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Processes of Pure Substances

1. The document discusses various processes that pure substances undergo during phase changes, including constant pressure, constant volume, constant temperature, adiabatic, and polytropic processes. Simple energy equations are used to analyze each process. 2. Key processes discussed include isobaric (constant pressure), isometric/isochoric (constant volume), isothermal (constant temperature), isentropic and irreversible adiabatic processes. Work, heat, and changes in properties are determined for each. 3. Several example problems are provided for each process to demonstrate calculating work, heat, temperatures, pressures, enthalpies, and efficiencies.

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Orley G Fadriquel
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2K views6 pages

Processes of Pure Substances

1. The document discusses various processes that pure substances undergo during phase changes, including constant pressure, constant volume, constant temperature, adiabatic, and polytropic processes. Simple energy equations are used to analyze each process. 2. Key processes discussed include isobaric (constant pressure), isometric/isochoric (constant volume), isothermal (constant temperature), isentropic and irreversible adiabatic processes. Work, heat, and changes in properties are determined for each. 3. Several example problems are provided for each process to demonstrate calculating work, heat, temperatures, pressures, enthalpies, and efficiencies.

Uploaded by

Orley G Fadriquel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PROCESSES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

INTRODUCTION
In this Lesson, we shall review processes with the aim of pointing out few strange
ideas to pure substances undergoing a change of phase during its process. The energy
equations previously set up in ideal gas processes, the symbols W, Q, H, h, U, u, P and
K are still applicable; the pdv and -vdp have the same meanings, but it is only seldom
that they are easily integrated. We shall avoid using ideal-gas laws unless necessary.
Although the vapor and ideal gas have similarity in forms and in their processes,
not all of the equations that are based on the characteristics of an ideal gas are
generally applicable to vapors. The general energy equation that was based on this
characteristic is not applicable to processes of vapors.
P1 + K1 + U1 +Ef1 + Q = P2 + K2 + U2 + Ef2 + W
Since the general energy equation is not applicable to vapors, we therefore shall
use simple energy equations that are applicable to processes of vapors because they
are based on any limitations.
The Simple Energy Equations
Q = U2 U1 + W n (unit mass)
PROCESSES OF VAPORS
A. CONSTANT PRESSURE PROCESS: (Isobaric)
An isobaric process is an internally reversible process of a pure substance during
which the pressure remains constant.
1) The process on the P-v and T-s planes
p

2
1

2
Q =Cpdt
= h=h2-h1

Wn= pdV

v
2) The Work, W
If the process is nonflow and reversible,
Wn = pdv = p V= P(v2-v1)

is the area on the P-v plane


under the constant pressure
process.

For an internally reversible process, p = c,


Q = CpdT = hp= (h2-h1)
For steady flow process, the work, Ws is
Ws = -vdp =0; P = 0; K = 0; dP = 0
If the system is open, steady-flow, control volume, since dQ = dh
Wsf = (-K + P), since P = 0; K = 0 then
Wsf = 0

3) Transferred Heat, Q
From the simple energy equation
Q = u2 u1 + W n
For Steady flow and Nonflow Process
Q = u2 u1 + W n
But
Wn = pdv = p V= p(v2-v1)
Q = u2 u1 + p(v2-v1)
Q = u2 u1 + p2v2 p1v1
But
h = u + pv
Q = (u2 + p2v2) (u1 + p1v1)
Q = h2 h1
where: h1 = hf1 + x hfg1
If the change in internal energy is desired
u2 u1 = (h2 p2v2) ( h1 p1v1)

PROBLEM SOLVING EXERCISES:


1. A piston-cylinder containing steam at 800 kPa and 300oC undergoes a constant
pressure process until the quality is 75%. Determine per kg (a) the work done, (b)
the heat transferred, (c) the change in internal energy, and (d) the change in
enthalpy.
2. Steam at 3.0 Mpa and with 75oSH rejects 1900 kJ/kg of steam heat at constant
pressure, determine (a) the final temperature and (b) the change in specific
entropy.
3. With 5% moisture, 2.5 kg of steam has an enthalpy of 6500 kJ. it is heated at
constant pressure to a final condition of 80oC superheat. Find (a) the pressure of
the process and (b) the quantity of heat received by the steam.
B. CONSTANT VOLUME PROCESS; V=C (Isometric, isochoric)
1) The process on the P-v and T-s planes

T
1
1

p=c

b
2

Q = U2U1

v=c

2
v

v1 = v2 = vf2 + x2vfg2 = vg2 y2vfg2


2) Work of a non-flow process,
Wn = pdv, since v=c, v2 = v1
Wn = 0
3) Transferred heat, Q
Q = U2 U1 + Wn 0
Q = U2 U1 and U2 = Uf2 + x2 Ufg2
also h = u + Pv;
u = h - Pv
Q = U2 U1 = (h2 p2v2) (h1 p1v1)
PROBLEM SOLVING EXERCISES:
1. Five kg of water vapor are contained at 160 kPa and 90% quality in a container.
Calculate the heat that must be added in order to just produce a saturated
vapor? What will the pressure be at the end of the heating process.

2. A rigid vessel contains 7 kg of at 0.5 Mpa. After the addition of 9600 kJ of steam,
the pressure beci nternaomes 2.5 Mpa and the temperature of 700 oC. Determine
the initial internal energy and the specific volume of the steam
3. A 1-kg steam-water mixture at 1.5 MPa is contained in an inflexible tank. Heat is
added until the pressure rises to 4.0 Mpa and the temperature is 400 oC.
Determine the heat transferred.
4. Water vapor at 100 kPa and 150oC is contained in a rigid vessel. At what
temperature will the vapor start to condense when the container is cooled slowly?
How much heat wil; be removed per kg in this cooling process?
C. CONSTANT TEMPERATURE (ISOTHERMAL) PROCESS
1) The process on the P-v and T-s planes
a
P
b
2

T
Isotherm
Critical
Temperature
c

p=c
1

Q
m

Reversible isothermal process :


(a) Several constant temperature lines, isotherms, a, b, c are drawn. As the
temperature rises above the critical temperature, the curve approaches the
typical curve of isotherm for a perfect gas.
(b) The area bounded by m-n-1-2, Tds and Tds, represents heat
Q = Tds = Tds = T(s2 - s1),
Where s2 s1, in this case is negative.
(c) Work of a non flow process, Wn
From the simple energy equation
Wn = U Q
or
Q = U + Wn
(d) For Steady flow work
Ws = Q h - K since K = 0 then
Ws = Q h
PROBLEM SOLVING EXERCISES:
1. Water at 2.5 MPa and 250oC is heated at constant temperature until the quality
becomes 85%. Find (a) the quantity of heat received by the water, (b) the change
in internal energy, and (c) the work of a non flow process.
2. Three kilograms of steam initially at 3.0 MPa and a temperature of 370 oC have
2500 kJ of heat removed at constant temperature until the quality is 90%.
Determine (a) the pressure when dry saturated steam exists and (b) the work.
3. Water vapor at 110 kPa and 150oC is compressed isothermally until half the
vapor has condensed. How much work must be performed on the steam in this
compression process per kg.

D. ADIABATIC PROCESSES, PURE SUBSTANCE


Recall that adiabatic processes is classified as
a) Throttling processes which are irreversible with no energy leaving the system
as work.
b) Isentropic processes which are defined as reversible adiabatics, no heat
transferred ( Q = 0) and the change in entropy of the substance is also zero
(S = 0)
c) Irreversible adiabatics which differ from throttling processes in that some
energy leaves (or enters) the system as work or some is converted into
kinetic energy.
1)
The reversible adiabatic process on the P-v and T-s diagram
P

T
1

P1

P1
2

P2

P2
2

a) For a nonflow process; from the simple energy equation


Q = u + Wn = 0
unit mass
Then,
Wn = - u = - (u2 u1) = u1 u2
b) For a steady flow
P1 + K1 +h1 + Q = P2 + K2 + h2 + Ws
with P = 0, K = 0, Q = 0
Ws = h1 h2
2)

The irreversible adiabatic process on the P-v and T-s diagram


P

T
1

P1
P1
P2
2

P2
v

Process 1 -2 is the corresponding reversible adiabatic or the isentropic process


(ideal process)
Process 1-2 is the irreversible adiabatic process (actual process)
a) For a nonflow process with no heat transfer
Q = u + Wn = 0
unit mass
Then,
Wn = - u = - (u2 u1) = u1 u2
b) For a steady flow
P1 + K1 +h1 + Q = P2 + K2 + h2 + Ws
with P = 0, K = 0, Q = 0
Ws = h1 h2

Efficiency of the Process,


The efficiency of the process is the ratio of actual work and ideal work
(expansion) or vice versa, ideal work to actual work (compression)
a) Expansion on h-s diagram (Mollier chart)
h

1
2

P1

Reheat

2
P2

s
Irreversibility

Actual work h1 h 2 '

x 100%
Ideal work h1 h 2
h2
h2 is known as internal reheat process
s2
s2 is the irreversibility of the process
b) Compression on h-s plane

e =

Reheat

P1
1
P2

s
Irreversibility

Ideal work h1 h 2

x 100%
Actual work h1 h 2 '

PROBLEM SOLVING EXERCISES:


1. A steam engine isentropically expands 5 kg/sec of steam from 0.68 MPa, 220oC,
the exhaust is dry and saturated. Determine (a) the work of a non flow process,
(b) the final temperature, and (c) the work of a steady flow process.
2. Three kg of steam has an initial enthalpy of 2693.54 kJ at 0.150 MPa. Isentopic
compression gives a final pressure of 0.30 MPa. Find (a) the initial and final
temperatures and (b) the work of a steady and nonflow processes.
3. Saturated steam at 0.15 MPa is compressed in a irreversible adiabatic process
with and efficiency of 80%. For a final pressure of 0.50 Mpa, determine (a) the
final and initial entropies and, (b) the ideal and actual temperatures of
compressed steam.
4. Wet steam at 200oC and 20% moisture is compressed in an irreversible adiabatic
process to a pressure of 2.50 Mpa and temperature of 230oC. Determine (a) the
work of compression, (b) the compression efficiency, (c) the irreversibility of the
process, (d) the compression internal reheat.

E. POLYTROPIC PROCESS
Internally reversible polytropic process is defined by the equation pv n = c.
a) The Process on the pv Plane
p

pvn = c

v
d
v
b) The Work of Non Flow
Process, Wn
Wn = pdv
c) The Heat Transferred, Q
Q = U + Wn
p v p v
Q = u 2 u1 2 2 1 1
1 n
d) The Steady Flow Work, Ws
np 2 v 2 p1v 1
nWn
Ws = - vdp =
1 n
PROBLEM SOLVING EXERCISES:
1. Steam at 7 Mpa and 450oC expands polytropically to 1.0 MPa according to PV1.3=C.
Determine the work of nonflow and steady flow, the heat transferred, change in
enthalpy, and change in entropy.
2. Determine the heat and the work of the polytropic expansion of steam from 2.8 MPa
at 340oC to 0.76 Mpa at 200oC.
3. Steam at 175oC and with specific enthalpy of 6 kJ/kgK undergoes a polytropic
process with n=1.18 until pressure becomes 2.0 Mpa. (a) What is the final
temperature of the steam? (b) What is the work and the quantity of heat of the
process?

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