Problem 1

Write the best title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not
supply blocks for the functions.
int main() {
string s; char c = A; double d = 1.1;
int a[4] = {3, 1, 4, 2};
bool b[2][3] = {{true, false, true}, {false, true, true}};
s = asString(c); cout << s << endl;
doubleIt(d); cout << d << endl;
doubleThem(a, 4); cout << a[0] << endl;
printArray(b, 2, 3);
c = randomLetter(); cout << c << endl;
return 0;

//
//
//
//
//

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

prints: A
prints: 2.2
prints 6
prints TFT FTT
prints a random letter eg Z

}
(a) Title line for asString.
Answer:
string asString(char x)
(b) Title line for doubleIt.
Answer:
void doubleIt(double &x)
(c) Title line for doubleThem.
Answer:
void doubleThem(int x[], int cap)
(d) Title line for printArray.
Answer:
void printArray(bool x[][3], int r, int c)
(e) Title line for randomLetter.
Answer:
char randomLetter()
Problem 2

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
double down(int x[], int cap, int gap) {
double ans = 0.0;
for (int i = 0; i < cap; i+= gap)
ans += x[i];
return ans / 10;
}
int main() {
int x[4] = {3, 1, 4, 1};
cout << x[2] << endl;
cout << x[5/3] << endl;
cout << down(x, 4, 1) << endl;
cout << down(x, 4, 3) << endl;
cout << down(x, x[0], x[x[1]]) << endl;
}

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

(a) What is the output at line (a)?

Answer:
4
(b) What is the output at line (b)?
Answer:
1
(c) What is the output at line (c)?
Answer:
0.9
(d) What is the output at line (d)?
Answer:
0.4
(e) What is the output at line (e)?
Answer:
0.8

Problem 3
Write a function called diff2 that returns the absolute value of the difference of the first two digits
of a positive integer parameter. If the parameter has just one digit, that digit should be returned.
For example, a program that uses the function diff2 follows.
int main() {
cout << diff2(7070);
cout << endl;
cout << diff2(7907);
cout << endl;
cout << diff2(7);
cout << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 7
// prints 2
// prints 7

Answer:
int diff2(int x) {
if (x < 100) {
int ans = x / 10 - x % 10;
if (ans < 0) ans = -ans;
return ans;
}
return diff2( x / 10);
}

Problem 4
Write a function called evenLessOdd that returns the sum of the even valued entries minus the sum
of the odd valued entries in an array of integers.
For example, a program that uses the function evenLessOdd follows. The first output is 2 = 8 1 5 and the
second is 10 = 1 1 5 3.

int main() {
int x[3] = {8, 1, 5};
int y[4] = {1, 1, 5, 3};
cout << evenLessOdd(x, 3) << endl;
cout << evenLessOdd(y, 4) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 2
// prints -10

Answer:
int evenLessOdd(int a[], int cap) {
int answer = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < cap; i++)
if ((a[i] % 2) == 0) answer += a[i];
else answer -= a[i];
return answer;
}

Problem 5
Write the best title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not
supply blocks for the functions.
int main() {
string s; char c = A; double d = 1.1;
int a[4] = {3, 1, 4, 2};
bool b[2][3] = {{true, false, true}, {false, true, true}};
d = randomNumber(); cout << d << endl; // (a) prints a random number eg 1.5
printThem(a, 4);
// (b) prints 3142
b[1][0] = majority(b, 2, 3); if (b[1][0]) cout << "true\n"; // (c) prints true
doubleIt(a[1]); cout << a[1] << endl;
// (d) prints: 2
s = asString(b[0][0]); cout << s << endl;
// (e) prints: True
return 0;
}

(a) Title line for randomNumber.

Answer:
double randomNumber()
(b) Title line for printThem.
Answer:
void printThem(int x[], int cap)
(c) Title line for majority.
Answer:
bool majority(bool x[][3], int r, int c)
(d) Title line for doubleIt.
Answer:
void doubleIt(int &x)
(e) Title line for asString.
Answer:

string asString(bool x)

Problem 6

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
double down(int x[], int cap, int &gap) {
double ans = 0.0;
for (int i = 0; i < cap; i+= gap)
ans += x[i];
gap += 2;
return ans / 10;
}
int main() {
int x[4] = {3, 2, 1, 8};
int a = 4, b = 1;
cout << x[7/3] << endl;
cout << down(x, a, b) << endl;
cout << down(x, a, b) << endl;
cout << down(x, x[0], x[x[2]]) << endl;
cout << x[2] << endl;
}

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

(a) What is the output at line (a)?

Answer:
1
(b) What is the output at line (b)?
Answer:
1.4
(c) What is the output at line (c)?
Answer:
1.1
(d) What is the output at line (d)?
Answer:
0.4
(e) What is the output at line (e)?
Answer:
1

Problem 7
Write a function called unlucky that returns an answer of true if the first two digits of a positive
integer parameter add to 13. Otherwise it returns false. (It returns false if the parameter has fewer than 2 digits.)
For example, a program that uses the function unlucky follows.

int main() {
if (unlucky(6789)) cout <<
if (unlucky(6889)) cout <<
if (unlucky(6)) cout <<
if (unlucky(49)) cout <<
return 0;
}

"Unlucky!\n";
"Unlucky!\n";
"Unlucky!\n";
"Unlucky!\n";

//
//
//
//

prints Unlucky!
prints
prints
prints Unlucky!

Answer:
bool unlucky(int x) {
if (x < 100)
return x / 10 + x % 10 == 13;
return unlucky( x / 10);
}
Problem 8
Write a function called lastOdd that returns the last odd valued entry in an array or returns 0 if
there is no odd value.
For example,
int main() {
int x[3] = {8, 1, 7};
int y[5] = {1, 2, 5, 4, 6};
int z[2] = {2, 2};
cout << lastOdd(x, 3) << endl;
cout << lastOdd(y, 5) << endl;
cout << lastOdd(z, 2) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 7
// prints 5
// prints 0

Answer:
int lastOdd(int a[], int cap) {
for (int i = cap - 1; i >= 0; i--)
if ((a[i] % 2) == 1) return a[i];
return 0;
}

Problem 9
Write the best title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not
supply blocks for the functions.
int main() {
string s; char c = A; double d = 4.0;
int a[4] = {3, 1, 4, 2};
bool b[2][3] = {{true, false, true}, {false, true, true}};
printThem(b, 2, 3);
// (a) prints TFT FTT
fixLies(b, 2, 3); printThem(b, 2, 3);
// (b) prints FTF TFF
d = cubeIt(d); cout << d << endl;
// (c) prints: 64.0
cubeInt(a[2]); cout << a[2] << endl;
// (d) prints: 64
a[1] = reverseDigits(a[2]); cout << a[1] << endl; // (e) prints: 1
return 0;
}

(a) Title line for printThem.

Answer:

void printThem(bool x[][3], int r, int c)

(b) Title line for fixLies.
Answer:
void fixLies(bool x[][3], int r, int c)
(c) Title line for cubeIt.
Answer:
double cubeIt(double x)
(d) Title line for cubeInt.
Answer:
void cubeInt(int &x)
(e) Title line for reverseDigits.
Answer:
int reverseDigits(int x)

Problem 10

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
double down(int x[], int cap, int &gap) {
double ans = 0.0;
for (int i = 0; i < cap; i+= gap)
ans += x[i];
gap += 2;
return ans / 10;
}
int main() {
int x[4] = {9, 1, 3, 2};
int a = 4, b = 2;
cout << x[9/3] << endl;
cout << down(x, a, b) << endl;
cout << down(x, a, b) << endl;
cout << down(x, x[2], x[x[2]]) << endl;
cout << x[3] << endl;
}
(a) What is the output at line (a)?
Answer:
2
(b) What is the output at line (b)?
Answer:
1.2
(c) What is the output at line (c)?
Answer:

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

0.9
(d) What is the output at line (d)?
Answer:
1.2
(e) What is the output at line (e)?
Answer:
4

Problem 11
Write a function called add7 that returns an answer found by putting a 7 in front of the first digit
of a positive integer.
For example, a program that uses the function add7 follows.
int main() {
cout << add7(1) << "\n";
cout << add7(17) << "\n";
cout << add7(456) << "\n";
return 0;
}

// prints 71
// prints 717
// prints 7456

Answer:
int add7(int x) {
if (x == 0) return 7;
return add7( x / 10) * 10 + x % 10;
}

Problem 12
Write a function called indexFirstOdd that returns the index of the first odd valued entry in an
array or returns -1 if there is no odd value. (The index of an entry is its position in the array.)
For example,
int main() {
int x[3] = {8, 8, 7};
int y[5] = {7, 2, 5, 1, 9};
int z[2] = {2, 2};
cout << indexFirstOdd(x, 3) << endl;
cout << indexFirstOdd(y, 5) << endl;
cout << indexFirstOdd(z, 2) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 2
// prints 0
// prints -1

Answer:
int indexFirstOdd(int a[], int cap) {
for (int i = 0; i < cap; i++)
if ((a[i] % 2) == 1) return i;
return -1;
}

Problem 13
Write the best title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not
supply blocks for the functions.

int main() {
string fullName = "Freddy Next Door";
int a2[2][3] = {{-2, 4, 3}, {-3, 4, 2}};
int a[5] = {7, 6, 5, 9, 7};
cout << middleDigit(19683) + 1
<< endl;
cout << random(a2, 2, 3) << endl;
cout << initials(fullName) << endl;
makePositive(a2[0][0]);
cout << number7s(a, 5);
return 0;
}

//
//
//
//
//

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

prints: 7 as 6 + 1
prints random entry eg 4
prints: F.N.D.
make a2[0][0] positive
prints 2: the number of 7s

(a) Title line for middleDigit.

Answer:
int middleDigit(int x)
(b) Title line for random.
Answer:
int random(int [][3], int r, int c)
(c) Title line for initials.
Answer:
string initials(string x)
(d) Title line for makePositive.
Answer:
void makePositive(int &x)
(e) Title line for number7s.
Answer:
int number7s(int x[], int cap)

Problem 14
Write the best title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not
supply blocks for the functions.
int main() {
string fullName = "Freddy Next Door";
int a2[2][3] = {{-2, 4, 3}, {-3, 4, 2}};
int a[5] = {7, 6, 5, 9, 7};
cout << firstLetter(fullName) << endl;
// (a) prints: F
cout << sumFirstCol(a2, 2, 3) << endl;
// (b) prints: -5 (as -2 + - 3).
cout << middleName(fullName) << endl;
// (c) prints: Next
makeRandom(a2, 2, 3);
// (d) reset the array with random entries
cout << round(((double) a[0])/((double) a[1])); // (e) prints 1
// the nearest integer to the ratio.
return 0;
}

(a) Title line for firstLetter.

Answer:

char firstLetter(string x)
(b) Title line for sumFirstCol.
Answer:
int sumFirstCol(int [][3], int r, int c)
(c) Title line for middleName.
Answer:
string middleName(string x)
(d) Title line for makeRandom.
Answer:
void makeRandom(int x[][3], int r, int c)
(e) Title line for round.
Answer:
int round(double x)

Problem 15

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int fun(int &x, int y) {
x = x + 1;
y = y - 1;
return y;
}
int main() {
int x = 2, y = 7, z = 10;
string s = "007";
cout << ((double) y) / x << endl;
// line (a)
if (!((x > y) && (y > 5))) s = "008";
cout << s << endl;
// line (b)
z %= y; cout << z << endl;
// line (c)
cout << fun(z, y) << endl;
// line (d)
fun(x, y); cout << y - x * 2 << endl;
// line (e)
}
(a) What is the output at line (a)?
Answer:
3.5
(b) What is the output at line (b)?
Answer:
008
(c) What is the output at line (c)?
Answer:
3

(d) What is the output at line (d)?

Answer:
6
(e) What is the output at line (e)?
Answer:
1

Problem 16

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int fun(int x, int &y) {
x = x + 1;
y = y - 1;
return y;
}
int main() {
int x = 3, y = 9, z = 10;
string s = "Yes";
cout << ((double) x) / z << endl;
// line (a)
if (!((x > y) || (y > 5))) s = "No";
cout << s << endl;
// line (b)
z %= y; cout << z << endl;
// line (c)
cout << fun(z, y) << endl;
// line (d)
fun(x, y); cout << y - x % 2 << endl;
// line (e)
}
(a) What is the output at line (a)?
Answer:
0.3
(b) What is the output at line (b)?
Answer:
Yes
(c) What is the output at line (c)?
Answer:
1
(d) What is the output at line (d)?
Answer:
8
(e) What is the output at line (e)?
Answer:
6

Problem 17
Write a function called removeLast0 that prints an integer parameter without its rightmost 0. If
there is no 0, print the number itself. If the number is 0, print nothing.
For example, a program that uses the function removeLast0 follows.
int main() {
removeLast0(7070);
cout << endl;
removeLast0(7007);
cout << endl;
removeLast0(777);
cout << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 707
// prints 707
// prints 777

Answer:
void removeLast0(int n) {
if (n == 0) return;
if (n% 10 == 0) cout << n/10;
else {
removeLast0(n/10);
cout << n % 10;
}
}

Problem 18
Write a function called removeLast7 that removes the rightmost 7 from an integer parameter. If
there is no 7, it makes no change.
For example, a program that uses the function removeLast7 follows.
int main() {
cout << removeLast7(777) << endl;
cout << removeLast7(1727) << endl;
cout << removeLast7(1234) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 77
// prints 172
// prints 1234

Answer:
int removeLast7(int n) {
if (n == 0) return 0;
if (n % 10 == 7) return n/10;
return 10 * removeLast7(n/10) + n%10;
}

Problem 19
Write a function called largestGap that returns the largest gap between two adjacent elements of
an array.
For example, a program that uses the function largestGap follows, it prints 7 since the largest gap is between the 9
and the 2.
int main() {
int x[] = {3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6};
cout << largestGap(x, 8) << endl; // prints 7
return 0;
}
Answer:

int largestGap(int x[], int n) {

int max = x[0] - x[1];
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
if (x[i] - x[i - 1] > max) max = x[i] - x[i - 1];
if (x[i - 1] - x[i] > max) max = x[i - 1] - x[i];
}
return max;
}

Problem 20
Write a function called smallestProduct that returns the smallest product formed by two adjacent
elements of an array.
For example, a program that uses the function smallestProduct follows, it prints 3 since the smallest product is
between the 3 and the 1.
int main() {
int x[] = {3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6};
cout << smallestProduct(x, 8) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 3

Answer:
int smallestProduct(int x[], int n) {
int min = x[0] * x[1];
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++)
if (x[i] * x[i - 1] < min) min = x[i] * x[i - 1];
return min;
}

Problem 21
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
blocks for the functions.
int main() {
int x = 0, y = 1, z = 2;
double b[3] = {1.9, 2.3, 3.0};
x = larger(x + y, z);
x = largest(x, y, y, z);
printAll(b, x, y);
boost(x, y);
boost(y, mystery(y, z));
return 0;
}
(a) Title line for larger.
Answer:
int larger(int a, int b)
(b) Title line for largest.
Answer:
int largest(int a, int b, int c, int d)
(c) Title line for printAll.
Answer:

//
//
//
//
//

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

sets x as the larger

sets x as the largest
print them all
increase x by the value of y
boosts y by a mystery amount

void printAll(double a[], int b, int c)

(d) Title line for boost.
Answer:
void boost(int &a, int b)
(e) Title line for mystery.
Answer:
int mystery(int a, int b)

Problem 22
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
blocks for the functions.
int main() {
int x = 0, y = 1, z = 2;
double b[3] = {1.9, 2.3, 3.0};
larger(x + y, z);
x = middle(x, y, y, z, z);
printAll(sqrt(b[1]), rand());
swap(x, y);
cout << mystery(y, mystery(y, b[0]));
return 0;

//
//
//
//
//

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

prints the larger

sets x as the middle value
print them all
swap them
a mystery function

}
(a) Title line for larger.
Answer:
void larger(int a, int b)
(b) Title line for middle.
Answer:
int middle(int a, int b, int c, int d, int e)
(c) Title line for printAll.
Answer:
void printAll(double a, int b)
(d) Title line for swap.
Answer:
void swap(int &a, int &b)
(e) Title line for mystery.
Answer:
double mystery(int a, double b)

Problem 23
Write blocks of code to perform the functions used in the following main program. Your blocks
must match the given title lines. Each block should be a short function of only a few lines.

int main() {
int b = 1, c = 2, a[4] = {3, 1, 4, 1};
// (a) Prints the sum of 3 things, here 6
cout << sum3(1,3,c) << endl;
// (b) Prints decimal form of fraction b/c, here 0.5
cout << fraction(b, c) << endl;
// (c) Fill array with random integers
randomFill(a, 4);
// (d) Print array backwards, with entries separated by spaces
backPrint(a, 4);
// (e) Print the first digit, assume argument is positive. Here 1.
firstDigit(19683);
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
Answer:
(a)
int sum3(int x, int y, int z) {
return x + y + z;
}

(b)
double fraction (int x, int y) {
return ((double) x) / y;
}

(c)
void randomFill(int x[], int cap) {
for (int i = 0; i < cap; i++) x[i] = rand();
}

(d)
void backPrint(int x[], int cap) {
for (int i = cap - 1; i >= 0; i--)
cout << x[i] << " ";
cout << endl;
}

(e)
void firstDigit(int x) {
if (x < 10) cout << x;
else firstDigit(x / 10);
}

Problem 24
Write blocks of code to perform the functions used in the following main program. Your blocks
must match the given title lines. Each block should be a short function of only a few lines.

int main() {
int b = 1, c = 2, a[4] = {3, 1, 4, 1};
// (a) Prints the average of 3 things, here 2.0
cout << average3(1,3,c) << endl;
// (b) Print the fraction b/c as a percentage, here 50.0%
cout << percentage(b, c) << "%" << endl;
// (c) Fill array with random positive single digit integers
randomFill(a, 4);
// (d) Print array, with entries separated by spaces
print(a, 4);
// (e) Print the second digit, assume argument is at least 10.
cout << secondDigit(19683) << endl;
return 0;
}

Here print 9.

Answer:
(a)
double average3(int x, int y, int z) {
return (x + y + z) / 3.0;
}

(b)
double percentage(int x, int y) {
return 100.0 * x / y;
}

(c)
void randomFill(int x[], int cap) {
for (int i = 0; i < cap; i++)
x[i] = rand() % 9 + 1;
}

(d)
void print(int x[], int cap) {
for (int i = 0; i < cap; i++)
cout << x[i] << " ";
cout << endl;
}

(e)
int secondDigit(int x) {
if (x < 100) return x % 10;
else return secondDigit(x / 10);
}

Problem 25

Write a function called gcd that returns the greatest common divisor of two positive integers.

For example, a program that uses the function gcd follows.

int main() {
cout << gcd(10, 15) << endl;
cout << gcd(11, 15) << endl;
cout << gcd(0, 15) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 5
// prints 1
// prints 15

Answer:
int gcd(int x, int y) {
if (y == 0) return x;
return gcd(y, x % y);
}
Problem 26
Write a function called removeFirst that removes the first digit of a positive integer and returns
the result (or returns 0 if the integer has only one digit).
For example, a program that uses the function removeFirst follows.
int main() {
cout << removeFirst(19683) << endl;
cout << removeFirst(11) << endl;
cout << removeFirst(1) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 9683
// prints 1
// prints 0

Answer:
int removeFirst(int x) {
if (x < 10) return 0;
return 10 * removeFirst(x/10) + x % 10;
}
Problem 27
Write a complete C++ program that does the following. (Programs that correctly carry out some
of the tasks will receive partial credit.)
1. It asks the user to enter to enter 250 integers.
2. It computes the average of the 250 integers that the user supplies.
3. It prints out exactly those numbers entered by the user that differ from the average by no more than 10.
Answer:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int data[250];
int count = 250;
cout << "Enter 250 integers: ";
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) cin >> data[i];
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) sum = sum + data[i];
double average = sum / ((double) count);
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
if ((average - data[i]) <= 10.0 && (data[i] - average) <= 10.0)
cout << data[i] << endl;
return 0;
}

Problem 28
Write a complete C++ program that does the following. (Programs that correctly carry out some
of the tasks will receive partial credit.)
1. It asks the user to enter to enter 250 integers.
2. It prints out exactly the negative numbers entered by the user in the reverse of their order of input.
Answer:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int data[250];
int count = 250;
cout << "Enter 250 integers: ";
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) cin >> data[i];
for (int i = count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
if (data[i] < 0)
cout << data[i] << endl;
return 0;
}

Problem 29
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
blocks for the functions.
int main() {
int a[4] = {314, 315, 265, 358};
int b = 1, c = 4;
cout << max(a, 4) << endl;
//
reverse(a, 4);
//
b = add(b, c);
//
cout << difference(a[0], a[1]) << endl; //
a[0] = sum(a[1], c);
//
return 0;
}
(a) Title line for max.
Answer:
int max(int x[], int cap)
(b) Title line for reverse.
Answer:
void reverse(int x[], int cap)
(c) Title line for add.
Answer:
int add(int x, int y)
(d) Title line for difference.
Answer:
int difference(int x, int y)

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

prints: 358
prints: 358 265 315 314
b becomes 5
prints: 1
a[0] becomes 319

(e) Title line for sum.

Answer:
int sum(int x, int y)
Problem 30
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
blocks for the functions.
int main() {
int a[4] = {314, 315, 265, 358};
int b = 1, c = 4, capacity = 4;
swap(b, c);
b = last(a, 4);
c = add(a[1], a[0]);
cout << max(a[1], 1) << endl;
cout << max(a, capacity, 700) << endl;
return 0;

//
//
//
//
//

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

swaps values of b & c

b becomes 358
c becomes 629
prints: 314
prints 700

}
(a) Title line for swap.
Answer:
void swap(int &x, int &y)
(b) Title line for last.
Answer:
int last(int x[], int cap)
(c) Title line for add.
Answer:
int add(int x, int y)
(d) Title line for max.
Answer:
int max(int x, int y)
(e) Title line for max.
Answer:
int max(int x[], int y, int z)
Problem 31
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
blocks for the functions.
int main() {
int a[4] = {314, 315, 265, 358};
int b = 1, c = 4;
cout << max(4, a) << endl;
reverse(a, 4);
b = add(b, b, c);
cout << difference(a[1], 300) << endl;
addOn(a[1], c);
return 0;
}

//
//
//
//
//

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

prints: 358
a becomes 358,265,315,314
b becomes 6
prints: 15
a[1] changes to 319

(a) Title line for max.

Answer:
int max(int cap, int x[])
(b) Title line for reverse.
Answer:
void reverse(int x[], int cap)
(c) Title line for add.
Answer:
int add(int x, int y, int z)
(d) Title line for difference.
Answer:
int difference(int x, int y)
(e) Title line for addOn.
Answer:
void addOn(int &x, int y)

Problem 32
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
blocks for the functions.
int main() {
int a[4] = {314, 315, 265, 358};
int b = 1, c = 4, capacity = 4;
swap(a[3], c);
b = first(a);
a[3] = add(a[1], a[0]);
cout << min(a, capacity) << endl;
printMin(a, capacity);
return 0;
}
(a) Title line for swap.
Answer:
void swap(int &x, int &y)
(b) Title line for first.
Answer:
int first(int x[])
(c) Title line for add.
Answer:
int add(int x, int y)
(d) Title line for min.
Answer:

//
//
//
//
//

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

swaps values of a[3] & c

b becomes 314
a[3] becomes 629
prints: 265
prints: 265

int min(int x[], int y)

(e) Title line for printMin.
Answer:
void printMin(int x[], int y)
Problem 33
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
blocks for the functions.
int main() {
int a[2][2] = {{314, 315}, {265, 358}};
int b = 1, c = 4;
cout << max(a, 2, 2) << endl;
//
reverse(a, 2, 2);
//
b = add(b, c);
//
cout << difference(a[0][0], a[0][1]) << endl; //
a[0][0] = sum(a[0][1], c);
//
return 0;

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

prints: 358
prints: 358 265 315 314
b becomes 5
prints: 1
a[0][0] becomes 319

}
(a) Title line for max.
Answer:
int max(int x[][2], int r, int c)
(b) Title line for reverse.
Answer:
void reverse(int x[][2], int r, int c)
(c) Title line for add.
Answer:
int add(int x, int y)
(d) Title line for difference.
Answer:
int difference(int x, int y)
(e) Title line for sum.
Answer:
int sum(int x, int y)
Problem 34
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
blocks for the functions.
int main() {
int a[2][2] = {{314, 315}, {265, 358}};
int b = 1, c = 4, rows = 2, cols = 2;
swap(b, c);
b = last(a, rows, cols);
c = add(a[0][1], a[0][0]);
cout << max(a[0][1], 1) << endl;
cout << max(a, rows, cols, 700) << endl;
return 0;
}

//
//
//
//
//

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

swaps values of b & c

b becomes 358
c becomes 629
prints: 315
prints 700

(a) Title line for swap.

Answer:
void swap(int &x, int &y)
(b) Title line for last.
Answer:
int last(int x[][2], int r, int c)
(c) Title line for add.
Answer:
int add(int x, int y)
(d) Title line for max.
Answer:
int max(int x, int y)
(e) Title line for max.
Answer:
int max(int x[][2], int r, int c, int z)

Problem 35
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
blocks for the functions.
int main() {
int a[2][2] = {{314, 315}, {265, 358}};
int b = 1, c = 4;
cout << max(2, 2, a) << endl;
reverse(a, 2, 2);
b = add(b, b, c);
cout << difference(a[0][1], 300) << endl;
addOn(a[0][1], c);
return 0;
}
(a) Title line for max.
Answer:
int max(int r, int c, int x[][2])
(b) Title line for reverse.
Answer:
void reverse(int x[][2], int r, int c)
(c) Title line for add.
Answer:
int add(int x, int y, int z)
(d) Title line for difference.
Answer:

//
//
//
//
//

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

prints: 358
a becomes 358,265,315,314
b becomes 6
prints: 15
a[0][1] changes to 319

int difference(int x, int y)

(e) Title line for addOn.
Answer:
void addOn(int &x, int y)

Problem 36
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
blocks for the functions.
int main() {
int a[2][2] = {{314, 315}, {265, 358}};
int b = 1, c = 4, row = 2, col = 2;
swap(a[1][1], c);
b = first(a);
a[1][1] = add(a[0][1], a[0][0]);
cout << min(a, row, col) << endl;
printMin(a, row, col);
return 0;

//
//
//
//
//

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

swaps values of a[1][1] & c

b becomes 314
a[1][1] becomes 629
prints: 265
prints: 265

}
(a) Title line for swap.
Answer:
void swap(int &x, int &y)
(b) Title line for first.
Answer:
int first(int x[][2])
(c) Title line for add.
Answer:
int add(int x, int y)
(d) Title line for min.
Answer:
int min(int x[][2], int r, int c)
(e) Title line for printMin.
Answer:
void printMin(int x[][2], int r, int c)

Problem 37
Write blocks of code to perform the functions used in the following main program. Your blocks
must match the given title lines. Each block should be a short function of only a few lines.
int main() {
int b = 1, c = 2, a[4] = {3, 1, 4, 1};
// (a) Prints the difference (ignoring sign), here 1
cout << absoluteDifference(7,8) << endl;
// (b) Prints random integer in range from b to c, assume b < c
cout << random(b, c) << endl;
// (c) Print square root of sum of squares of arguments, here 5.0

cout << hyp(3, 4) << endl;

// (d) Print array backwards, here 1413
backPrint(a, 4);
// (e) Print the last digit, assume argument is positive.
lastDigit(19683);
return 0;
}

Here 3.

Answer:
(a)
int absoluteDifference(int x, int y) {
if (x < y) return y - x;
return x - y;
}

(b)
int random(int x, int y) {
return rand() % (y - x + 1) + x;
}

(c)
double hyp(int x, int y) {
return sqrt(x * x + y * y);
}

(d)
void backPrint(int x[], int cap) {
for (int i = cap - 1; i >= 0; i--)
cout << x[i];
cout << endl;
}

(e)
void lastDigit(int x) {
cout << x % 10;
}

Problem 38
Write blocks of code to perform the functions used in the following main program. Your blocks
must match the given title lines. Each block should be a short function of only a few lines.
int main() {
int b = 1, c = 2, a[4] = {3, 1, 4, 1};
// (a) Prints the max, here 8
cout << max(7,8) << endl;
// (b) Swaps values
swap(b, c);
// (c) Print ratio, here 0.75
cout << ratio(3, 4) << endl;
// (d) Print number of even entries, here 1

cout << countEven(a, 4) << endl;

// (e) Print the first digit, assume argument is positive.
firstDigit(19683);
return 0;
}

Here 1.

Answer:
(a)
int max(int x, int y) {
if (x < y) return y;
return x;
}

(b)
void swap(int &x, int &y) {
int temp = x;
x = y;
y = temp;
}

(c)
double ratio(int x, int y) {
return ((double) x) / y;
}

(d)
int countEven(int x[], int cap) {
int ans = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < cap; i++)
if (x[i] % 2 == 0) ans++;
return ans;
}

(e)
void firstDigit(int x) {
while (x >= 10) x = x / 10;
cout << x;
}

Problem 39
Write blocks of code to perform the functions used in the following main program. Your blocks
must match the given title lines. Each block should be a short function of only a few lines.
int main() {
int b = 1, c = 2, a[4] = {3, 1, 4, 1};
// (a) Prints the absolute value (ignore sign), here 7
cout << absolute(-7) << endl;
// (b) Prints a random id number with the given length, here 007 may be printed
random(3);
// (c) Prints the ratio as a percentage, here 12.5% for 1/8

cout << percentage(1, 8) << "%" << endl;

// (d) Print every second entry of the array here 34
skipPrint(a, 4);
// (e) Print the last two digit, assume argument is at least 10.
lastTwoDigits(19683);
return 0;
}

Here 83.

Answer:
(a)
int absolute(int x) {
if (x < 0) return - x;
return x;
}

(b)
void random(int x) {
for (int i = 0; i < x; i++)
cout << rand() % 10;
cout << endl;
}

(c)
double percentage(int x, int y) {
return 100.0 * x / y;
}

(d)
void skipPrint(int x[], int cap) {
for (int i = 0; i < cap; i += 2)
cout << x[i];
cout << endl;
}

(e)
void lastTwoDigits(int x) {
cout << x % 100;
}

Problem 40
Write blocks of code to perform the functions used in the following main program. Your blocks
must match the given title lines. Each block should be a short function of only a few lines.
int main() {
int b = 1, c = 2, a[4] = {3, 1, 4, 1};
// (a) Print the number of odd arguments, here 1
cout << numberOdd(7,8) << endl;
// (b) Reorder arguments so that they increase, here swap them
sort(c, b);
// (c) Print closest integer here 4

cout << closest(3.75) << endl;

// (d) Print maximum entry, here 4
cout << max(a, 4) << endl;
// (e) Print the first digit, assume argument is positive.
cout << firstDigit(19683) << endl;
return 0;
}

Here 1.

Answer:
(a)
int numberOdd(int x, int y) {
return x % 2 + y % 2;
}
(b)
void sort(int &x, int &y) {
if (x <= y) return;
int temp = x;
x = y;
y = temp;
}
(c)
int closest(double x) {
return (int) (x + 0.5);
}
(d)
int max(int x[], int cap) {
int ans = x[0];
for (int i = 0; i < cap; i++)
if (x[i] > ans) ans = x[i];
return ans;
}
(e)
int firstDigit(int x) {
while (x >= 10) x = x / 10;
return x;
}

Problem 41
Write a function called numEven that returns the number of even digits in a positive integer
parameter.
For example, a program that uses the function numEven follows.
int main() {
cout << numEven(23) << endl;
cout << numEven(1212) << endl;
cout << numEven(777) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 1
// prints 2
// prints 0

Answer:
int numEven(int x) {
if (x <= 0) return 0;
if (x % 2 == 0) return numEven(x/10) + 1;
return numEven(x/10);
}

Problem 42
Write a function called lastEven that returns the last even digit in a positive integer parameter. It
should return 0 if there are no even digits.
For example, a program that uses the function lastEven follows.
int main() {
cout << lastEven(23) << endl;
cout << lastEven(1214) << endl;
cout << lastEven(777) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 2
// prints 4
// prints 0

Answer:
int lastEven(int x) {
if (x <= 0) return 0;
if (x % 2 == 0) return x % 10;
return lastEven(x / 10);
}

Problem 43
Write a function called sumEven that returns the sum of the even digits in a positive integer
parameter.
For example, a program that uses the function sumEven follows.
int main() {
cout << sumEven(23) << endl;
cout << sumEven(1212) << endl;
cout << sumEven(777) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 2
// prints 4
// prints 0, because there are none

Answer:
int sumEven(int x) {
if (x <= 0) return 0;
if (x % 2 == 0) return x%10 + sumEven(x/10);
return sumEven(x/10);
}

Problem 44
Write a function called lastOdd that returns the last odd digit in a positive integer parameter. It
should return 0 if there are no odd digits.
For example, a program that uses the function lastOdd follows.
int main() {
cout << lastOdd(23) << endl;
cout << lastOdd(1254) << endl;
cout << lastOdd(666) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 3
// prints 5
// prints 0

Answer:
int lastOdd(int x) {
if (x <= 0) return 0;
if (x % 2 != 0) return x%10;
return lastOdd(x/10);
}
Problem 45
Write a function called firstEven that returns the first even digit in a positive integer parameter.
It should return -1 if there are no even digits.
For example, a program that uses the function firstEven follows.
int main() {
cout << firstEven(23) << endl;
cout << firstEven(1416) << endl;
cout << firstEven(777) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 2
// prints 4
// prints -1

Answer:
int firstEven(int x) {
if (x <= 0) return -1;
if (firstEven(x/10) >= 0) return firstEven(x/10);
if (x % 2 == 0) return x % 10;
return -1;
}
Problem 46
Write a function called evenLessOdd that returns the sum of the even valued digit minus the sum
of the odd valued digits in a positive integer parameter.
For example, a program that uses the function evenLessOdd follows.
int main() {
cout << evenLessOdd(43) << endl;
cout << evenLessOdd(9876) << endl;
cout << evenLessOdd(777) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 1
// prints -2
// prints -21

Answer:
int evenLessOdd(int x) {
if (x <= 0) return 0;
if (x % 2 == 0) return evenLessOdd(x/10) + x % 10;
return evenLessOdd(x/10) - x % 10;
}
Problem 47
Write a function called firstOdd that returns the first odd digit in a positive integer parameter. It
should return -1 if there are no odd digits.
For example, a program that uses the function firstOdd follows.
int main() {
cout << firstOdd(21) << endl;
cout << firstOdd(3456) << endl;
cout << firstOdd(666) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 1
// prints 3
// prints -1

Answer:
int firstOdd(int x) {
if (x <= 0) return -1;
if (firstOdd(x/10) >= 0) return firstOdd(x/10);
if (x % 2 == 1) return x % 10;
return -1;
}

Problem 48
Write a function called oddLessEven that returns the sum of the odd valued digits minus the sum
of the even valued digits in a positive integer parameter.
For example, a program that uses the function oddLessEven follows.
int main() {
cout << oddLessEven(23) << endl;
cout << oddLessEven(1234) << endl;
cout << oddLessEven(777) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 1
// prints -2
// prints 21

Answer:
int oddLessEven(int x) {
if (x <= 0) return 0;
if (x % 2 == 1) return x % 10 + oddLessEven(x/10);
return oddLessEven(x/10) - x % 10;
}

Problem 49

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int up(int a[][3], int x, int y) {
if (a[x][y] % 2 == 0) cout << a[x][y] << endl;
a[x][y]++;
return a[x][y];
}
int main() {
int x[2][3] = {{1,2,3}, {3,4,5}};
cout << x[1][1] << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) cout << x[i][i] << endl;
cout << x[x[0][0]][x[0][1]] << endl;
up(x,1,1);
cout << up(x,1,2) << endl;
}
(a) What is the output at line (a)?
Answer:
4
(b) What is the output at line (b)?
Answer:

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

1
4
(c) What is the output at line (c)?
Answer:
5
(d) What is the output at line (d)?
Answer:
4
(e) What is the output at line (e)?
Answer:
6

Problem 50

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int up(int a[][3], int x, int y) {
if (y < 2) return a[x][y+1];
cout << a[x][y] << endl;
return a[x][y];
}
int main() {
int x[2][3] = {{3,2,1}, {0,3,6}}, a = 0;
cout << x[a][a] << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) cout << x[i][2 - i] << endl;
cout << x[x[x[0][2]][0]][0] << endl;
up(x,1,1);
cout << up(x,1,2) << endl;
}
(a) What is the output at line (a)?
Answer:
3
(b) What is the output at line (b)?
Answer:
1
3
(c) What is the output at line (c)?
Answer:
3
(d) What is the output at line (d)?
Answer:

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

(e) What is the output at line (e)?

Answer:
6
6

Problem 51

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int up(int a[][3], int x, int y) {
if (a[x][y] % 2 == 1) cout << a[x][y] << endl;
a[x][y]++;
return a[x][y];
}
int main() {
int x[2][3] = {{0,1,2}, {4,5,6}}, a = 0;
cout << x[1][1] << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) cout << x[i][i] << endl;
cout << x[x[0][0]][x[0][1]] << endl;
cout << up(x,1,1) << endl;
up(x,1,2);
}
(a) What is the output at line (a)?
Answer:
5
(b) What is the output at line (b)?
Answer:
0
5
(c) What is the output at line (c)?
Answer:
1
(d) What is the output at line (d)?
Answer:
5
6
(e) What is the output at line (e)?
Answer:

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

Problem 52

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int up(int a[][3], int x, int y) {
if (y < 2) return a[1-x][y+1];
cout << a[x][y] << endl;
return a[x][y];
}
int main() {
int x[2][3] = {{2,1,0}, {0,4,8}}, a = 0;
cout << x[a][2*a] << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) cout << x[i][i] << endl;
cout << x[0][x[x[0][1]][0]]<< endl;
up(x,1,2);
cout << up(x,1,1) << endl;
}
(a) What is the output at line (a)?
Answer:
2
(b) What is the output at line (b)?
Answer:
2
4
(c) What is the output at line (c)?
Answer:
2
(d) What is the output at line (d)?
Answer:
8
(e) What is the output at line (e)?
Answer:
0

Problem 53

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int up(int a[][2], int x, int y) {
if (a[x][y] % 2 == 0) cout << a[x][y] << endl;
a[x][y]++;
return a[x][y];
}

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

int main() {
int x[3][2] = {{1,2}, {3,3}, {4,5}};
cout << x[1][1] << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) cout << x[i][i] << endl;
cout << x[x[0][1]][x[0][0]] << endl;
up(x,1,1);
cout << up(x,2,1) << endl;
}

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

(a) What is the output at line (a)?

Answer:
3
(b) What is the output at line (b)?
Answer:
1
3
(c) What is the output at line (c)?
Answer:
5
(d) What is the output at line (d)?
Answer:

(e) What is the output at line (e)?

Answer:
6

Problem 54

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int up(int a[][2], int x, int y) {
if (y < 1) return a[x][y+1];
cout << a[x][y] << endl;
return a[x][y];
}
int main() {
int x[3][2] = {{3,2},{4,5},{0,1}}, a = 0;
cout << x[a][a] << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) cout << x[2 - i][i] << endl;
cout << x[x[x[2][0]][0]][0] << endl;
up(x,1,1);
cout << up(x,2,1) << endl;
}

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

(a) What is the output at line (a)?

Answer:
3
(b) What is the output at line (b)?
Answer:
0
5
(c) What is the output at line (c)?
Answer:
No output:
Code error, sorry
(d) What is the output at line (d)?
Answer:
5
(e) What is the output at line (e)?
Answer:
1
1

Problem 55

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int up(int a[][2], int x, int y) {
if (a[x][y] % 2 == 0) cout << a[x][y] << endl;
a[x][y]++;
return a[x][y];
}
int main() {
int x[3][2] = {{0,1}, {3,4}, {5,7}};
cout << x[1][1] << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) cout << x[i][i] << endl;
cout << x[x[0][1]][x[0][0]] << endl;
up(x,1,1);
cout << up(x,2,1) << endl;
}
(a) What is the output at line (a)?
Answer:
4
(b) What is the output at line (b)?
Answer:

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

0
4
(c) What is the output at line (c)?
Answer:
3
(d) What is the output at line (d)?
Answer:
4
(e) What is the output at line (e)?
Answer:
8

Problem 56

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int up(int a[][2], int x, int y) {
if (y < 1) return a[x][y+1];
cout << a[x][y] << endl;
return a[x][y];
}
int main() {
int x[3][2] = {{2,3},{0,4},{1,5}}, a = 0;
cout << x[a][a] << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) cout << x[2 - i][i] << endl;
cout << x[x[x[2][0]][0]][0] << endl;
up(x,1,1);
cout << up(x,2,1) << endl;
}
(a) What is the output at line (a)?
Answer:
2
(b) What is the output at line (b)?
Answer:
1
4
(c) What is the output at line (c)?
Answer:
2
(d) What is the output at line (d)?
Answer:

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

4
(e) What is the output at line (e)?
Answer:
5
5

Problem 57
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
the blocks for the functions. Your title lines must allow for any indicated types of output.
int main() {
int a[4] = {314, 159, 265, 358};
cout << sqrt("FFrreedd") << endl;
cout << firstLetter("Freddy") << endl;
sort(a, 4);
oddElements(a, 4);
a[0] = sum(a[1], a[2]);
return 0;
}

//
//
//
//
//

prints: Fred
prints: F
prints: 159 265 314 358
prints: odd: 159 265
adds elements

(a) Title line for sqrt.

Answer:
string sqrt(string x)
(b) Title line for firstLetter.
Answer:
char firstLetter(string x)
(c) Title line for sort.
Answer:
void sort(int a[], int capacity)
(d) Title line for oddElements.
Answer:
void oddElements(int a[], int capacity)
(e) Title line for sum.
Answer:
int sum(int x, int y)

Problem 58

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int fun(int &x, int &y) {
if (y <= 0) return x;
x = x + 2;
cout << x << y << endl;
return x * y;

}
int main() {
int x = 5, y = -1;
cout << fun(x, y) << endl;
fun(y, x);
fun(x, y);
fun(y, x);
cout << fun(x, y) << endl;
return 0;
}

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

a
b
c
d
e

What is the output from the program at each of the following lines:
(a) line a:
5
(b) line b:
15
(c) line c:
71
(d) line d:
37
(e) line e:
93
27

Problem 59
Write a function called addThrees that inserts a 3 after each digit of a positive integer parameter.
For example, a program that uses the function addThrees follows.
int main() {
cout << addThrees(3) << endl;
cout << addThrees(1313) << endl;
cout << addThrees(777) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 33
// prints 13331333
// prints 737373

Answer:
int addThrees(int x) {
if (x == 0) return 0;
return 100 * addThrees(x / 10) + 10 * (x % 10) + 3;
}

Problem 60
columns) by 2.

Write a C++ function called half s that divides each element of a 2-dimensional array (with two

It should be possible to use your function in the following program.

main() {
double data[2][2] = {{1, 2}, {3, 4}};
halfs (data, 2, 2);
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
cout << data[1][i] << " ";
// prints 1.5 2.0
}
Answer:
void halfs(double d[][2], int r, int c) {
for (int i = 0; i < r; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < c; j++) {
d[i][j] = d[i][j] / 2;
}
}

Problem 61
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
the blocks for the functions. Your title lines must allow for any indicated types of output.
int main() {
int a[4] = {314, 159, 265, 358};
sqrt("FFrreedd");
firstLetter("Freddy");
sort(a, 4);
cout << oddElements(a, 4);
swap(a[1], a[2]);
return 0;
}

//
//
//
//
//

prints: Fred
prints: F
prints: 159 265 314 358
prints: odd: 159 265
swaps elements

(a) Title line for sqrt.

Answer:
void sqrt(string x)
(b) Title line for firstLetter.
Answer:
void firstLetter(string x)
(c) Title line for sort.
Answer:
void sort(int a[], int capacity)
(d) Title line for oddElements.
Answer:
string oddElements(int a[], int capacity)
(e) Title line for swap.
Answer:
void swap(int &x, int &y)

Problem 62

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int fun(int &x, int &y) {
if (y <= 0) return x;
x = x + 2;
cout << x << y << endl;
return x * y;
}
int main() {
int x = 4, y = 0;
cout << fun(x, y) << endl;
fun(y, x);
fun(x, y);
fun(y, x);
cout << fun(x, y) << endl;
return 0;
}

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

a
b
c
d
e

What is the output from the program at each of the following lines:
(a) line a:
4
(b) line b:
24
(c) line c:
62
(d) line d:
46
(e) line e:
84
32

Problem 63
Write a function called addThrees that inserts a 3 before each digit of a positive integer parameter.
For example, a program that uses the function addThrees follows.
int main() {
cout << addThrees(3) << endl;
cout << addThrees(1313) << endl;
cout << addThrees(777) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 33
// prints 31333133
// prints 373737

Answer:
int addThrees(int x) {
if (x == 0) return 0;
return 100 * addThrees(x / 10) + 30 + x % 10;
}

Problem 64
Write a C++ function called roots that replaces each element of an array by its root.
It should be possible to use your function in the following program.
main() {
double data[3] = {1.0, 4.0, 9.0};
roots (data, 3);
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
cout << data[i] << " ";
// prints 1 2 3
}
Answer:
#include <cmath>
void roots(double d[], int cap) {
for (int i = 0; i < cap; i++)
d[i] = sqrt(d[i]);
}

Problem 65
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
the blocks for the functions. Your title lines must allow for any indicated types of output.
int main() {
int a[4] = {314, 159, 265, 358};
cout << firstLetter("Freddy") << endl;
cout << sqrt("FFrreedd") << endl;
oddElements(a, 4);
sort(a, 4);
a[0] = sum(a[1], a[2]);
return 0;
}
(a) Title line for firstLetter.
Answer:
char firstLetter(string x)
(b) Title line for sqrt.
Answer:
string sqrt(string x)
(c) Title line for oddElements.
Answer:
void oddElements(int a[], int capacity)
(d) Title line for sort.
Answer:
void sort(int a[], int capacity)
(e) Title line for sum.
Answer:
int sum(int x, int y)

//
//
//
//
//

prints: F
prints: Fred
prints: odd: 159 265
prints: 159 265 314 358
adds elements

Problem 66

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int fun(int &x, int &y) {
if (y <= 0) return x;
x = x + 2;
cout << x << y << endl;
return x * y;
}
int main() {
int x = 3, y = -1;
cout << fun(x, y) << endl;
fun(y, x);
fun(x, y);
fun(y, x);
cout << fun(x, y) << endl;
return 0;
}

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

a
b
c
d
e

What is the output from the program at each of the following lines:
(a) line a:
3
(b) line b:
13
(c) line c:
51
(d) line d:
35
(e) line e:
73
21

Problem 67
Write a function called addTwos that inserts a 2 after each digit of a positive integer parameter.
For example, a program that uses the function addTwos follows.
int main() {
cout << addTwos(3) << endl;
cout << addTwos(1212) << endl;
cout << addTwos(777) << endl;
return 0;
}
Answer:

// prints 32
// prints 12221222
// prints 727272

int addTwos(int x) {
if (x == 0) return 0;
return 100 * addTwos(x / 10) + 10 * (x % 10) + 2;
}

Problem 68
Write a C++ function called squares that replaces each element of a 2-dimensional array (with
two columns) by its square.
It should be possible to use your function in the following program.
main() {
int data[2][2] = {{1, 2}, {3, 4}};
squares (data, 2, 2);
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
cout << data[1][i] << " ";
// prints 9 16
}
Answer:
void squares(int d[][2], int r, int c) {
for (int i = 0; i < r; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < c; j++) {
d[i][j] = d[i][j] * d[i][j];
}
}

Problem 69
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
the blocks for the functions. Your title lines must allow for any indicated types of output.
int main() {
int a[4] = {314, 159, 265, 358};
firstLetter("Freddy");
sqrt("FFrreedd");
cout << oddElements(a, 4);
sort(a, 4);
swap(a[1], a[2]);
return 0;
}
(a) Title line for firstLetter.
Answer:
void firstLetter(string x)
(b) Title line for sqrt.
Answer:
void sqrt(string x)
(c) Title line for oddElements.
Answer:
string oddElements(int a[], int capacity)
(d) Title line for sort.
Answer:

//
//
//
//
//

prints: F
prints: Fred
prints: odd: 159 265
prints: 159 265 314 358
swaps elements

void sort(int a[], int capacity)

(e) Title line for swap.
Answer:
void swap(int &x, int &y)

Problem 70

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int fun(int &x, int &y) {
if (y <= 0) return x;
x = x + 2;
cout << x << y << endl;
return x * y;
}
int main() {
int x = 2, y = 0;
cout << fun(x, y) << endl;
fun(y, x);
fun(x, y);
fun(y, x);
cout << fun(x, y) << endl;
return 0;
}

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

a
b
c
d
e

What is the output from the program at each of the following lines:
(a) line a:
2
(b) line b:
22
(c) line c:
42
(d) line d:
44
(e) line e:
64
24

Problem 71

Write a function called addTwos that inserts a 2 before each digit of a positive integer parameter.

For example, a program that uses the function addTwos follows.

int main() {
cout << addTwos(3) << endl;
cout << addTwos(1212) << endl;
cout << addTwos(777) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 23
// prints 21222122
// prints 272727

Answer:
int addTwos(int x) {
if (x == 0) return 0;
return 100 * addTwos(x / 10) + 20 + x % 10;
}

Problem 72
Write a C++ function called cubes that replaces each element of an array by its cube.
It should be possible to use your function in the following program.
main() {
int data[3] = {1, 2, 3};
cubes (data, 3);
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
cout << data[i] << " ";
// prints 1 8 27
}
Answer:
void cubes(int d[], int cap) {
for (int i = 0; i < cap; i++)
d[i] = d[i] * d[i] * d[i];
}

Problem 73
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
the blocks for the functions. Your title lines must allow for any indicated types of output.
int main() {
string a[4] = {"Freddy", "Max", "Kelly", "Jack"};
undouble(11223344);
// prints:
firstDigit(65536);
// prints:
printSorted(a, 4);
// prints:
cout << join(a[1], a[3]) << endl;
// prints:
randomWords(a, 4);
// assigns
return 0;
}
(a) Title line for undouble.
Answer:
void undouble(int x)
(b) Title line for firstDigit.
Answer:
void firstDigit(int x)
(c) Title line for printSorted.
Answer:

1234
Six
Freddy Jack Kelly Max
MaxJack
new random values to array

void printSorted(string a[], int capacity)

(d) Title line for join.
Answer:
string join(string x, string y)
(e) Title line for randomWords.
Answer:
void randomWords(string a[], int capacity)

Problem 74

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int fun(int &x, int y) {
if (y <= 0) return x;
x = x + 1;
y = y + 1;
cout << x << y << endl;
return x * y;
}
int main() {
int x = 5, y = -1;
cout << fun(x, y) << endl;
fun(x, 1);
fun(y, 1);
fun(y, x);
cout << fun(x, 2) << endl;
return 0;
}

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

a
b
c
d
e

What is the output from the program at each of the following lines:
(a) line a:
5
(b) line b:
62
(c) line c:
02
(d) line d:
17
(e) line e:
73
21

Problem 75
parameter.

Write a function called killTwos that deletes all digits that are multiples of 2 from a positive integer

For example, a program that uses the function killTwos follows.

int main() {
cout << killTwos(11) << endl;
cout << killTwos(1212) << endl;
cout << killTwos(2400) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 11
// prints 11
// prints 0, because no digits are left

Answer:
int killTwos(int x) {
if (x == 0) return 0;
if ((x % 10) % 2 == 0) return killTwos(x / 10);
return 10 * killTwos(x / 10) + x % 10;
}

Problem 76
Write a C++ function called numOdd that returns the number of odd elements in a 2-dimensional
array (with 4 columns).
It should be possible to use your function in the following program. (The output from this program is 2 because
only the two 11s are odd).
main() {
int data[2][4] = {{11, 12, 14, 0}, {32, 12, 132, 11}};
int x;
x = numOdd (data, 2, 4);
//
data is the 2-d array, 2 and 4 are its capacities
cout << "The number of odds is: " << x << endl;
}
Answer:
int numOdd(int d[][4], int r, int c) {
int count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < r; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < c; j++) {
if ((d[i][j] % 2) != 0) count++;
}
return count;
}

Problem 77
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
the blocks for the functions. Your title lines must allow for any indicated types of output.
int main() {
string a[4] = {"Freddy", "Max", "Kelly", "Jack"};
cout << undouble(11223344);
// prints:
cout << firstDigit(65536) << endl;
// prints:
sort(a, 4);
// prints:
cout << halfString(a[0]) << endl;
// prints:
a[1] = randomWord();
// assigns
return 0;
}

1234
Six
Freddy Jack Kelly Max
Fre
a random value

(a) Title line for undouble.

Answer:
int undouble(int x)
(b) Title line for firstDigit.
Answer:
string firstDigit(int x)
(c) Title line for sort.
Answer:
void sort(string a[], int capacity)
(d) Title line for halfString.
Answer:
string halfString(string x)
(e) Title line for randomWord.
Answer:
string randomWord()

Problem 78

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int fun(int &x, int y) {
if (y <= 0) return x;
x = x + 1;
y = y + 1;
cout << x << y << endl;
return x * y;
}
int main() {
int x = 4, y = 0;
cout << fun(x, y) << endl;
fun(x, 1);
fun(y, 1);
fun(y, x);
cout << fun(x, 2) << endl;
return 0;
}

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

a
b
c
d
e

What is the output from the program at each of the following lines:
(a) line a:
4
(b) line b:
52

(c) line c:
12
(d) line d:
26
(e) line e:
63
18

Problem 79
Write a function called twos that deletes all digits that are not multiples of 2 from a positive integer
parameter.
For example, a program that uses the function twos follows.
int main() {
cout << twos(23) << endl;
cout << twos(1212) << endl;
cout << twos(777) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 2
// prints 22
// prints 0, because nothing is left

Answer:
int twos(int x) {
if (x == 0) return 0;
if ((x % 10) % 2 != 0) return twos(x / 10);
return 10*twos(x / 10) + x % 10;
}

Problem 80
Write a C++ function called range that returns the difference between the largest and smallest
elements in a 2-dimensional array (with 4 columns).
It should be possible to use your function in the following program. (The output from this program is 10 because
the difference between the largest element 13 and the smallest element 3 is 13 3 = 10).
main() {
int data[2][4] = {{11, 12, 11, 5}, {6, 3, 12, 13}};
int x;
x = range (data, 2, 4);
//
data is the 2-d array, 2 and 4 are its capacities
cout << "The range is: " << x << endl;
}
Answer:
int range(int d[][4], int r, int c) {
int max = d[0][0];
int min = d[0][0];
for (int i = 0; i < r; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < c; j++) {
if (d[i][j] < min) min = d[i][j];
if (d[i][j] > max) max = d[i][j];
}
return max - min;
}

Problem 81
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
the blocks for the functions. Your title lines must allow for any indicated types of output.
int main() {
string a[4] = {"Freddy", "Max", "Kelly", "Jack"};
firstDigit(65536);
// prints:
undouble(11223344);
// prints:
cout << join(a[1], a[3]) << endl;
// prints:
printSorted(a, 4);
// prints:
randomWords(a, 4);
// assigns
return 0;
}
(a) Title line for firstDigit.
Answer:
void firstDigit(int x)
(b) Title line for undouble.
Answer:
void undouble(int x);
(c) Title line for join.
Answer:
string join(string x, string y)
(d) Title line for printSorted.
Answer:
void printSorted(string a[], int capacity)
(e) Title line for randomWords.
Answer:
void randomWords(string a[], int capacity)
Problem 82

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int fun(int &x, int y) {
if (y <= 0) return x;
x = x + 1;
y = y + 1;
cout << x << y << endl;
return x * y;
}
int main() {
int x = 3, y = -1;
cout << fun(x, y) << endl;
fun(x, 1);
fun(y, 1);
fun(y, x);
cout << fun(x, 2) << endl;
return 0;
}

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

a
b
c
d
e

Six
1234
MaxJack
Freddy Jack Kelly Max
new random values to array

What is the output from the program at each of the following lines:
(a) line a:
3
(b) line b:
42
(c) line c:
02
(d) line d:
15
(e) line e:
53
15

Problem 83
Write a function called killTwos that deletes all digits that are equal to 2 from a positive integer
parameter.
For example, a program that uses the function killTwos follows.
int main() {
cout << killTwos(11) << endl;
cout << killTwos(1212) << endl;
cout << killTwos(222) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 11
// prints 11
// prints 0, because no digits are left

Answer:
int killTwos(int x) {
if (x == 0) return 0;
if (x % 10 == 2) return killTwos(x / 10);
return 10 * killTwos(x / 10) + x % 10;
}

Problem 84
Write a C++ function called numEven that returns the number of even elements in a 2-dimensional
array (with 3 columns).
It should be possible to use your function in the following program. (The output from this program is 2 because
only the two 12s are even).
main() {
int data[2][3] = {{11, 12, 11}, {3, 12, 13}};
int x;
x = numEven (data, 2, 3);
//
data is the 2-d array, 2 and 3 are its capacities
cout << "The number of evens is: " << x << endl;
}
Answer:

int numEven(int d[][3], int r, int c) {

int count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < r; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < c; j++) {
if ((d[i][j] % 2) == 0) count++;
}
return count;
}

Problem 85
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
the blocks for the functions. Your title lines must allow for any indicated types of output.
int main() {
string a[4] = {"Freddy", "Max", "Kelly", "Jack"};
cout << firstDigit(65536) << endl;
// prints:
cout << undouble(11223344);
// prints:
cout << halfString(a[0]) << endl;
// prints:
sort(a, 4);
// prints:
a[1] = randomWord();
// assigns
return 0;
}
(a) Title line for firstDigit.
Answer:
string firstDigit(int x)
(b) Title line for undouble.
Answer:
int undouble(int x)
(c) Title line for halfString.
Answer:
string halfString(string x)
(d) Title line for sort.
Answer:
void sort(string a[], int capacity)
(e) Title line for randomWord.
Answer:
string randomWord()

Problem 86

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int fun(int &x, int y) {
if (y <= 0) return x;
x = x + 1;
y = y + 1;

Six
1234
Fre
Freddy Jack Kelly Max
a random value

cout << x << y << endl;

return x * y;
}
int main() {
int x = 2, y = 0;
cout << fun(x, y) << endl;
fun(x, 1);
fun(y, 1);
fun(y, x);
cout << fun(x, 2) << endl;
return 0;
}

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

a
b
c
d
e

What is the output from the program at each of the following lines:
(a) line a:
2
(b) line b:
32
(c) line c:
12
(d) line d:
24
(e) line e:
43
12

Problem 87
parameter.

Write a function called twos that deletes all digits that are not equal to 2 from a positive integer

For example, a program that uses the function twos follows.

int main() {
cout << twos(23) << endl;
cout << twos(1212) << endl;
cout << twos(777) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 2
// prints 22
// prints 0, because nothing is left

Answer:
int twos(int x) {
if (x == 0) return 0;
if (x % 10 != 2) return twos(x / 10);
return 10*twos(x / 10) + 2;
}

Problem 88
Write a C++ function called range that returns the difference between the largest and smallest
elements in a 2-dimensional array (with 3 columns).
It should be possible to use your function in the following program. (The output from this program is 10 because
the difference between the largest element 13 and the smallest element 3 is 13 3 = 10).
main() {
int data[2][3] = {{11, 12, 11}, {3, 12, 13}};
int x;
x = range (data, 2, 3);
//
data is the 2-d array, 2 and 3 are its capacities
cout << "The range is: " << x << endl;
}
Answer:
int range(int d[][3], int r, int c) {
int max = d[0][0];
int min = d[0][0];
for (int i = 0; i < r; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < c; j++) {
if (d[i][j] < min) min = d[i][j];
if (d[i][j] > max) max = d[i][j];
}
return max - min;
}

Problem 89
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
the blocks for the functions.
int main() {
int a[5] = {3,1,4,1,5};
int x[2][3] = {{0,1,3},{2,4,5}};
string s= "Hello";
string t;
cout << average(a, 5) << endl;
// prints the average: 2.8
t = reverse(s); cout << t << endl;
// prints: olleH
reverseRows(x, 2, 3);
// prints: 2 4 5, 0 1 3
if (hasRepeat(a, 5)) cout << "Has repeat" << endl;
// prints: Has repeat
t = entries(a, 5); cout << t << endl;
// prints: 3,1,4,1,5
return 0;
}
(a) Title line for average
Answer:
double average(int a[], int cap)
(b) Title line for reverse
Answer:
string reverse(string s)
(c) Title line for reverseRows
Answer:

void reverseRows(int x[][3], int r, int c)

(d) Title line for hasRepeat
Answer:
bool hasRepeat(int a[], int cap)
(e) Title line for entries
Answer:
string entries(int a[], int cap)

Problem 90

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
char f(string s, int n) {
if (n >= s.length()) return A;
return s[n];
}
int mystery (int x) {
if (x > 5) return 0;
cout << -x;
return x;
}
int main () {
cout << f("Hello", 20) << endl;
cout << f("Hello", 1) << endl;
cout << mystery(19683) << endl;
cout << mystery(2) << endl;
mystery(-5);
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
(a) What is the output at line A?
Answer:
A
(b) What is the output at line B?
Answer:
e
(c) What is the output at line C?
Answer:
0
(d) What is the output at line D?
Answer:
-22

//line
//line
//line
//line
//line

A
B
C
D
E

(e) What is the output at line E?

Answer:
5

Problem 91
Write a function called extraOne that places an initial 1 at the start of an integer parameter.
(Assume that the input parameter is not negative.)
For example, a program that uses the function extraOne follows.
int main() {
int x = extraOne(729);
cout << x << endl;
// prints
return 0;
}

1729

Answer:
int extraOne(int x) {
if (x < 10) return 10 + x;
return 10 * extraOne(x / 10) + x % 10;
}

Problem 92
Write a function called dropDimension that copies the entries from a 2-dimensional array row by
row as the entries of a 1-dimensional array. Assume that the 1-dimensional array has more than enough capacity
for these entries. (The function should use capacities of the 2-dimensional array but not the 1-dimensional array as
input parameters.)
For example, a program that uses the function follows.
int main() {
int x[100];
int y[2][3] = {{3,1,4}, {1,5,9}};
int yrows = 2, ycols = 3;
dropDimension(y, yrows, ycols, x);
for (int i = 0; i <= 5; i++) cout << x[i];
// 314159
is printed
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
Answer:
void dropDimension(int y[][3], int rows, int cols, int x[]) {
int i = 0;
for (int r = 0; r < rows; r++)
for (int c = 0; c < cols; c++) {
x[i] = y[r][c];
i++;
}
}

Problem 93
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
the blocks for the functions.

int main() {
int a[5] = {3,1,4,1,5};
int x[2][3] = {{0,1,3},{2,4,8}};
string s= "Hello";
string t;
cout << average(x, 2, 3) << endl;
t = doubleIt(s); cout << t << endl;
reverseCols(x, 2, 3);
if (isPositive(a[0])) cout << "Positive"
cout << midEntry(a, 5) << endl;
return 0;

//
//
//
<<
//
//

prints the average: 3.0

prints: HelloHello
prints: 3 0 1, 8 4 2
endl;
prints: Positive
prints: 4

}
(a) Title line for average
Answer:
double average(int x[][3], int r, int c)
(b) Title line for doubleIt
Answer:
string doubleIt(string s)
(c) Title line for reverseCols
Answer:
void reverseCols(int x[][3], int r, int c)
(d) Title line for isPositive
Answer:
bool isPositive(int x)
(e) Title line for midEntry
Answer:
int midEntry(int a[], int cap)

Problem 94

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
string f(string s, int n) {
if (n >= s.length()) return "XYZ";
return s.substr(n);
}
int mystery (int x) {
if (x > 5) return 0;
return x;
}
int main () {
cout << mystery(19683) << endl;

//line A

cout << mystery(2) << endl;

cout << f("Hello", 20) << endl;
cout << f("Hello", 1) << endl;
mystery(-5);
return 0;

//line
//line
//line
//line

B
C
D
E

}
(a) What is the output at line A?
Answer:
0
(b) What is the output at line B?
Answer:
2
(c) What is the output at line C?
Answer:
XYZ
(d) What is the output at line D?
Answer:
ello
(e) What is the output at line E?
Answer:

Problem 95
Write a function called doubleEight that places an extra digit 8 after the last 8 in an integer
parameter. If there is no 8 present, nothing is done. (Assume that the input parameter is not negative.)
For example, a program that uses the function doubleEight follows.
int main() {
int x = doubleEight(19683);
cout << x << endl;
cout << doubleEight(271828) << endl;
cout << doubleEight(314159) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints
// prints
// prints

196883
2718288
314159

Answer:
int doubleEight(int x) {
if (x % 10 == 8) return 10 * x + 8;
if (x < 10) return x;
return 10 * doubleEight(x / 10) + x % 10;
}

Problem 96
Write a function called dropDimension that copies the entries from a 2-dimensional array column
by column as the entries of a 1-dimensional array. Assume that the 1-dimensional array has more than enough
capacity for these entries. (The function should use capacities of the 2-dimensional array but not the 1-dimensional
array as input parameters.)
For example, a program that uses the function follows.

int main() {
int x[100];
int y[2][3] = {{3,4,5}, {1,1,9}};
int yrows = 2, ycols = 3;
dropDimension(y, yrows, ycols, x);
for (int i = 0; i <= 5; i++) cout << x[i];
// 314159
is printed
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
Answer:
void dropDimension(int y[][3], int rows, int cols, int x[]) {
int i = 0;
for (int c = 0; c < cols; c++)
for (int r = 0; r < rows; r++) {
x[i] = y[r][c];
i++;
}
}
Problem 97
Write a function called extraT wo that inserts an extra digit 2 as the second digit of an integer
parameter. (Assume that the input parameter is positive.)
For example, a program that uses the function extraT wo follows.
int main() {
int x = extraTwo(79);
cout << x << endl;
cout << extraTwo(1) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints
// prints

729
12

Answer:
int extraTwo(int x) {
if (x < 10) return 10 * x + 2;
return 10 * extraTwo(x / 10) + x % 10;
}
Problem 98
Write a function called f ill2D that fills the entries of a 2-dimensional array column by column from
the entries of a 1-dimensional array. Assume that the 1-dimensional array has more than enough capacity for these
entries. (The function should use capacities of the 2-dimensional array but not the 1-dimensional array as input
parameters.)
For example, a program that uses the function follows.
int main() {
int x[11] = {3,1,4,1,5,9,2,6,5,3,5};
int y[2][3];
int yrows = 2, ycols = 3;
fill2D(y, yrows, ycols, x);
for (int i = 0; i < yrows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < ycols; j++) cout << y[i][j];
cout << endl;
}
// 345
is printed
// 119
return 0;
}

Answer:
void fill2D(int y[][3], int rows, int cols, int x[]) {
int i = 0;
for (int c = 0; c < cols; c++)
for (int r = 0; r < rows; r++) {
y[r][c] = x[i];
i++;
}
}

Problem 99
Write a function called doubleF our that places an extra copy of the 4th digit right after that digit
in an integer parameter. If there is no 4th digit, nothing is done. (Assume that the input parameter is not negative.)
For example, a program that uses the function doubleF our follows.
int main() {
int x = doubleFour(19683);
cout << x << endl;
cout << doubleFour(271828);
cout << doubleFour(314159);
return 0;
}

// prints
// prints
// prints

196883
2718828
3141159

Answer:
int doubleFour(int x) {
if (x < 1000) return x;
if (x < 10000) return 10 * x + x % 10;
return 10 * doubleFour(x / 10) + x % 10;
}

Problem 100
Write a function called f ill2D that fills the entries of a 2-dimensional array row by row from
the entries of a 1-dimensional array. Assume that the 1-dimensional array has more than enough capacity for these
entries. (The function should use capacities of the 2-dimensional array but not the 1-dimensional array as input
parameters.)
For example, a program that uses the function follows.
int main() {
int x[11] = {3,1,4,1,5,9,2,6,5,3,5};
int y[2][3];
int yrows = 2, ycols = 3;
fill2D(y, yrows, ycols, x);
for (int i = 0; i < yrows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < ycols; j++) cout << y[i][j];
cout << endl;
}
// 314
is printed
// 159
return 0;
}
Answer: Answer:
void fill2D(int y[][3], int rows, int cols, int x[]) {
int i = 0;
for (int r = 0; r < rows; r++)

for (int c = 0; c < cols; c++) {

y[r][c] = x[i];
i++;
}
}

Problem 101
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
the blocks for the functions.
int main() {
int i = 3, j = 5;
int a[9] = {3,1,4,1,5,9,2,6,5};
int x[3][2] = {{0,1},{3,2},{4,5}};
cout << min(i, j) << endl;
printArray(x, 3, 2);
cout << average(a, 9) << endl;
swap(a, 3, 5);
reverse(a[1]);
return 0;

//
//
//
//
//

prints minimum
prints array
prints average
swap elements 3 and 5
reverse the digits in a[1]

}
(a) Title line for min
Answer:
int min (int i, int j) {
(b) Title line for printArray
Answer:
void printArray(int a[][2], int rows, int cols)
(c) Title line for average
Answer:
double average(int a[], int cap)
(d) Title line for swap
Answer:
void swap(int a[], int i, int j )
(e) Title line for reverse
Answer:
void reverse(int &a)

Problem 102

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int recursive (int n) {
if (n < 10) return n;
return 100 * recursive (n / 100) + 10 * (n % 10);

}
int mystery (int x) {
cout << x << "54321";
return x;
}
int main () {
cout << recursive (7) << endl;
cout << recursive (135) << endl;
cout << recursive (19683) << endl;
cout << mystery (2) << endl;
mystery (2);
return 0;
}

//line
//line
//line
//line
//line

A
B
C
D
E

(a) What is the output at line A?

Answer:
7
(b) What is the output at line B?
Answer:
150
(c) What is the output at line C?
Answer:
16030
(d) What is the output at line D?
Answer:
2543212
(e) What is the output at line E?
Answer:
254321
Problem 103
Write a function called smallestDigit that finds the smallest digit in an integer parameter.
(Assume that the input parameter is not negative.)
For example, a program that uses the function smallestDigit follows.
int main() {
cout << smallestDigit(29) << endl;
// prints
cout << smallestDigit(31415) << endl; // prints
cout << smallestDigit(7) << endl;
// prints
return 0;
}
Answer:
int smallestDigit(int x) {
if (x < 10) return x;
int ans = smallestDigit(x/10);
if (ans < x % 10) return ans;
return x % 10;
}

2
1
7

Problem 104
Write a function called lastIndex that finds the largest index of an entry in an array of integers
that matches a given target. If the target is not present the function should return an answer of 1.
For example, a program that uses the function follows.
int main() {
int x[6] = {3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9};
int capacity = 6;
int target = 5;
cout << lastIndex(x, capacity, target) << endl;
// prints 4 because the target 5 is found as element number 4
cout << lastIndex(x, capacity, 1) << endl;
// prints 3 because the target 1 is last found as element number 3
cout << lastIndex(x, capacity, 8) << endl;
// prints -1 because the target 8 is not found.
return 0;
}
Answer:
int lastIndex(int a[], int capacity, int target) {
for (int i = capacity - 1; i >= 0; i--)
if (a[i] == target) return i;
return -1;
}

Problem 105
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
the blocks for the functions.
int main() {
int i = 3, j = 5;
int a[9] = {3,1,4,1,5,9,2,6,5};
int x[3][2] = {{0,1},{3,2},{4,5}};
cout << average(i, j) << endl;
printArray(a, 9);
cout << min(x, 3, 2) << endl;
reverse(a, 9);
swap(a[1], a[2]);
return 0;
}
(a) Title line for average
Answer:
double average(int i, int j)
(b) Title line for printArray
Answer:
void printArray(int a[], int cap)
(c) Title line for min
Answer: int min(int a[][2], int rows, int cols)

//
//
//
//
//

prints average
prints array
prints minimal element
reverse the order of elements
swap two values

(d) Title line for reverse

Answer:
void reverse(int a[], int cap)
(e) Title line for swap
Answer:
void swap(int &i, int &j)

Problem 106

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int recursive (int n) {
if (n < 10) return n;
return 100 * recursive (n / 100) + 11 * (n % 10);
}
int mystery (int x) {
cout << x << "12345";
return x;
}
int main () {
cout << recursive (7) << endl;
cout << recursive (135) << endl;
cout << recursive (19683) << endl;
cout << mystery (2) << endl;
mystery (2);
return 0;
}
(a) What is the output at line A?
Answer:
7
(b) What is the output at line B?
Answer:
155
(c) What is the output at line C?
Answer:
16633
(d) What is the output at line D?
Answer:
2123452
(e) What is the output at line E?
Answer:
212345

//line
//line
//line
//line
//line

A
B
C
D
E

Problem 107
Write a function called biggestDigit that finds the biggest digit in an integer parameter. (Assume
that the input parameter is not negative.)
For example, a program that uses the function biggestDigit follows.
int main() {
cout << biggestDigit(29) << endl;
// prints
cout << biggestDigit(31415) << endl; // prints
cout << biggestDigit(7) << endl;
// prints
return 0;
}

9
5
7

Answer:
int biggestDigit(int x) {
if (x < 10) return x;
int ans = biggestDigit(x/10);
if (ans > x % 10) return ans;
return x % 10;
}

Problem 108
Write a function called f irstIndex that finds the smallest index of an entry in an array of integers
that matches a given target. If the target is not present the function should return an answer of 1.
For example, a program that uses the function follows.
int main() {
int x[6] = {3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9};
int capacity = 6;
int target = 5;
cout << firstIndex(x, capacity, target) << endl;
// prints 4 because the target 5 is found as element number 4
cout << firstIndex(x, capacity, 1) << endl;
// prints 1 because the target 1 is first found as element number 1
cout << firstIndex(x, capacity, 8) << endl;
// prints -1 because the target 8 is not found.
return 0;
}
Answer:
int firstIndex(int a[], int capacity, int target) {
for (int i = 0; i < capacity; i++)
if (a[i] == target) return i;
return -1;
}

Problem 109
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
the blocks for the functions.
int main() {
int a[4] = {3,1,4,1}, i = 3, j = 5, k = 4;
int b[4] = {2,7,1,8};
int x[2][2] = {{0,1},{3,2}};
cout << max(i, j, k) << endl;
printMax(a, 4);

// prints maximum
// prints maximum

cout << max2d(x, 2, 2) << endl;

swap(i, j);
swapArrays(a, b, 4);
return 0;

// prints maximum
// swap
// swap first 4 elements in arrays

}
(a) Title line for max
Answer:
int max(int a, int b, int c)
(b) Title line for printMax
Answer:
void printMax(int a[], int cap)
(c) Title line for max2d
Answer:
int max2d(int a[][2], int r, int c)
(d) Title line for swap
Answer:
void swap(int &a, int &b)
(e) Title line for swapArrays
Answer:
void swapArrays(int a[], int b[], int n)

Problem 110

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int x;
cout << "Enter an integer:";
cin >> x;
if (x > 0) cout << "Goodbye" << endl;
if (x < -10) {
cout << x + 2 << endl;
return 0;
}
else if (x % 2 != 0) cout << "odd" << endl;
for (int i = 1; i < x; i++) cout << i;
cout << endl;
for (int i = 1; i <= -x; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 3; j++) cout << "*";
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}

(a) What is the output if the user enters -729?

Answer:
-727
(b) What is the output if the user enters 4?
Answer:
Goodbye
123
(c) What is the output if the user enters -5?
Answer:
odd
***
***
***
***
***
(d) What is the output if the user enters -4?
Answer:
***
***
***
***
(e) What is the output if the user enters 3?
Answer:
Goodbye
odd
12
Problem 111
Write a function called doubleF irst that places an extra copy of the first digit at the start of a
number.
For example, a program that uses the function doubleF irst follows.
int main() {
cout << doubleFirst(29) << endl;
// prints
229
cout << doubleFirst(19683) << endl; // prints 119683
cout << doubleFirst(9) << endl;
// prints
99
return 0;
}
Answer:
int doubleFirst(int x) {
if (x < 10) return 11*x;
return doubleFirst(x / 10) * 10 + x % 10;
}
Problem 112
Write a function called f indLargest that finds the largest possibility for the sum of the entries in
a row of a 2-dimensional array of integers. The array and the capacities are parameters.
For example, a program that uses the function follows.

int main() {
int d[2][3] = {{2,4,6}, {1,3,5}};
cout << findLargest(d, 2, 3) << endl;
// prints
12, because the sum 12 = 2+4+6 is larger than 1+3+5
return 0;
}
Answer:
int findLargest(int d[][3], int r, int c) {
int value = 0;
for (int col = 0; col < c; col++)
value = value + d[0][col];
for (int row = 0; row < r; row++) {
int rowValue = 0;
for (int col = 0; col < c; col++)
rowValue = rowValue + d[row][col];
if (rowValue > value) value = rowValue;
}
return value;
}

Problem 113
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
the blocks for the functions.
int main() {
int a[4] = {3,1,4,1}, i = 3, j = 5, k = 4;
int x[2][2] = {{0,1},{3,2}};
cout << average(i, j, k) << endl;
printAverage(a, 4);
cout << average2d(x, 2, 2) << endl;
sort(i, j ,k );
sort3(a, 4);
return 0;
}
(a) Title line for average
Answer:
double average(int a, int b, int c)
(b) Title line for printAverage
Answer:
void printAverage(int a[], int cap)
(c) Title line for average2d
Answer:
double average2d(int x[][2], int r, int c)
(d) Title line for sort
Answer:
void sort(int &a, int &b, int &c)

//
//
//
//
//

prints average
prints average
prints average
sort into order
sort into order

(e) Title line for sort3

Answer:
void sort3(int a[], int cap)

Problem 114

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int x;
cout << "Enter an integer:";
cin >> x;
if (x < 0) cout << "Goodbye" << endl;
if (x > 10) {
cout << x % 10 << endl;
return 0;
}
else if (x % 2 != 0) cout << "odd" << endl;
for (int i = 1; i <= x; i++) cout << i;
cout << endl;
for (int i = 1; i < -x; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j < 3; j++) cout << "*";
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}
(a) What is the output if the user enters 729?
Answer:
9
(b) What is the output if the user enters 9?
Answer:
odd
123456789
(c) What is the output if the user enters 5?
Answer:
odd
12345
(d) What is the output if the user enters 4?
Answer:
1234
(e) What is the output if the user enters -3?
Answer:

Goodbye
odd
**
**

Problem 115
Write a function called dropSecond that removes the second digit of an integer parameter. (Assume
that the input parameter is not negative. If the parameter has just one digit, return that digit.)
For example, a program that uses the function dropSecond follows.
int main() {
cout << dropSecond(29) << endl;
// prints
2, the 9 dropped
cout << dropSecond(19683) << endl; // prints 1683, the 9 dropped
cout << dropSecond(9) << endl;
// prints
9
return 0;
}
Answer:
int dropSecond(int x) {
if (x < 10) return x;
if (x < 100) return x / 10;
return dropSecond(x / 10) * 10 + x % 10;
}

Problem 116
Write a function called f indLargest that finds the largest entry in a specified column of a
2-dimensional array of integers. The array, the capacities, and the specified column are parameters.
For example, a program that uses the function follows.
int main() {
int d[2][3] = {{2,4,6}, {1,3,5}};
cout << findLargest(d, 2, 3, 0) << endl;
// prints
2, because this is the largest entry in column 0
return 0;
}
Answer:
int findLargest(int d[][3], int r, int c, int x) {
int ans = d[0][x];
for (int row = 0; row < r; row++)
if (d[row][x] > ans) ans = d[row][x];
return ans;
}

Problem 117
Write title lines (header lines or prototypes) for the following functions. Do not supply the blocks
for the functions.
(a) A function called num7s which returns the number of digits equal to 7 in an input integer.
Answer:
int num7s(int x)
(b) A function called num7s which returns the number of elements equal to 7 in an input array of integers.
Answer:

int num7s(int x[], int capacity)

(c) A function called num7s which returns the number of characters equal to 7 in an input string.
Answer:
int num7s(string x)
(d) A function called num7s which changes an integer parameter to be the number of 7s in its decimal expansion.
(For example if the input is 777111 it would be changed to 3 because it has 3 digits equal to 7.)
Answer:
void num7s(int &x)
(e) A function called num7s which returns the number of elements equal to 7 in a 2-dimensional array of integers
with size 7 7.
Answer:
int num7s(int x[][7], int rows, int cols)

Problem 118

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int fun(int x) {
if (x <= 0) return 0;
if (x >= 9 && x % 2 == 1) return x - 1;
if (x >= 9 || x % 3 == 0) return x - 2;
return 7;
}
int rec(int x) {
if (x < 10) return fun(x);
return rec(x / 10) + rec(x % 10);
}
int main() {
cout << fun(3) << endl;
cout << fun(30) << endl;
cout << fun(33) << endl;
cout << rec(33) << endl;
cout << rec(999) << endl;
}
(a) What is the output at line (a)?
Answer:
1
(b) What is the output at line (b)?
Answer:
28
(c) What is the output at line (c)?
Answer:
32

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

(d) What is the output at line (d)?

Answer:
2
(e) What is the output at line (e)?
Answer:
24

Problem 119
Write a function called startBinary that returns a number giving the first 2 digits in the binary
expansion of an integer parameter. (Assume that the input parameter is not negative. If the parameter has just one
binary digit, return that digit.)
For example, a program that uses the function startBinary follows.
int main() {
int x = startBinary(6);
cout << x << endl;
//
cout << startBinary(23) << endl; //
cout << startBinary( 3) << endl; //
cout << startBinary( 1) << endl; //
return 0;
}

prints 11 because 6 in binary

prints 10 because 23 is 10111
prints 11 because 3 is
11
prints 1 because 1 is
1

is
in
in
in

110
binary
binary
binary

Answer:
int startBinary(int x) {
if (x < 2) return x;
if (x == 2) return 10;
if (x == 3) return 11;
return startBinary(x/2);
}

Problem 120
Write a complete C++ program that does the following. (Programs that correctly carry out some
of the tasks will receive partial credit.)
The program asks the user to enter a positive integer n that is less than 100. If the user enters an incorrect value,
the program terminates. The program next asks the user to enter n2 strings to be stored in a 2-dimensional array
with size n n. The program then reports the maximum number of times that it can find the string Kamil in any
row or column of the array.
For example, if the user enters 4 for n and then enters the 16 strings:
Kamil
Kamil
Rat
Kamil

Peter
Andrew
Rat
Peter

Dustin
Carl
Rat
Dustin

Kamil
Phil
Rat
Kamil

The final output would be 3 because Kamil appears three times in the first column, and no more than three times
in any row or column.
Answer:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int n;

cout << "Enter a positive integer that is less than 100: ";
cin >> n;
if (n < 1 || n > 99) exit(1);
string data[100][100];
cout << "Enter " << n * n << " data items (each is a string)\n";
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
cin >> data[i][j];
int max = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < n; row++) {
int rowKamils = 0;
for (int col = 0; col < n; col++)
if (data[row][col] == "Kamil") rowKamils ++;
if (rowKamils > max) max = rowKamils;
}
for (int col = 0; col < n; col++) {
int colKamils = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < n; row++)
if (data[row][col] == "Kamil") colKamils ++;
if (colKamils > max) max = colKamils;
}
cout << "The maximal number of Kamils in a row or column is " << max << endl;
return 0;
}

Problem 121
Write header lines (prototypes) for the following functions. Do not attempt to supply the
blocks for the functions.
(a) A function called isNegative that tests whether a decimal number is negative.
Answer:
bool isNegative(double x)
(b) A function called thirdChar which uses a string as input and returns the third character in the string.
Answer:
char thirdChar(string s)
(c) A function called swapLast2 which modifies an array of integers. The task of the function is to swap the last
two elements of the array.
Answer:
void swapLast2(int a[], int cap)
(d) A function called printPic which uses as input an 6 6 array of characters that represents a picture. The task
of the function is to print the picture.
Answer:
void printPic(char pic[][6], int rows, int cols)
(e) A function called reverseArray which is to reverse the order of elements in an array of integers.
Answer:
void reverseArray(int x[], int cap)

Problem 122

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void mystery(int data[], int p, int q) {
data[p] = data[q];
data[q] = data[p];
}
void m2(int &p, int q) {
int temp = p;
p = q;
q = temp;
}
void print(int data[], int p) {
for (int i = 0; i < p; i++)
cout << data[i] << " ";
cout << endl;
}
main() {
int x[8] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7};
int y[7] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int a = 3, b = 4;
print(x, 3);
//
mystery(x, 1, 2); print(x, 5);
//
for (int i = 1; i <= 7; i++) mystery(x,
print(x, 8);
//
m2(a, b);
cout << a << b << endl; //
m2(y[3], 7);
print(y, 6);
//
}
(a) What is the output at line (a)?
Answer:
0 1 2
(b) What is the output at line (b)?
Answer:
0 2 2 3 4
(c) What is the output at line (c)?
Answer:
7 2 2 3 4 5 6 7
(d) What is the output at line (d)?
Answer:
44
(e) What is the output at line (e)?
Answer:
0 1 2 7 4 5

line (a)
line (b)
0 ,i);
line (c)
line (d)
line (e)

Problem 123
Write a function called doubleDigit that makes each digit of an input parameter repeat twice.
For example, a program that uses the function doubleDigit follows.
int main() {
cout << doubleDigit(9)
cout << doubleDigit(81)
cout << doubleDigit(243)
cout << doubleDigit(244)
return 0;
}

<<
<<
<<
<<

endl;
endl;
endl;
endl;

//
//
//
//

prints
prints
prints
prints

99
8811
224433
224444

Answer:
int doubleDigit(int n) {
if (n < 10) return n * 11;
return 100 * doubleDigit(n / 10) + doubleDigit(n % 10);
}

Problem 124
Write a complete C++ program that does the following. (Programs that correctly carry out some
of the tasks will receive partial credit.)
The program asks the user to enter 1000 single digit integers. It then outputs the digit or digits that appears least
often.
For example, if the user enters 3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, . . . , 9, 8 where 0 appears 93 times, 1 appears 116 times, 2 appears 103
times, 3 appears 103 times, 4 appears 93 times, 5 appears 97 times, 6 appears 94 times, 7 appears 95 times, 8 appears
101 times, 9 appears 105 times the output would be:
The digits 0 and 4 are least frequent.
Answer:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int count[10];
int x;
for (int c = 0; c < 10; c++)
count [c] = 0;
cout << "Enter 1000 single digit integers: ";
for (int c = 1; c <= 1000; c++) {
cin >> x;
count[x]++;
}
int min = count[0];
for (int c = 1; c <= 9; c++) {
if (count[c] < min) min = count[c];
}
bool found = false;
cout << "The digits ";
for (int c = 0; c <= 9; c++) {
if (count[c] == min) {
if (found) cout << "and ";
cout << c << " ";
}

found = true;
}
cout << "are least frequent.\n";
return 0;
}
Problem 125
Write title lines (header lines or prototypes) for the following functions. Do not supply the blocks
for the functions.
(a) A function called detectAge which returns a users age (by asking for input and rejecting negative values).
Answer:
int detectAge()
(b) A function called sortString that sorts an array of strings into alphabetical order.
Answer:
void sortString(string a[], int cap)
(c) A function called sort4 that sorts 4 integer parameters into increasing order.
Answer:
void sort4(int &a, int &b, int &c, int &d)
(d) A function called printCode that prints the ASCII code for a character.
Answer:
void printCode(char x)
(e) A function called delete7 which alters an integer parameter by deleting every occurrence of the digit 7.
Answer:
void delete7(int &x)
Problem 126

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void mystery(int x[][4], int a, int b, int k) {
for (int r = a; r <= b; r++) for (int c = a; c <= b; c++)
x[r][c] = k;
}
void print(int x[][4], int s) {
for (int r = 0; r < s; r++) {
for (int c = 0; c < s; c++) cout << x[r][c];
cout << endl;
}
cout << endl;
}
int main() {
int x[4][4] =
mystery(x, 3,
mystery(x, 0,
mystery(x, 1,
mystery(x, 1,
mystery(x, 0,
return 0;
}

{{0,0,0,0}, {0,0,0,0}, {0,0,0,0}, {0,0,0,0}};

2, 1); print(x, 4); // line (a)
1, 2); print(x, 4); // line (b)
2, 3); print(x, 4); // line (c)
3, 4); print(x, 4); // line (d)
3, 5); print(x, 2); // line (e)

(a) What is the output at line (a)?

Answer:
0000
0000
0000
0000
(b) What is the output at line (b)?
Answer:
2200
2200
0000
0000
(c) What is the output at line (c)?
Answer:
2200
2330
0330
0000
(d) What is the output at line (d)?
Answer:
2200
2444
0444
0444
(e) What is the output at line (e)?
Answer:
55
55

Problem 127
Write a function called cutN ine that prints the part of a number that follows its last 9 digit. (If
there is no 9 digit, the whole number is printed. If the last digit is a 9, nothing is printed.)
For example, a program that uses the function cutN ine follows.
int main() {
cutNine(770);
cutNine(135792468);
cutNine(1991991);
cutNine(1991999);
return 0;
}

cout
cout
cout
cout

<<
<<
<<
<<

endl;
endl;
endl;
endl;

Answer:
void cutNine(int n) {
if (n == 0 || n % 10 == 9) return;
cutNine(n/10);
cout << n % 10;
}

//
//
//
//

prints 770
prints 2468
prints 1
prints

Problem 128
Write a complete C++ program that does the following. (Programs that correctly carry out some
of the tasks will receive partial credit.)
The program asks the user to enter 1000 single digit integers. It then outputs the number of times that each digit
was seen.
For example, if the user enters 3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, . . . , 9, 8 where 0 appears 93 times, 1 appears 116 times, . . ., 9 appears
105 times, the output would be:
0 count 93, 1 count 116, 2 count 103, 3 count 103, 4 count 93,
5 count 97, 6 count 94, 7 count 95, 8 count 101, 9 count 105.
Answer:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int count[10];
int x;
for (int c = 0; c < 10; c++)
count [c] = 0;
cout << "Enter 1000 single digit integers: ";
for (int c = 1; c <= 1000; c++) {
cin >> x;
count[x]++;
}
for (int c = 0; c < 10; c++) {
cout << c << " count " << count[c];
if (c % 5 < 4) cout << ", ";
else if (c == 4) cout << ",\n";
else cout << ".\n";
}
return 0;
}

Problem 129
Write title lines (header lines or prototypes) for the following functions. Do not supply the blocks
for the functions.
(a) A function called add3 which returns the sum of three double parameters.
Answer:
double add3 (double a, double b, double c)
(b) A function called reverseIt that returns the number obtained by reversing the digits of an integer parameter.
Answer:
int reverseIt (int x)
(c) A function called randomArray that sets the values in an array of doubles to have random values.
Answer:
void randomArray (double arr [], int capacity)
(d) A function called add5 that adds 5 to every entry in a 2-dimensional array each of whose rows has 35 columns.
Answer:
void add5 (int arr [][35], int rows, int columns)

(e) A function called deleteX which alters a string parameter by deleting every occurence of the letter X.
Answer:
void deleteX (string &str)

Problem 130

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
string fun(string x[], int y) {
if (y <= 0) return x[1];
if (y == 1) return x[0] + x[2];
if (y == 2) return "illegal";
if (y <= 4) return " 4";
return "X" + fun(x, y - 6);
}
int main() {
string array[3] = { "1", "2", "3"};
cout << fun(array,0) << endl;
cout << fun(array,1) << endl;
cout << fun(array,2) << endl;
cout << fun(array,4) << endl;
cout << fun(array,12) << endl;
return 0;
}

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

a
b
c
d
e

What is the output from the program at each of the following lines:
(a) line a:
2
(b) line b:
13
(c) line c:
illegal
(d) line d:
4
(e) line e:
XX2

Problem 131
Write a function called makeOne that returns the result of turning every odd valued digit in an
integer parameter to a 1.
For example, a program that uses the function makeOne follows.

int main() {
cout << makeOne(770)
<< endl;
cout << makeOne(13579) << endl;
cout << makeOne(1000) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 110
// prints 11111
// prints 1000

Answer:
int makeOne (int x)
{
if (x < 10 && x % 2 == 1) return 1;
if (x < 10) return x;
return 10 * makeOne (x / 10) + makeOne (x % 10);
}
Problem 132
Write a complete C++ program that does the following. (Programs that correctly carry out some
of the tasks will receive partial credit.)
The program asks the user to enter 3 positive integers. It then outputs the least frequently encountered digit or
digits in those 3 numbers.
For example, if the user enters the integers 123, 45678, and 200 the program should output 9 which occurs less often
than any other digit in these numbers.
Answer:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void getDigits (int n, int count []) {
while (n > 0) {
int digit = n % 10;
count [digit]++;
n /= 10;
} //while
}
int main () {
int n1, n2, n3;
cout << "Enter three positive integers: ";
cin >> n1 >> n2 >> n3;
int count [10];
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
count [i] = 0;
getDigits (n1, count);
getDigits (n2, count);
getDigits (n3, count);
int min = count[0];
for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++)
if (count[i] < min) min = count[i];
cout << "The following digits occur least often:" << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
if (count[i] == min) cout << i << endl;
return 0;
}

Problem 133
Write title lines (header lines or prototypes) for the following functions. Do not supply the blocks
for the functions.
(a) A function called add3 which returns the sum of three integer parameters.
Answer:
int add3(int a, int b, int c)
(b) A function called reverseString that returns the reverse of a string.
Answer:
string reverseString(string str)
(c) A function called randomArray that sets the values in an array of integers to have random values.
Answer:
void randomArray (int arr [], int capacity)
(d) A function called add3 that adds 3 to every entry in a 2-dimensional array each of whose rows has 25 columns.
Answer:
void add3 (int arr [][25], int rows, int columns)
(e) A function called deleteX which alters a string parameter by deleting every occurence of the letter X.
Answer:
void deleteX (string &str)

Problem 134

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
string fun(string x[], int y) {
if (y <= 0) return x[0];
if (y == 1) return x[1] + x[2];
if (y == 2) return "illegal";
if (y <= 4) return " <= 4";
return "X" + fun(x, y - 5);
}
int main() {
string array[3] = { "1", "2", "3"};
cout << fun(array,0) << endl;
cout << fun(array,1) << endl;
cout << fun(array,2) << endl;
cout << fun(array,4) << endl;
cout << fun(array,12) << endl;
return 0;
}

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

a
b
c
d
e

What is the output from the program at each of the following lines:
(a) line a:
1
(b) line b:

23
(c) line c:
Illegal
(d) line d:
<= 4
(e) line e:
XXillegal

Problem 135
Write a function called makeOne that returns the result of turning every non-zero digit in an
integer parameter to a 1.
For example, a program that uses the function makeOne follows.
int main() {
cout << makeOne(770)
<< endl;
cout << makeOne(13579) << endl;
cout << makeOne(1000) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 110
// prints 11111
// prints 1000

Answer:
int makeOne(int x)
{
if (x == 0) return 0;
if (x < 10) return 1;
return 10 * makeOne (x / 10) + makeOne (x % 10);
}

Problem 136
Write a complete C++ program that does the following. (Programs that correctly carry out some
of the tasks will receive partial credit.)
The program asks the user to enter 3 positive integers. It then outputs the most frequently encountered digit or
digits in those 3 numbers.
For example, if the user enters the integers 737, 13579, and 246 the program should output 7 which occurs more
often than any other digit in these numbers.
Answer:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void getDigits (int n, int count []) {
while (n > 0) {
int digit = n % 10;
count [digit]++;
n /= 10;
} //while
}
int main () {
int n1, n2, n3;

cout << "Enter three positive integers: ";

cin >> n1 >> n2 >> n3;
int count [10];
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
count [i] = 0;
getDigits (n1, count);
getDigits (n2, count);
getDigits (n3, count);
int max = count[0];
for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++)
if (count[i] > max) max = count[i];
cout << "The following digits occur most often:" << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
if (count[i] == max) cout << i << endl;
return 0;
}

Problem 137
Write title lines for the functions that are called by the following main program. Do not supply
the blocks for the functions.
int main() {
int a[4] = {3,1,4,1}, b[5] = {2,7,1,8,1}, i = 3, j = 5, k = 4;
int x[2][2] = {{0,1},{3,2}};
cout << max(x, 2 , 2); // outputs: 3
printArray(a, 4); // outputs: 3,1,4,1
reverse(a, 0, 3); // changes a to 1,4,1,3
sort1(b, 5);
printArray(b, 5); // outputs: 1,1,2,7,8
sort2(i, j, k);
cout << i << j << k << endl; // outputs: 345
return 0;
}
(a) Title line for max
Answer:
int max(int x[][2], int a, int b)
(b) Title line for printArray
Answer:
void printArray(int array[], int cap)
(c) Title line for reverse
Answer:
void reverse(int array[], int from, int to)
(d) Title line for sort1
Answer:
void sort1(int array[], int n)

(e) Title line for sort2

Answer:
void sort2(int &a, int &b, int &c)
Problem 138

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void rec(int a[], int start, int stop) {
if (stop <= start) return;
a[start] = a[stop];
rec(a, start + 1, stop -1);
}
void printA(int a[], int cap) {
for (int c = cap - 1; c >= 0; c--) cout << a[c] << " ";
cout << endl;
}
int main() {
int x[6] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
printA(x,
printA(x,
rec(x, 3,
rec(x, 3,
rec(x, 0,

6);
4);
3); printA(x, 4);
4); printA(x, 6);
5); printA(x, 6);

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

return 0;
}
What is the output at each of the following lines?
(a) line (a)
5 4 3 2 1 0
(b) line (b)
3 2 1 0
(c) line (c)
3 2 1 0
(d) line (d)
5 4 4 2 1 0
(e) line (e)
5 4 4 4 4 5
Problem 139
Write a function called maxM id that determines the maximum value in the middle column of a
2-dimensional array of numbers of type double. (You should assume that the 2-dimensional array has an odd number
of columns.)
For example, a program that uses the function maxM id follows. Your function must complete this program.

int main() {
double x[4][5] = {{0,1,2,3,4}, {1,2,3,4,5}, {2,3,4,5,6}, {5,6,7,8,9}};
cout << maxMid(x, 4, 5) << endl; // prints 7.0
return 0;
}
Answer:
double maxMid(double x[][5], int rows, int cols) {
double ans = x[0][cols / 2];
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++)
if ((x[i][cols / 2] > ans) ans = x[i][cols / 2];
return ans;
}
Problem 140
Write a complete C++ program that does the following. (In your program, you do not need to
check whether the user enters legal input.)
1. It asks the user to enter a positive integer n that is at most 100.
2. The program reads n single digit integers entered by the user. (A single digit integer is an integer n with
0 n 9.)
3. The program prints a list of all single digit integers that were not entered at all by the user.
For example, the following represents one run of the program.
Enter a positive integer (at most 100):
Enter 11 single digit integers:
1 1 7 3 3 2 0 3 7 7 7
The following were not entered: 4 5 6 8 9

11

Answer:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int n, c, x, count[10];
for (int c = 0; c <= 9; c++) count[c] = 0;
cout << "Enter a positive integer (at most 100): ";
cin >> n;
cout << "Enter " << n << " single digit integers: ";
for (int c = 0; c < n; c++) {
cin >> x;
count[x]++;
}
cout << "The following were not entered:";
for (int c = 0; c <= 9; c++)
if (count[c] == 0) cout << " " << c;
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
Problem 141
Write title lines (header lines or prototypes) for the following functions. Do not supply the blocks
for the functions.
(a) A function called welcome which prints the word Hello to the screen.
Answer:

void welcome()
(b) A function called addTwo that adds 2 to every entry in an array of integers.
Answer:
void addTwo(int array[], int cap)
(c) A function called randomTruth which determines and returns a random true/false result.
Answer:
bool randomTruth()
(d) A function called numberPrimes which returns the number of prime numbers that lie between a specified pair
of input values.
Answer:
int numberPrimes(int a, int b)
(e) A function called biggerAverage which determines which of two arrays of integers has the bigger average. It
should return the value of this bigger average.
Answer:
double biggerAverage(int array1[], int cap1, int array2[], int cap2)

Problem 142

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int fun(int &x, int y) {
x = y + 1;
y = x + 1;
cout << x << y << endl;
return x * y;
}
int main() {
int x = 2, y = 0;
fun(x, 8);
fun(x, y);
fun(y, x);
fun(y, x);
cout << fun(x, 3) << endl;
return 0;
}

//
//
//
//
//

line
line
line
line
line

a
b
c
d
e

What is the output from the program at each of the following lines:
(a) line a:
910
(b) line b:
12
(c) line c:
23

(d) line d:
23
(e) line e:
45
20

Problem 143
Write a function called alternates that prints every second digit of an integer parameter, starting
from the right.
For example, a program that uses the function alternates follows.
int main() {
alternates(10); cout << endl;
alternates(123456); cout << endl;
alternates(1000); cout << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 0
// prints 642
// prints 00

Answer:
void alternates(int n) {
cout << n % 10;
if (n >= 100) alternates(n/100);
}
An alternative solution that does not use recursion follows:
void alternates (int x) {
while (x > 0) {
cout << x % 10;
x /= 100;
}
}

Problem 144
Write a complete C++ program that does the following. (Programs that correctly carry out some
of the tasks will receive partial credit.)
1. It asks the user to enter a positive integer that is between 1 and 26.
2. The program reads a value n entered by the user. If the value is not legal, the program exits.
3. The program prints an n n pattern of characters, in which the top left character is an A. The top left 2 2
block is completed by three B characters. The top left 3 3 block is completed by five C characters, and so on.
For example, if the user enters 5 for n the program should print the following picture.
ABCDE
BBCDE
CCCDE
DDDDE
EEEEE
Answer:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int r, c, x, n;
char pic[26][26];
cout << "Enter an integer between 1 and 26: ";
cin >> n;
if (n < 1 || n > 26) exit(1);
for (x = n - 1; x >= 0; x--)
for (r = 0; r <= x; r++)
for (c = 0; c <= x; c++) pic[r][c] = A + x;
for (r = 0; r <= n - 1; r++) {
for (c = 0; c <= n - 1; c++) cout << pic[r][c];
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}

Problem 145
Write title lines (header lines or prototypes) for the following functions. Do not supply the blocks
for the functions.
(a) A function called firstDigit which returns the first digit of an integer.
Answer:
int firstDigit(int x)
(b) A function called sqrt that returns the square root of a double precision parameter.
Answer:
double sqrt(double x)
(c) A function called oddString which returns a string made up of the characters in odd position of an input string.
Answer:
string oddString(string s)
(d) A function called randomWord which is to create and return a random word.
Answer:
string randomWord()
(e) A function called sort which is to sort an array of strings into alphabetical order.
Answer:
void sort(string data[], int cap)

Problem 146

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int recursive(int n) {
if (n < 10) return n;
if (n < 100) return n/10;
return 10 * recursive(n / 100) + n % 10;

}
main() {
int x;
cout << "Enter an integer: ";
cin >> x;
cout << recursive(x) << endl;
return 0;
}
What is the output from the program in response to the following user inputs.
(a) The user enters 5 for x.
Answer:
5
(b) The user enters 16 for x.
Answer:
1
(c) The user enters 123 for x.
Answer:
13
(d) The user enters 1234 for x.
Answer:
14
(e) The user enters 19683 for x.
Answer:
163
Problem 147
Write a function called evens that deletes all odd digits from a positive integer parameter.
For example, a program that uses the function evens follows.
int main() {
cout << evens(16) << endl;
cout << evens(666) << endl;
cout << evens(777) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 6
// prints 666
// prints 0

Answer:
int evens(int n){
if (n % 2 == 1) return evens(n / 10);
if (n < 10) return n;
return 10 * evens(n / 10) + n % 10;
}
Problem 148
Write a complete C++ program that does the following.
1. It asks the user to enter a positive integer n that is at most 100.
2. The program reads in a 2-dimensional array with n rows and n columns of integers entered by the user.
3. The program prints out the average of the entries for each column of the array.
For example, the following represents one run of the program.

Enter a positive integer (at most 100):

3
Enter 3 rows of 3 integers:
3 -1
4
10 30 -100
2 -2
99
The averages of the 3 columns are: 5.0 9.0 1.0
Answer:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int num;
int arr [100] [100];
cout << "Give a number thats at most 100: ";
cin >> num;
cout << "Give me " << num << " rows of " << num << " integers: ";
for (int r = 0; r < num; r++)
for (int c = 0; c < num; c++)
cin >> arr [r] [c];
cout << "The averages of the " << num << " columns are:";
for (int c = 0; c < num; c++)
{
int colSum = 0;
for (int r = 0; r < num; r++)
colSum += arr[r][c];
cout << ((double) colSum) / num << " ";
} //for
cout << endl << endl;
return 0;
} //main

Problem 149
Write C++ statements to carry out the following tasks. Do not write complete programs,
just give a single line, or a few lines of C++ instructions. Include declarations for any variable that you use.
(i) Print the remainder when 101 is divided by 17 to the file out.txt. Answer:
ofstream out("out.txt");
out << 101 % 17;
(ii) Print a random lower case letter to the screen. (The random letter should be determined by using an appropriate
C++ function.) Answer:
cout << (char) (a + rand() % 26);
(iii) Read a line of text from the user and print the word Yes if it contains the character 7. Answer:
string input;
getline(cin, input);
if (input.find("7") >= 0) cout << "Yes";
(iv) Print the middle character of the string s. (Assume that the string has odd length.) Answer:

cout << s[s.length() / 2];

(v) Swap the values of integer variables called x and y. Answer:
int temp = y;
y = x;
x = temp;

Problem 150

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int recursive(int n) {
if (n < 10) return n;
return 100 * recursive(n / 100) + 11* (n % 10);
}
main() {
int x;
cout << "Enter an integer: ";
cin >> x;
cout << recursive(x) << endl;
return 0;
}
What is the output from the program in response to the following user inputs.
(a) The user enters 5 for x.
Answer:
5
(b) The user enters -10 for x.
Answer:
-10
(c) The user enters 65 for x.
Answer:
55
(d) The user enters 123 for x.
Answer:
133
(e) The user enters 19683 for x.
Answer:
16633

Problem 151
parameter.

Write a function called twoP art that returns the largest power of 2 that divides a positive integer

For example, a program that uses the function twoP art follows.

int main() {
cout << twoPart(16) << endl;
cout << twoPart(666) << endl;
cout << twoPart(777) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 16
// prints 2
// prints 1

Answer:
int twoPart(int x) {
if (x % 2 == 1) return 1;
return 2 * twoPart (x / 2);
}

Problem 152
Write a complete C++ program that does the following.
1. It asks the user to enter a positive integer n that is at most 100.
2. The program reads in a 2-dimensional array with n rows and n columns of integers entered by the user.
3. The program prints out the maximum entry found for each row of the array.
For example, the following represents one run of the program.
Enter a positive integer (at most 100):
3
Enter 3 rows of 3 integers:
3 -1 4
10 30 -100
0 0 0
The maximum entries in the 3 rows are: 4 30 0
Answer:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int num;
int arr [100] [100];
cout << "Give a number thats at most 100: ";
cin >> num;
cout << "Give me " << num << " rows of " << num << " integers: ";
for (int r = 0; r < num; r++)
for (int c = 0; c < num; c++)
cin >> arr [r] [c];
cout << "The maximum entries in the " << num << " rows are:";
int max;
for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)
{
max = arr [i] [0];
for (int j = 0; j < num; j++)
if (max < arr [i] [j])
max = arr [i] [j];
cout << max << " ";
} //for
cout << endl << endl;

return 0;
} //main

Problem 153
Write C++ statements to carry out the following tasks. Do not write complete programs,
just give a single line, or a few lines of C++ instructions. Assume that the following variables have been declared,
and if necessary have values, for each part:
int x[10], z[10][10], r, c;
string s;
(i) Print the remainder when r is divided by c.
cout << r % c;
(ii) Set r to be a random integer between 1 and 10. (The random integer should be determined by an appropriate
C++ function.)
r = rand() % 10 + 1;
(iii) Print the sum of all 10 entries of the array x.
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) sum += x[i];
cout << sum;
(iv) Print the last character of the string s.
cout << s[s.size() - 1];
(v) Swap row number 0 with row number 4 in the 2-dimensional array z.
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
int temp = z[0][i];
z[0][i] = z[4][i];
z[4][i] = temp;
}

Problem 154

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void x1(int a[][6], int n) {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) cout << a[n][i];
cout << endl;
}
void x2(int b[][6], int n) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
cout << b[i][i] << " ";
x1(b, n);
}
main() {

int x[6][6], a[6][6], b[6][6];

for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) for (int j = 0; j < 6; j++) {
x[i][j] = i + j;
a[i][j] = i * j;
b[i][j] = (i + 1) / (j + 1);
}
cout << "Part a: " << x[5][4] << endl;
cout << "Part b: " << a[5][4] << endl;
cout << "Part c: "; x1(x, 5);
cout << "Part d: "; x2(x, 5);
cout << "Part e: "; x2(b, 3);
return 0;
}
Complete the line of output that begins:
Answer:
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part

a:
b:
c:
d:
e:

9
20
56789
0 2 4 6 8 56789
1 1 1 42110

Problem 155
Write a function called sixCount that returns a count of the number of digits that are equal to 6
in its positive integer parameter.
For example, a program that uses the function sixCount follows.
int main() {
cout << sixCount(16) << endl;
cout << sixCount(666) << endl;
cout << sixCount(777) << endl;
return 0;
}

// prints 1
// prints 3
// prints 0

Answer:
int sixCount(int x) {
if (x == 6) return 1;
if (x < 10) return 0;
return sixCount(x % 10) + sixCount(x / 10);
}

Problem 156
Write a complete C++ program that does the following.
1. It asks the user to enter a positive integer n that is at most 100.
2. The program reads in an array n integers entered by the user.
3. The program prints the negative entries from the array, in order.
4. The program prints the positive entries from the array in reverse order.
For example, the following represents one run of the program.
Enter a positive integer (at most 100):
Enter 8 integers: 3 -1 4 -10 17 18 19 -11
-1 -10 -11
19 18 17 4 3
Answer:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int x[100];
int count;
cout << "Enter a positive integer (at most 100):
cin >> count;
cout << "Enter " << count << " integers: ";
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) cin >> x[i];

";

for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)

if (x[i] < 0) cout << x[i] << " ";
cout << endl;
for (int i = count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
if (x[i] > 0) cout << x[i] << " ";
cout << endl;
return 0;
}

Problem 157
Write C++ statements to carry out the following tasks. Do not write complete programs,
just give a single line, or a few lines of C++ instructions. Assume that the following variables have been declared,
and if necessary have values, for each part:
int x[10], y[10], z[10][10], r, c;
(i) Read 10 integers into the array x.
Answer:
for (c = 0; c <= 9; c++) cin >> x[c];
(ii) Set all the entries of the array z so that the entry in row r and column c stores the product of r and c.
Answer:
for (r = 0; r <= 9; r ++) for (c = 0; c <= 9; c++)
z[r][c] = r * c;
(iii) Print the smallest value in the array x.
Answer:
int min = x[0];
for (c = 1; c <= 9; c++) if (x[c] < min) min = x[c];
cout << min;
(iv) Print the word Divides if r divides exactly into c otherwise do nothing.
Answer:
if (c % r == 0) cout << "Divides";
(v) Swap each entry of the array x with the correpsonding entry of array y.
Answer:
for (c = 0; c <= 9; c++) {
int temp = x[c];
x[c] = y[c];
y[c] = temp;
}

Problem 158

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int recursive(int n) {
if (n < 100) return n%10;
return 10 * recursive(n / 100) + n % 10;
}
main() {
int x;
cout << "Enter an integer: ";
cin >> x;
cout << recursive(x) << endl;
return 0;
}
What is the output from the program in response to the following user inputs.
(a) The user enters -10 for x.
Answer: 0
(b) The user enters 5 for x.
Answer: 5
(c) The user enters 55 for x.
Answer: 5
(d) The user enters 123 for x.
Answer: 13
(e) The user enters 19683 for x.
Answer: 163
Problem 159
Write a function called toT en that calculates how many entries of an array need to be added to
make a sum of 10 or more. (Start adding from index 0.)
For example, a program that uses the function toT en follows.
int main() {
int x[8] = {5, 3, 1, 6, 10, 1, -30, -100};
cout << toTen(x, 8) << endl;
return 0;
}
The output from this program would be 4, because the sum of the first 4 entries 5 + 3 + 1 + 6 is the first sum that
exceeds 10.
Answer:
The following function returns an answer of -1 in case no sum of entries in the array reaches a value of 10. Exam
solutions are not required to deal with this possibility.
int toTen(int x[], int c) {
int sum = x[0];
int col = 1;
while (sum < 10 && col < c) {
sum = sum + x[col];
col ++;
}
if (sum < 10) return -1;
return col;
}

Problem 160
Write a complete C++ program that does the following.
1. It asks the user to enter their name as a string name.
2. The program reads the name entered by the user.
3. The program converts all letters in the name to uppercase and prints the name.
4. The program prints the uppercase characters of the name in reverse.
For example, the following represents one run of the program.
What is your name:
FREDDY
YDDERF

Freddy

Answer:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
string name;
cout << "What is your name: ";
getline(cin, name);
for (int i = 0; i < name.size(); i++)
name[i] = toupper(name[i]);
cout << name << endl;
for (int i = name.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--)
cout << name[i];
cout << endl;
return 0;
}

Problem 161
Write header lines (prototypes) for the following functions. Do not supply the blocks for the
functions.
(a) A function called sumDigits which returns the sum of the digits of an integer.
Answer:
int sumDigits(int x)
(b) A function called isSmall that returns an answer of true if a double precision parameter has a value between 0
and 0.001. (It returns false otherwise.)
Answer:
bool isSmall(double x)
(c) A function called randomLetter which generates and returns a random letter of the alphabet. (The output is
to be a single character between A and Z.)
Answer:
char randomLetter()
(d) A function called sort3 which is to change a collection of three input values so that they appear in increasing
order.
Answer:
void sort3(int &x, int &y, int &z)
(e) A function called total which is to determine the sum of all the entries in an array.
Answer:

int total(int x[], int capacity)

Problem 162

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int recursive(int n) {
if (n < 10) return n;
return n % 10 - recursive(n/10);
}
main() {
int x;
cout << "Enter a positive integer: ";
cin >> x;
if (x <= 0) cout << "Error" << endl;
else cout << recursive(x) << endl;
return 0;
}
What is the output from the program in response to the following user inputs.
(a) The user enters 0 for x.
Answer:
Error
(b) The user enters 5 for x.
Answer:
5
(c) The user enters 55 for x.
Answer:
0
(d) The user enters 555 for x.
Answer:
5
(e) The user enters 19683 for x.
Answer:
-7

Problem 163
Write a function called quadratic that calculates the value of a quadratic function ax2 + bx + c.
For example, a program that uses the function quadratic follows.
int main() {
double a = 1.0, b = 2.2, c = 1.21, x = 0.1;
cout << quadratic(a, b, c, x) << endl;
return 0;
}

Answer:
double quadratic(double a, double b, double c, double x) {
return c + b * x + a * x * x;
}
Problem 164
Write a complete C++ program that does the following.
1. It asks the user to enter a positive integer value, n.
2. The program reads a value entered by the user. If the value is not positive, the program should terminate.
3. The program should consider every number x between 1 and n and print out any value of x that divides exactly
into n.
The printed values should all appear on a single line, separated by spaces.
For example, the following represents one run of the program. (The user chooses the number 28.)
Enter a positive integer:
1 2 4 7 14 28

28

Answer:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int n, x;
cout << "Enter a positive integer value for n: ";
cin >> n;
if (n <= 0) exit(1);
for (x = 1; x <= n; x++)
if (n % x == 0) cout << x << " ";
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
Problem 165
Write header lines (prototypes) for the following functions. Do not supply the blocks for the
functions.
(a) A function called sum which returns the sum of 4 double precision values.
Answer:
double sum(double a, double b, double c, double d)
(b) A function called midDigit that is used to return the middle digit of an integer.
Answer:
int midDigit(int x)
(c) A function called isPositive which is to return an answer of true if the sum of the entries of an array of double
precision data is positive (and return false otherwise).
Answer:
bool isPositive(double x[], int capacity)
(d) A function called average2DArray which is to print (to cout) the average of the entries in a 2-dimensional
array (the array stores integers and has 10 rows and 15 columns).
Answer:

void average2DArray(int array[][15], int rows, int cols)

(e) A function called makeZero which is to use two integer input variables and change their values to zero. (After
the function ends, the input variables must be zero.)
Answer:
void makeZero(int &x, int &y)

Problem 166

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void mystery(int n) {
cout << n % 100;
if (n < 1000) return;
mystery(n/10);
}
main() {
int x;
cout << "Enter an integer: ";
cin >> x;
mystery(x);
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
What is the output from the program in response to the following user inputs.
(a) The user enters 5 for x.
Answer: 5
(b) The user enters 512 for x.
Answer: 12
(c) The user enters 4370 for x.
Answer: 7037
(d) The user enters 175560 for x.
Answer: 60565575

Problem 167
Write a function called sum2D that returns the sum of all elements in a 2-dimensional array that
has 4 columns of integer entries.
For example, a program that uses the function sum2D follows.
int main() {
int array[3][4] = {{1,2,3,4},{1,2,3,4},{1,2,3,4}};
cout << sum2D(array, 3, 4) << endl;
return 0;
}
The input values 3 and 4 specify the number of rows and columns in the array. The program should print an answer
of 30 (since this is the sum of 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, and 4).
Answer:
int sum2D(int a[][4], int r, int c) {
int ans = 0;

for (int row = 0; row < r; row++)

for (int col = 0; col < c; col++)
ans += a[row][col];
return ans;
}

Problem 168
Write a complete C++ program that does the following.
1. It asks the user to enter a 5-digit integer value, n.
2. The program reads a value entered by the user. If the value is not in the right range, the program should terminate.
3. The program calulates and stores the 5 individual digits of n.
4. The program outputs a bar code made of 5 lines of stars that represent the digits of the number n.
For example, the following represents one run of the program. (The user chooses the number 16384.)
Enter a 5 digit integer:
*
******
***
********
****

16384

Answer:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int bar(int l) {
for (int c = 0; c < l; c++) cout << "*";
cout << endl;
}
int main() {
int i, n;
int digit[5];
cout << "Enter a 5 digit integer: ";
cin >> n;
if (n < 10000 || n > 99999) exit(0);
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
digit[i] = n % 10;
n = n / 10;
}
for (i = 4; i >= 0; i--) bar(digit[i]);
return 0;
}
Here is an alternative solution that is shorter, but makes use of recursion:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void bars(int n) {
if (n == 0) return;
bars(n/10);
for (int c = 0; c < n % 10; c++) cout << "*";
cout << endl;

}
int main() {
int n;
cout << "Enter a 5 digit integer: ";
cin >> n;
if (n < 10000 || n > 99999) exit(0);
bars(n);
return 0;
}

Problem 169
Write header lines (prototypes) for the following functions. Do not supply the blocks for the
functions.
(a) A function called lastDigit that is used to find the last digit of an integer.
Answer:
int lastDigit(int x)
(b) A function called average which determines the average of 3 integer values.
Answer:
double average(int x, int y, int z)
(c) A function called largest which is used to find the largest value in an array of double precision data.
Answer:
double largest(double array[], int cap)
(d) A function called print2DArray which is to print out all of the data in a 2-dimensional array of integers(the
array has 100 columns).
Answer:
void print2DArray(int array[][100], int rows, int cols)
(e) A function called sort which is to sort an array of strings into alphabetical order.
Answer:
void sort(string array[], int cap)

Problem 170

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void mystery(int data[], int p, int q) {
data[p] = data[q];
data[q] = data[p];
}
void m2(int p, int q) {
int temp = p;
q = p;
p = temp;
}
void print(int data[], int p) {

for (int i = 0; i < p; i++)

cout << data[i] << " ";
cout << endl;
}
main() {
int scores[8] = {3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6};
int quiz[7] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
print(scores, 3);
print(quiz, 4);
mystery(scores, 1, 2);
print(scores, 5);
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
m2(quiz[i], quiz[i+ 1]);
print(quiz, 6);
}
What is the output from the program?
Answer:
3
0
3
0

1
1
4
1

4
2 3
4 1 5
2 3 4 5

Problem 171
Write a function called countChange that uses four parameters q, d, n, and p and converts the
value of q auarters, d dimes, n nickels, and p cents into dollars.
For example, a program that uses the function countChange follows.
int main() {
int q = 10, d = 5, n = 1, p = 2;
double x = countChange(q, d, n, p);
cout << "You have $" << x << endl;
}
It should print:
You have $3.07
Answer:
double countChange(int quarters, int dimes, int nickels, int pennies) {
return quarters * 0.25 + dimes * 0.1 + nickels * 0.05 + pennies * 0.01;
}
Problem 172
Write a complete C++ program that does the following.
1. It asks the user to enter a positive integer value, r that is at most 100.
2. The program reads a value entered by the user. If the value is not in the right range, the program should terminate.
3. The program reads and stores r integers from the user and then prints a pattern of r rows of stars, the lengths of
which are the other integers entered by the user.
For example, the following represents one run of the program.
How many rows? 4
Enter 4 row lengths:
**
*******
*
*****

2 7 1 5

Answer:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int arr[100];
int r, i, j;
cout << "How many rows? ";
cin >> r;
if (r < 1 || r > 100) exit(1);
cout << "Enter " << r << " row lengths: ";
for (i = 0; i < r; i++) cin >> arr[i];
for (i = 0; i < r; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < arr[i]; j++) cout << "*";
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}

Problem 173
Write a C++ program that asks a user how many times it should say hello and then says hello
the required number of times. For example, a run of the program might produce the following output:
How many hellos do you want: 6
Hello Hello Hello Hello Hello Hello
Answer:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int n;
cout << " How many hellos do you want: ";
cin >> n;
for (int c = 1; c <= n; c++) cout << "Hello ";
cout << endl;
return 0;
}

Problem 174 Two numbers are considered as very different if they differ by more than 10. Write a C++ function
called areVeryDifferent that determines whether two integers are very different.
For example, your function could be used in the following program.
int main() {
int x = 4, y = 10, z = -4;
if (areVeryDifferent(x, y)) cout << "x and y are very different" << endl;
if (areVeryDifferent(x, z)) cout << "x and z are very different" << endl;
if (areVeryDifferent(y, z)) cout << "y and z are very different" << endl;
return 0;
}
The output from this program would be:

y and z are very different

Answer:
bool areVeryDifferent(int x, int y) {
if ((x - y) > 10 || (y - x) > 10) return true;
return false;
}

Problem 175
Write a complete C++ program that does the following.
1. It asks the user to enter a positive integer value, x that is at most 100.
2. The program reads a value entered by the user. If the value is not in the right range, the program should terminate.
3. The program reads and stores x words from the user and then prints them in reverse order.
For example, the following represents one run of the program.
How many words? 5
Freddy and Max were absent
absent were Max and Freddy
Answer:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
string data[100];
int n;
cout << "How many words (between 1 and 100): ";
cin >> n;
if (n <= 0 || n > 100) exit(0);
for (int c = 0; c < n; c++) cin >>data[c];
for (int c = (n - 1); c >= 0; c--) cout << data[c] << " ";
cout << endl;
return 0;
}

Problem 176

Consider the following C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void mystery(int data[], int p, int q) {
data[p] = data[q] + data[p];
data[q] = 0;
}
void print(int data[], int p) {
for (int i = 0; i < p; i++)
cout << data[i] << " ";
cout << endl;
}
main() {
int scores[8] = {3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6};

int quiz[7] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};

print(quiz, 7);
print(scores, 8);
mystery(scores, 3, 4);
print(scores, 8);
for (int i = 1; i < 7; i++)
mystery(quiz, 0, i);
print(quiz, 7);
}
What is the output from the program?
Answer:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
3 1 4 1 5 9 2 6
3 1 4 6 0 9 2 6
21 0 0 0 0 0 0