Lecture 2

Digital Signal Processing
Lecture-2
Introduction to Digital Signal

Processing
Dr. Wanod Kumar
Assistant Professor
email: [email protected]
Agenda
2
Basic Concepts of Digital Signal Processing

Basic Digital Signal Processing Examples in Block Diagrams
Overview of Typical Digital Signal Processing in Real-World

Applications
Digital Filtering
Signal Frequency (Spectrum) Analysis
Digital Crossover Audio System

Interference Cancellation in Electrocardiography
Speech Coding and Compression
Compact-Disc Recording System
Digital Photo Image Enhancement
Vibration Signature Analysis for Defective Gear Teeth
Digital Signal Processing Applications

Summary
Li Tan and Jean Jiang, DSP Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition, 2013, Elsevier.
Signal and System

3
Signal: A signal is defined as a function of

one or more variables which conveys
information on the nature of a physical
phenomenon. The value of the function can
be a real valued scalar quantity, a complex
valued quantity, or perhaps a vector.
System: A system is defined as an entity

that manipulates one or more signals to
accomplish a function, thereby yielding
new signals.
From Prof. Dr M A Unars Slides
Basic Concepts Of Digital Signal

Processing (DSP)
4
Digital signal processing (DSP) technology and its

advancements have dramatically impacted our
modern society everywhere.
Digital/Internet audio and video
Digital recording
CD, DVD, and MP3 players
iPhone and iPad
Digital cameras
Digital and cellular telephones
Digital satellite and TV
Wired and wireless networks.
Basic Concepts Of DSP (2)

5
Medical instruments would be less efficient or unable

to provide useful information for precise diagnoses if
there were no digital electrocardiography (ECG)
analyzers, digital X-rays, and medical image systems.
We would also live in many less efficient ways, since

we would not be equipped with voice recognition
systems, speech synthesis systems, and image and
video editing systems.
Without DSP, scientists, engineers, and technologists

would have no powerful tools to analyze and visualize
the data necessary for their designs, and so on.

6
The basic concept of DSP is illustrated by the simplified block

diagram in Figure 1.
Figure 1: A digital signal processing scheme.
It consists of
an analog filter,
an analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) unit,
a digital signal (DS) processor,
a digital-to-analog conversion (DAC) unit,
and a reconstruction (anti-image) filter.

7
The analog input signal, which is continuous in time

and amplitude, is generally encountered in the world
around us.
Current, voltage, temperature, pressure, and light intensity.
Usually a transducer (sensor) is used to convert the

nonelectrical signal to the analog electrical signal
(voltage).
This analog signal is fed to an analog filter, which is

applied to limit the frequency range of analog signals
prior to the sampling process. The purpose of filtering
is to significantly attenuate aliasing distortion.

8
The band-limited signal at the output of the analog

filter is then sampled and converted via the ADC unit
into the digital signal, which is discrete both in time
and in amplitude.
The DS processor then accepts the digital signal and

processes the digital data according to DSP rules.
Lowpass, highpass, and bandpass digital filtering, or other

algorithms for different applications.
The DS processor unit is a special type of digital computer
and can be a general-purpose digital computer, a
microprocessor, or an advanced microcontroller.
DSP rules can be implemented using software in general.

9
With the DS processor and corresponding software, a

processed digital output signal is generated. This signal
behaves in a manner according to the specific algorithm
used.
The DAC unit, converts the processed digital signal to an

analog output signal.
The signal is continuous in time and discrete in amplitude

(usually a sample-and-hold signal)
The final block in Figure 1 is designated as a function to

smooth the DAC output voltage levels back to the analog
signal via a reconstruction (anti-image) filter for real-world
applications.
The Analog Signal Process

10
In general, the analog signal process does not require

software, an algorithm, ADC, and DAC.
The processing relies wholly on the electrical and
electronic devices such as resistors, capacitors,
transistors, operational amplifiers, and integrated circuits
(ICs).
Analog input signal
Analog
Signal Processor
Analog output signal
Figure 2: Analog Signal Processing.

From Prof. Dr M A Unars Slides
The Digital Signal Process

11
DSP systems, on the other hand, use software,

digital processing, and algorithms; thus they have
a great deal of flexibility, less noise interference,
and no signal distortion in various applications.
However, as shown in Figure 1, DSP systems still

require minimum analog processing such as the
anti-aliasing and reconstruction filters, which are
musts for converting real-world information into
digital form and digital signals back into real-world
information.
The Digital Signal Process (2)

12
There are many real-world DSP applications

that do not require DAC.
Data
acquisition and digital information display,

speech recognition, data encoding, and so on.
Similarly, DSP applications that need no ADC

include
CD
players, text-to-speech synthesis, and digital

tone generators, among others.
13
Basic DSP Examples In

Block Diagrams
Digital Filtering
14
Let us consider the situation shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: The simple digital filtering block.
A digitized noisy signal obtained from digitizing analog

voltages (sensor output) containing a useful low-frequency
signal and noise that occupies all of the frequency range.
After ADC, the digitized noisy signal x(n) where n is the

sample number, can be enhanced using digital filtering.
DSP block operates as a simple digital lowpass filter.
Digital Filtering (2)

15
After processing the digitized noisy signal x(n) the digital

lowpass filter produces a clean digital signal y(n).
The cleaned signal y(n) can be applied to another DSP

algorithm for a different application or convert it to the analog
signal via DAC and the reconstruction filter.
Typical applications of noise filtering include acquisition of

clean digital audio and biomedical signals and enhancement
of speech recording, among others.
The digitized noisy signal and

respectively, are plotted in Figure 4.
clean
digital
signal,
Digital Filtering (3)

16
Clean signal
Figure 4: (Top) Digitized noisy signal. (Bottom) Clean digital signal

using the digital lowpass filter.
Signal Frequency (Spectrum)

Analysis
17
As shown in Figure 5, certain DSP applications often require

that time domain information and the frequency content of the
signal be analyzed.
Figure 5: Signal spectral analysis.
Figure 6 (next slide) shows a digitized audio signal and its

calculated signal spectrum (frequency content), that is, the
signal amplitude versus its corresponding frequency, obtained
from a DSP algorithm, called the fast Fourier transform (FFT).

Analysis (2)
18
Figure 6: Audio signals and their spectrums.


Analysis (3)
19
The plot in Figure 6(a) is a time domain display of the

recorded audio signal with a frequency of 1,000 Hz sampled
at 16,000 samples per second, while the frequency content
display of plot (b) displays the calculated signal spectrum
versus frequency, in which the peak amplitude is clearly
located at 1,000 Hz.
Plot (c) shows a time domain display of an audio signal

consisting of one signal of 1,000 Hz and another of 3,000 Hz
sampled at 16,000 samples per second. The frequency
content display shown in plot (d) gives two locations (1,000
Hz and 3,000 Hz) where the peak amplitudes reside, hence
the frequency content display presents clear frequency
information of the recorded audio signal.

Analysis (4)
20
Spectral estimation of a digitally recorded speech or audio

(music) waveform using the FFT algorithm in order to
investigate spectral frequency details of speech information.
Figure 7 (next slide) shows a speech signal produced by a

human in the time domain and frequency content displays.
The top plot shows the digital speech waveform versus its
digitized sample number,
while the bottom plot shows the frequency content information of
speech for a range from 0 to 4,000 Hz.
We can observe that there are about ten spectral peaks, called
speech formants, in the range between 0 and 1,500 Hz.
Those identified speech formants can be used for applications
such as speech modeling, speech coding, speech feature
extraction for speech synthesis and recognition, and so on.

Analysis (5)
21
Figure 7: Speech samples and speech spectrum.

22
Overview of Typical DSP in

Real-World Applications
Digital Crossover Audio System

23
An audio system is required to operate in an

entire audible range of frequencies, which may be
beyond the capability of any single speaker driver.
Several drivers, such as the speaker cones and

horns, each covering a different frequency range, are
used to cover the full audio frequency range.
Figure 8 (next slide) shows a typical two-band

digital crossover system consisting of two speaker
drivers: a woofer and a tweeter.
Digital Crossover Audio System (2)

24
Figure 8: Two-band digital crossover.
The woofer responds to low frequencies

The tweeter responds to high frequencies.
Digital Crossover Audio System (3)

25
The incoming digital audio signal is split into two

bands by using a digital lowpass filter and a digital
highpass filter in parallel.
Then the separated audio signals are amplified.

Finally, they are sent to their corresponding
speaker drivers.
Although the traditional crossover systems are

designed using the analog circuits, the digital
crossover system offers a cost-effective solution
with programmability, flexibility, and high quality.
Interference Cancellation in
Electrocardiography
26
In ECG recording, there often is unwanted 60-Hz

interference in the recorded data.
The analysis shows that the interference comes

from the power line and includes magnetic
induction, displacement currents in leads or in the
body of the patient, effects from equipment
interconnections, and other imperfections.
Proper grounding or twisted pairs minimizes such

60-Hz effects.
Electrocardiography (2)
27
Another effective choice can be use of a digital

notch filter, which eliminates the 60-Hz
interference while keeping all the other useful
information.
Figure 9 (next slide) illustrates a 60-Hz

interference eliminator using a digital notch filter.
With such enhanced ECG recording, doctors in clinics

could give accurate diagnoses for patients.
This technique can also be applied to remove 60Hz interference in audio systems.
Electrocardiography (3)
28
Figure 9: Elimination of 60-Hz interference in electrocardiography (ECG).

Speech Coding and Compression

29
One of the speech coding methods, called

waveform coding, is depicted in Figure 10.
Figure 10 (a): Simplified data compressor.
Figure 10 (b): Simplified data expander (decompressor).
Speech Coding and Compression (2)

30
The analog signal is
First sent through an analog lowpass filter to remove high

frequency noise components
Then passed through the ADC unit, where the digital
values at sampling instants are captured by the DS
processor.
Next, the captured data are compressed using data
compression rules to reduce the storage requirements.
Finally, the compressed digital information is sent to
storage media.
The compressed digital information can also be transmitted
efficiently, since compression reduces the original data
rate.
Speech Coding and Compression (3)

31
Digital voice recorders, digital audio recorders,

and MP3 players are products that use
compression techniques
To retrieve the information, the reverse process is

applied as shown in Figure 10 (b).
The DS processor decompresses the data from the
storage media and sends the recovered digital data to
DAC.
The analog output is acquired by filtering the DAC
output via the reconstruction filter.
Compact-Disc Recording System

32
Figure 11 (a) : Simplified encoder of the CD recording system.
A compact-disc (CD) recording system is described in Figure

11 (a).
The analog audio signal is sensed from each microphone and
then fed to the anti-aliasing lowpass filter.
Each filtered audio signal is sampled at the industry standard
rate of 44.1 kilo-samples per second, quantized, and coded
to 16 bits for each digital sample in each channel.
Compact-Disc Recording System (2)

33
The two channels are further multiplexed and encoded, and

extra bits are added to provide information such as playing
time and track number for the listener.
The encoded data bits are modulated for storage, and more
synchronized bits are added for subsequent recovery of
sampling frequency.
The modulated signal is then applied to control a laser beam
that illuminates the photosensitive layer of a rotating glass
disc.
When the laser turns on and off, the digital information is etched
on the photosensitive layer as a pattern of pits and lands in a
spiral track.
This master disc forms the basis for mass production of the
commercial CD from the thermoplastic material.

34
Figure 11 (b) : Simplified decoder of the CD recording system.
During playback, as illustrated in Figure 11(b), a laser

optically scans the tracks on a CD to produce a digital signal.
The digital signal is then demodulated.

35
The demodulated signal is further oversampled by a factor of

4 to acquire a sampling rate of 176.4 kHz for each channel
and is then passed to the 14-bit DAC unit.
After DAC, the analog signal is sent to the anti-image analog

filter, which is a lowpass filter to smooth the voltage steps
from the DAC unit.
The output from each anti-image filter is fed to its amplifier

and loudspeaker.
The purpose of the oversampling is to relieve the higher-filter

order requirement for the anti-image lowpass filter, making
the circuit design much easier and economical

36
Software audio players installed on computer

systems that play music from CDs, such as
Windows Media Player and RealPlayer, are
examples of DSP applications.
These audio players often have many advanced

features, such as graphical equalizers, which
allow users to change audio through techniques
such as boosting low-frequency content or
emphasizing high-frequency content
Digital Photo Image Enhancement

37
Digital image enhancement

is another example of signal
processing
in
two
dimensions.
Figure 12(a) shows a

picture of an outdoor scene
taken by a digital camera on
a cloudy day.
Due
to
the
weather
conditions, the image was
improperly
exposed
in
natural light and came out
dark.
Figure 12(a): Original Image.
Digital Photo Image Enhancement (2)

38
The image processing

technique
called
histogram equalization
(Gozalez
and
Wintz,
1987) can stretch the light
intensity of an image
using
the
digital
information (pixels) to
increase image contrast
so
that
detailed
information in the image
can easily be seen, as we
can see in Figure 12(b).
Figure 12(b): Enhanced Image.
Vibration Signature Analysis for Defective

Gear Teeth
39
Figure 13(a): Vibration signature analysis of the gearbox.


Gear Teeth (2)
40
Figure 13(b): Vibration signal and spectrum from the gearbox in good condition.

Gear Teeth (3)
41
Figure 13(b): Vibration signal and spectrum from the damaged gearbox.
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

APPLICATIONS
42
Applications of DSP are increasing in many areas where analog electronics

are being replaced by DSP chips, and new applications are depending on
DSP techniques.
With the cost of DS processors decreasing and their performance

increasing, DSP will continue to affect engineering design in our modern
daily life.
Some application examples using DSP are listed in Table 1 (next slide).
However, the list in the table by no means covers all DSP applications.
Engineers and scientists are exploring many new potential applications.
DSP techniques will continue to have a profound impact and improve our
lives.
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

APPLICATIONS (2)
43
Table 1: Applications of Digital Signal Processing.

Summary
44
An analog signal is continuous in both time and amplitude.

Analog signals in the real world include current, voltage,
temperature, pressure, light intensity, and so on. The digital
signal contains the digital values converted from the analog
signal at the specified time instants.
Analog-to-digital signal conversion requires an ADC unit

(hardware) and a lowpass filter attached ahead of the ADC
unit to block the high-frequency components that ADC cannot
handle.
The digital signal can be manipulated using arithmetic. The

manipulations may include digital filtering, calculation of
signal frequency content, and so on.
Summary (2)
45
The digital signal can be converted back to an analog signal

by sending the digital values to DAC to produce the
corresponding voltage levels and applying a smooth filter
(reconstruction filter) to the DAC voltage steps.
Digital signal processing finds many applications in the areas

of digital speech and audio, digital and cellular telephones,
automobile
controls,
vibration
signal
analysis,
communications,
biomedical
imaging,
image/video
processing, and multimedia.
46
Thank you

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Digital Signal Processing

Introduction to Digital Signal

Basic Concepts of Digital Signal Processing

Overview of Typical Digital Signal Processing in Real-World

Digital Crossover Audio System

Digital Signal Processing Applications

Signal and System

Signal: A signal is defined as a function of

System: A system is defined as an entity

From Prof. Dr M A Unars Slides

Basic Concepts Of Digital Signal

Digital signal processing (DSP) technology and its

Basic Concepts Of DSP (2)

Medical instruments would be less efficient or unable

We would also live in many less efficient ways, since

Without DSP, scientists, engineers, and technologists

Basic Concepts Of DSP (3)

The basic concept of DSP is illustrated by the simplified block

Figure 1: A digital signal processing scheme.

Basic Concepts Of DSP (4)

The analog input signal, which is continuous in time

Current, voltage, temperature, pressure, and light intensity.

Usually a transducer (sensor) is used to convert the

This analog signal is fed to an analog filter, which is

Basic Concepts Of DSP (5)

The band-limited signal at the output of the analog

The DS processor then accepts the digital signal and

Lowpass, highpass, and bandpass digital filtering, or other

Basic Concepts Of DSP (6)

With the DS processor and corresponding software, a

The DAC unit, converts the processed digital signal to an

The signal is continuous in time and discrete in amplitude

The final block in Figure 1 is designated as a function to

The Analog Signal Process

In general, the analog signal process does not require

Analog output signal

Figure 2: Analog Signal Processing.

The Digital Signal Process

DSP systems, on the other hand, use software,

However, as shown in Figure 1, DSP systems still

The Digital Signal Process (2)

There are many real-world DSP applications

acquisition and digital information display,

Similarly, DSP applications that need no ADC

players, text-to-speech synthesis, and digital

Basic DSP Examples In

Let us consider the situation shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: The simple digital filtering block.

A digitized noisy signal obtained from digitizing analog

After ADC, the digitized noisy signal x(n) where n is the

DSP block operates as a simple digital lowpass filter.

Digital Filtering (2)

After processing the digitized noisy signal x(n) the digital

The cleaned signal y(n) can be applied to another DSP

Typical applications of noise filtering include acquisition of

The digitized noisy signal and

Digital Filtering (3)