www.mohandesyar.

com

(21814) C
1386-1387
Lecture 9
Selected Topics
:
1

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C
:C
:

;)"printf ("%s \n %s", "one", "two

which prints:
one
two

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C

Integers and strings can also use field width

%nd, %ns where n is again min field width.
Example: printf("%-10d%10s", 21,"abcde")

21

8 wide 5
abcde
wide

10 wide

10 wide

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C
:
/*
* Name: Nasser Salmasi
File Header Comment
* Date: 10/3/06
* Assignment: Term Project1
* Description: Johnsons Algorithm.
*/

Blank Lines
(readability)

#include <stdio.h>
int main(void) {
/* print the message */
printf(Whatever you want!");
return 0;
}

Inline Comment

Indenting Use Tab Key!

4

www.mohandesyar.com

( 21814) C

:
Print the squares and cubes of integers from
1 through 3.
Declare variables needed.
Calculate the numbers.
Print the results.

www.mohandesyar.com

The Complete Program

#include <stdio.h>
int main(void) {
int n, square, cube;

/* n is input, square & cube are output */

printf("Table of squares and cubes\n");

n = 1;
square = n * n; cube = n * square; /* first line of output */
printf("%d %d %d\n", n, square, cube);
n = 2;
note
square = n * n; cube = n * square; /* second line of output */
printf("%d %d %d\n", n, square, cube);
n = 3;
square = n * n; cube = n * square; /* third line of output */
printf("%d %d %d\n", n, square, cube);
return 0;
}
6

www.mohandesyar.com
/*
* Name: Nasser Salmasi
header comment
* * Date:
Oct 6, 2006
* Assignment: Squares Cubes
* Description: Make a table of the integers from 1 3 and their squares and cubes.
*/
#include <stdio.h>

readability
(blank lines)

inline comments

int main(void) {
int n, square, cube;
// n is input, square & cube are output
printf("Table of squares and cubes\n");
n = 1;
square = n * n; cube = n * square; // first line of output
printf("%d %d %d\n", n, square, cube);
n = 2;
square = n * n; cube = n * square; // second line of output
printf("%d %d %d\n", n, square, cube);
n = 3;
square = n * n; cube = n * square; // third line of output
printf("%d %d %d\n", n, square, cube);
return 0;
}

indentation -- Use Tab Key!

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C
Same Program in Unreadable Form
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void) { int n, square, cube;
printf("Table of squares and cubes\n");
n = 1; square = n * n; cube = n * square;
printf("%d %d %d\n", n, square, cube); n = 2;
square = n * n; cube = n * square;
printf("%d %d %d\n", n, square, cube); n = 3;
square = n * n; cube = n * square;
printf("%d %d %d\n", n, square, cube);
return 0; }

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C
Precedence

Precedence = rank or priority.

Some operators have priority over others (i.e
should be done first)
1 + 2 * 3 same as 1 + (2 * 3) (i.e. = 7)
i.e. * has higher precedence than binary + or -

Parentheses force precedence.

(1 + 2) * 3 is equal to 9
9

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C
Associativity
When operators have same precedence we
must use rules of associativity (left to right or
right to left)
+ - same precedence, left to right assoc.
1+2+3-4+5 means (((1+2)+3)-4)+5 = 7
* / % same precedence, left to right assoc.
5 / 2 * 2 means (5/2)*2 = 4 not 5/(2*2) = 1

10

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C

Precedence /Associatively Table

operation
()
+(plus) -(minus)
* /%
+= (assignment)

precedence
1 (highest)
2
3
4
14 (lowest)

associatively
L to R
R to L
L to R
L to R
R to L

11

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C

Use Parentheses!!!!!!!!
Best to force precedence and associatively with
parentheses.
Easier to read
Everyone gets confused about these rules!

12

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C
Increment, Decrement Examples
Let b = 2 and c = 3.
After assignment a = (++b) + (++c);
the values will be a=7, b=3, c=4
After the assignment a = (b++) + (c++);
the values will be a=5,b=3,c=4
--i; is a perfectly good statement.
Same as i = i - 1;

13

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C
Examples - Expressions
If c = 0, then what are values of a, b, c after
these two statements are executed.
a = ++c;
b = a++;
a= , b= ,c=
Avoid expressions like a = c + ++c; where
a variable and it's increment or decrement
occur in same expression (see the code).

14

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C
Assignment Operator
An assignment has a value!
a = (b = 0); same as a=0; b=0;
or a = b = 0; (because of right to left
associatively).

15

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C
int a = -2, b = 3, c = 4, d = 5;
d *= a-- + ++ b * c - c % 2;
What is d after executing this statement?

But, please dont write like this!

16

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C
Find the 8 Programming Errors
#include <stdio>;
#define TOPBOTTOM "III";
# define MIDDLE "\nI"
void main(void) {
printf("/n/n/n");
printf(TOPBOTTON)
printf(MIDDLE); printf(MIDDLE);
printf(\n);
prinf(TOPBOTTOM);
}
17

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C


:
;'char b = 'z
b A-Z, a-z, 0-9
.
b .
)( :
;]char Name[20
18

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C
:

:
;'char b = 'z
;)(b = getchar
;)printf( %c, b
;)putchar (b

19

www.mohandesyar.com

Some other useful functions

These all require #include <ctype.h>
isalpha(c) - returns nonzero if c is letter
isdigit(c) - returns nonzero if c is a digit (0-9)
isspace(c) - returns nonzero if c is space, tab or
newline.
islower(c) - returns nonzero if c is lower case.
isupper(c) - returns nonzero if c is upper case.
toupper(c) returns upper case char.
tolower(c) returns lower case char.
20

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C
:
;int i
;i = 2147483647
;)printf("%d %d %d", i, i+1, i*i

21

www.mohandesyar.com

Whats going on here?

Computers store only so many digits.

When an operation creates more than they
have, the higher digits are lost.
Just like 5-digit odometer on a car.
What comes after 99,999? -- 00,000
right?
Same in computers -- next integer after the
largest integer is the smallest integer
22

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C
:C
:

)) (Size (


.

23

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C
FILE* INDATA; // *fp means fp points to a FILE structure
INDATA=fopen(Data1.txt","r");
fscanf(INDATA," %i\n",&Machine_Number);

for(f1=1;f1<=group_number;f1++){
for(f2=1;f2<=job_number[f1];f2++){
for(f3=1;f3<=Machine_Number;f3++){
fscanf(INDATA," %i" ,&time_M[f1][f2][f3]);
}
}
fscanf(INDATA,"\n");
}
fclose(INDATA);
24

www.mohandesyar.com

( 21814) C

fopen(filename, mode)
int a, b, c;
FILE *fp; // *fp means fp points to a FILE structure
fp = fopen("data.txt", "r");
fscanf(filepointer, string, &var1, &var2, )
// read three integers from the file
fscanf(fp, "%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);
fclose(filepointer)
fclose(fp);
// close the file

25

www.mohandesyar.com

( 21814) C
test for equality

Open Errors

If fp == NULL, there was an error and your

program cannot proceed!
Possible causes:
filename doesnt exist in current folder.
file is being used (i.e. is opened) by another
application.
file is corrupted (i.e has been damaged).

26

www.mohandesyar.com

( 21814) C

File Mode - text files

mode can be "r" "w", "a"
"r" open a text file for reading from the
beginning (fscanf)
"w" open a text file for writing from the
beginning (fprintf). Replaces any existing file or
creates new one.
"a" open a text file for writing starting at the
end (fprintf).

27

www.mohandesyar.com

( 21814) C
In text files, numbers, characters, and strings
are all stored as text characters.
'a' stored as the character a.
"a string" stored as the characters a string.
1234567890 (a 4 byte int) stored as the 10
ASCII characters 1234567890.
123.456 (a 4 byte float) stored as the 7 ASCII
characters 123.456.
White space is used to separate.
28

www.mohandesyar.com

( 21814) C
fscanf(filepointer, formatString, var, var,)
white space
FILE *fp;
int a, c;
double b;
fp = fopen("input.txt", "r");
fscanf(fp, "%d %lf %d", &a, &b, &c);
printf("%d\n%f\n%d", a, b, c);
fclose(fp);

input.txt

234

5.345

567
234, 5.345, and 567 will be assigned to a, b, and c
respectively
29

www.mohandesyar.com

How scanf (or fscanf) Reads

When using %d, %f, or %lf, scanf:

1. skips white space
2. reads the ASCII digits (and/or '+' , '-', '.')
until it encounters white space.
3. converts the digits to an integer, float, or
double
Returns number of successful conversions or
EOF (if encountered an error).

30

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C
:
fprintf .
printf.

31

www.mohandesyar.com

Foxtrot Version

32

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C
:


HW.txt
.

Report.txt .

33

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C

Bubble sort
Sort an array of numbers or characters
into numeric or alphabetic order.
1) Compare last two -- swap, if out of order
2)Compare next to last two -- etc.
3) Start again at end but stop one shy of beginning
4) Continue

34

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C
Bubble sort first pass
4
4
4
4
4
1

6
6
6
6
1
4

1
1
1
1
6
6

8
8
2
2
2
2

2
2
8
8
8
8

9
9
9
9
9
9

start
loop1
loop2
loop3
loop4
end pass 1

35

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C
Bubble sort -- second pass
1
1
1
1
1

4
4
4
4
2

6
6
6
2
4

2
2
2
6
6

8
8
8
8
8

9
9
9
9
9

start pass two

loop1
loop2
loop3
end of pass two

36

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C
Bubble sort - 3rd pass
1 2 4 6 8 9
start pass three
1 2 4 6 8 9
loop1
1 2 4 6 8 9
loop2
1 2 4 6 8 9
end of pass three
(Note: nothing actually done)

37

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C
Bubble sort - 4rd pass
1 2 4 6 8 9
1 2 4 6 8 9
1 2 4 6 8 9

start pass four

loop1
end of pass four

38

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C
Bubble sort - 5th pass
1 2 4 6 8 9
1 2 4 6 8 9

start of pass 5
done

Note that this computer algorithm is quite

different from the way we do this by hand.
Another example of the difficulty of doing
something with a computer that is easy with
human brain.

39

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C
Bubble sort - code
void bubble(int a[], int n) {
int i, j;
// i counts passes, j cycles thru swap positions
// numbers are: a[0], a[1], a[n-2], a[n-1]
for(i=0; i < n-1; ++i)
for(j=n-1; j > i; --j)
if( a[j-1] > a[j]) // if out of order, swap
swap(&a[j-1], &a[j]);
return;
}
40

www.mohandesyar.com

(21814) C
Bubble Sort Analysis

Assume N items to sort.

1st pass N-1 loops.
2nd pass N-2 loops.
Last pass 1 loop.
(N-1) + (N-2) + + 1 = N*(N-1)/2
Execution time increases as square of size, which
is not as good as QuickSort, N*ln(N).

41