IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

ISSN: 2319-1163

SOFTWARE TESTING DEFECT PREDICTION MODEL-A PRACTICAL

APPROACH
Shaik Nafeez Umar
Lead-Industry Consultant, CSC Company, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
Software defects prediction aims to reduce software testing efforts by guiding the testers through the defect classification of software
systems. Defect predictors are widely used in many organizations to predict software defects in order to save time, improve quality,
testing and for better planning of the resources to meet the timelines. The application of statistical software testing defect prediction
model in a real life setting is extremely difficult because it requires more number of data variables and metrics and also historical
defect data to predict the next releases or new similar type of projects. This paper explains our statistical model, how it will accurately
predict the defects for upcoming software releases or projects. We have used 20 past release data points of software project, 5
parameters and build a model by applying descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple linear regression models with 95%
confidence intervals (CI). In this appropriate multiple linear regression model the R-square value was 0.91 and its Standard Error is
5.90%. The Software testing defect prediction model is now being used to predict defects at various testing projects and operational
releases. We have found 90.76% precision between actual and predicted defects.

Index Terms: Software defects, SDLC, STLC, Multiple Linear Regression

--------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------------1. INTRODUCTION
In the past thirty years, many software defect prediction
models have been developed. In the software
testing/development organization, a need for release/project
wise better defect prediction models. Predicting the defects in
testing projects is a big challenge. Software development
organizations have been working on making good plans to
achieve better development, maintenance and management
processes by predicting the defects. Companies spend huge
amount of money in allocating resources to testing the
software systems in order to find the defects. If we can have a
model to predict the defects in the release/project, the schedule
variance can be minimized and can be received excellent
customer satisfaction. Evaluation of many software models
were presented in [1, 2, 3 and 27]. Statistical based models of
software defects are little help to a Project Manager who must
decide between these alternatives [4].
Software defects are more costly if discovered and fixed in the
later stages of the testing and development life cycles or
during the production [5]. Consequently, testing is one of the
most critical and time consuming phase of the software
development life cycle and accounts for 50% of the total cost
of development [5]. Defect predictors improve the efficiency
of the testing phase in addition to helping developers evaluate
the quality and defect proneness of their software product [6].
They can also help managers in allocating resources,
rescheduling, training plans and budget allocations. Most
defect prediction models combine well known methodologies

and algorithms such as statistical techniques [7, 8 and 9] and

machine learning [10, 11, 12 and 13] they require historical
data in terms of software metrics and actual defect rates, and
combine these metrics and defect information as training data
to learn which modules seem to be defect prone.
Recent research on defect prediction shows that AI based
defect predictors can detect 70% of all defects in a software
system on average [14], while manual code reviews can detect
between 35 to 60% of defects [15] and inspections can detect
30% of defects at the most [16]. A number of authors, for
example [17, 18 and 19] have newly used Bayesian Networks
models in software engineering management. Bayesian
Networks models can useful to predict number of software
defects remaining undetected after testing [20], this can be
used project managers in particularly help to decide when to
stop testing and release software, trading-off the time for
additional testing against the likely benefit.

2. OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY

Defect prediction improves efficiency of the testing phase

in addition to helping developers evaluate the quality and
defect proneness of their software product.
Help managers in allocating resources, rescheduling,
training plans and budget allocations.
Depending on the forecasted trends:
o Resources can be efficiently ramped up or down
o Gaps in Skills and trainings can be plugged
Predicts defect leakage into production.

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IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

3. OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY
The objective of this paper is to predict software testing
defects using statistical models and evaluate the accuracy of
the statistical defect prediction model. To determine potential
of the statistical models to capture the number of defects on
the basis of past data and their metrics, we proceed as follows.
To identify the best predictors in the available set of 18
parameters, we calculate product moment correlation between
the number of defects and the predictors. Then we proceed
with more advanced statistical models to deal with normal
distribution of the target variable and the specifics of the
historical data and check multicollinerity within predictor
parameters.
The key variables we analyzed were the descriptive
parameters of target variable. As a result for the analysis, we
used a dataset of 20 software releases which is correlated with
among the influence variables. The parameters of the
generalized Multiple Linear Regression are first estimated
using the method of ordinal least squares (OLS). The
application of the OLS method for fitting the parameters of the
generalized linear regression model is justified if error
distribution is assumed to be normal. In this case OLS and the
maximum likelihood (ML) estimates of are very close the
same for the linear model [21 and 27]. We use Multiple Linear
Regression (MLR) for the estimation of the defect using the
five predictors with correlation coefficients. In the predictive
modeling, the multiple regression models are used for
predicting defects in software field.
Y=0+ 1X1+ 2 X2+ 3 X3+ 4 X4+..+ n
Xn,
Where Y=Dependent parameter (Defects),
1, 2, 3, 4,. n Coefficient values and X1, X1, X1,
X1,. X1 are independent parameters (Total number of test
cases executed, Test team size, Allocated development effort,
Test case execution effort and Total number of components
delivered)

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Out of total 20 software data items, we have identified total
number of Test Cases executed, Test Team size, Allocated
Unit testing effort, Test case execution Effort and Total
numbers of components delivered are independent variables
and number of defects as dependent variable. We have
identified dependent variables based on the past data and
experience. We have been observing the same pattern in many
of our projects. Total number of defects depends on total
number of test cases and is directly proportional. If number of
test cases are high and critical to requirements the chances are
getting defects is high. This is one of the strongly influencing
parameter. There is strong correlation between these two
parameters. Number of defects in the software release/project
is directly proportional to Test team size. If test team size is

ISSN: 2319-1163

more, then probability of getting defects is high. Number of

defects in the software release/project is indirectly
proportional to allocated unit testing effort. If the allocated
unit testing effort is more, then developers will be able to find
more number of defects in the unit testing phase only and
leakage of the defects to the next phase will be minimized.
This is one of the strong parameter negatively influencing on
the number of defects. If the allocated unit testing effort is less
then probability of getting defects are very high in the testing
phase. Number of defects in the software release/project is
directly proportional to test case execution effort. If the test
case execution effort is more, then probability of getting
defects is high. Number of defects in the software
release/project is directly proportional to total number of
components delivered. If the total number of components
delivered is more, then probabilities of getting defects are
high.
In literature, various authors have also used other type of
metrics like KLOC for prediction model, while this for simple
liner regression [14]. It was strongly associated between
defects. Of the 20 releases, the mean defects were 28 and its
standard deviation is 16 while the mean total number of test
cases executed 264. The proportion of test cases executed and
defects rate are 9:1. The average allocated unit testing effort
was 433 and SD is 226, correlation coefficient a value is
0.2441, it is not significant at 0.05 levels. It means it was no
associated with number of defects. Product moment
correlation coefficient is most widely used for calculating
correlations and its significance level, except it assumes
normality in the distribution of analyzed variables. As our
statistical predictive model variables were clearly normally
distributed. There is highly significant difference between
defect and test team size, it was 0.7665(p<0.01) and next
followed by total number of components delivered i.e. 0.6485
(p<0.01) [table 1].
The coefficient values of multiple linear regressions presents
values were positive and negative and low its standard errors
i.e. Total number of test cases executed, test team size,
allocated unit testing effort, test case execution effort and total
number of components. We observed test team size only
significantly at 0.05 levels [table 2].
It seems to graphical representation of actual and estimated
defects, R1 and R2 releases were vary from actual and
estimated defects. While next to continued R3 to R15 were
same pattern, it was no variation among the trend lines. In the
statistical defect prediction model shows next five releases
data point to be predicted and it will be given number of
defects bases on release requirements [graph 1].
We used Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for good fit of model
also its r-square, the predictive model coefficient of
determination is 0.91, and it means 91% of the variation in
defects is associated with number of predictors. The F-ratio is

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Volume: 02 Issue: 05 | May-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org

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IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

26.37 (p<0.01) which is highly significant at 0.01 levels.
Finally the standard error (SE) was 5.90% it is very low error
in this prediction model. In this model we compare the actual
defects and estimated defects, both of the same patterns and its
precision was 90.76%. We used error analysis for validation of
the model. We assumed that the errors followed by normality
and mean and variance are constant.

ISSN: 2319-1163

Table 1 Illustrates the descriptive statistics like mean and

standard deviation values of final model parameters.

Multiple Linear
Regression (MLR)

Coefficients
values

Standard
Error
(SE)

Significant
P-value

-5.36813

5.641756

p>0.05

0.019694

0.013713

p>0.05

6.238706

0.91904

p<0.01

-0.02611

0.007791

p<0.01

-0.07895

0.013876

p<0.01

-0.15725

0.324758

p>0.05

CONCLUSION
We analyzed an extensive historical dataset of software
releases to identify factors influencing parameters of defect
prediction model. We found strong correlation between
defects and test team size, total number of test cases executed,
total number of components delivered. In this analysis we use
multiple regression analysis for estimating software defects.
These models is account for the typical problems for
identifying and influence parameters as well as metrics data,
such as inconsistent and heterogeneity of data. Overall these
models indicate good prediction for upcoming software
defects as well as quality improvement. By using the
predictive model identified project managers key parameters
that require controlling and improve both the development and
testing process. The R-square value was 0.91 (91%) which is
highly significant at 0.01 level and low standard error (SE)
was 5.90%.
We calibrated our model based on its prediction accuracy and
discovered that it is possible to detect on 84% of number of
defectives using a defect predictors.
We will continue this work by:
Extending the analysis by analyzing the impact of
different combinations of factors on proportion of defect
types.
Extending the model to predict the Defect Severity Index
(DSI).
Extending the model to predict the defect leakage into the
production or next phases.
Extending the model to take a decision like GO or No-GO
into the production.
Extending the model with the results of newer analysis
using advanced statistical models.
Validating the model against historical data and
assumptions in software engineering.

Intercept
Total number of Test
Cases executed (#)
Test Team size (#)
Allocated Unit
testing effort (%)
Test case execution
Effort (%)
Total number of
components delivered
(#)

Table 2 significant values of Multiple Linear Regression

(MLR)
Mean

Standard
Deviation
(SD)

Correlation

pvalue

Total
number of
Test Cases
executed (#)

264

169

0.5425

p<0.05

Test Team
size (#)

10

0.7665

p<0.01

Allocated
Unit testing
effort (Hrs)

433

226

0.2441

p>0.05

Test case
execution
Effort (Hrs)

252

188

0.0593

p>0.01

Total
number of
components
delivered (#)

11

11

0.6485

p<0.01

Number of
defects (#)

28

16

Parameter

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IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

Graph 1 Trend pattern of Actual and estimated software

defects

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I want to thank Narendra singh Rajput, Lead Associate
Manager, for his valuable feedback and guidance and Prof
Balasiddamuni, Department of Statistics, S V University,
Tirupati
and Raghav Beeram, Global Head - Test
Management Consulting, Independent Testing Services, CSC,
Hyderabad for guiding me and supporting me in my research
paper.
I would like to express my love affection to my mother Smt.
Shaik Zaibunnisa, My Father Sri. Late S. Mahaboob Basha,
Brothers and Sisters, My spouse Ballary Ameen, Childrens
Shaik Mohammed Wafeeq, Shaik Waneeya, my Niece
Samreen Aaleia for enthusing me throughout the work

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BIOGRAPHIES
Working as Lead Industry Consultant in
Test Management Consulting group,
AppLabs a Computer Science
Corporation Company, Hyderabad, India.
He has 9 years in IT experience as
Statistician and Statistical modeller. He has
published
14
papers
in
National/International journals. He is expert in Statistical and
Econometric modelling

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