crack in the Trunk of a Silky Oak

Possible decay is also suspected
(c) 2006
Another severe Crack in the Trunk of a Silky

Oak This tree could fail at any time !
This Crack appears to be

caused initially by a wound.
85% of decay in trunk.
(c) 2006
Cracks in Trunk and Branches.

Like the Hazard Beam
Decay in Tree Roots
Often the decay is at or below ground

level, therefore drilling in a 45 degree
position is necessary.
Ref. Drill
Decay
(c) 2006
Good Flare of Trunk
(c) 2006
Root Plate of a London Plane Tree
(c) 2006
Root Flare & Land Fill
Decay
Drill 45 degrees
Ground Level
(c) 2006
Perfect Flare of Trunk
Trunk
Flare
Ground Level
Root
(c) 2006
Bad Example of Land Fill

Land Fill on the trunk can develop
Decay in the lower trunk (often just
below ground level).
This condition can even cause
death of the tree.
Trunk
Drill 45 degrees
Ground Level
Decay
Flare
Root
(c) 2006
No Trunk Flare
Bitumen close around the trunk will eventually lead

to Decay and decline of the tree.
(c) 2006
Land Fill on Trunk of a Eucalyptus

This Tree is Declining within 2 Years after the Landfill
Land Fill
(c) 2006
Garden Beds & Mulch ( Land Fill) too close &

around the Trunk Flare are often the cause of
Decay just below ground level.
Decay Zone
Mulch Garden Bed

(c) 2006
Garden Beds & Mulch ( Land Fill) too close &

around the Trunk Flare are often the cause of
Decay just below ground level.
(c) 2006
Anchor Roots (Tension Roots)

Trees develop anchor roots ( like muscles) and are one
of the most important part of the trees stability.
The anchor roots of a tree are usually on the tension
side (wind side).
If there is decay in the anchor roots the tree is likely to
fail!
Therefore it is advisable to check out anchor roots for
visible wounds or decay.
(c) 2006
Anchor Roots
WIND
Tension
Compression
Anchor Roots
(c) 2006
Anchor Roots
Anchor Roots are the are the

trees Anchor to stand up to wind
and weight. Supporting rocks
also help the stability.
Anchor Root
Wind
Soil
Stones
(c) 2006
Severe Wind will Stress Anchor Roots

WIND
For
ce
.therefore it is important that

Anchor- Roots do not have any defects.
Extreme Lean of a Eucalyptus sp.

Weight
Stress on Roots
Fail
This tree is likely to fail due to the

extreme lean, weight and stress
on Anchor roots.
(c) 2006
Wind
An
ch
or
Wound
s
ot
Ro
(c) 2006
Testing Anchor Roots

Ref. Drill
Wind
Drill Here
(c) 2006
Root Decay
(Decay in Anchor Root)
Drill H
ere
An
ch
or
ou
vi
Ob
Ro
ot
Drill here
y
ca
De
(c) 2006
Anchor Roots
Arrows show where to test Anchor Roots for Decay.
Wind
Compression
(c) 2006
The Anchor Roots show that the tree is

compensating heavy winds
Wind
Anchor Root
Note:
This Iron Bark Tree is
completely hollow in the
Lower trunk !
(c) 2006
Eroded Roots
can also cause Tree Failure
45 degree Resistograph Testing

Eucalyptus Nicoli
Eucalyptus Nicholii are usually sound in
their natural environment, however in urban
areas this species is commonly known to
have decay in the root crown.
The tree CAN test sound anywhere else in
the trunk !
KNOW YOUR SPECIES !
Decay Zone
(c) 2006
Root Decay drill on 45 degree angle.
Ref. Drill
Drill Here
Drill Here
Ground Level
Decay in Root
(c) 2006

Weight
Tension & Compression
Lever Arm
Decay in Branch Collar and Lever Arm

Leaver
Weight
If there is decay here

this branch can fail.
Drill Here
Fibre Buckling
(c) 2006
Branch failed due to Weight
(c) 2006
Long Lever Branch
Weight
Possible Failure
(c) 2006
One sided Weight in a Tree
Weight
One sided weight in a tree can be caused by

natural damage, not enough space or incorrect
pruning and can lead to failure particularly in
presence of decay.
(c) 2006
This Eucalyptus Tree bears its weight on one side

(compression side) therefore the Anchor Roots and
main Trunk has to be free of decay.
Wind
Weight
(c) 2006
What is Tension & Compression?

Tension Wood - Reaction wood forms when trees
lean. Tension wood is what forms on the upper side
of the lean. Tension wood is strengthened on the
upper side of the lean.
Compression wood forms on the lower side of the
lean in trees.

Weight
Tension
Amplitude on Graph
Can be slightly higher
On the ridge - Tension
Compression
(c) 2006

The tree needs more strength on the tension side, builds
muscles or higher quality wood. Therefore this wood is
usually more dense and the measurement can show a slight
higher amplitude.
The amplitude on the compression side can show a slight
lower amplitude.
The Compression side is usually on the lee side of the tree.
Note: some species of trees have more decay on the
compression side (base) i.e. Eucalyptus Nicoli
(c) 2006
Graph Example of a leaning tree with Decay

in centre
Drill direction
Needle Entry
Needle Exit
Decay in Centre
Compression Side
Note: the graph amplitude is

lower on the compression side
Tension Side
Note: the graph amplitude
Is higher on the
Tension side
(c) 2006
Tension & Compression in a Bend

As the tree builds muscles on the wind side (tension)
of the tree, the wood becomes stronger and therefore
the amplitude in the graph is highest where the
tree is most curved.
Compression Side
Tension Side
Tension, Compression & Weight
on
i
s
n
Te
Weakest Point
io
ss
re
p
m
Co
If this tree has decay in the

trunk, then it would fail.
Strong Leaning Tree

Weight
Tension
Compression
Drill Here
Drill Here
(c) 2006

Compression
Tension
Not compressed
but higher strength
Compression
(c) 2006
Bend in Trunk
see Arrow where tree could fail.
Weight
Possible Failure
(c) 2006
Multi Stem
Arrows show where the tree could fail.
Weight
Bark Buckling
(c) 2006
Bark Buckling on Branch due to Weight

see Arrow
Weight
Co
m
pr
es
si
o
(c) 2006
Bark Buckling in lower Trunk

see Arrow
(c) 2006
Bark Buckling on Bend in Trunk
(c) 2006
Bark Buckling on Branch due to Weight

see Arrows
(c) 2006
Shell buckling
(c) 2006
Fungi
Like a kinked hose, a hollow (decayed) tree is
giving way to the weight of the tree.
Decay
Darren Williams
Epicormic Growth
Epicormic growth is shoots arising from
activated buds situated at the base of the tree and
on the main trunk.
Epicormic growth often occurs after heavy
pruning or lopping of trunks and fires.
Epicormic growth is not very strong and will fail
regularly as it is not supported by a trunk collar.
Epicormic Groth
(c) 2006
Epicormic Growth on an Iron Bark

- Epicormic Growth will eventually fail.
(c) 2006
Epicormic Growth after Bush Fire
(c) 2006
Epicormic Growth that is likely to fail
(c) 2006
PART 3.
Basic Pruning, Dead Wood

&
Compartmentalization
Double Leader
Older Tree
Younger Tree
A young tree with a double

leader could end up Co-dominant .
(c) 2006
This Branch should have been pruned

when it was young
Fa
il
Decay
(c) 2006
Epicormic Growth on this young Jacaranda

should be pruned off at an early stage to
prevent future failures.
(c) 2006
Double Leaders
Double leaders will lead to Co-Dominant stems and therefore not
desired. It is advisable to prune the young tree.
Prune Here
(c) 2006
What is Compartmentalization ?
When trees come under attack from microorganisms, the primary line of defence is a
mechanism called compartmentalization.
In the case of a pruning cut or wound the tree
then builds cells around it and tries to seal it.
Some species of trees compartmentalize better
than others.
For more on compartmentalization please refer
to the works of Alex Shigo.
This branch is starting

to compartmentalize
(c) 2006
This branch is starting to
compartmentalize
(c) 2006
Full Compartmentalization of a Branch
(c) 2006
This branch has completely

compartmentalised
(c) 2006
Tree compartmentalising over a

Machinery Wound
(c) 2006
Broken off limbs are prone to decay and

therefore should be pruned correctly.
(c) 2006
Some interesting Pictures
Lightning Strike
Fusion of Branch
(c) 2006
Tree growing over fence
(c) 2006
Correct Pruning can prevent Decay !
Branch Collar
Incorrect previous
Pruning cut
(c) 2006
Totally Compartmentalised
Detained Decay
(c) 2006
Compartmentalised Branch Collar
(c) 2006
Dead Branch
Branch collar
Dead branch
Dead branch
Branch collar
Branch collar
(c) 2006
Dead Branch
Open Wound
Decay
(c) 2006
Dead Branch
Branch Collar
Branch Collar
The tree is trying to compartmentalise but

can not get tissue over the dead branch.
Notice collar is curling back. (arrow)
Decay
(c) 2006
Correct Pruning so tissue can grow over the

wound and compartmentalise.
(c) 2006
Correct Pruning on the Branch

Collar
Alex
Shigo
Correct Pruning
Flush Cut versus Correct Cut.
With a Flush Cut , it is harder

for the tree to Compartmentalize
The Branch Collar helps the tree to

Compartmentalize
Alex Shigo
Correct Pruning
Alex Shigo
Correct Old Pruning
Perfect compartmentalisation
Correct old pruning cut
(c) 2006
Start of Compartmentalisation from a

previous pruning cut.
Starting to grow over
Previous
Pruning Cut
Starting to grow over

(c) 2006
Alex Shigo writes more about correct

pruning and compartmentalisation in his
books and publications.
Dead-Wood
Dead-wood, or dead branches, are a normal part
of a trees growth pattern but will eventually fall.
Branches over five centimetres in diameter can
cause serious damage when they fall. Removal of
dead-wood should always be a priority.
Dangerous Dead-wood can fall

anytime
Dead-Wood
(c) 2006
PART 4.
Further Reading
We recommend further reading
We recommend further reading
We recommend further reading:
We recommend further reading:
Professor Claus Mattheck writes

more about Tree Mechanics in his
books and publications.
Does Drilling Harm the Tree ?

After an extensive scientific study by Prof. Claus
Mattheck it is now proven that even excessive drilling
does NOT harm the tree.
Please refer to the paper of The Effects of
Excessive Drilling on Wood Decay in Trees
K. Weber & C. Mattheck
Free Download at:
www.wooddecaydetectionmanual.com
Fresh cut Trees that had been

Resistograph tested some years ago.
Reaction Zone
Drill
Drill
This Tree was Drilled 7 Years ago
This Tree was Drilled 10 Years ago
Please read the Study on The Effects of Drilling
Claus Mattheck Seminar Tour

Australia 2004
(c) 2006
Mattheck Seminar Tour 2004 Australia
(c) 2006
Claus Mattheck Tour 2004 Australia
(c) 2006
Claus Mattheck Tour 2004 Australia
(c) 2006
Seminar Course
This Manual is also available as a
Seminar Course
Please contact us for details.
Acknowledgments & Thanks
C. Mattheck
A. Shigo
Darren Williams
IML Germany

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Decay Detection Manual

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Basic Decay Detection Manual for

Trees & Timber Structures

An Easy to Understand Manual.

Essential for the Resistograph operator.

Copyright Peter Blank 2007

but in my opinion it is necessary to give as many examples and circumstances

Part 1 - IML and the Resistograph

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IML Resistograph Information

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INSTRUMENTA MECHANIK LABOR

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IML Factory in Germany

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IML Australia, New Zealand & Asia

The IML Resistograph

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The Resistograph Principle

Please Note: this is a very exaggerated graph model

IML Resistograph Models

F150 S - Termite & Building Inspection

The IML Electronic Unit

The Electronic IML Resistograph

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Electronic Print Out

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View of the Software

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Object Data Box

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Example of the Comment Box on the

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Example of the Assessment Box in

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Always insert Wax Paper

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Take Care of Your Resistograph

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Insert Graph Paper

Push Wax paper strip forward

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Inserting Wax paper

Place wax paper strip

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Soft Wood Hard Wood Setting

Measurement Example of a Pine (soft

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Hard Wood Soft Wood

Hard Wood Soft Wood

Firmly press and turn

Hard Wood Soft Wood

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Hard Wood Soft Wood

Hard wood setting

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The Car Quick

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