APTITUDE FORMULA

TIME AND DISTANCE -> IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE

1. Speed = [Distance/Time],
Time=[Distance/Speed],
Distance = (Speed*Time)
2. x km/hr = [x*5/18] m/sec.
3. If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a:b, then the ratio of the times taken by them to cover the same
distance is 1/a : 1/b or b:a.
4. x m/sec = [x*18/5] km/hr.
5. Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at y km/hr. then, the average
speed during the whole journey is [2xy/x+y] km/hr.
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PROFIT AND LOSS -> IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE
Cost Price : The price at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price, abbreviated as C.P.
Selling Price : The price at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price, abbreviated as C.P.
Profit or Gain : The price at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price, abbreviated as C.P.
Loss : If S.Pis less than C.P., the seller is said to have incurred a loss.
1. Gain = (S.P.) - (C.P.)
2. Loss or gain is always reckoned on C.P.
3. gain% = [Gain*100/C.P.]
4. Loss = (C.P.) - (S.P.)
5. Loss% = [Loss*100/C.P.]
6. S.P. = (100+Gain%)/100 * C.P.
7. S.P. = (100-Loss%)/100 * C.P.
8. C.P. = 100/(100+Gain%) * S.P.
9. C.P. = 100/(100-Loss%) * S.P.
10. If an article is sold at a gain of say, 35%, then S.P. = 135% of CP
11. If an article is sold at a loss of say, 35%, then S.P. = 65% of C.P.
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VOLUME AND SURFACE AREA -> IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE
I. CUBIOD
Let length = l, breadth = b and height = h units. Then,
1. Volume = (l x b x h) cubic units.
2. Surface area = 2 (lb + bh + lh)

II. CUBE
Let each edge of a cube be of length a. Then, 1. Volume = a cubic units.
2. Surface area = 6a sq. units.
3. Diagonal = 3 a units.
III. CYLINDER
Let radius of base = r and Height (or length) = h Then,
1. Volume = (rh) cubic units.
2. Curved surface area = (2rh) sq. units.
3. Total surface area = (2rh + 2r sq. units)
= 2r (h + r) sq. units.
IV. CONE
Let radius of base = r and Height = h. Then,
1. Slant height, l = h + r units.
2. Volume = [1/3 rh] cubic units.
3. Total surface area = (rl + r) sq.units.
V. SPHERE
Let the radius of the sphere be r. Then,
1. Volume = [4/3 r3] cubic units.
2. Surface area = (4r) sq. units.
VI. HEMISPHERE
Let the radius of a hemisphere be r. Then,
1. Volume = [2/3 r3] cubic units.
2. Curved surface area = (3r) sq. units.
3. Total surface area = (3r) sq. units.
Remember : 1 litre = 1000 cm.

BOATS AND STREAMS -> IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE

I. In water, the direction along the stream is called downstream. And, the direction against the stream is
called upstream.
II. If the speed of a boat in still water is u km/ht and the speed of the stream is v km/hr, then :
Speed downstream = (u + v) km/hr
Speed upstream (u - v) km/hr.
III. If the speed downstream is a km/hr and the speed upstream is b km/hr, then :
Speed in strill water = 1/2 (a + b) km/hr
Rate of stream = 1/2 (a - b) km/hr

PROBLEMS ON TRAINS -> IMPORTANT FORMULAE

1. a km/hr = [a * 5/18]m/s.
2. a m/s = [a * 18/5] km/hr.
3. Time taken by a trian of length l metres to pass a pole or a standing man or a signal post is equal to the
time taken by the train to cover l metres.
4. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a stationary object of length b metres is the time taken
by the train to cover (l + b) metres.
5. Suppose two trains or two bodies are moving in the same direction at u m/s and v m/s, where u>v, then
their relatives speed = (u - v) m/s.
6. Suppose two trains or two bodies are moving in opposite directions at u m/s and v m/s, then their
relative speed is = (u + v) m/s
7. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in opposite directions at u
8. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in the same direciton at u m/s and v m/s, then
the time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train = (a + b)/(u - v) sec.
9. If tow trains (or bodies) start at the same time from points A and B towards each other and after
crossing they take a and b sec in reaching B and A respectively, then
(As speed) : (Bs speed) = (b : a).
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SIMPLE INTEREST -> IMPORTANT FORMULAE
1. Principal : The money borrowed or lent out for a certain priod is called the principal of he sum.
2. Interest : Extra money paid for using others money is called interest.
3. Simple Interest (S.I.) : If the interest on a sum borrowed for a certain period is reckoned uniformly,
then it is called simple interest.
Let Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum (p.a.) and Time = T years, Then,
(i) S.I. = [P * R * T / 100]
(ii) P = [100 * S.I. / R * T]
R = [100 * S.I / P * T] and T = [100 * S.I. / P * R]
PROBLEMS ON NUMBERS -> DESCRIPTION
In this section, questions involving a set of numbers are put in the form of a puzzle. You have to analyse
the given conditions, assume the unknown the numbers and form equations accordingly, which on solving
yield the unknown numbers.
AVERAGE -> IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE
I. Average = [Sum of observations / Number of observations]
II. Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x kmph and an equal distance at y kmph. Then, the average
speed during the whole journey is [2xy / x + y] kmph.
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Numbers -> IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE
1. Natural Numbers :
Counting numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, .. are called natural numbers.
II. Whole Numbers :
All counting numbers together with zero form the set of whole numbers. Thus,

I. 0 is the only whole number which is not a natural number.

II. Every natural number is a whole number.
III.Some Important Formulae :
I. ( 1 + 2 + 3 + .....+ n) = n (n + 1 ) / 2
II. (1 2 + 22 + 32 + ..... + n2) = n ( n + 1 ) (2n + 1) / 6
III. (1 3 + 23 + 33 + ..... + n3) = n2 (n + 1)2 / 4
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SURDS ADN INDICES -> IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE
1. LAWS OF INDICES :
(i) am * an = am + n
(ii) am / an = am - n
(iii) (am)n = amn
(iv) (ab)n = anbn
(v) (a/b)n = an/ bn
(vi) a0 = 1
2. SURDS : Let a be rational number and n be a positive integer such
that a(1/n) = na
3 LAWS OF SURDS :
(i)
na = a (1/n)
(ii)
nab = na x nb
(iii)
(iv)

na/b = na / nb
(na)n = a