Single-Ended High-Efficiency Step-Up Converter Using The Isolated Switched-Capacitor Cell

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Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 13, No. 5, September 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.6113/JPE.2013.13.5.766
JPE 13-5-4
Single-Ended High-Efficiency Step-up Converter

Using the Isolated Switched-Capacitor Cell
Do-Hyun Kim*, Jong-Ho Jang*, Joung-Hu Park*, and Jung-Won Kim**
*
Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea.

**
Silicon Mitus, Inc., Seoul, Korea
Abstract
The depletion of natural resources and renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic (PV) energy, has been highlighted for
global energy solution. The PV power control unit in the PV power-generation technology requires a high step-up DCDC
converter. The conventional step-up DCDC converter has low efficiency and limited step-up ratio. To overcome these problems,
a novel high step-up DCDC converter using an isolated switched capacitor cell is proposed. The step-up converter uses the
proposed transformer and employs the switched-capacitor cell to enable integration with the boost inductor. The output of the
boost converter and isolated switched-capacitor cell are connected in series to obtain high step-up with low turn-on ratio. A
hardware prototype with 30 V to 40 V input voltage and 340 V output voltage is implemented to verify the performance of the
proposed converter. As an extended version, another novel high step-up isolated switched-capacitor single-ended DCDC
converter integrated with a tapped-inductor (TI) boost converter is proposed. The TI boost converter and isolated-switchedcapacitor outputs are connected in series to achieve high step-up. All magnetic components are integrated in a single magnetic
core to lower costs. A prototype hardware with 20 V to 40 V input voltage, 340 V output voltage, and 100 W output power is
implemented to verify the performance of the proposed converter.
Key words: Boost converter, Isolated switched-capacitor cell, Single-ended, Tapped-inductor
I. INTRODUCTION
Low-voltage high-current renewable energy sources
require high voltage step-up to be integrated in commercial
power lines. The photovoltaic (PV) power generation
technology, which attracts great attention as a next-generation
energy source, essentially requires a high step-up DCDC
converter [1]-[5]. The boost converter tends to restrict the
boosting ratio for applications with large gap between input
and output voltage because these applications require
extremely high duty cycle of the main switch for high step-up
voltage [6][8]. This operation leads to the stress increase of
voltage or of current on the switches and diodes, as well as
the increase in diode-switching loss caused by reverse
recovery characteristics. Conversion efficiency is eventually
decreased by increasing the main switch loss, diode loss, and
Manuscript received Mar. 2, 2013; revised Jul. 1, 2013
Recommended for publication by Associate Editor Yan Xing.
Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Tel: +82-2-828-7269, Fax: +82-2-817-7961, Soongsil University
*
Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Soongsil University, Korea
**
Silicon Mitus, Inc., Korea
electromagnetic interference noise. Thus, additional circuits,

such as coupled inductors or voltage multipliers, are
necessary for the boost converter for applications in high
step-up conditions [9][24]. The coupled-inductor method is
a voltage-enhancement technique that uses core-sharing
magnetic devices that integrate the functions of autotransformers and inductors. This method is generally suitable
to high-current applications. The voltage multiplier method is
another enhancement technique that uses high-voltage
capacitors and diodes [4], [11][14], [22], [23]. This method
has a simple hardware; however, the output voltage of this
method has discrete levels because of the absence of voltage
regulation capability. We can realize an extreme voltage-gain
power conversion circuit by applying both techniques.
Some previous attempts at applying these engineering
techniques to high step-up converter topologies, particularly
for low-voltage power sources, have reported some
limitations. A previous article [10] mentioned that in a clampmode couple-inductor buckboost converter [16], the output
diode stress was similar to that of a traditional flyback
converter, i.e., the output diode stress was higher than the
output voltage even though the leakage energy from the
coupled-inductor was recycled to reduce system losses.

Another drawback of the converter was the high input current
ripple that existed because no current path was present when
the metaloxidesemiconductor field-effect transistor
(MOSFET) was off. Further improvements of the step-up
converter were accomplished by combining a boost converter
with a flyback converter [17], [18]. Compared with the
converter in [16], the boost ratio was improved as a result of
the outputs of the boost converter and flyback converter in
series. Nevertheless, the same problem in [16] remained. By
adding a switched-capacitor in series with the transformer, a
new high boost ratio DCDC converter with coupledinductor and switched capacitor was introduced [19]. With
the switched-capacitor between the primary side and the
secondary side of the coupled-inductor, the boost ratio
increased and the output diode voltage stress was reduced.
However, the magnetic core is not fully utilized because the
operation includes only an inductor mode and not a
transformer mode. An improved version is presented in [10].
This version combines pulse-width modulation and resonant
power conversions to increase the total power delivered and
to decrease losses through simultaneous energy transfer in an
auxiliary inductor and a charge-pump capacitor. However,
this version needs more components for energy transfer. The
design complexity also needs to be enhanced, and the
material cost needs to be lowered.
This paper proposes a novel converter that couples a
new switch-capacitor cell to the inductor of the boost
converter through a high step-up isolation transformer. This
approach is made to enable high step-up with low turn-on
ratio by using the series connection of the output. The
magnetically integrating idea of switched capacitors and
boost converters, in which each of the magnetic energy
transfer modes is combined in an alternatively delivering
manner, is introduced in the proposed high boost ratio DC
DC converter. The continuous energy transfer during the
switch-on and switch-off in every switching cycle can
increase the total power delivery and can decrease the losses
in the circuit. In this approach, energy is transferred through a
single-core integrated transformer, which combines the
modes and operates as an energy storage. As a result, the
magnetic core can be used more effectively, and smaller
magnetics can be employed [1], [10]. The continuous input
current of the converter causes smaller current ripple than
that of previous high boost ratio converter topologies
employing coupled-inductors. A lower input current ripple is
useful in decreasing input capacitance and in implementing
maximum power point tracking for PV modules. The
conduction losses in the primary side of the transformer are
greatly reduced because of the reduced input current root
mean square (RMS) through the primary side. Furthermore,
the proposed method significantly decreases the voltage
rating of the main switch or the diodes on the boost converter
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by properly adjusting the turn ratio of the transformer as well

as by expanding the design criteria for component selection.
The single-ended circuit system of the new converter is
relatively simple and cost-effective. The converter is also
extremely efficient with low turn-on ratio.
As an extended topology from the isolated switchedcapacitor boost converter, another novel converter that uses a
tapped-inductor (TI) and an isolated voltage multiplier is
proposed. The topology has a step-up voltage with low turnon ratio by using the series connection of each output [9]. The
proposed method decreases the voltage rating of the diodes
and the turn-on ratio of the main switch in the non-isolated TI
boost converter by appropriately adjusting both turns ratios of
the transformer in the cell and of the TI. This adjustment
leads to a one-step further extension of the design criteria for
device component selection. The circuit configuration of the
proposed converter is single-ended and is highly efficient in a
wide input range.
The remainder of this study is organized as follows. Section
II proposes a new isolated switched-capacitor cell with
coaxial cable transformer. Section III presents the operating
analysis of the proposed series-output isolated switchedcapacitor boost converter scheme. In Section IV, the
experimental results of a 150W hardware prototype as a preregulating stage of the multi-stage PV power conditioning
system are given for topology verification. Section V presents
the operating analysis of a new version of the extended stepup converter that employs a TI. Section VI presents the
experimental results of a 100W hardware prototype. Lastly,
the conclusion is discussed in Section VII.
II. ISOLATED SWITCHED-CAPACITOR CELL

A.
Isolated Switched-Capacitor Cell

Switched-capacitor or charge-pump circuits are
generally applied for step-up converters [11]-[14]. However,
the circuits have a limitation in terms of augmenting the
output voltage. Multiple-stage structures should be used in
spite of the power efficiency reduction. Aside from power
loss, poor output voltage regulation with discrete voltage gain
is also a drawback of step-up converters. To cope with these
problems, we introduce a new switched-capacitor circuit that
includes a transformer. The proposed circuit has isolation
capability and high step-up ratio through the use of a high
turn-ratio transformer. Given that the transformer is ideal, the
operating principle is quite similar to that of conventional
switched capacitors. In this paper, we named the proposed
cell isolated switched-capacitor cell. However, the secondary
winding coil of the transformer has parasitic resistance,
which results in various operating waveforms of the circuit.
The structure of the proposed switched-capacitor cell is
shown in Fig. 1. Regardless of the switching frequency or
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Fig. 3. Circuit diagram of the proposed converter.
Fig. 1. Isolated switched-capacitor cell
Fig. 4. Equivalent circuit of the proposed converter with

separated outputs.
Fig. 2. Cross-section of a coaxial cable
duty ratio, the turns ratio of the winding of a transformer

determines the boost operation of a cell. The turns ratio can
be described as follows:
_ =
(1)
The step-up ratio is independent of the magnetizing

inductance of the transformer.
A transformer generally involves leakage inductance
because of its imperfect coupling. If leakage inductance is
contained in the isolated charge pump cell, the waveform of
the current flowing on the secondary diode turns into LC
resonance. When the size of leakage inductance is negligible,
the peak point of the resonance curve occurs at every
switching turn-on time. The growth of the leakage inductance
moves the peak point far away from the turn-on time, i.e., the
peak point of the diode current of the charge pump cell
changes because of the leakage inductance size. Leakage
inductance also decreases the power efficiency of the
transformer. Considering that a good coupling transformer is
necessary to make highly efficient cells, we use a coaxial
cable transformer.
Coaxial cable winding is considered better than
sandwich winding in terms of magnetic flux-linkage [25].
The coaxial cable transformer is made of high-voltage side
coils and low-voltage side-winding coil that cover the highvoltage coils. Fig. 2 provides a cross-section of a coaxial
cable. The coaxial cable transformer has a coupling constant
of 0.9999418.
A. Reset Circuit
In a normal operation of isolated charge pump, a reset
circuit is required to reset the magnetizing current similar to
that of typical forward converters. The output of the reset is
tied to the switched-capacitor output. Therefore, the reset
works as a boost converter to the entire load (see Fig. 3). The
poor output regulation of the switched-capacitor can be
relieved by the contribution of the boost regulation. Therefore,
the series-connected reset circuit is recommended not only
for the step-up but also for the control of the step-up output
voltage in a DCDC converter of the PV power generation
system.
III.
A.
SERIES-CONNECTED ISOLATED SWITCHEDCAPACITOR BOOST CONVERTER
Structure of the Proposed Converter

The structure of the proposed DCDC converter is
shown in Fig. 3. The primary side has a boost converter and
pulse-width modulation (PWM) switching voltages
controlled by a single main switch. The secondary side has an
isolated charge pump. Both outputs are serially connected,
which can be called a stacked-output. The single-ended
structure of the proposed converter is suitable for small
power capacity. Compared with other bridge-type topologies,
a single-ended structure has discontinuous conduction mode
(DCM) with low current capacity over high output voltage.
The DCM can eliminate the reverse-recovery of the diode.
We analyze the steady-state inputoutput transfer gain
of the proposed converter. Fig. 4 shows that the charge pump
and boost converter can be analyzed by output separation by
using an equivalent circuit transformation. Both output
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The final inputoutput transfer function of the SSCB

converter is derived from the equivalent transformation in
DCM. The final inputoutput transfer function can be
expressed as
= +
=
+ (1 + 1 +
).
(5)
(a) Mode 1
B.
(b) Mode 2
(c) Mode 3
Fig. 5. Equivalent circuits of each operation mode.
currents (_ ) and (_ ) are the same because of the series

connection in a series-connected switched-capacitor boost
(SSCB) converter. Equation (2) indicates each of the load
resistances for the equivalent transformation.
=
, =
IV.
(2)
As aforementioned, the steady-state voltage gain of the

isolated switched capacitor cell is determined only by the
turns ratio of the winding of the transformer.
_ =
(3)
POWER LOSS ANALYSIS OF THE SSCB

CONVERTER
For the efficiency prediction, the key parameters such as

the input current and switch current of the SSCB converter
can be derived as follows:
The turn-ratio is expressed as
=
The steady-state voltage gain of the DCM boost is

derived as follows:
_ = 1 + 1 +
Operating Principles
According to the switching state of the switching
circuits, the proposed converter has three operating modes
(see Fig. 5).
Mode 1: When the switch () is turned on, the current
flows to the magnetizing inductance and the primary winding
( ). The primary current is transferred to the secondary ( )
coil of the isolated switched capacitor cell via the magnetic
linkage. Through the switched capacitor diode , the
secondary current is rectified into DC as the load requires.
Given that the boost diode ( ) is reverse-biased, the output
capacitor discharges the load current.
Mode 2: When the switch is turned off, the switched
capacitor diode ( ) is reverse-biased. The energy
magnetically stored at is released to the load through
of the boost converter. When the switched capacitor
diode ( ) is reverse biased, the output capacitor
discharges the load current.
Mode 3: The transformer of the charge pump-boost
converter is completely demagnetized. The output voltage is
also maintained by the discharge of the output
capacitors , . All rectifier diodes are reverse-biased.
The key waveforms of the operating voltage and current
are shown in Fig. 10.
(4)
(6)
The input peak and average current are given by

()
_ =
_ =
(7)
_ _ _
(8)
The magnetizing current is given by

_ =
where T is the switching period, and D is the duty cycle. Each

parameter of the derivation is denoted in Fig. 4.
(9)
The average input current is expressed as

_ =
()
(10)
770
The on-time current is expressed as

(:~) =
( _ _ )
+ _ .
(11)
The off-time current is given by

(:~()) =
The diode off-time current is expressed as

(:~) = 0 .
The RMS input current is expressed as
() =
(12)
(13)
( )
1
(:~) +
(:~()) =

_ + _ _ + _ +
A.
) .
MOSFET
The conduction loss is as follows:
_ = _ ,
where,
(14)
Fig. 6. Simulation result of the SSCB converter according to the

variation of the input voltage.
(15)
1
_ = (:~)

= _ + _ + _ .
(16)
The conduction loss is given by

_ =
_ + _ + _ .
(17)
Fig. 7. Simulation result of the SSCB converter according to the
variation of the output power.
The switching loss is as follows:

_ =
(18)
The total loss is
The total loss is given by

=
B.
_ + _ + _ +
.(19)
=
_ =

(:~)

_ + _ + _ .
( )
(21)
and the resistive loss term can be expressed as

_ = _

_ + _ + _ + . (24)
The conduction loss can be derived from the forward

drop loss and the resistive loss. The conduction loss can be
expressed as
_ = _ = ,
(22)
(20)
The loss of can be derived as follows.

The average and RMS current are
Diode
The loss of can be derived as follows:
The average and RMS current are given by
_ =
( )
_ =
(25)
(:~()) .
(26)

expressed as follows:
_ = _ = .
(27)
The resistive loss term is
_ = _ =
) .
(28)
The total loss is

(23)
+ .
(29)
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C.
Transformer
The primary winding loss of the transformer can be
_ = _
,
(30)
where,
=
( )
[]
(31)
:

, : ,
: , : [ ]
and
= () =
Fig. 8. Photograph of the hardware prototype of the proposed

SSCB converter.
( )
1
(:~) +
(:~()) =

_ + _ _ + _ +
).
(32)
Therefore, the primary winding loss can be re-written as

follows:
_ = { + + +
(33)
The secondary winding loss of the transformer is

_ = _ ,
(34)
where,
= _ .
Therefore, the secondary winding
transformer can be re-written as follows:
_ =
(35)
loss
of
the
_ + _ + _ . (36)
The energy loss of the transformer core is

= ()()
=
()
()
= [].
The power loss is

= [] .
(37)
Simulation Results
The simulation results of the efficiency analysis for the
SSCB converter according to the output power variation and
input voltage are shown in Figures 6 and 7, respectively.
Results show that the efficiency is high and is even greater
than 96% in low-gain (high-input) conditions. The efficiency
Fig. 9. Photograph of the experimental setup.

TABLE I
KEY PARAMETER OF SERIES-OUTPUT ISOLATED-SWITCHEDCAPACITOR BOOST CONVERTER HARDWARE
Symbol
Parameter(part
number)
Input voltage
Output voltage
Output power
Switching frequency
Magnetizing inductance
Main switch (IRFP260N)
Secondary winding
Diode of switched
capacitor (UF4006)
Boosts diode(UF4004)
Primary winding
Spec.
30 VDC to 40
VDC
340 VDC
30 W to 150 W
40 kHz
440 uH
200 V, 50 A
13 turns
91 turns
800 V, 1 A
400 V, 1 A
D.
significantly drops when the voltage gain is out of the boost

boundary in the low input range.
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Fig. 11. Parasitic components of the SSCB converter.

(a) IDS: MOSFET drain current, VDS: MOSFET drain-source
voltage.
(b) ID_SC: Current of the switched capacitor rectifier, ID_bst:

current of the boost rectifier.
Fig. 12. Simulation result of waveform with the parasitic

components in Fig. 11.
listed in Table I. The prototype pictures and experimental set

up are presented in Fig. 8 and 9.
(c) VD_bst: Boosts diode voltage, VD_SC: Switched

capacitors diode voltage.
(d) VNp: Primary winding voltage, VNs: Secondary winding

voltage.
Fig. 10. Key waveforms of the hardware experiment.
V. EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION
In this paper, a 150W hardware prototype of the
proposed SSCB PWM converter was implemented to verify
the operation principles and converter performance. The
implemented component data concerning the prototype are
Fig. 10(a) shows the waveforms of the PWM gate signal,

the drain-source voltage of the MOSFET, and the switch
current without a snubber. Fig. 10(b) shows the waveforms of
the current of and . The boost output operates in
DCM. The ringing of the current occurs due to the parasitic
capacitance of the MOSFET and the parasitic inductor of the
boost circuit. Fig. 10(c) and 10(d) show the voltage
waveforms of the diodes and transformer winding,
respectively. All the figures match well with the operating
principles presented in Section III. Fig. 11 shows the parasitic
components of the SSCB converter, which caused the ringing
of current. A parasitic inductance existing on the wire
between the diode and the output capacitor resonates with a
parasitic capacitance of the MOSFET. The simulation
waveform of current is shown in Fig. 12. The parasitic
components caused the current ringing during the diode
conduction.
Fig. 13 shows the efficiency of the efficiency
measurement according to the input voltage and output power
variation. Experiment results show that the efficiency is high
and is even greater than 96% in low-gain (high-input)
conditions. The efficiency significantly drops when the
voltage gain is out of the boost boundary in the low input
range. Compared with the analysis results in Fig. 6 and 7, the
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attenuated. Given that low voltage stress exists on the active

switch, the circuits can use low voltage MOSFETs, which
generally have low Rds(on). MOSFETs decrease the
conduction loss dramatically [10], thus making this variable
one of the dominant factors of efficiency. The output of the
switched cell is connected with the boost output in series. The
stacked-output structure of the proposed converter is suitable
for high-voltage and low-current applications. Compared
with other multiple-module connected topologies, MOSFET
and diode are relieved from severe voltage stress. The DCM
is also employed to eliminate the reverse-recovery loss of the
diode.
Fig. 13. Power efficiency of the proposed SBSC converter
according to the variation of output power.
VI.
Fig. 14. Circuit diagram of the proposed SCTI converter.
ISOLATED SWITCHED-CAPACITOR TAPPEDINDUCTOR BOOST CONVERTER
A. Structure of the Proposed Converter

To analyze the inputoutput voltage gain of the
proposed converter in a steady-state condition, the TI boost
converter and charge-pump outputs are separated
equivalently (Figure 15). Both of the boost output current
(_ ) and charge pump output current (_ ) are similar
because of the series-connected output. Equation (38)
indicates each of the load resistances for the equivalent
transformation.
=
, =
(38)
As shown in (39), the voltage gain of the isolated

switched capacitor is determined by the turn ratio of the
winding of the transformer in steady-state condition.
_ =
(39)
The steady-state voltage gain of the DCM tappedinductor boost is derived as follows:
Fig. 15. Equivalent circuit of the proposed converter with
separated outputs.
prototype hardware operates similarly to the theoretical

principles.
To improve more, another version is provided. Fig. 14
shows the structure of the proposed DCDC converter,
named as isolated switched-capacitor tapped-inductor (SCTI)
boost converter. The proposed converter consists of two
parts. The primary side has a TI boost converter with a single
main switch controlled by a PWM compensator and a gatedriver. The secondary side has an isolated charge pump.
From the inductor tapping, the main switch voltage stress is
reduced, and the voltage spike on the switch is significantly
_ = 1 + 1 +
(40)
Thus, the inputoutput voltage gain of the proposed

converter is derived from the equivalent circuit in DCM. The
inputoutput voltage can be expressed as follows:
= _ + _
(41)
=
+ 1 + 1 +
(42)
B. Operating Principle
The proposed converter has three operating modes. Fig.
16 shows the equivalent circuits to explain the circuit
operation.
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forward-biased when the main switch turns off. The magnetic

energy stored in is provided to the tapped boost output
capacitor ( ) through of the TI boost converter.
The output capacitor ( ) discharges the load current to fix
the output voltage.
Mode 3: All magnetizing components in the transformer
and TI are completely de-magnetized. The output voltage is
fixed by both output capacitors , discharge.
VII.
(a) Mode 1.
POWER LOSS ANALYSIS OF SCTI

CONVERTER
The key parameters of the SCTI converter are derived as

follows:
The turn-ratios are expressed as

= , =
.
(43)
The turn-on time diode current is given by

()
_ =
+ .
(
(44)
The average current is given by

_ = =
(b) Mode 2.
_ _
The turn-off current is given by

()
_ =
()
(45)
(46)
Therefore, the turn-on time input current is given by

_ = _ .
(47)
The turn-off current is expressed as
_ = _ + _ .
(48)
where,
_ =
(c) Mode 3.
Fig. 16. Operating modes of the proposed converter.
(49)
The on-time current is given by

(
)
(:~) = _ _ + _
(50)
The off-time current is expressed as

(:~()) =
Mode 1: When the main switch Q closes, the input

current flows to the magnetizing inductance ( ) and primary
winding ( ). The primary current and voltage are transferred
as secondary ( ) coil through flux linkage. The capacitor
diode ( ) is turned on. As a load requirement through the
switched capacitor diode ( ) and output capacitor ( ), the
secondary current is then rectified into DC. The TI boost
converter diode ( ) is turned off when the main switch
turns on. In this mode, the TI output capacitor ( )
discharges the load current to fix the output voltage.
Mode 2: The main switch Q turns off. The switched
capacitor diode ( ) is reverse-biased and is turned off. The
tapped-inductor boost converter diode ( ) becomes
Finally, the diode-off time current is given by

(:()~) = 0.
(51)
(52)
The RMS input current is

() =
( )
1
(:~) +
(:~()) =

_ + _ _ + _ +
A. MOSFET
). (53)
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The conduction loss can be derived as follows:

_ = _
TABLE II
KEY PARAMETERS OF THE PROPOSED CONVERTER
(54)
where,
Symbol
_ =
(:~)
= _ + _ + _
(55)
Then, the conduction loss is

_ = _ + _ + _
(56)
The switching loss is as follows:

_ =
Input voltage
20 40 VDC
Output voltage
340 VDC
Output power
40 100 W
Switching frequency
35 kHz
Magnetizing inductance
108 uH
Main switch (IRFP4468)
100 V, 195 A
Primary winding
14 turns
(57)
Secondary
winding(Transformer)
Third winding(Tappedinductor)
Switched capacitor
diode(MBR40250)
TI boost diode(UF4004)
400 V, 1 A
capacitance
100F
_ + _ + _ +
(58)
The switch on, off time loss can be ignored by the DCM
operation
B. Diode

= _ =
70 turns
42 turns
250 V, 40 A
(59)
_ =
Spec.
The total loss is

=
Parameter(part number)
(:~) .
(60)

_ = _ = ,
(61)
and the resistive loss term is
_ = _
=
_ + _ + _ .
(62)
The total loss is

= _ + _ + _ + .
(63)
( )
= _ =
(64)
( )
_ =
(:~()) . (65)

_ = _ = ,
(66)
_ = _ =
Therefore, the total loss is
) .
+ .
(68)
C. Transformer
The primary winding loss of the transformer can be
_ = _ ,
(69)
where,
= () =
( )
(:~) +
(:~()) =
_ + _ _ + _ +
and the resistive part of diode conduction loss is

Fig. 17. Simulation result of the MATLAB Simulink according

to the variation of the input voltage.
). (70)
(67)
Therefore, the primary winding loss can be rewritten as
follows:
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_ = { + + +
(71)
The secondary winding loss of the transformer is
_ = _ ,
(72)
where,
= _ .
(73)
The secondary winding loss of the transformer can be

rewritten as follows:
_ =
_ + _ + _ .
The tertiary winding loss of the transformer is

_ = _ ,
where,
= _ .
(74)
(75)
(76)
The tertiary winding loss of the transformer can be rewritten as follows:

_ =
(a) Iin: Input current, VDS: MOSFET drain-source voltage
(77)
(b) _ : Tapped-Inductor Boost Converter Diode

current, _ : Tapped-Inductor Boost Converter capacitor
voltage.
The core loss of the transformer is derived the same as in

Section IV.
D. Simulation results
Fig. 17 shows a simulation analysis result of the
conversion efficiency for the proposed converter according to
the input voltage variation. As shown in Fig. 17, the
maximum efficiency is supposed to be higher than 98% at 40
V. However, the efficiency decreases as the input voltage
decreases.
VIII.
(c) _ : Switched capacitor rectifiers current, _ :

Switched capacitor voltage.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
In this paper, a 100W hardware prototype of the

proposed PWM converter was implemented to verify the
operation principles and the performance of the converter.
The implemented component data concerning the hardware
prototype are listed in Table II.
Fig. 18(a) shows the waveforms of the PWM gate signal,
the drain-source voltage of MOSFETs without a snubber, and
the input current. Fig. 18(b) shows the waveforms of the
boost diode and the capacitor. The boost output operates in
DCM. Fig. 18(c) and 18(d) show the current and voltage
waveforms of the diodes, respectively. All figures match well
with the operating principles presented in Section VI.
Fig. 19 shows the hardware efficiency of the proposed
converter. The efficiency graph shows the measurement data
according to the input voltage and load power variation. As
shown in Fig. 19, the maximum efficiency is higher than 98%
at 40V. However, the efficiency is reduced as the input
voltage decreases or as the output power approaches full load.
(d) _ : Tapped-Inductor Boost Converter Diode

Voltage, _ : Switched capacitor Diode voltage
Fig. 18. Key waveforms of the hardware experiment.
Compared with the analysis results in Fig. 17, the prototype

hardware operates similarly to the theoretical principles. The
power efficiency of the SCTI converter is also compared with
a conventional series-connected forward-flyback converter
(SFFB) in Fig. 20. The power efficiency of the SCTI
converter is greater than that of the SFFB converter [1] in the
entire range.
777
component stresses decrease with the application of an

isolated switched capacitor cell. All sub-converters are
integrated with a single switch and a single magnetic device.
This integration results in the increase in converter efficiency
with minimum extra cost. The experimental results of a 100
W hardware prototype verify the performance and efficiency
of the proposed converter.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Fig. 19. Efficiency measurement graph of the proposed

converter.
This work was supported by the Human Resources

Development Program(No. 20124010203160) of the KETEP
funded by the Korea government Ministry of Trade, Industry
and Energy and by the Basic Science Research Program
through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded
by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology under
Grant 2012-0006984.
REFERENCES
Fig. 20. Comparison of power efficiency.
IX.
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we proposed a pre-regulating DCDC

converter, specifically a series-connected isolated-switchedcapacitor boost converter, for multi-stage PV power
conditioning systems. The single-ended charge-pump-boost
operation, which contributes to the high-density power
delivery of the transformer, is beneficial to the enhancement
of the output voltage with low cost. The high-voltage and
low-current output have a filter inductor under DCM
operation. The filter conductor contributes to the better
performance of the DCM by eliminating reverse recovery of
the rectifying diodes. The operational principle of the boostisolated switched capacitor converter has been presented by
obtaining the equivalent transformation from load-sharing
ratio in series output. The experimental result of the 150W
hardware prototype is included to show that the proposed
converter has high efficiency, which is greater than 96% of
the middle range of 30 V to 40 V input to 340V output.
We also presented another novel high step-up seriesconnected and isolated switched-capacitor boost converter
that employs a TI. The TI allows extreme step-up voltage
while maintaining a moderate duty ratio. The switching
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Do-Hyun Kim received his B.S. degree

from the Department of Electrical
Engineering of Soongsil University, Seoul,
Korea, in 2011. He is currently pursuing his
M.S. degree at Soongsil University. His
current research interests include the
analysis and design of high-frequency
switching converters and renewable energy
applications.
Jong-Ho Jang received his B.S. degree from

the Department of Electrical Engineering of
Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea, in 2012.
He is currently pursuing his M.S. degree at
Soongsil University. His current research
interests include the analysis and design of
high-frequency switching converters and
renewable energy applications.
Joung-Hu Park received his B.S., M.S., and

Ph.D. degrees from the Department of
Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science of Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea, in 1999, 2001, and 2006, respectively.
He is currently an assistant professor at
Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea. His
current research interests include the analysis
of high-frequency switching converters and renewable energy
applications.
Jung-Won Kim received his B.S., M.S.,

and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering
from Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea, in 1994, 1996, and 2001,
respectively. He became a senior engineer
with Fairchild Korea Semiconductor, Ltd.
He is currently a vice president of Silicon
Mitus, Inc. His research interests include
power factor corrections, converter parallel operation, modular
converter system, distributed power systems, and soft switching
converters.

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Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 13, No. 5, September 2013