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    Mitosis: Prophase: Early in Prophase The Chromosomes Condense and Become Visible

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    cheenie
    Mitosis involves several key phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. In prophase, the chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down. Centrosomes help organize the spindle fibers to separate the chromosomes. In metaphase, chromosomes line up along the center. Anaphase involves the separation of sister chromatids as they are pulled toward opposite poles by shortening spindle fibers. Telophase resembles prophase in reverse as the chromosomes uncoil and new nuclear envelopes form. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm through a furrow or cell plate formation in animals and plants respectively.

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    Mitosis: Prophase: Early in Prophase The Chromosomes Condense and Become Visible

    Uploaded by

    cheenie
    71 views6 pages
    Mitosis involves several key phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. In prophase, the chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down. Centrosomes help organize the spindle fibers to separate the chromosomes. In metaphase, chromosomes line up along the center. Anaphase involves the separation of sister chromatids as they are pulled toward opposite poles by shortening spindle fibers. Telophase resembles prophase in reverse as the chromosomes uncoil and new nuclear envelopes form. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm through a furrow or cell plate formation in animals and plants respectively.

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    Mitosis

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    Mitosis involves several key phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. In prophase, the chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down. Centrosomes help organize the spindle fibers to separate the chromosomes. In metaphase, chromosomes line up along the center. Anaphase involves the separation of sister chromatids as they are pulled toward opposite poles by shortening spindle fibers. Telophase resembles prophase in reverse as the chromosomes uncoil and new nuclear envelopes form. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm through a furrow or cell plate formation in animals and plants respectively.

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    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    71 views6 pages

    Mitosis: Prophase: Early in Prophase The Chromosomes Condense and Become Visible

    Uploaded by

    cheenie
    Mitosis involves several key phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. In prophase, the chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down. Centrosomes help organize the spindle fibers to separate the chromosomes. In metaphase, chromosomes line up along the center. Anaphase involves the separation of sister chromatids as they are pulled toward opposite poles by shortening spindle fibers. Telophase resembles prophase in reverse as the chromosomes uncoil and new nuclear envelopes form. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm through a furrow or cell plate formation in animals and plants respectively.

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    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 6

    Mitosis

    Prophase: early in prophase the chromosomes condense and become visible


    under special stain.

    The nuclear membrane breaks down and the spindle apparatus begins to form.

    Centrosome and The Spindle Apparatus

    Spindle formation in prophase is largely controlled by the mitotic centres that


    define the poles.

    The assembly of the microtubules that form the spindle are organized by special
    regions known as Microtubule organizing centres MOC

    The mitotic centres of animal cells are usually associated with centrioles and for
    a long time it was assumed that these structures were the organizing centres for
    spindle assembly. However, many species including all higher plants complete
    the formation of the spindles without the presence of centrioles.

    There are two types of microtubules in the spindle or centromeric cpindle


    fibres:

    1) The kinetochore microtubules that attach the centromere (through the


    kinetochore) to the poles and

    2) the polar microtubules that connect pole to pole (but do not attach to any
    chromosomes0 or continuous spindle fibers.
    Metaphase:

    By the on set of metaphase the chromosomes have lined up along the


    equatorial plane. At this point the centromeres of the chromosomes split and the
    resulting daughter chromosomes are pulled apart.

    Anaphase:
    Is the movement of the daughter chromosomes towards opposite poles. the
    movement is generated by the spindle apparatus. Two distinct processes appear
    to be involved in movement of the daughter chromosomes they are:

    1) The spindle lengthens as the continuous spindle fibers slide past another.
    This motion pushes the poles apart and may begin the movement of the
    daughter chromosomes apart and

    2) the other mechanism for chromosome movement is due to subunit


    disassembly of the centromeric spindle fibers at the microtubular organizing
    center this shortens the centromeric spindles and reels in the chromosomes.

    Telophase:

    Is in effect prophase in reverse. it can be seen to be beginning when the


    chromosomes have moved to their respective poles and they begin to uncoil, the
    spindle disassembles, nuclear membranes form around each new set of
    chromosomes and the nucleoli reappear. Also at this time, in animal cells the
    centrioles replicate, i.e. they create copies of themselves so now 2 sets (pairs)
    exist in each daughter cell. As well this is the time of cytokinesis or division of
    the cytoplasm.

    in animals cytokineis begins with a furrow along the cells equator. This furrow
    eventually becomes a deep grove called the cleavage furrow. By the time the
    cleavage furrow has pinched all the way through two new daughter cells have
    been formed.
    Plant Cell Mitosis
    This process of mitosis as described above is essentially the same in plants
    which adds to the universal nature of life on earth. the only major difference is the
    absence of centrioles in plants and the lack of an Aster.

    Cytokensis, as well, proceeds in plants by a different mechanism. Plant cells


    simply generate a new cell wall between the developing telophase nuclei.

    This is accomplished by a cell plate formation. The cell plate originates from the
    fusion of several (many) vesicles which originate from the golgi. The cell plat fills
    with pectin and forms the middle lamella. Plasma membrane is laid down on the
    surface of the cell 0plat and a new primary cell wall (cellulose) is secreted
    through the cell membrane and each side of the cell plate.
    Back to course outline

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