PETITION

Requesting for Investigation of the Responsibility of the Carbon Majors

for Human Rights Violations or Threats of Violations Resulting from
the Impacts of Climate Change

Prefatory Statement
Ito na lang ba ang aming kauuwianang
magbilang, o mapabilang, sa mga biktima ng
climate change?1
In asking for available remedies, Ms. Derek Cabe2 raised this concern
at the Forum on Human Rights and Climate Change organized by the
Honourable Commission on Human Rights (Commission or CHR) in
cooperation with Greenpeace Southeast Asia on May 12, 2015.
The Petitioners trust that the Honourable Commission understands the
context of this question, considering the abundance of country statistics and
reports of disaster-related casualties. For example, despite forecasts and
warnings provided days in advance, super-typhoon Yolanda killed more than
6,000 people, affected millions of others, and devastated areas in central
Leyte in 2013. According to the World Bank, the EMDAT disaster database
shows that between 2000 and 2008, weather-related disasters accounted for
98% of all people affected and 78% of all the people who died due to

1

English translation: Will this be our fate---to just count the victims of climate change or be counted among
them?
2
Ms. Cabe is a representative of Nuclear Free Philippines (Bataan).

disasters in the Philippines.3 The World Bank also stated that annually the
country has to spend 0.5% of its GDP on natural disasters.4 Between 1998
and 2009, the country had to deal with costs of up to US$24.3 billion (23.9%
of GDP) due to storms, exposing 12.1 million people.5
The various possible factors contributing to the occurrence of supertyphoons like Yolanda and other extreme weather events now include
human-induced climate change. Natural variability is now occurring on top
of, and interacting with, background conditions that have already been
altered by long-term climate change. According to scientific experts,
[w]hile natural variability continues to play a key role, climate change has
shifted the odds and changed the natural limits, making certain types of
extreme weather more frequent and more intense.6
In the era of climate change, the Petitioners feel that the real value of
the statistics and reports of disaster-related casualties has not been given
adequate expression. The real life pain and agony of losing loved ones,
homes, farmsalmost everythingduring strong typhoons, droughts, and
other weather extremes, as well as the everyday struggle to live, to be safe,
and to be able to cope with the adverse, slow onset impacts of climate
change, are beyond numbers and words.
Climate change interferes with the enjoyment of the Filipinos
fundamental rights. Hence, the Petitioners demand accountability of those
contributing to climate change.

3

C. Ancheta, J. Bojo, V. Dato, J. Heister, M. Kariuki; J. Morton, Z. Trohanis, J. Tuyor, M. Villaluz, F.

Virtucio,, S. Wedderburn, Y. Zhang, Yabei. A strategic approach to climate change in the Philippines.
World Bank, 6, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2010/04/15198885/strategic-approach-climatechange-philippines (last accessed on Apr. 20, 2016).
4
Id.
5
IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects.
Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, Small Islands [Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, T.E.
Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S.
MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L.White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United
Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 688, at 1638.
6
Climate Communications, Overview: Current Extreme Weather & Climate Change,
https://www.climatecommunication.org/new/features/extreme-weather/overview/ (last accessed on Sept.
15, 2015).

A recent research endeavour, undertaken by Mr. Richard Heede of the

Climate Accountability Institute, quantified and traced for the first time the
lions share of cumulative global CO2 and methane emissions since the
industrial revolution began to the largest multinational and state-owned
producers of crude oil, natural gas, coal and cement.7 These producers are
collectively known as the Carbon Majors, and the same term shall be used
in this Petition. The investor-owned, i.e., publicly traded, Carbon Majors,
some of which have operations or a presence in, or a substantial connection
to the Philippines, are listed in Table 1. This research has undergone an
update since then, with a summary of these results now included below in
Table 2.

Table 1: Investor-owned Carbon Majors8 1751-2010

R. Heede, Carbon Majors: Accounting for Carbon and Methane Emissions 1854-2010, Methods and
Results Report (Apr. 7, 2014), http://climateaccountability.org/pdf/MRR%209.1%20Apr14R.pdf, at 5 (last
accessed on June 15, 2015) at 5 [hereinafter Methods and Results Report]. Note that there are other reports
concerning corporate GHG emissions. See J. Moorhead & T. Nixon, Global 500 Greenhouse Gases
Performance 2010-2013: 2014 Report on Trends (Dec. 2014), http://www.bsdconsulting.com/bsdfiles/news-downloadable-pdfs/global-500-greenhouse-gases-performance-trends-2010-2013.pdf (last
accessed on June 15, 2015).
8
Methods and Results Report, supra note 7, at 29.

Table 2: Investor-owned Carbon Majors 1751-2013

Entity
Chevron
ExxonMobil
BP
Royal Dutch Shell
ConocoPhillips
Peabody Energy
Total
Consol Energy, Inc.
BHP Billiton
Anglo American
Arch Coal
ENI
RWE
Rio Tinto
Anadarko
Occidental
Alpha Natural Resources
Lukoil
Rosneft
Sasol
Repsol
Marathon
Xstrata
Yukos
Hess
Devon Energy
EnCana
BG Group
Cyprus Amax
Suncor
Westmoreland Mining
Kiewit Mining

Cumulative
MtCO2e
2010
51.096
46.672
35.837
30.751
16.866
12.432
11.911
9.096
7.606
7.242
5.888
5.973
6.843
5.961
5.195
5.063
2.149
3.873
3.515
3.381
2.985
2.223
2.858
2.364
1.690
1.695
1.543
1.748
1.407
1.530
1.295

Cumulative
MtCO2e
2013
52.247
48.557
37.251
32.171
17.553
13.869
12.884
9.254
8.649
7.478
6.766
6.634
6.472
6.248
5.517
5.392
4.847
4.740
4.153
3.875
3.524
3.182
3.177
2.858
2.525
2.015
1.940
1.830
1.748
1.645
1.642
1.427

% cumulative
global, 17512013
3.34%
3.10%
2.38%
2.06%
1.12%
0.89%
0.82%
0.59%
0.55%
0.48%
0.43%
0.42%
0.41%
0.40%
0.35%
0.34%
0.31%
0.30%
0.27%
0.25%
0.23%
0.20%
0.20%
0.18%
0.16%
0.13%
0.12%
0.12%
0.11%
0.11%
0.10%
0.09%
5

Apache
North American Coal
Lafarge
Canadian Natural Resources
Holcim
Luminant
Ruhrkohle AG
Talisman
Murray Coal
UK Coal
Husky Energy
HeidelbergCement
Cemex
Italcementi
Murphy Oil
OMV Group
Taiheiyo
Massey Energy
Nexen
Total:

951
1.181
1.044
958
1.008
1.049
1.138
925
796
794
665
587
551
463
418
346
402
2.199
651
314.811

1.287
1.283
1.232
1.208
1.197
1.161
1.138
1.106
1.085
844
800
677
630
544
503
471
427
337.662

0.08%
0.08%
0.08%
0.08%
0.08%
0.07%
0.07%
0.07%
0.07%
0.05%
0.05%
0.04%
0.04%
0.03%
0.03%
0.03%
0.03%
0.00%
0.00%
21.57%

To date, a number of the investor-owned Carbon Major companies have

changed and may continue to change. Yukos has ceased operations and
other investor-owned companies have acquired Xstrata, Massey Energy,
Cyprus Amax, and Talisman. Nexen became a wholly owned subsidiary of a
state-owned company. Rosneft has been added to the list.
The Carbon Majors findings are of serious importance and
consequence to the Philippines due to the countrys high vulnerability to the
impacts of climate change. The findings call attention to the role of the
Carbon Majors because these producers contribute a significant portion of
the estimated emissions of greenhouse gases. According to the IPCC,
continued emission of these gases will cause further warming and longlasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the

likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts for people and

ecosystems.9
The Carbon Majors should be held accountable for violations or
threats of violations of Filipinos rights (a) to life; (b) to the highest
attainable standard of physical and mental health; (c) to food; (d) to water;
(e) to sanitation; (f) to adequate housing; and (g) to self-determination
resulting from the adverse impacts of climate change. Special attention
should be paid to marginalized and disadvantaged people and communities
particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, including women,
children, persons with disabilities, those living in extreme poverty,
indigenous peoples, and displaced persons; as well as the right of Filipinos
to development. The workers and workers organizations among the
Petitioners also seek accountability for the human rights implications of
climate change on the workers health, labour productivity, work
environment and safety, and job protection.10 One potential way to
determine the level of responsibility of an individual Carbon Major is by
identifying the companys share in the estimated global industrial emissions
of carbon, and when it is supposed to have allegedly acquired knowledge of
its products harmful effects, including the impacts on the climate,
ecological balance, and peoples health, or was informed of those impacts.11
Hindi po makatarungan na magbilang na lamang kami, o mapabilang
sa susunod na statistics, ng mga biktima ng climate change.12 This Petition
seeks vindication of Filipinos rights through a comprehensive investigation
into the responsibility of the Carbon Majors for violations or threats of
violations of human rights resulting from the impacts of climate change.

9

IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the
Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K.
Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 151, Summary for Policymakers, at 8.
10
For more information on climate action as a trade union concern, see, ITUC Frontlines Briefing, Climate
Justice: There are No Jobs on a Dead Planet, Mar. 2015, http://www.ituc-csi.org/ituc-frontlines-briefingclimate?lang=en (last accessed on Sept. 15, 2015).
11
A recent peer-reviewed article concluded that major investor-owned fossil energy companies carry
significant responsibility for climate change. P. Frumhoff, R. Heede, & N. Oreskes, The Climate
Responsibilities of Industrial Carbon Producers, CLIMATIC CHANGE, 132 Climatic Change 157 (2015).
Available at http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10584-015-1472-5.
12
English translation: It is unjust that we end up simply counting the victims or becoming victims ourselves
of climate change.

Jurisdiction of the Commission

The human rights violations or threats of violations that are the subject
of this Petition include the rights of the Filipinos (a) to life; (b) to the highest
attainable standard of physical and mental health; (c) to food; (d) to water;
(e) to sanitation; (f) to adequate housing; (g) to self-determination; and (h) of
those particularly likely to be affected by climate change, including (1)
women; (2) children; (3) persons with disabilities; (4) those living in
extreme poverty; (5) indigenous peoples; (6) displaced persons; and (7)
workers; as well as the right of Filipinos to development.
While the adjunct rights to health13 and to a balanced and healthful
ecology,14 known collectively as environmental rights, are not listed under
the Bill of Rights, they are included in the subject of this Petition. The
exchange between Commissioners Bennagen and Nolledo during the
deliberations of the 1986 Constitutional Convention supports the general
idea that environmental rights are included in the complete concept of
human rights.15 Their importance is explained in Oposa v. Factoran:
As a matter of fact, these basic rights need not
even be written in the Constitution for they are
assumed to exist from the inception of humankind.
If they are now explicitly mentioned in the
fundamental charter, it is because of the wellfounded fear of its framers that unless the rights to
a balanced and healthful ecology and to health are
mandated as state policies by the Constitution
itself, thereby highlighting their continuing
importance and imposing upon the state a solemn
obligation to preserve the first and protect and
advance the second, the day would not be too far
when all else would be lost not only for the present

13

CONST. art. II, 15.

CONST. art. II, 16.
15
Sub-Committee on the Rules of Procedure for Environmental Cases, Rationale to the Rules of Procedure
for Environmental Cases, 59-60, paragraph 3, Apr. 2010.
14

generation, but also for those to come

generations which stand to inherit nothing but
parched earth incapable of sustaining life.16
This Petition is therefore within the scope of the Commissions
jurisdiction under Rule 2 of the Omnibus Rules of Procedure of the CHR, to
wit:
Rule 2. Scope of CHR jurisdiction
Section 1. Pursuant to Sections 17 to 19, Article
XIII of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, in
relation to Executive Order No. 163, dated 5 May
1987, and relevant international human rights
instruments, the Commission on Human Rights
shall take cognizance of and investigate, on its
own or on complaint by any party, all forms of
human rights violations and abuses involving
civil and political rights, to include but not
limited to the following:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

right to life;
right to liberty;
right to security;
right to respect for ones dignity;
freedom from slavery and involuntary
servitude;
f) freedom from torture, cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment and punishment;
g) right to protection from enforced
disappearance;
h) freedom from arbitrary interference with
ones
privacy,
family,
home,
or
correspondence;

16

Oposa v. Factoran, Jr., G.R. No. 101083, July 30, 1993, 224 SCRA 792.

i) freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention or

exile;
j) freedom of movement and residence;
k) freedom of thought, conscience and religion;
l) freedom of the press, speech, opinion and
expression;
m) freedom from discrimination;
n) right to marry and to found a family; and,
o) right to own property.
Section 2. The Commission on Human Rights shall
monitor the Philippine Governments compliance
with international human rights treaties and
instruments to which the Philippines is a State
party. This includes, but is not limited to, the
actions taken by the Government, the manner
and/or means of implementation or application of
the human rights related laws, principles, norms
and standards, in relation to the State obligations to
respect, protect and fulfil the human rights of all
persons within the Philippines, as well as Filipinos
residing abroad.
Corollary thereto, the Commission on Human
Rights, in line with its role as a national human
rights institution, shall also investigate and
monitor all economic, social and cultural rights
violations and abuses, as well as threats of
violations thereof, especially with respect to the
conditions of those who are marginalized,
disadvantaged, and vulnerable. (Emphasis ours)17
The Philippines is a signatory to and/or has ratified various
international human rights instruments listed in Annex A.

17

Commission on Human Rights, The Omnibus Rules of Procedure of the Commission on Human Rights,
i-ii, Apr. 2012.

10

In 2008, the Human Rights Council adopted Resolution 7/23, which

states that climate change poses an immediate and far-reaching threat to
people and communities around the world and has implications for the full
enjoyment of human rights.18 The link between human rights and climate
change was further clarified in the 2009 report of the Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) of the United Nations. The
report categorically states that, there exists broad agreement that climate
change generally negatively effects the realization of human rights.19 The
2009 OHCHR report also stresses the importance of accountability
mechanisms in the implementation of measures and policies in the area of
climate change and requires access to administrative and judicial remedies in
cases of human rights violations.20
In October 2014, the Special Procedures of the UN Human Rights
Council issued a joint letter on the implications of climate change for human
rights, which stated in part:
[W]e call on the State Parties to the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) to ensure full coherence
between their solemn human rights obligations and
their efforts to address climate change, one of the
greatest human rights challenges of our time.
A safe, clean, healthy and sustainable
environment is indispensable to the full enjoyment
of human rights, including rights to life, health,
food, water and housing, among many others.
The most recent report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) brings into sharp
focus the grave harm that climate change is already
causing, and will continue to cause, to the

18

Human Rights Council Res. 7/23, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/7/78, July 14, 2008, at preambular para. 1.
United Nations Human Rights Council, Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner
for Human Rights on the Relationship Between Climate Change and Human Rights, Tenth Session, Jan. 15,
2009 at 23, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/HRAndClimateChange/Pages/Study.aspx (last accessed on
June 15, 2015).
20
Id. at 27.
19

11

environment on which we all depend. There can no

longer be any doubt that climate change interferes
with the enjoyment of human rights recognized
and protected by international law.21
In May 2015, the Climate Vulnerable Forum, chaired by the
Philippines, submitted a memorandum and three independent reports to Ms.
Christiana Figueres, Executive Secretary of the UNFCCC Secretariat. The
independent reports are appended herewith as Annexes B, B-1, B-2,
and B-3 respectively. Based on the reports, the Climate Vulnerable Forum
found that the UNFCCC target of limiting global temperature rise to 2C is
inadequate, posing serious threats to fundamental human rights, labour
and migration and displacement, among other factors.22 The Petitioners
believe that the findings in the report on labour underscore the need for a
comprehensive strategy on a just transition for workers and communities
to ensure everyone is a part of the sustainable economy and benefit from
decent and green jobs.23
The propriety of this Petition is supported by the recognition of the
human rights implications of climate change by the UN Human Rights
Council, Special Procedures of the UN Human Rights Council, the nations
participating in the Climate Vulnerable Forum, and the Government of the
Philippines.
On the authority to exercise jurisdiction over investor-owned Carbon
Majors to determine whether they have breached their responsibility to
respect human rights, the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights
(Guiding Principles)24 recognizes that corporations have a responsibility to

21

M. Addo, et al., A New Climate Change Agreement Must Include Human Rights Protections for All, Oct.
17, 2014 at 1, http://srenvironment.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Letter-to-UNFCCC-FINAL (last
accessed on Apr. 16, 2016).
22
Climate Vulnerable Forum, 20 Nations Call to Strengthen 2 Degrees Climate Goal, May 1, 2015,
http://www.thecvf.org/20-nation-forum-questions-unfccc-2-degrees-goal/ (last accessed on June 15, 2015).
23
See T. Kjellstrom, et al, Ruby Coast Research Centre, Climate Change and increasing heat impacts on
Labor Productivity, Apr. 25, 2015, http://www.thecvf.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/labour.pdf (last
accessed on Apr. 20, 2016).
24
United Nations Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary General

12

respect human rights, which arises from a global standard of expected

conduct applicable to all businesses in all situations.25 The commentary
under Principle 11 states:
The responsibility to respect human rights is a
global standard of expected conduct for all
business enterprises wherever they operate. It
exists independently of States abilities and/or
willingness to fulfil their own human rights
obligations, and does not diminish those
obligations. And it exists over and above
compliance with national laws and regulations
protecting human rights.26
The Human Rights Council unanimously endorsed the Guiding
Principles in its resolution 17/4 of 16 June 2011.27 According to the Guiding
Principles, corporations bear a responsibility to respect human rights,28 and
[s]tates should set out clearly the expectation that all business enterprises
domiciled in their territory and/or jurisdiction respect human rights
throughout their operations.29
States have obligations with respect to human rights, both within their
territories and extraterritorially, based on international law. Specifically,
states have extraterritorial obligations (ETOs) to respect, protect and fulfil
human rights abroad. The Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial
Obligations of States in the Area of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, Seventeenth
Session, Mar. 21, 2011, http://www.ohchr.org/documents/issues/business/A.HRC.17.31.pdf (last accessed
on Apr. 20, 2016) [hereinafter Guiding Principles].
25
United Nations-Office of the UN High Commissioner, The Corporate Responsibility to Respect Human
Rights: An Interpretive Guide, 2012 at 13-14,
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/HR.PUB.12.2_En.pdf (last accessed on Apr. 20, 2016)
[hereinafter Interpretive Guide].
26
Guiding Principles, supra note 24, at 11.
27
United Nations Human Rights Council, Resolution Adopted by the Human Rights Council: 17/4 Human
Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, Seventeenth Session, July 06,
http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A/HRC/RES/17/4 (last accessed on Apr. 20, 2016).
28
Guiding Principles, supra note 24, intro 6.
29
Guiding Principles, supra note 24, 2.

13

provide guidance and legal grounds for the effective implementation of

ETOs.30 With respect to the regulation of corporations, international human
rights treaty bodies monitoring implementation of treaties on civil and
political rights,31 economic, social and cultural rights,32 the rights of the
child,33 and on racial discrimination34 have all confirmed that States must

30

Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the Area of Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights, 29 NETH. Q. HUMAN RIGHTS 578 (2011). Available at
http://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/web/Institutes/MaastrichtCentreForHumanRights/MaastrichtETO
Principles.htm [hereinafter Maastricht Principles]. In 2011, a group of international legal experts developed
the Maastricht Principles on the Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the Area of Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights. According to the Center for International Environmental law: The Maastricht Principles
are premised on the global and universal nature of human rights and the notion that human rights are owed
erga omnes to the international community as a whole. However, the Principles do not create new legal
norms. Rather, they articulate the current state of international law regarding ETOs, reflecting many of the
conclusions drawn by international tribunals, U.N. treaty bodies, and Special Procedures. In particular, the
Maastricht Principles provide a basis for conceptualizing the application and implementation of ETOs in
order to secure more effective protection of human rights from third-party violations. Center for
International Environmental Law, Written Statement to Open-ended Intergovernmental Working Group on
Transnational Corporations and other Business Enterprises with Respect to Human Rights,
A/HRC/WG.16/1/NGO/3, July 2, 2015, at 14. Available at:
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/WGTransCorp/Session1/A.HRC.WG.16.1.NGO.
3.pdf.
31
United Nations Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations on the Sixth Periodic Report of
Germany, 106th Session, November 12, 2012, 16. Available at
http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR/C/DEU/CO/6&L
ang=En.
32
United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Statement on the Obligations of
States Parties Regarding the Corproate Sector and Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, Forty-Sixth
Session, May 20, 2011 at para. 5-6. Available at
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cescr/docs/E.C.12.2011.1-ENG.doc; United Nations Committee on
Economic, Social, and Culutral Rights, General Comment 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard
of Health, Twenty-Second Session, Aug. 11, 2000, at 39. Available at
http://www.nesri.org/sites/default/files/Right_to_health_Comment_14.pdf;. United Nations Committee on
Economic, Social, and Culutral Rights, General Comment 15: The Right to Water, Twenty-Ninth Session,
Jan. 20, 2003, 33. Available at
http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/a5458d1d1bbd713fc1256cc400389e94; United Nations Committee on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding Observations: Finland, December 17, 2014, at 10.
Available at
http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E/C.12/FIN/CO/6&Lan
g=En; United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding Obesrvations on
the Second Periodic Report of China, Including Hong Kong, China, and Macao, China, June 13, 2014, at
13. Available at
http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2FC.12%2FCHN%2
FCO%2F2.
33
United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment 16: On State Obligations
Regarding the Impact of the Business Sector on Childrens Rights, Apr. 17, 2013, at 43-46. Available at
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/GC/CRC-C-GC-16_en.doc [hereinafter General Comment
16].
34
United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Concluding Observations:
United States of America, Session 72, Feb. 2008, at para. 30. Available at

14

take necessary measures to prevent their corporations from interfering with

the enjoyment of human rights both within their territory and in other
countries and to take action, separately, and jointly through international
cooperation, to realize human rights universally.35
There is also ample justification for any State to act on transboundary
and global matters like climate change, where harmful activity is taking
place in one country, and the negative impacts are being suffered in another.
According to the 2011 OHCHR report on human rights and the environment,
[o]ne countrys pollution can become another countrys environmental and
human rights problem, particularly where the polluting media, like air and
water, are capable of easily crossing boundaries.36 These issues are of
particular importance in the environmental context, in the light of the
number and intensity of transboundary and global environmental threats to
the full enjoyment of human rights.
Therefore, extraterritoriality is not a bar to the Commissions exercise
of authority, considering the transboundary and global nature of climate
change and other environmental problems and the associated human rights
implications.

http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/CERDConcludingComments2008.pdf; United Nations Committee on the
Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Concluding Observations: Canada, Session 17, May 25, 2007, at
17. Available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/docs/CERD.C.CAN.CO.18.doc; United
Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimimation, Concluding Observations: Canada,
Eighteenth Session, Apr. 4, 2012, at 14; United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial
Discrimination, Concluding Observations: Norway, Seventy-Eighth Session, Apr.. 8, 2011, at 17.
Available at
http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CERD/C/NOR/CO/1920&Lang=En; United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimimation, Concluding
Observations: United Kingdom, Seventy-Ninth Session, Sept. 14, 2011, at 29. Available at
http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CERD/C/GBR/CO/1820&Lang=En.
35
See further O. de Schutter & A. Eide & A. Khalfan & M. Orellana & M. Salomon & I. Seiderman,
Commentary to the Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the Area of Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights, 34 HUMAN RIGHTS QUARTERLY, 1084, 1101-1104, 1133-1145 (2012).
Available at: http://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/HRQMaastricht-Maastricht-Principles-onETO.pdf [hereinafter Maastricht Commentary].
36
Human Rights Council, Analytical Study on the Relationship Between Human Rights and the
Environment, Nineteenth Session, Dec. 16, 2011 at 65,
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session19/A-HRC-19-34_en.pdf
(last accessed on Apr. 20, 2016).

15

The Parties
Petitioners
The Petitioners are the following individuals and non-governmental
organizations:
1. GREENPEACE SOUTHEAST ASIA (PHILIPPINES) is a non-profit
civil society organization duly registered under Philippine laws in
2000. It aims to protect the Philippines and Southeast Asia from
further ecological ruin and to serve as a beacon of awareness and
action in the interest of environmental protection and sustainable
development. Its office address is: Room 201 JGS Building, No. 30
Scout. Tuason, Bgy. Laging Handa, Quezon City.
2. PHILIPPINE RURAL RECONSTRUCTION MOVEMENT (PRRM)
was founded in 1952 to be a mass movement for the emancipation of
the Filipino peasant. Having pioneered a whole era of rural
development and local democracy in the country, PRRM continues to
make its contribution in building sustainable communities. It has its
office address at 56 Mother Ignacia corner Dr. Lazcano St., Quezon
City, Philippines.
3. DAKILA (Philippine Collective for Modern Heroism) is a group of
artists, students, young professionals and development activists,
creatively building a movement of heroism towards social
transformation. Its office address is: Unit 3A Vs1 Bldg. Kalayaan ave
Brgy Malaya Quezon City, Philippines.
4. SENTRO NG MGA NAGKAKAISA AT PROGRESIBONG
MANGGAGAWA or SENTRO is a national labor center with
100,000 members nationwide. It is composed of 16 industry and
sectoral federations operating in the formal and informal sectors,
public and private sectors as well as among migrant workers.
SENTRO espouses social movement unionism and aims to contribute

16

to the overall goal of liberating the working people from all forms of
oppression. It is a founding member of NAGKAISA, a broad coalition
of trade unions and labor organizations in the Philippines. It is also a
member of the Food Workers International (IUF) based in Geneva
and the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) based in
Brussels. Its office address is: Workers House, 94 Scout Delgado
Street, Brgy. Laging Handa, Quezon City, Philippines.
5. MOTHER EARTH FOUNDATION is a non-stock, non-profit, and
non-government organization duly registered under Philippine laws in
1998. It is actively engaged in addressing waste and toxic pollution,
climate change, and other health and environmental justice issues. It is
also best known for its community-based advocacy of zero waste. In
its zero waste campaign, Mother Earth Foundation has established a
model barangay, Barangay Fort Bonifacio with a 95% waste diversion
rate, a model city, San Fernando City, Pampanga with a 73% waste
diversion rate and is working with the province of Nueva Vizcaya to
make it a model zero waste province in 2016. Its office address is:
Unit 201 PhilDHRRA Building, 59 C. Salvador Street, Loyola
Heights, Quezon City, Philippines.
6. ECOWASTE COALITION is a public interest network of
community, church, school, environmental and health groups
pursuing sustainable solutions to waste, climate change and chemical
issues facing the Philippines and the world. Its office address is: Unit
329, Eagle Court Condominum, Matalino St., Quezon City,
Philippines
7. NIUGAN or The Nagkakaisang Ugnayan ng Mga Magsasaka at
Manggagawa sa Niyugan is a national federation of coconut farmers
and farm workers organized under the laws of the Republic of the
Philippines. The Federation was organized in Gumaca, Quezon on
December 2000 and duly registered with the Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC), with registration no. A200018417 dated Dec. 12,
2000. The Federations objectives are to develop the coconut industry
and improve the living conditions of small coconut farmers and farm
workers. Working for the realization of its objectives, the Federation

17

is engaged in organizing of coconut farmers, advocacy, capability

building, sustainable agriculture practices, social enterprises and
environmental protection. The Federation is operating in Quezon,
Marinduque, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Albay, Camiguin, and
North Cotabato. Each province is represented by the chairman of the
provincial federation. NIUGAN can be contacted at Philippine Rural
Reconstruction Movement Headquarter, No. 56 Mother Ignacia Ave.,
cor. Dr. Lazcano St., Brgy. Paligsahan, Quezon City.
8. PHILIPPINE HUMAN RIGHTS INFORMATION CENTER
(PhilRights) is a non-stock, non-profit organization duly registered
with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) since October
10, 1994. It is an associated NGO of the United Nations Department
of Public Information (UN DPI) and has a special consultative status
with the UN Economic and Social Council (UN ECOSOC).
PhilRights has been part of the human rights movement and has been
doing advocacy work through its research and information activities
since its formation. Established through a resolution passed during the
7th National Congress of the Philippine Alliance of Human Rights
Advocates (PAHRA) and formally constituted in July 1991,
PhilRights serves as the research and information center of the
alliance. Its office address is at 53-B Maliksi St. Barangay Pinyahan,
Quezon City.
9. ASIA PACIFIC MOVEMENT ON DEBT AND DEVELOPMENT
(APMDD) - (formerly Jubilee South - Asia Pacific Movement on
Debt and Development) is a regional alliance of peoples movements,
community organizations, coalitions, nongovernmental organizations
and networks. It works for social transformation in the areas of global
and public finance, particularly debt and tax justice; climate justice;
and natural resources. It holds its office at 34 Matiyaga St., Barangay
Central, Quezon City.
10.NUCLEAR FREE BATAAN MOVEMENT (NFBM) is a grassrootsbased environmental network in the province of Bataan that works for
the promotion and protection of the environment through pro-active
education and advocacy campaign. NFBM started in the 1970s at the

18

height of the dictatorship of Marcos regime and the construction of

the first ever Nuclear power plant in the country. Since then, NFBM
has pursued different forms of advocacy and actions to continuously
remind the Filipino people, especially the younger generation of our
historic struggle against the monster of Morong in Bataan and to
continually make a mark on the public consciousness on the dangers
of nuclear power energy and push for a sustainable, renewable energy
for the people. Since the province has become a hub for coal power
plants , NFBM has widened its advocacy to resist the use of fossilfuel based energy and push for the alternative that is renewable energy
and calling for climate justice. Its office address is: 1066-B, Emerald
St., Taglesville, access road, Balanga City, Bataan.
11.AYOS BICOL is an alliance of youth organizations, student councils,
out-of-school-youth and individuals that aims to form and realize the
Bicol Youth Agenda. Its office address is: 402-A Lopez Residence
152 Maginhawa St. Sikatuna Village, Quezon City.
12.PHILIPPINE ALLIANCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS ADVOCATES
(PAHRA) is a non-stock, non-profit alliance duly registered under the
laws of the Philippines, with SEC No. ANO92-03505. It was
established on August 9, 1986 in a Congress that was participated in
by more than a hundred organizations from all over the Philippines. It
was formed as an alliance of individuals, institutions and
organizations committed to the promotion, protection and realization
of human rights in the Philippines. PAHRA is the sole civil society
representative in the Philippine Governments Presidential Human
Rights Committee (PHRC), and is an affiliate of the International
Federation of Human Rights Leagues (FIDH). It is also a member of
regional organizations like the Asian Forum of Human Rights and
Development (FORUM-ASIA), and the Asian Network for Free
Elections (ANFREL). Its office address is at 53-B Maliksi St.
Barangay Pinyahan, Quezon City.
13.350.org East Asia is an international environmental organization that
works to build a global grassroots movement to fight against global
warming and the denial of climate change. By encouraging citizens to

19

action through publicizing the increasing levels of carbon dioxide in

the atmosphere. The name 350.org comes from the research of NASA
scientist Dr. James Hansen. He wrote in a scientific paper in 2007 that
the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere should not be higher
than 350 parts-per-million.
14.PHILIPPINE MOVEMENT FOR CLIMATE JUSTICE (PMCJ) is a
broad movement consisting of 103 national networks/alliances and
local organizations representing basic sectors, grassroots
communities, the marginalized and most vulnerable, including
women, indigenous peoples, fisher folk and coastal communities,
farmers and rural communities, forest communities, formal and
informal workers, environmental groups, urban poor, and others in the
Philippines that aims to lead the joint struggles, campaigns and
actions in putting forward the climate justice framework as a
fundamental element of solving the climate crisis. Its office address is:
43 Matapat St., Barangay Pinyahan, Quezon City, Philippines.
- For the list of individual petitioners, please contact their Legal
Representatives as listed above. As of April 21, 2016, the Petitioners had the support of 31,841 people
who identified themselves as Filipinos. They pledged their support for this
Petition on the Greenpeace Southeast Asia website. A webpage,
greenpeace.org.ph/climatejustice, was created for expressions of support on
June 5, 2015.
For procedural convenience and practical reasons, all of the herein
named organizational and individual Petitioners may be collectively served
with summons and other processes issued from this Honourable
Commission at Greenpeace Southeast Asia No. 30 JGS Bldg., Sct. Tuason,
Brgy. Laging Handa, Quezon City, addressed to their Legal Representatives.
Respondents

20

The investor-owned Carbon Major Respondents company names,

principal business addresses, and addresses of branch and/or regional
offices, if any, in the Philippines, are listed in the Updated Annex C. The
Petitioners request that notices, summons and pleadings be sent to the
Respondent Carbon Majors business addresses or through the national
human rights institutions or institutional counterpart in the countries where
the Carbon Majors are based.
Petitioners further request the Commission to seek the help of the UN
Working Group on Business and Human Rights, the Office of the UN
Special Rapporteur on Human Rights and the Environment, and the Office
of the UN Independent Expert on the Right to International Solidarity to
effect the cooperation of Respondent Carbon Majors in the investigation.

Statement of Facts
The Petitioners ask the Commission to take official or administrative
notice of the scientific basis of this Petition concerning the human rights
implications of climate change and ocean acidification and the estimated
responsibility of the Carbon Majors.
In this section, first, there is a discussion of the Carbon Majors,
followed by an overview of climate change and ocean acidification impacts
and finally, personal statements of individuals describing how climate
change impacts interfere with their human rights. See Updated Annex D
for the details of the Carbon Major publications.
1. Carbon Majors
The Carbon Majors findings, based on peer-reviewed methodology, are
found in three ground-breaking publications:

21

(1) Climate Accountability Institute, Press Release

on Update of Carbon Majors Project, released in
December 2014, appended as Annex D-1;
(2) Carbon Majors: Accounting for carbon and
methane emissions 1854-2010 Methods and
Results Report, released in 2013 and updated at
the beginning of 2014, appended as Annex D-2;
and
(3) Tracing anthropogenic carbon dioxide and
methane emissions to fossil fuel and cement
producers, 18542010, published online in the
journal Climatic Change in November 2013,
appended as Annex D-3.
The following are the main findings of the Carbon Major publications.
They now reflect the most recent findings of the research, which is
constantly being updated:
90 Carbon Major Entities, including the then 50
investor-owned Carbon Major companies, are
responsible for an estimated 1,104 Gt CO2e of
cumulative world emissions of industrial CO2 and
methane, or 64.8% of all anthropogenic CO2
between
1751
and
2013;37
Nearly one-third of all global industrial CO2 from
1751 to 2013 are associated with the carbon fuels
produced by the Top 20 fossil fuel companies.38
The Top 20 fossil fuel investor-owned companies
contributed 294.6 GtCO2e, equivalent to 18.8% of

37

Heede, R. 2015. Carbon Major Entities Cumulative Emission to 2013 Ranked, Climate Accountability
Institute. February, 2015. Made available to Greenpeace Southeast Asia and Greenpeace International upon
request in April 2016. Mr. Heede can also be asked to explain this update in the public hearing to be called
by the Commission.
38
Id.

22

the global historic emissions through 2013;39 and

The 49 investor-owned Carbon Major companies
contributed 337.7 Gt CO2e, equivalent to 21.6% of
estimated global industrial emissions through
2013.40
There has been one development with the Carbon Majors research,
Richard Heede and Naomi Oreskes released a new paper entitled Potential
emissions of CO2 and methane from proved reserves of fossil fuels: An
Alternative Analysis. The analysis suggests that, investor concern should
be focused on dissuading these corporations from further investment in
fossil fuel exploration and development.41
This Petition focuses on the responsibility of the investor-owned
Carbon Major companies, the largest producers of crude oil, natural gas,
coal, and cement. Acknowledging that the list of investor-owned companies
includes cement producers, we recommend that the Commission prioritizes
the fossil fuel producers (coal, oil, and gas) in its investigation of the Carbon
Majors responsibility for climate change because the greenhouse gas
emissions from fossil fuels is the main cause of climate change. Throughout
the rest of this Petition, the term Carbon Majors will refer solely to the
existing investor-owned Carbon Majors producers listed in Tables 1 and 2.
The Petitioners have chosen to focus on the carbon producers, the
Carbon Majors, rather than emitters, because there are just a few dozen
producers, including companies putting fossil fuels on the market, that are
largely responsible for and profiting the most from climate change, while
taking very little, if any, action on climate change. As will be further
explained in the discussion section, these producers are largely unregulated
in terms of carbon emissions from their products. Also, there are examples
of fossil fuel companies, either directly or through trade associations,

39

Id.
Id.
41
Heede, R. and Oreskes, N. 2015. Potential emissions of CO2 and methane from proved reserves of fossil
fuels: An alternative analysis, Global Environmental Change, Volume 36, January 2016, pp.12-20, 19,
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378015300637 (last accessed on Apr. 19, 2016).
40

23

actively preventing action on climate change and renewable energy solutions

by undermining the science and running campaigns aimed to confuse the
public, appended as Annex E.
2. Climate Change Impacts
Climate Change is a change in climate that can be identified by
changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties and that persists for
an extended period typically decades or longer, whether due to natural
variability or as a result of human activity.42 Figure 1 depicts both the
natural greenhouse effect and human enhanced greenhouse effect. It is a
widely accepted fact that human influence on the climate system is clear,
and recent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are the highest in
history.43 Carbon dioxide is acting on the climate like a performance
enhancing drug.44 According to a leading source of climate news, [a]ll that
extra energy in the atmosphere increases the probability and intensity of
extreme weather events, making droughts, storms and wildfiresfar more
likely and far more destructive.45 The impacts of climate change can also be
gradual and/or have a slow-onset.
The atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and
nitrous oxide have increased to levels unprecedented in at least the last
800,000 years. Carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere have

42

An Act Establishing the Peoples Survival Fund to Provide Long-term Finance Streams to Enable the
Government to Effectively Address the Problem of Climate Change, Amending for the Purpose Republic
Act No. 9729, Otherwise Known as Climate Change Act and for Other Purposes, Republic Act No.
10174, 3, d (2011).
43
IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the
Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K.
Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp., Summary for Policymakers at 2.
Available at https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf (last accessed
on June 15, 2015).
44
Polar Bears International, Climate Change, http://www.polarbearsinternational.org/about-polarbears/climate-change (last accessed on September 15, 2015).
45
Stephen Lacey, Climate Progress, Media Connecting The Dots On U.S. Storms, Heat And Wildfires:
This Is What Global Warming Looks Like, July 3, 2012,
http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/07/03/510481/media-connecting-the-dots-on-us-storms-heat-andwildfires-this-is-what-global-warming-looks-like/ (last accessed on Sept. 15, 2015).

24

increased by 40% since pre-industrial times.46 The observed warming in the

climate system is unequivocal and so far the global mean of earth
atmospheric near surface temperature has warmed by roughly 0.8 degrees
during the period 1880-2012.47
Figure 1: Natural Greenhouse Effect v. Human Enhanced Greenhouse
Effect48

Source: Will Elder, National Park Service

As an archipelagic nation, the Philippines is under severe threat of
climate change. The countrys inhabitants, nature, and infrastructure are

46

Ciais, P., C. Sabine, G. Bala, L. Bopp, V. Brovkin, J. Canadell, A. Chhabra, R. DeFries, J. Galloway, M.
Heimann, C. Jones, C. Le Qur, R.B. Myneni, S. Piao and P. Thornton, 2013: Carbon and Other
Biogeochemical Cycles. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working
Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F.,
D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley
(eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA at 467.
47
IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis.
Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y.
Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New
York, NY, USA at 4-5.
48
U.S. National Park Service, What is Climate Change, http://www.nps.gov/grba/learn/nature/what-isclimate-change.htm (last accessed on Sept. 15, 2015).

25

extremely vulnerable to the impacts of the changing climate and the

associated weather extremes (e.g. tropical cyclones) and other natural
hazards.49 Of particular importance to the Petitioners is increased storm
intensity in light of the recent devastating typhoons. While the annual
frequency of tropical cyclones is generally projected to decrease or remain
essentially unchanged in the next century in most regions - although the
confidence in the projections is lower in specified regions than global
projections - global mean tropical cyclone maximum wind speed and
precipitation rates are likely to increase.50 For a summary of past research on
vulnerabilities and an overview of existing literature on climate change
impacts in the Philippines authored by an independent researcher, see Annex
F.
Petitioners from Alabat Island, Quezon Province, have provided
personal statements describing how some of the climate change impacts
affected the rights of Filipinos.
The Alabat Petitioners explain that in recent years they have been
compelled to resettle their houses farther inland because the sea seems to
have risen and eaten up the formerly vast shoreline. This was a decision that
some of them made painfully for their own safety or to comply with a
government order that they needed to obey even against their will. Some
needed to brave the middle and high seas with their small to medium sized
motorized bancas, often without navigation aids and equipment appropriate
to the depth and distance of fishing, because fish catch in the municipal

49

K. Emanuel, Increasing Destructiveness of Tropical Cyclones over the Past 30 Years, 436 NATURE, 686
(2005); H. Ueda & E.M. Hori, E. M. (2006). Two Causes of the 2004 Hot Summer in East Asia, 79(12)
GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW OF JAPAN, 715 (2006); K. Mheux & D. Dominey-Howes & K. Lloyd, Natural
Hazard Impacts in Small Island Developing States: A Review of Current Knowledge and Future Research
Needs, 40(2) NATURAL HAZARDS, 429 (2007); A.A. Yusuf & H. Francisco, Climate Change Vulnerability
Mapping for Southeast Asia, 181(December) EAST, 119 (2009).
50
Christensen, J.H., K. Krishna Kumar, E. Aldrian, S.-I. An, I.F.A. Cavalcanti, M. de Castro, W. Dong, P.
Goswami, A. Hall, J.K. Kanyanga, A. Kitoh, J. Kossin, N.-C. Lau, J. Renwick, D.B. Stephenson, S.-P. Xie
and T. Zhou, 2013: Climate Phenomena and their Relevance for Future Regional Climate Change. In:
Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K.
Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)].
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA; W. Mei, S.-P. Xie, F.
Primeau, J. C. McWilliams, C. Pasquero, Northwestern Pacific typhoon intensity controlled by changes in
ocean temperatures. Sci. Adv. 1, e1500014 (2015).

26

waters appears to be declining. Farming, copra making, and backyard

vegetable gardening have also been difficult, and recently, often
unproductive. Incomes from these activities have not augmented Petitioners
meager and declining income from fishing. They have noticed that it has
become warmer in their communities in the last few years. During these
warmer years, the fish catch was decreasing, and some of their crops,
coconuts and other vegetables had low yields, and of almost unmarketable
quality. Their recorded interviews are hereby submitted as Exhibit A.
In Verde Island Passage, climate change poses specific threats:
It is projected that climate change will cause rising
sea levels, higher ocean temperatures, and more
acidic waters. As the ocean largely regulates the
climate, changes in ocean temperatures and
currents are already altering the frequency,
intensity, and distribution of storms, floods, heat
waves, and the amount and distribution of rainfall.
The unique biodiversity of the Verde Island
Passage is at risk. In addition, the loss of
biodiversity directly impacts its local communities,
as their livelihoods are dependent primarily on
tourism, fisheries, and agriculture, all of which are
dependent on these threatened natural resources.51
Petitioners are also submitting the recorded interviews of some
residents of Verde Island Passage as Exhibit B that describe their personal
perspective of the effects of climate change in everyday life and livelihood
and how these effects interfere with the enjoyment of their human rights.

51

R. Boquiren, G. Di Carlo, and M.C. Quibilan (Eds). 2010. Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment of
the Verde Island Passage, Philippines. Technical report. Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia,
USA, preface. Available at
http://www.conservation.org/global/philippines/publications/Documents/ian_report_315_full_report_VA.p
df..

27

3. Ocean Acidification
Although this petition primarily discusses climate change, increased
CO2 emissions are also causing the acidification of the Earths oceans, with
potentially serious impacts. Ocean acidification is climate changes evil
twin.52 The emissions from fossil fuels produced and marketed by the
Carbon Majors projects are therefore linked to both climate change and
ocean acidification. The Petitioners request that the Commission consider
ocean acidification, in addition to climate change, in investigating the
Carbon Majors duty to respect human rights. While climate change is the
consequence of a suite of greenhouse gases causing the earth to absorb more
of the suns energy, ocean acidification is caused primarily by increased
levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolving into the ocean. It is
estimated that approximately 25-30% of the CO2 emitted by human
activities has been absorbed by the oceans,53 buffering to some degree the
increase in atmospheric concentrations, but at the same time bringing about
fundamental changes to ocean carbon chemistry.54 Given the most recent
estimates for annual global emissions of CO2 (around 32 Gt in 2014), it can
be estimated that human activities are contributing approximately of 1
million tonnes of CO2 pollution to the global oceans every hour.55 The
resulting increase in acidity (decrease in pH) observed over the last 200
years likely exceeds pH changes experienced at any time over at least the
last 55 million years in terms of both extent and speed of change.56 For
details on a background of ocean acidification, see appended Annex F-1.

52

A. Rogers, Global Warmings Evil Twin: Ocean Acidification (Oct. 9, 2013),

http://theconversation.com/global-warmings-evil-twin-ocean-acidification-19017 (last accessed on June 16,
2015).
53
C. Le Qur & M.R. Raupach & J.G. Canadell & G. Marland L. Bopp & P. Ciais & T.J. Conway & S.C.
Doney & R.A. Feely & P. Foster & P. Friedlingstein & K. Gurney & R.A. Houghton & J.I. House & C.
Huntingford & P.E. Levy & M.R. Lomas & J. Majkut & N. Metzl & J.P. Ometto, J.P G.P. Peters & I.C.
Prentice & J.T. Randerson & S.W. Running & J.L. Sarmiento & U. Schuster & S.Sitch & T. Takahashi &
N. Viovy & G.R. van der Werf & F.I. Woodward, Trends in the Sources and Sinks of Carbon Dioxide, 2
NATURE GEOSCIENCE, 831 (2009).
54
C. Turley, C. (2013) Chapter 2: Ocean Acidification (2013). In: K.J. Noone, U.R. Sumaila, R.J. Diaz
[Eds], Managing Ocean Environments in a Changing Climate: Sustainability and Economic Perspectives,
(2013) at 15.
55
Brewer, P. G. A Changing Ocean Seen with Clarity, 106(30) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY
OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 12213 (2009) [herinafter Turley].
56
A. Ridgwell & D. N. Schmidt, Past Constraints on the Vulnerability of Marine Calcifiers to Massive
Carbon Dioxide Release, 3 NATURE GEOSCIENCE, 196 (2010); Turley, supra note 55.

28

The adverse impacts of climate change and ocean acidification have

harmed or increased the risk of harm to the Filipino people, on top of or in
addition to the damage resulting from devastating natural disasters. These
harms resulting from the impacts of climate change, including the risk of
increased storm intensity, and ocean acidification affect the exercise and
enjoyment of Filipinos human rights.

Issue
At the heart of this petition is the question of whether or not the
Respondent Carbon Majors must account forbeing the largest corporate
contributors of greenhouse gases emissions and having so far failed to curb
those emissions despite the companies knowledge of the harm caused,
capacity to do so, and potential involvement in activities that have been or
may be undermining climate science and actionthe human rights
implications of climate change and ocean acidification.
Discussion
Petitioners assert that the investor-owned Carbon Majors must be held to
account. We cite the following as grounds for this assertion:
1. The corporate responsibility to respect human rights is articulated in
the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights,57 which
reflect norms and standards on the responsibility of corporate actors.
The Guiding Principles explicitly call on companies to respect human
rights. As stated in the Guiding Principles, corporate responsibility to
58

57

Guiding Principles, supra note 24.

29

respect human rights is not optionalit arises from a global standard of

expected conduct that is often reflected in national laws and regulations.59
The Guiding Principles set forth a number of foundational and operational
principles concerning the corporate responsibility to respect human rights.
Specifically, foundational Principles 11 and 12 are relevant to the Carbon
Majors and the impacts of their global operations:
Foundational Principle 11: Business enterprises
should respect human rights. This means that they
should avoid infringing on the human rights of
others and should address adverse human rights
impacts with which they are involved; and
Foundational Principle 12: The responsibility of
business enterprises to respect human rights refers
to internationally recognized human rights.60
These Principles recognize that the corporate responsibility to respect
human rights applies to virtually the entire spectrum of internationally
recognized human rights, including those expressed in the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights and the main instruments through which it has
been codified: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and
the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,
coupled with the principles concerning fundamental rights in the eight ILO
core conventions as set out in the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and
Rights at Work.61
As discussed in the Interpretive Guide, all businesses must not only
comply with national laws and regulations incorporating international
human rights standards, but also with a global standard of conduct:

58

International Bar Association Climate Change and Human Rights Task Force Report, Achieving Justice
and Human Rights in an Era of Climate Disruption, July 2014, at 147-153,
http://www.ibanet.org/PresidentialTaskForceCCJHR2014 (accessed on Apr. 20, 2016).
59
Guiding Principles, supra note 24, at principle 11 at 13. See Sharan Burrow, Sharan Burrows Speech to
the 2014 United Nations Forum on Business and Human Rights, Dec. 2, 2014, http://www.ituccsi.org/sharan-burrow-s-speech-to-the-2014?lang=en (last accessed on June 16, 2015).
60
Guiding Principles, supra note 24, at principles 11-12 at 13-14.
61
Id. at 14.

30

In many cases the responsibility of enterprises to

respect human rights is reflected at least in part in
domestic law or regulations corresponding to
international human rights standards. The
responsibility to respect human rights is not,
however, limited to compliance with such
domestic law provisions. It exists over and above
legal compliance, constituting a global standard of
expected conduct applicable to all businesses in all
situations. It therefore also exists independently of
an enterprises own commitments for human
rights.62
Corporate responsibility to respect human rights is also recognized in
cases involving the violation of the environmental rights brought against
corporate entities, among other private individuals and entities, in
accordance with the Philippine Rules of Procedure for Environmental Cases.
The adjunct rights to a balanced and healthful ecology and to health
guaranteed by our Constitution are included in the complete concept of
human rights based on the exchange between Commissioners Bennagen and
Nolledo during the deliberations of the 1986 Constitutional Convention and
their importance is explained in Oposa v. Factoran.
2. The investor-owned Carbon Majors have breached their
responsibilities to respect the rights of Filipino people and
communities by directly or indirectly contributing to current or future
adverse human rights impacts through the extraction and sale of fossil
fuels and activities undermining climate action.
With respect to the manner in which companies should respect these
rights, Foundational Principle 13 of the Guiding Principles provides that
business enterprises are required to:

62

Interpretive Guide, supra note 25, at 13-14.

31

(a) Avoid causing or contributing to adverse

human rights impacts through their own activities,
and address such impacts when they occur; [and]
(b) Seek to prevent or mitigate adverse human
rights impacts that are directly linked to their
operations, products or services by their business
relationships, even if they have not contributed to
those impacts.63
As such, there are three scenarios in which a company can be
responsible for adverse impacts on human rights: (1) it may cause impacts
through its own activities; (2) it may contribute to impacts through its own
activities, either directly or through some outside entity (government,
business, or other); and (3) it may be involved in impacts caused by an entity
that is directly linked to its business operations, products, or services.64
In accordance with the Guiding Principles, the Carbon Majors
activities have contributed to, or the Carbon Majors have been involved in,
climate change related infringements of human rights as discussed in the
Statement of Facts. For one, the accumulated emissions from the carbon
these companies have produced have contributed to a consistently elevated
level of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Higher levels of atmospheric carbon
dioxide increases radiative forcing65 thereby increasing global atmospheric

63

Guiding Principles, supra note 24, principle 13 at 14.

Interpretive Guide, supra note 25, at 15.
65
According the the IPCC radiative forcing is the net change in the energy balance of the Earth system
due to some imposed perturbation, i.e. increasing CO2 and other climate active gases in the atmosphere.
Myhre, G., D. Shindell, F.-M. Bron, W. Collins, J. Fuglestvedt, J. Huang, D. Koch, J.-F. Lamarque, D.
Lee, B. Mendoza, T. Nakajima, A. Robock, G. Stephens, T. Takemura and H. Zhang, 2013: Anthropogenic
and Natural Radiative Forcing. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of
Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
[Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and
P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY,
USA. It is also explained in this manner: Energy is constantly flowing into the atmosphere in the form of
sunlight that always shines on half of the Earths surface. Some of this sunlight (about 30 percent) is
reflected back to space and the rest is absorbed by the planet. And like any warm object sitting in cold
surroundings and space is a very cold place some energy is always radiating back out into space as
invisible infrared light. Subtract the energy flowing out from the energy flowing in, and if the number is
anything other than zero, there has to be some warming (or cooling, if the number is negative) going on.
Massachussetts Institute of Technology, Explained: Radiative Forcing, Mar. 10, 2010,
http://newsoffice.mit.edu/2010/explained-radforce-0309 (last accessed on Sept. 17, 2015).
64

32

temperatures resulting in a multitude of climate change impacts. For

example, as discussed in the Statement of Facts, the current or predicted
climate impacts in the Alabat and Verde Island communities have resulted
and/or will likely result in the infringements of the peoples human rights.
The Interpretive Guide describes the ways in which a businesss
activities may cause, contribute, or be directly linked to adverse
impacts on human rights.66 For example, a corporation may be deemed to
have caused an adverse impact if it is the sole or main source of
environmental harm in a community.67 A corporation may have contributed
to an adverse impact if it is one among other sources that have caused such
harm or if it provides products or services to a third party that then causes
harm.68 Business activities can be directly linked to adverse impacts if the
corporation supplies products or services to an entity that causes or
contributes to adverse impacts.69 With respect to cause and contribute, a
corporation that is responsible for the adverse impacts should cease or
change the activity in order to prevent or mitigate the chance of the impact
occurring or recurring; and if an impact does occur, remediation is
necessary either directly or in cooperation with others (be it the courts, the
Government, other enterprises involved or other third parties).70 Whereas
for directly linked, the corporation has a responsibility to use its leverage
to encourage the entity that caused or contributed to the impact to prevent or
mitigate its recurrence.71
Despite the scientifically established links between carbon emissions
from fossil fuel production and climate change and ocean acidification, and
the resulting human rights implications, there are fossil fuel companies
actively preventing action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and solutions
by denying the science and running campaigns of confusion, similar to the
tactics employed by the tobacco industry.72 For example, according to

66

Interpretive Guide, supra note 25, at 17, box 2.

Id.
68
Id.
69
Id.
70
Id. at 18.
71
Id.
72
See Public Health Law Center, United States v. Philip Morris (D.O.J. Lawsuit),
http://publichealthlawcenter.org/topics/tobacco-control/tobacco-control-litigation/united-states-v-philip67

33

research endorsed by leading NGOs, Chevron funds the American

Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC);73 and ALEC has expressed
uncertainty about human influence on the climate.74 A list of publications
providing background on the involvement of fossil fuel industry, either
directly or indirectly, in undermining action on climate change and in
climate denial efforts is contained in Annex E.
Investigative journalists and the Center for International
Environmental Law have published new documents revealing that Exxon
and others have known about threats of climate change for decades, yet there
are examples of members of the fossil fuel industry engaging in activities
that undermine climate science and action. These documents with a video
explanation are compiled in a USB device named Exhibit C. The new
developments are discussed in sub-section 8 below.

The Petitioners believe that those who are largely responsible for and
profit generously from the problem, and yet are undermining solutions,

morris-doj-lawsuit (last accessed on Apr. 19, 2016); Camille von Kaenel, Environment & Energy
Publishing, Critics of Exxon Mobil Draw Parallels to Big Tobacco, Dec. 9, 2015,
http://www.eenews.net/climatewire/2015/12/09/stories/1060029208 (last accessed on Apr. 19, 2016);
Union of Concerned Scientists, The Climate Change Dossiers, July 2015, http://www.ucsusa.org/globalwarming/fight-misinformation/climate-deception-dossiers-fossil-fuel-industry-memos#.Vfp7wZ2qpHw
(last accessed on Sept. 17, 2015); Oreskes, N., & Conway, E. M., Merchants of doubt: How a handful of
scientists obscured the truth on issues from tobacco smoke to global warming, New York: Bloomsbury
Press (2010); Greenpeace USA, Dealing in Doubt: The Climate Denial Machine v. Climate Science, Sept.
2013, http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/wpcontent/uploads/legacy/Global/usa/planet3/PDFs/Dealing%20in%20Doubt%202013%20%20Greenpeace%20report%20on%20Climate%20Change%20Denial%20Machine.pdf (last accessed on
Sept. 17, 2015); U.S. Senators Edward J. Markey (D-Mass.), Barbara Boxer (D-Calif.) and Sheldon
Whitehouse (D-R.I.) sent letters to 100 fossil fuel companies, trade groups, and other organizations to
determine whether they are funding scientific studies designed to confuse the public and avoid taking
action to cut carbon pollution, and whether the funded scientists fail to disclose the sources of their funding
in scientific publications or in testimony to legislators. Ed Markey, US Senator for Massachusetts, Press
Release, Markey, Boxer, Whitehouse Query Fossil Fuel Companies, Climate Denial Organizations on
Science Funding, Feb. 25, 2015, http://www.markey.senate.gov/news/press-releases/markey-boxerwhitehouse-query-fossil-fuel-companies-climate-denial-organizations-on-science-funding (last accessed on
Sept. 18, 2015).
73
Center for Media and Democracy, et al., ALECs Climate Change Denial,
http://alecclimatechangedenial.org. For information on ALECs Funders, including Chevron, see
http://alecclimatechangedenial.org/corporate-funders (last on accessed Aug. 6, 2015).
74
American Legislative Council, Interstate Research Commission on Climate Change Act, section 2,
http://www.alec.org/model-legislation/interstate-research-commission-on-climatic-change-act/ (last
accessed on Aug. 6, 2015).

34

should be held accountable, in accordance with the polluter pays principle

and intergenerational equity.75
3. The investor-owned Carbon Majors have also breached their
responsibilities to respect the rights of Filipino people and
communities by failing to prevent human rights impacts that are
directly linked to their operations, products, or services by its
business relationships.
As part of their corporate responsibility to respect human rights, the
Carbon Majors are required to exercise due diligence in their business
activities or relationships. Guiding Principle 17 explains that businesses
should identify, prevent, mitigate and account for how they address their
adverse human rights impacts by carrying out human rights due diligence.76
The human rights due diligence process includes the following elements:
Assessing actual and potential impacts of
business activities on human rights;
Acting on the findings of this assessment,
including by integrating appropriate measures
to address impacts into company policies and
practices;
Tracking how effective the measures taken are
in preventing or mitigating adverse human
rights impacts; and
Communicating to the outside world about the
due diligence process and results.77

75

United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, Rio Declaration, Fifth Session, Apr. 25, 1997
at principle 16.
76
Id. at principle 17, page 31.
77
International Coordinating Committee of National Human Rights Institutions and Danish Institute for
Human Rights, Business and Human Rights: A Guidebook for National Human Rights Institutions (2013),
at 40,
http://www.humanrights.dk/files/media/dokumenter/udgivelser/bhr_guidebook_for_nhris_2013_eng.pdf
(last access on Apr. 20, 2016)

35

The scope of due diligence includes adverse human rights impacts that the
business enterprise may cause or contribute to through its own activities, or
which may be directly linked to its operations, products or services by its
business relationships.78 Further, this process should be on-going and
involve meaningful consultation with potentially affected groups and other
relevant stakeholders.79
Inconsistent with the requirement of due diligence in corporate
responsibility, these companies are making long-term investments based on
a scenario in which global consumption of fossil fuels continues to grow,
thus warming the earth to levels that will lead to dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system resulting in human rights impacts. For
example, Exxon publicly dismissed a low carbon scenariostabilization
of the global temperature increase to not exceed 2 Celsius by 2100and
continues to invest its resources contrary to the 2 Celsius goal.80 Similarly,
according to Energy Transition Advisors and the Carbon Tracker Initiative,
Shell is making its projections based on a scenario that puts the world on a
pathway for a temperature rise of roughly 6 Celsius.81
The Carbon Majors are ignoring the science and the harms related to
the combustion and use of the coal, oil and gas that they produce. The
companies have the technical and financial capability to prevent the harm.
As a means to comply with the requirements of identifying, preventing,
mitigating, and accounting for adverse human rights impacts, it is important
that immediate steps are taken by the companies to eliminate the risk of
further human rights infringements.
4. The groundbreaking Carbon Majors data makes it feasible to assign
responsibility to the Carbon Majors collectively and individually for

78

Guiding Principles, supra note 24, principle 17(a), page 17.

Id. at principles 17 and 18, page 17-19.
80
ExxonMobil, Energy and Carbon Managing the Risks, Mar. 31, 2014,
http://cdn.exxonmobil.com/~/media/global/files/other/2014/report---energy-and-carbon---managing-therisks.pdf (last accessed on June 16, 2015).
81
Energy Transition Advisors and Carbon Tracker Initiative, Responding to Shell: An Analytical
Perspective, June 2014, http://www.carbontracker.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/CTI-Shell-ResponseFinal-030714-Full2.pdf, at 4.
79

36

human rights impacts resulting from climate change and ocean

acidification.
The Carbon Majors Study represents an important milestone in
establishing legal accountability for climate change impacts.82 According to
the Center for International Environmental Law:
By tracing industrial CO2 emissions to their
underlying source, and to a small group of
companies and entities whose actions have made a
measurable, demonstrable and historically
important contribution to global warming, this
research demonstrates one important route by
which those barriers can and will be overcome by
plaintiffs in future litigation.83
The Carbon Majors collectively contribute to global climate change,
in that the emissions by one company are not distinguishable in their effects
from emissions by other companies. The research therefore provides the best
surrogate or proxy measure of responsibility that has been devised to date.
The Carbon Majors data identifies the Carbon Majors responsibility, jointly
and severally, for contributing predominately to climate change and its
resulting impacts that are interfering with the enjoyment of human rights.
Therefore, while it is not possible to attribute a specific harm, or threat
thereof, to the carbon produced by a single Carbon Major, there is a
substantial probability that the climate impacts experienced by Filipinos are
made significantly worse as a result of the Carbon Majors past and current
activities. Each company should be held accountable for making some of
that contribution.84 As the Guiding Principles explain, responsibility is not

82

The Center for International Environmental Law, CIEL Reaction to Carbon Majors Report, Nov. 22,
2013, http://www.ciel.org/Climate_Change/CarbonMajors_22Nov2013.html (last accessed on June 16,
2015).
83
Id.
84
In the landmark US Supreme Court case, Massachusetts v. EPA, the Supreme Court held: The harms
associated with climate change are serious and well recognized. The Governments own objective
assessment of the relevant science and a strong consensus among qualified experts indicate that global
warming threatens, inter alia, a precipitate rise in sea levels, severe and irreversible changes to natural
ecosystems, a significant reduction in winter snowpack with direct and important economic consequences,

37

contingent on a company being the sole cause of a human rights impact. A

company is responsible if it has contributed to or is involved in the impacts,
even if it is one among many responsible parties.85
It is only fair and just that the companies that have extracted and
profited the most from fossil fuels account for the resulting harm and take
the necessary measures to prevent more harm in order to protect the rights of
the people.86
5. Even if the Commission finds scientific uncertainties in establishing
the Respondents responsibility for specific or future human rights
harms, the precautionary principle applies.
The Precautionary Principle prescribed in the Philippine Rules of
Procedure for Environmental Cases is relevant in investigating the
responsibility of the Carbon Majors for the human rights implications of
climate change.87

and increases in the spread of disease and the ferocity of weather events. That these changes are widely
shared does not minimize Massachusetts interest in the outcome of this litigation. Given EPAs failure
to dispute the existence of a causal connection between man-made greenhouse gas emissions and global
warming, its refusal to regulate such emissions, at a minimum, contributes to Massachusetts
injuries. Massachusetts v. EPA, 127 S. Ct. 1438, 1446 (2007).
85
A recent groundbeaking climate decision in the Netherlands contains useful guidance on establishing the
causal link in climate cases. See Urgenda Foundation v. the State of the Netherlands, C/09/456689 / HA
ZA 13-1396 (English translation), June 24, 2015, 4.90. Available at
http://www.urgenda.nl/documents/VerdictDistrictCourt-UrgendavStaat-24.06.2015.pdf [hereinafter
Urgenda Verdict]([S]ufficient causal link can be assumed to exist between the Dutch greenhouse gas
emissions, global climate change and the effects (now and in the future) on the Dutch living climate. The
fact that the current Dutch greenhouse gas emissions are limited on a global scale does not alter the fact that
these emission contribute to climate change. The court has taken into consideration in this respect as well
that the Dutch greenhouse emissions have contributed to climate change and by their nature will also
continue to contribute to climate change.).
86
For more information on early reductions to limit warming below 1.5 degrees Celsius by 2100, see J.
Rogelj & G. Luderer & R.C. Pietzcker E. Kriegler & M. Schaeffer & V. Krey & K. Riahi (2015): Energy
System Transformations for Limiting End-of-Century Warming to Below 1.5C, 5 NATURE CLIMATE
CHANGE, 519 (2015).
87
See Urgenda Verdict, supra note 85 at 4.79 (The fact that the amount of the Dutch emissions is small
compared to other countries does not affect the obligation to take precautionary measures in view of the
States obligation to exercise care. After all, it has been established that any anthropogenic greenhouse gas
emission, no matter how minor, contributes to an increase of CO2 levels in the atmosphere and therefore to
hazardous climate change.).

38

Precaution espouses prudence where risk is

uncertain, but plausible. It is an addition to two
basic tenets of problem-solving: curing problems
and preventing them. Under a curative approach,
the harm has already been realized, and measures
are created to reverse the harm, or require
compensation for the costs associated with harm.
Under the preventive approach, measures are taken
to prevent known risks from materializing into
actual harm. Precaution requires even greater
diligence than prevention, by calling for measures
to safeguard the environment even if the
occurrence of harm is uncertain. The precautionary
principle affirms the need for urgent measures
given the unpredictable patterns of the
environment, and the harm resulting from its
abuse.88
In a recent landmark ruling on the precautionary principle, our highest
court explained:
An application of the precautionary principle to the
rules on evidence will enable courts to tackle
future environmental problems before ironclad
scientific consensus emerges.89
Furthermore, when features of uncertainty, possibility of irreversible
harm, and possibility of serious harm coincide, the case for the precautionary
principle is strongest according to the Supreme Court; and it advises:

88

Sub-committee on the Rules of Procedure for Environmental Cases, Rules of Procedure for
Environmental Cases, Apr. 29, 2010 at 82.
89
See Supreme Court Decision, dated December 8, 2015, on the consolidated cases ISAAA v. Greenpeace
Southeast Asia (Philippines), et al., G.R. No. 209271, Environmental Management Bureau of the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Bureau of Plant Industry and Fertilizers and
Pesticides Authority of the Department of Agriculture v. Greenpeace Southeast Asia (Philippines) et al.,
G.R. No. 209276; University of the Philippines Los Banos Foundation, Inc. v. Greenpeace Southeast Asia
(Philippines), G.R. No. 209301; and University of the Philippines v. Greenpeace Southeast Asia
(Philippines), G.R. No. 209430, at 100.

39

When in doubt, cases must be resolved in favor of

the constitutional right to a balanced and healthful
ecology.90
The precautionary approach has been confirmed by a group of
eminent experts in human rights, environmental, and international law. On
March 1, 2015 the Oslo Principles on Global Obligations to Reduce Climate
Change (Oslo Principles) were adopted. The experts found that states are
bound by existing international law to assess the environmental impact of
their activities and to take measures to prevent the destructive effects of
climate change.91 According to the Oslo General Principles, [t]here is clear
and convincing evidence that the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced
by human activity are causing significant changes to the climate and that
these changes pose grave risks of irreversible harm to humanity, including
present and future generations, to the environment, including other living
species and the entire natural habitat, and to the global economy.92
According to the same Principle, the precautionary principle requires that:
1) GHG emissions be reduced to the extent, and at
a pace, necessary to protect against the threats
of climate change that can still be avoided; and
2) the level of reductions of GHG emissions
required to achieve this, should be based on any
credible and realistic worst-case scenario
accepted by a substantial number of eminent
climate change experts.93

90

Id.
Legal Experts Release Oslo Principles on Global Climate Change Obligations, Press release, Mar. 30,
2015, available at https://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/climate.../release.docx
[emphasis added]. For a detailed discussion of the existing international law underpinning the Oslo
Principles, see Oslo Principles Commentary, available at
http://www.yale.edu/macmillan/globaljustice/Oslo%20Principles%20Commentary.pdf; J. Powles & T.
Kahn, Climate Change: At last a breakthrough to our catastrophic political impasse?, Mar. 31, 2015,
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/30/climate-change-paris-talks-oslo-principles-legalobligations (last visited Sept. 17, 2015).
92
Oslo Principles on Global Obligations to Reduce Climate Change, Mar. 1 2015,
http://www.yale.edu/macmillan/globaljustice/Oslo%20Principles.pdf (last accessed on June 16, 2015) at 3.
93
Id.
91

40

Further, it explains that [t]he measures required by the Precautionary

Principle should be adopted without regard to the cost, unless that cost is
completely disproportionate to the reduction in emissions that will be
brought about by expending it.94
6. As for the States where the Carbon Majors are incorporated, they
have obligations to protect the human rights of Filipinos, including
the duty to prevent harm by third parties, and the Philippines has a
duty to assess, monitor, and notify of current or threatened harm.
The no-harm principle is recognized in customary international law
governing State responsibility for transboundary pollution.95 This principle
was first enunciated in the 1941 Trail Smelter Arbitration. The Trail Smelter
Arbitration involved a Canadian smelter that emitted sulfur dioxide,96 which
allegedly caused harm to landowners downwind in the United States. The
arbitration Tribunal stated in its damages award that:
[U]nder the principles of international law, as well
as the law of the United States, no State has the
right to use or permit the use of its territory in such
a manner as to cause injury by fumes in or to the
territory of another or the properties or persons
therein, when the case is of serious consequence
and the injury is established by clear and
convincing evidence.97
According to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the Corfu
Channel case, every State has an obligation not to knowingly allow its

94

Id.
R. Verheyen, Climate Change Damage and International Law: Prevention Duties and State
Responsibility, 145-168 (2005).
96
Trail Smelter Case (United States, Canada), 3 U.N. Rep. Intl Arb. Awards 1905, 1915, (Arbitration
Tribunal 1941). Available at http://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_III/1905-1982.pdf (last accessed on June 16,
2015).
97
Id. at 1965.
95

41

territory to be used for acts contrary to the rights of other States.98 In its
Advisory Opinion on the threat or use of nuclear weapons, the ICJ stated:
The existence of the general obligation of States to ensure that activities
within their jurisdiction and control respect the environment of other States
or of areas beyond national control is now part of the corpus of international
law relating to the environment.99
The no-harm principle has been subsequently codified in the 1972
Stockholm Declaration and the 1992 Rio Declaration.100 The International
Law Commission draft Articles on the Prevention of Transboundary Harm
from Hazardous Activities states that: The State of origin shall take all
appropriate measures to prevent significant transboundary harm or at any
event to minimize the risk thereof.101 The Articles define harm as harm
caused to persons, property or the environment.102 In light of the
transboundary effect of climate change and the no-harm principle, the
continued production and burning of fossil fuels must be prevented.
With respect to civil and political rights, Article 2 of the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) states that Each State Party
to the present Covenant undertakes to respect and to ensure to all individuals
within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the
present Covenant.103 The Human Rights Committee has interpreted this
provision to impose both negative and positive obligations on Partiesin
other words, States must refrain from violating rights as well as adopt laws
or other measures to fulfil their legal obligations and provide remedies in

98

Corfu Channel case, Judgment of Apr. 9th, 1949, I.C. J. Reports, p. 4, 22 (1949).
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (Advisory Opinion), I.C.J. Reports, p. 226 241-242,
29 (1996).
100
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Declaration of the United Nations Conference
on the Human Environment, June 16, 1972 at princ. 21; United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development, Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, June 14, 1992, at princ. 2.
101
Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities, Official Records of the
General Assembly, Fifty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/56/10), at art. 3; United Nations General
Assembly, Report of the International Law Commission: Fifty-third Session, Fifty-Sixth Session, 2001 at
394.
102
Id. at art. 2; United Nations General Assembly, Report of the International Law Commission: Fifty-third
Session, Fifty-Sixth Session, 2001 at 386.
103
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, December 19, 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171, 6 I.L.M.
360 at art. 2(1).
99

42

case of violations.104 As such, a Partys failure to take appropriate measures

or to exercise due diligence to prevent, punish, investigate or redress the
harm caused by private entities could give rise to violations of the
ICCPR.105
With respect to economic, social and cultural rights, Article 2(1) of
the International Covenant on Economical, Social, and Cultural Rights
(ICESCR) sets forth the obligation of State Parties to work toward the
progressive implementation of the rights under the Covenant. Each Party
agrees to take steps, individually and through international assistance and
co-operation, especially economic and technical, to the maximum of its
available resources, and all appropriate means to achieve the full
realization of the specified rights.106 The UN Committee on Economic,
Social, and Cultural Rights has emphasized that the ICESCR imposes
immediate obligations on Parties to take concrete and targeted actions
toward the realization of those rights.107 In regard to corporations, it has
stated that: States Parties should also take steps to prevent human rights
contraventions abroad by corporations that have their main seat under their
jurisdiction, without infringing the sovereignty or diminishing the
obligations of host states under the Covenant.108 Furthermore it has
required that [t]o comply with their international obligations in relation to
Article 12, States Parties have to respect the enjoyment of the right to health
in other countries, and to prevent third parties from violating the right in
other countries.109 As stated in the OHCHR Report, irrespective of the
additional strain climate change-related events may place on available
resources, States remain under an obligation to ensure the widest possible

104

Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 31, The Nature of the General Legal Obligation
Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant, Eighteenth Session, May 26, 2004 at 6.
105
Id. at 8.
106
Internatinoal Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, December 19, 1966, art. 2(1), 993
U.N.T.S. 3.
107
United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 3: The
Nature of States Parties Obligations, Fifth Session, Dec. 14, 1990, at 2.
108
United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Statement on the Obligations of
States Parties Regarding the Corporate Sector and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 2011, at 5-6.
109
United Nations Committee on Economic, Social, and Culutral Rights, General Comment 14: The Right
to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health, Twenty-Second Session, August 11, 2000, at 39. It has
made similar statements in other General Comments, for example United Nations Committee on Economic,
Social, and Culutral Rights, General Comment 15: The Right to Water, Twenty-Ninth Session, January 20,
2003, at 33.

43

enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights under any given

circumstances.110 The United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child
in General Comment 16 finds that States should [e]nsure access to effective
remedy for children whose rights have been infringed by a business
enterprise acting as a private party or as a State agent.111 Access to justice
and effective remedy is of particular importance to the youth Petitioners.
The Maastricht Principles articulate the current state of international
law regarding ETOs, as set out above, including the obligation for states to
avoid causing harm. Principle 13 states that:
States must desist from acts and omissions that
create a real risk of nullifying or impairing the
enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights
extraterritorially. The responsibility of States is
engaged where such nullification or impairment is
a foreseeable result of their conduct. Uncertainty
about potential impacts does not constitute
justification for such conduct.112
In the climate context, Principle 13 demonstrates that action needs to
be taken now to avoid the foreseeable risk of more severe impacts and
resulting from the Carbon Majors business activities and operations.
Through the current efforts of the Special Rapporteur on Human
Rights and Environment in promoting and reporting on the realization of
human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy
and sustainable environment, there is recognition that international human
rights law imposes certain procedural and substantive obligations on States

110

Human Rights Council, Annual Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human rights and
Reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General, Fifth Session, January 15,
2009, at 77, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/climatechange/docs/A.HRC.10.61_AUV.pdf (last
accessed on Apr. 20, 2016).
111
General Comment 16, supra note 33 at 4.
112
Maastricht Commentary, supra note 35, at 1112..

44

in relation to environmental protection, including preventing harm resulting

from climate change.113
The procedural duties include the following:
States must ensure the assessment of
environmental impacts and make environmental
information public;
States must facilitate public participation in
environmental decision-making, including by
protecting the rights of expression and
association; and
States must provide access to remedies for
harm.114
The substantive duties on States include the following:
States must adopt and implement legal
frameworks to protect against environmental
harm that may infringe on enjoyment of human
rights; and,
States must regulate private actors to protect
against such environmental harm.115
Steps must be taken by the States where the Carbon Majors are
incorporated, such as Australia, Canada, and the United States, and by the
states where the harm is suffered, such as the Philippines, to ensure that the
Carbon Majors refrain from the activities that are interfering with the rights
of Filipinos. The States where the Carbon Majors are incorporated need to
adequately regulate, while the states that are acutely vulnerable to the

113

Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent Expert on the Issue of Human Rights Obligations
Relating to the Enjoyment of a Safe, Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment, John H. Knox, Mapping
Report, Twenty-Fifth Session, December 30 2013, at 7, 17.
114
Id. at 9-12, 25-33.
115
Id. at 7-9, 18-24.

45

impacts of climate change need to monitor, assess, notify the Carbon

Majors, and their states, of imminent or on-going human rights violations,
and to take further action if deemed necessary. This petition presents an
opportunity for the States where the Carbon Majors are incorporated to
cooperate with the Philippines, a State profoundly affected by climate
change, and specifically with the Honourable Commission in fully
investigating this urgent matter.
7. The international law and principles discussed herein form part of the
law of the land.
The 1987 Constitution provides that the Philippines adopts the
generally accepted principles of international law as part of the law of the
land.116 Relevant to an administrative investigation, the application of
international laws specifically in litigating environmental cases has been
explained by former Supreme Court Chief Justice Renato Corona. He said:
No doubt, the duty of Philippine courts is to give
force and effect to the prohibitions, regulations and
obligations found in multilateral environmental
agreements, whether or not they have been
transposed into local laws. 117
This is even more relevant in the light of increasing environmental
challenges that are transboundary in nature such as climate change; and
where domestic laws are traditionally limited to regulating and addressing
problems within national boundaries such as in the Philippines. Therefore,
the Petitioners appeal for the Honourable Commissions wise, novel and
courageous investigation to hold accountable the big, powerful,
multinational Carbon Majors for the human rights implications of climate
change and ocean acidification.

116

CONST. art. II, 2.

In a public lecture on environmental law and protection at the Graduate School of the University of Sto.
Tomas, Manila, Nov. 20, 2010.
117

46

8. Recent developments in international climate law and foreign climate

legal actions, cases, and investigations warrant official or
administrative notice.
The Petitioners request that the Honorable Commission take official
or administrative notice of the recent developments in international climate
law and foreign legal actions, cases, and investigations concerning climate
change, and some of these are reminiscent118 of the tobacco investigations
and cases of the 1990s. The parties, facts, scientific bases, and legal grounds
in the recent actions, cases, and investigations are similar or relevant to or
have a bearing in this Petition. This section provides an overview of (a) the
Paris Agreement and (b) climate-related legal actions, cases, and
investigations that are relevant to this Petition.
a. Paris Agreement
On December 12, 2015, the historic Paris Agreement was agreed by
195 nations. The UNFCCC Secretariat proclaimed:
The Paris Agreement for the first time brings all
nations into a common cause based on their
historic, current and future responsibilities. The
universal agreements main aim is to keep a global
temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees
Celsius and to drive efforts to limit the temperature
increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius above
pre-industrial levels. The 1.5 degree Celsius limit
is a significantly safer defense line against the
worst impacts of a changing climate. Additionally,

118

D. Zegart, Senior Fellow at the Climate Investigations Center, Interview, The Real News Network,
ExxonMobil Investigation Reminiscent of Tobacco Wars of 1990s,
http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=16015
(last accessed on Apr. 19, 2016).

47

the agreement aims to strengthen the ability to deal

with the impacts of climate change.119
The Paris Agreement is a show of international cooperation, and it
sent a powerful signal to global markets, hastening the transition away from
fossil fuels and to a clean energy economy.120
The Paris Agreement is the first environmental treaty to explicitly
acknowledge that parties should respect and promote human rights in
addressing climate change.121 The reference to human rights is found in the
preamble:
Acknowledging that climate change is a common
concern of humankind, Parties should, when taking
action to address climate change, respect, promote
and consider their respective obligations on human
rights, the right to health, the rights of indigenous
peoples, local communities, migrants, children,
persons with disabilities and people in vulnerable
situations and the right to development, as well as
gender equality, empowerment of women and
intergenerational equity[.]122
The human rights reference does not impose a jurisdictional limit to
respect, promote, and consider respective obligations on human rights. Also,
the preamble notes the importance of the concept of climate justice in

119

UNFCCC, Press Release, Historic Paris Agreement on Climate Change 195 Nations Set Path to Keep
Temperature Rise Well Below 2 Degrees Celsius, Dec. 12, 2015, http://newsroom.unfccc.int/unfcccnewsroom/finale-cop21/ (last accessed on Apr. 19, 2016).
120
S. Goldenberg, J. Vidal, L. Taylor, A. Vaughan, and F. Harvey, Paris Climate Deal: Nearly 200 Nations
Sign in End of Fossil Fuel Era, Guardian, Dec. 12, 2015,
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/12/paris-climate-deal-200-nations-sign-finish-fossilfuel-era (last accessed on Apr. 19, 2016).
121
Press Release, CIEL, A Powerful Signal but a Weak Agreement in Paris: Global Movement for Climate
Action Must Accelerate, Dec. 12, 2015,
http://www.ciel.org/news/a-powerful-signal-but-a-weak-agreement-in-paris-global-movement-for-climateaction-must-accelerate/ (last accessed on Apr. 20, 2016).
122
Adoption of the Paris Agreement, FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1, Dec. 12, 2015, preamble,
https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf (last accessed on Apr. 19, 2016).

48

taking action to address climate change.123 While the preamble is not part of
the Agreements operative provisions, the preambular language should guide
the interpretation of those provisions124 and lends support to national climate
efforts, such as this Petition. The Petitioners recognize the leading role of the
Philippine delegation, skilfully led by Secretary and Vice Chairperson of the
Philippine Climate Change Commission, Emmanuel M. de Guzman, played
in ensuring human rights are a bedrock principle of the Paris Agreement.125
b. Climate Cases and Investigations
There are a number of climate-related legal actions, cases, and
investigations that are similar or relevant to or have a bearing in this
Petition. The developments fall into two categories: (1) legal developments
challenging government action or lack thereof concerning climate policy and
practices; and (2) legal developments challenging corporate activities
concerning climate harm and corporate knowledge of the threats of climate
change. As climate law develops and the harms associated with climate
change intensify, those harmed will continue pursue claims using various
legal theories, e.g. negligence and product liability, and rules to assign
liability, e.g. market share approach, material contribution test, globally
detectable emissions, significant contribution, co-mingled contribution
approaches.126 The following section provides an overview of recent
developments, including the procedural status of the actions, the claims
made, and the dispositions (if applicable). The Petitioners anticipate the
developments in the area of climate law to continue at a rapid pace and will
update the Honorable Commission as necessary and appropriate.

123

Id.
C. Schwarte, Legal Response Initiative, Preliminary Legal Assessment of the Paris Agreement, Dec. 14,
2015, http://legalresponseinitiative.org/preliminary-legal-assessment-of-the-paris-agreement/ (last accessed
on Apr. 19, 2016).
125
P. Ranada, PH on Paris Climate Pact: Monumental Feat for Humanity, Rappler, Dec. 13, 2015,
http://www.rappler.com/nation/115821-philippines-paris-agreement-climate-change (last accessed on Apr.
19, 2016).
126
See A. Gage and M. Byers, Payback Time: What the Internationalization of Climate Change Litigation
Means for Canadian Oil and Gas Companies, West Coast Environmental Law and Canadian Centre for
Policy Alternatives, at 6, 20-22, Oct. 2014,
http://wcel.org/sites/default/files/publications/Payback%20Time.pdf (last accessed on Apr. 19, 2016); A.
Gage, Climate Change Litigation and the Public Right to a Healthy Atmosphere, 24 J. ENV. L. & PRAC. 257
(Nov. 12, 2015).
124

49

b.1. Challenges to Government Actions or Lack Thereof Concerning

Climate Policy and Practices
In the Netherlands and the United States, there are three cases that are
relevant to this Petition. The cases are still ongoing but may already provide
some useful insight to climate claims touching upon human rights.
b.1.1. State Negligence: Urgenda Foundation v. The State of the
Netherlands
On June 24, 2016, the Hague District Court ruled in favour of the
Urgenda Foundation, an NGO representing 886 individuals, ordering the
State of the Netherlands (State) to take more stringent action to avert the
imminent danger caused by climate change. The Court ordered the State to
ensure that Dutch emissions in the year 2020 be at least 25% lower than
those in 1990.127 The State has appealed the verdict.128 The issue in the case
was whether the State committed the tort of negligence against its citizens
by taking insufficient measures to prevent dangerous climate change.129 In
order to determine the States duty of care towards its citizens, the Court
analyzed the Constitution, the no harm principle, the UNFCCC, European
Union law, and European human rights laws, and it also looked at case law
involving hazardous negligence.130 Ultimately, the Court concluded that
[d]ue to the severity of the consequences of climate change and the great
risk of hazardous climate change occurring, without mitigating measures, the
State has a duty of care to take mitigation measures to protect its citizens.131

127

Urgenda Verdict, supra note 85, at Inhoudsindicatie..

Government of the Netherlands, Cabinet Begins Implementation of Urgenda Ruling But Will File
Appeal, Sept 1, 2016, https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2015/09/01/cabinet-begins-implementationof-urgenda-ruling-but-will-file-appeal (last accessed on Apr. 19, 2016).
129
Roger Cox, A Climate Change Litigation Precedent: Urgenda Foundation v. The State of the
Netherlands, CIGI Paper No. 79, Nov. 2015,
https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/cigi_paper_79.pdf (last accessed on Apr. 19, 2016).
130
Urgenda Verdict, supra note 85, at 4.36, 4.52, 4.53.
131
Id. at 4.83.
128

50

The Urgenda verdict may provide important insights for the instant
Petition because of how the Court treated two issues causation and
damages - that commonly arise in climate claims. First, the Dutch Court
found there to be a sufficient causal link between the countrys greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions, global climate change, and the current and future
effects on the Dutch living climate.132 Even though the country is not a
major carbon polluter, the Court reasoned that the countrys emissions have
and will continue to contribute to climate change.133 In this proceeding
before the CHR, the Petitioners anticipate the Respondent Carbon Majors
will argue that there are thousands of sources of GHG emissions; therefore
individual carbon producers should not be held responsible. Similar to the
finding against the Dutch State, the Respondents produce carbon, that when
used, has and will continue to contribute to climate change, unless the
companies put in place mitigation measures. As discussed above, the Carbon
Majors publications are helpful in determining each companys measureable
contribution to climate change.
Second, the Courts handling of the issue of establishing climate
damages is relevant to this Petition. The court stated:
It is an established fact that climate change is
occurring partly due to the Dutch greenhouse gas
emissions. It is also an established fact that the
negative consequences are currently being
experienced in the Netherlands, such as heavy
precipitation, and that adaptation measures are
already being taken to make the Netherlands
climate-proof. Moreover, it is established that if
the global emissions, partly caused by the
Netherlands, do not decrease substantially,
hazardous climate change will probably occur. In
the opinion of the court, the possibility of damages
for those whose interests Urgenda represents,
including current and future generations of Dutch

132
133

Id. at 4.90
Id. at 4.90

51

nationals, is so great and concrete that given its

duty of care, the State must make an adequate
contribution, greater than its current contribution,
to prevent hazardous climate change.134
The Dutch Court relied on IPCC reports as fact because the IPCC is a
scientific intergovernmental organisation and the Netherlands is a
member.135 Climate science was not disputed in the case. The Court found
that the possibility of damages to be great and concrete requiring the State to
make an adequate contribution to prevent hazardous climate change.136
Similarly in these proceedings, IPCC reports should be recognized as being
internationally established and acknowledged as scientific fact. Climate
harm in the Philippines is great and concrete and requires the Respondent
Carbon Majors to prevent business activities that contribute to hazardous
climate change.
b.1.2. Constitutional Rights and Public Trust Doctrine: Foster et. al
v. Washington Department of Ecology
On November 19, 2015, a County Superior Court Judge in the U.S.
state of Washington weighed in on a case involving eight youth petitioners
calling on the Washington Department of Ecology to write a carbon
emissions rule that protects the atmosphere for their generation and those to
come. The Judge denied the request for rulemaking, because (in part),
Washingtons Governor stepped in and ordered the Department of Ecology
to initiate rulemaking. However, this decision itself is groundbreaking. The
Judge recognized the youths right to a healthy atmosphere based on U.S.
constitutional protections and the public trust doctrine. The Judge declared,
[the youths] very survival depends upon the will of their elders to act now,
decisively and unequivocally, to stem the tide of global warmingbefore
doing so becomes first too costly and then too late.137 The Judge found the

134

Id. at 4.89.
Id. at 2.8-2.9.
136
Id.
137
Foster et. al v. Washington Department of Ecology, Order Affirming the Department of Ecologys
Denial of Petition for Rulemaking, Nov. 19, 2015, at 5,
http://ourchildrenstrust.org/sites/default/files/15.11.19.Order_FosterV.Ecology.pdf (last accessed on Apr.
135

52

[t]he state has a constitutional obligation to protect the publics interest in

natural resources held in trust for the common benefit of the people.138 The
decision addressed both the threat of climate change and ocean
acidification.139
In early 2016, the Washington Department of Ecology withdrew the
proposed rule to reduce GHG emissions.140 The youth went back to court
seeking an order to force the Washington Department of Ecology to continue
the rulemaking in a timely manner.141 Described as a surprise ruling from
the bench, the Superior Court ordered the Washington Department of
Ecology to promulgate an emissions reduction rule by the end of 2016 and
make recommendations to the state legislature on science-based greenhouse
gas reductions in the 2017 legislative session.142 The ruling also requires
consultation with the youth petitioners before the recommendations are
issued.143
The decisions are important to the instant Petition because it
demonstrates a growing recognition of the right to a healthy atmosphere.
The Judge stated in the 2015 decision, [i]f there ever were a time to
recognize through action this right to the preservation of to healthful and
pleasant atmosphere, the time is now.144 The time is now for the
Honorable Commission to recognize the Petitioners right to a healthy
atmosphere and the urgent need for the Carbon Majors Respondents to take
responsibility for human rights impacts associated with companies carbon
production.

19, 2016) [hereinafter Foster et. al v. Washington Department of Ecology]; for an overview of the
Atmospheric Trust Legal Actions, please see Our Childrens Trust, Legal Action,
http://ourchildrenstrust.org/Legal (last accessed on Apr. 19, 2016).
138
Id. at 8.
139
Id.
140
Our Childrens Trust, Washington, http://ourchildrenstrust.org/state/Washington (last accessed on Apr.
29, 2016)
141
Id.
142
Our Childrens Trust, Press Release, Youths Secure Second Win in Washington State Climate Lawsuit,
Apr. 29, 2016, http://ourchildrenstrust.org/sites/default/files/2016.04.29WAFinalRulingPR.pdf (last
accessed on Apr. 29, 2016).
143
Id.
144
Foster et. al v. Washington Department of Ecology, at 9.

53

b.1.3. Constitutional Rights and Public Trust Doctrine: Juliana et.

al v. United States of America
On April 8, 2016, a Magistrate Judge for U.S. District Court for the
District of Oregon recommended the denial of motions from the
Government and fossil fuel and energy industry associations to dismiss a
climate lawsuit brought by 18 youth plaintiffs and Dr. James Hansen, as a
guardian for future generations. The Magistrate Judge summarized the
youths claims in his recommendation:
[The] Plaintiffs assert the actions and omissions of
defendants that increased C02 emissions "shock
the conscience," and are infringing the plaintiffs'
right to life and liberty in violation of their
substantive due process rights. Plaintiffs also
allege defendants have violated plaintiffs' equal
protection rights embedded in the Fifth
Amendment by denying them protections afforded
to previous generations and by favoring short term
economic interests of certain citizens. Plaintiffs
further allege defendants' acts and omissions
violate the implicit right, via the Ninth
Amendment, to a stable climate and an ocean and
atmosphere free from dangerous levels of C02.
Finally, plaintiffs allege defendants have violated a
public trust doctrine, secured by the Ninth
Amendment, by denying future generations
essential natural resources.145
The Magistrate Judges findings and recommendation are to be provided to a
District Court Judge, and the parties will be allowed to file objections and
responses. Then, the District Court will issue its judgment or order.146 This

145

Juliana et. al v. United States of America, Order and Findings and Recommendation, 6:15-cv-1517-TC,
Apr. 8, 2016, at 2, http://ourchildrenstrust.org/sites/default/files/16.04.08.OrderDenyingMTD.pdf (last
accessed on Apr. 19, 2016) [hereinafter Juliana v. U.S.]
146
M. Gerrard, Sabin Center for Climate Change Law, Climate Law Blog, Our Childrens Trust Suit
against US Government Surmounts Litigation Hurdle, Apr. 9, 2016,

54

could be appealed, and only after all the appeals are heard, will the case
proceed to the merits.
This case is highly relevant to the instant Petition because of the fossil
fuel and energy industry associations status as intervenor-defendants. Three
associations - National Association of Manufacturers, American Fuel and
Petroleum Manufacturers, and American Petroleum Institute - sought to
intervene in the case on the side of the U.S. government because the
associations members would have to substantially overhaul their business
and business models to survive in the event plaintiffs prevail.147 The fossil
fuel and energy industry associations were granted the ability to participate
in the proceedings and now have the status as intervenor-defendants.148
There is a close relationship between government policies and
practices allowing the extraction, sale, and combustion of fossil fuels and the
business activities and practices of fossil fuel companies. In these
proceedings, the Petitioners are seeking a thorough investigation in Carbon
Major Respondents business activities and practices. Successful
government policies and practices on climate change are contingent on the
corporate transparency, cooperation, and leadership in reducing emissions.
b.2. Challenging corporate activities concerning climate change
b.2.1. Securities Fraud, Consumer Protection, Environmental,
and Anti-Racketeering Laws: State Attorneys General
investigations into Exxon and potentially others for misleading the
public and investors about the threats of climate change
In September 2015, InsideClimate News reported that in 1978 a senior
Exxon scientist informed managers and other company scientists of the

http://blogs.law.columbia.edu/climatechange/2016/04/09/our-childrens-trust-suit-against-us-governmentsurmounts-litigation-hurdle/ (last accessed on Apr. 19, 2016).
147
Juliana v. U.S., supra note 141 at 5.
148
Juliana et. al v. United States of America, Order, 6:15-cv-1517-TC, Jan. 14, 2016,
http://www.ourchildrenstrust.org/sites/default/files/16.01.14.OrderGrantingMotiontoIntervene.pdf (last
accessed on Apr. 19, 2016).

55

likely catastrophic climate change implications of fossil fuel consumption,

but in the decades that followed, Exxon chose to work at the forefront of
climate denial.149 In October 2015, the Los Angeles Times reported that
there is evidence that while Exxon sought to downplay the certainty of
global warming, and Exxon and Imperial Oil were closely studying the
impact of climate change on the companys operations.150 In April 2016,
the Center for International Environmental Law released hundreds of new
documents. The leading non-profit organization suggests that the documents
demonstrate that the oil industry was explicitly warned of climate risks in
the 1960s.151 Further, the organization found that much of this research
was carried out as part of a broader industry effortdating from the
1940sto use industry-funded research to spur public skepticism of
pollution science and environmental regulations.152 With mounting
evidence of Exxons early knowledge of the threats of climate change, a key
question is what did the company do about it.153
Following the InsideClimate News and Los Angeles Times revelations,
it became public on November 5, 2015 that the New York Attorney General
had began investigating ExxonMobil (one of the named Respondents to this
Petition) to determine whether the company lied to the public about the
threats of climate change or to investors about how such risks might hurt the
oil business.154 A few days later, the New York Attorney Generals Office

149

N. Banerjee, L. Song, and D. Hasemyer, Exxon: The Road Not Taken, InsideClimate News, Sept. 16,
2015, http://insideclimatenews.org/content/Exxon-The-Road-Not-Taken (last accessed on Apr. 19, 2016).
150
S. Jerving, K. Jennings, M.M. Hirsch, and S. Rust, Los Angles Times, What Exxon knew about the
Earths melting Arctic, Oct. 9, 2015, http://graphics.latimes.com/exxon-arctic/ (last accessed on Apr. 19,
2016).
151
Center for International Environmental Law, Press Release, New Documents Reveal Oil Industry Knew
of Climate Risks Decades Earlier Than Suspected; Suggest Coordinated Efforts to Foster Skepticism, Apr.
13, 2016, http://www.ciel.org/news/smoke-and-fumes/ (last accessed on Apr. 19, 2016); ); The source
documents and useful analysis are available to the public online. See Center for International
Environmental Law, Smoke and Fumes, https://www.smokeandfumes.org/#/ (last accessed on Apr. 19,
2016).
152
Id.
153
Id.; See New York Times, A Range of Opinions on Climate Change at ExxonMobil, New York Times,
Nov. 6, 2015, http:// www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/11/06/ science/exxon-mobil-globalwarmingstatements-climate-change.html?_r=0 (last accessed on Apr. 19, 2016); Greenpeace USA, Exxons
Climate Denial History: A Timeline, http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/global-warming/climatedeniers/exxons-climate-denial-history-a-timeline/ (last accessed on Apr. 19, 2016).
154
J. Gillis and C. Krauss, Exxon Mobil Investigated for Possible Climate Change Lies by New York
Attorney General, New York Times , Nov. 5, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/06/science/exxonmobil-under-investigation-in-new-york-over-climate-statements.html (last accessed on Apr. 19, 2016).

56

announced a settlement with Peabody Energy Corporation (also a named

Respondent to this Petition) requiring improved climate change disclosure
after a two-year investigation.155 As explained in a Greenpeace UK Investor
Briefing:
The investigation found Peabody had repeatedly
denied in financial filings that it had the ability to
predict the impact of potential regulation, when in
fact it and its consultants had actually made
projections detailing severe impacts on the
company. There was a clear discrepancy between
the companys public disclosures and private
knowledge. The Attorney General concluded that
Peabodys public disclosures focused on the IEA
scenario most favourable to coal demand but
which assumes governments will fail to adopt any
new policies or regulations with the omission of
the IEAs other two scenarios which provide a less
favourable view on future coal demand.156
There is a growing coalition of state attorneys general looking into
corporate obfuscations of threats of climate change.157 In addition to New
York, Attorneys General in Massachusetts, California, and the U.S. Virgin
Islands have announced investigations.158 The legal grounds for the
investigations vary from state-to-state. While some are premised on potential
violations of securities and consumer fraud laws, the Attorney General for
the U.S. Virgin Islands is conducting an investigation under the local anti
155

New York State Office of the Attorney General, Press Release, A.G. Schneiderman Secures
Unprecedented Agreement with Peabody Energy to End Misleading Statements and Disclose Risks Arising
From Climate Change, Nov. 9, 2015, http://www.ag.ny.gov/press-release/ag-schneiderman-securesunprecedented-agreement-peabody-energy-end-misleading (last accessed on Apr. 19, 2016).
156
Greenpeace UK, Investor Briefing, Climate Liability: The New York Attorney Generals Investigation
into Exxon, Feb. 2016, http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/sites/files/gpuk/2016%20-%20Greenpeace%20%20Exxon%20-%20Climate%20Liability%20-%20Investor%20Briefing_0.pdf (last accessed on Apr. 19,
2016).
157
D. Hasemyer and S. Shankman, Climate Fraud Investigation of Exxon Draws Attention of 17 Attorneys
General, InsideClimate News, Mar. 30, 2016, http://insideclimatenews.org/news/30032016/climatechange-fraud-investigation-exxon-eric-shneiderman-18-attorneys-general (last accessed on Apr. 19, 2016).
158
Id.

57

racketeering laws.159 Sharon Eubanks, a legal expert who was the

Department of Justices lead counsel in the historic tobacco case, U.S. v.
Philip Morris USA, Inc., et al.,160 suggested in a news article that [i]f
investigators find evidence that fossil fuel companies hid knowledge about
climate change from the public, those could be held liable under the federal
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO)like Philip
Morris and other cigarette companies.161 The U.S. Department of Justice
has referred the Exxon matter to the FBI.162
The investigations by the attorneys general are relevant to this
Petition. First, Exxon is the subject of all the investigations. Second, the
Philippines and its citizens are acutely vulnerable to the impacts of climate
change, like the U.S. Virgin Islands for instance. If companies, such as
Exxon, are found to have misled consumers and investors in the U.S. for
decades, then this would have robbed Filipinos, and humanity as a whole,
a generations worth of time to reverse climate change and fuelled the
human rights impacts being experienced today.163
b.2.2. Corporate Responsibility & Moral Imperative: Exxon
Shareholder Resolutions
In a departure from previous years, the U.S. Securities and Exchange
Commission recently decided, over objections from the company, that
Exxon must allow shareholders to vote on a number resolutions related to

159

D. Hasemyer and B. Simison, Exxon Fights Subpoena in Widening Climate Probe, Citing Violation of
Its Constitutional Rights, InsideClimate News, Apr. 14, 2016,
http://insideclimatenews.org/news/13042016/exxon-virgin-islands-subpoena-climate-change-investigationviolates-rights-claude-walker (last accessed on Apr. 19, 2016).
160
For more information on tobacco litigation, see Public Health Law Center, Tobacco Litigation,
http://publichealthlawcenter.org/topics/tobacco-control/tobacco-control-litigation (last accessed on Apr. 19,
2016).
161
C. von Kaenel, Critics of Exxon Draw Parallels to Big Tobacco, E&E Publishing, Dec. 9, 2015,
http://www.eenews.net/climatewire/2015/12/09/stories/1060029208 (last accessed on Apr. 19, 201).
162
P. Kadzik, Assistant Attorney General, U.S. Department of Justice, Letter to the Honorable Ted W. Lieu
U. S. House of Representatives and the Honorable Mark DeSaulnier U. S. House of Representatives, Jan.
12, 2016, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2730475-DOJ-RESPONSE.html (last accessed on
Apr. 19, 2016).
163
350.org and other participating organizations, #ExxonKnew, available at www.exxonknew.org (last
accessed on Apr. 19, 2016).

58

climate change at the upcoming annual general meeting.164 One resolution of

great importance to the Petitioners calls on Exxons Board of Directors to
adopt a policy acknowledging the moral imperative to limit global average
temperature increases to 2 Celsius above pre-industrial levels, which
includes committing the Company to support the goal of limiting warming
to less than 2 Celsius. The resolution refers to Pope Francis encyclical
letter Laudato Si, which states that the climate is a common good,
belonging to all and meant for all.165 The Petitioners believe that the
Respondent Carbon Majors have both a moral and legal responsibility to the
Philippines, Filipinos, and to the world, to conduct business in a manner that
will keep global temperature rise this century well below 2 Celsius, and to
drive efforts to further limit the temperature increase to 1.5 Celsius above
pre-industrial levels. The Respondents have the knowledge, power, and
resources to support the rapid transition to 100% renewable energy for all.

Conclusion
In summary, what the Petitioners are saying is that the production of
fossil fuels by the Carbon Majors has been found to be primarily responsible
for large amounts of greenhouse gases. The concentration of said gases,
especially carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, causes climate change. An
estimated 25-30% of the carbon dioxide already emitted by these activities
has been absorbed by the oceans166 and is contributing to ocean acidification.

164

Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility, Exxon Feels the Heat, http://www.iccr.org/exxon-feelsheat (last accessed on Apr.18, 2016).
165
Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility, Shareholder Resolution, Acknowledge the Moral
Imperative to Limit Global Warming to 2C: 2016-Exxon Mobil Corporation,
http://www.onlineethicalinvestor.org/eidb/wc.dll?eidbproc~reso~12464 (last accessed on Apr. 19, 2016).
166
C. Le Qur & M.R. Raupach & J.G. Canadell & G. Marland L. Bopp & P. Ciais & T.J. Conway & S.C.
Doney & R.A. Feely & P. Foster & P. Friedlingstein & K. Gurney & R.A. Houghton & J.I. House & C.
Huntingford & P.E. Levy & M.R. Lomas & J. Majkut & N. Metzl & J.P. Ometto, J.P G.P. Peters & I.C.
Prentice & J.T. Randerson & S.W. Running & J.L. Sarmiento & U. Schuster & S.Sitch & T. Takahashi &
N. Viovy & G.R. van der Werf & F.I. Woodward, Trends in the Sources and Sinks of Carbon Dioxide, 2
Nature Geoscience, 831 (2009).

59

The adverse impacts of climate change and ocean acidification have

brought harm or pose the threat of harm to people, on top of or in addition
to, damage resulting from natural disasters. These harms resulting from the
impacts of climate change and ocean acidification affect the exercise and
enjoyment of Filipinos human rights to (a) to life; (b) to the highest
attainable standard of physical and mental health; (c) to adequate food; (d) to
water (e) to sanitation; (f) to adequate housing; (g) to self-determination; and
(h) the human rights of marginalized and disadvantaged groups particularly
vulnerable to the effects of climate change, including (1) women; (2)
children; (3) persons with disabilities; (4) those living in extreme poverty;
(5) indigenous peoples; (6) displaced persons; and, (7) workers; as well as
the right of Filipinos to development.
The recognition of the Human Rights Council, OHCHR, and the
parties to the UNFCCC that climate change impedes the full and effective
enjoyment of human rights protected by the most fundamental international
human rights conventions provides a framework for the requested
investigation of the Honourable Commission.
This investigation will further bolster the countrys leadership position
on human rights in the UNFCCC process and at the Human Rights Council,
and help achieve the countrys commitment to reduce carbon emissions with
international aid by 70% by year 2030 in its Intended Nationally Determined
Contributions to the UNFCCC. At the 20th Conference of the Parties to the
UNFCCC held in Lima, Peru, the Philippines made interventions calling for
references to human rights, rights of indigenous peoples, and gender in the
2015 climate agreement. In its high-level ministerial statement, the
Philippines reflected on the rights implications of a climate deal (or lack
thereof), stating: losing the credibility of the UN multilateral process is not
only an insult to diplomacy but a complete disregard to human rights.167
The Government of the Philippines joined 17 other countries in signing the
Geneva Pledge on Human Rights and Climate Change in February 2015.
This demonstrates the Philippines commitment to promote and respect

167

M.A.L.L. Sering, Statement of the Philippines at the High Level Segment of the COP20/CMP 10 , Dec.
10, 2014, http://climate.gov.ph/index.php/media-resource/24-media-resources/speeches/98-high-levelsegment-statement-of-the-philippines-at-cop-20-cmp-10 (last accessed on June 16, 2015).

60

human rights in our climate actions.168 With the mounting evidence of the
Carbon Majors holding the world back on climate progress, it is essential for
the Honourable Commission to act now and establish the responsibility of
the Carbon Majors, which will be seen as a strong signal for future climate
action.
So Petitioners pray for vindication, respect and protection of human
rights in the context of climate change. Hindi po dapat na kami ay mauuwi
lamang sa pagbibilang o kayay mapapabilang na lamang sa mga biktima
ng climate change.169
Prayer
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Petitioners most respectfully
pray that the Honourable Commission on Human Rights take the following
actions:
1. Taking official or administrative notice of the investor-owned Carbon
Majors contribution to carbon dioxide emissions and the UN Guiding
Principles on Business and Human Rights, conduct an investigation
into the human rights implications of climate change and ocean
acidification and the resulting rights impacts in the Philippines; and
following the investigation, issue a finding on the responsibility of the
investor-owned Carbon Majors for human rights threats and/or
violations in the Philippines, resulting from climate change and ocean
acidification;
2. Monitor people and communities acutely vulnerable to the impacts of
climate change;

168

The Geneva Pledge for Human Rights in Climate Action, Feb. 13, 2015,
http://carbonmarketwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/The-Geneva-Pledge-13FEB2015.pdf (last
accessed on Apr. 20, 2015).
169
English translation: We should not only be counting the victims of climate change or being counted
among them.

61

3. Recommend that policymakers and legislators develop and adopt clear

and implementable objective standards for corporate reporting of
human rights issues in relation to the environment, with special regard
for current and future climate change impacts and GHGs associated
with fossil fuel products;
4. Recommend that policymakers and legislators develop and adopt
effective accountability mechanisms that victims can easily access in
instances of violations or threats of violations in the context of climate
change;
5. Notify the investor-owned Carbon Majors and request the submission
of plans on how such violations or threats of violation resulting from
the impacts of climate change will be eliminated, remedied, or
prevented in the future; and
6. Recommend that governments, including the Philippines and other
countries where the investor-owned Carbon Majors are domiciled
and/or operate, enhance, strengthen, or explore new ways to fulfill the
international duty of cooperation to ensure the Carbon Majors take
steps to address the human rights implications of climate change.
Petitioners further pray for such other just and equitable reliefs under the
premises.
This petition was originally filed on September 22, 2015. A motion to
admit updates and amendments was filed on April 21, 2016 and an oral
manifestation was made on May 6, 2016 to make further formatting
corrections which were both granted by the Commission. This petition
therefore contains the said updates, amendments and formatting corrections,
as of May 6, 2016.
Quezon City, Philippines, May 9, 2016.

62

Petitioners further pray for such other just and equitable reliefs under the premises.
Quezon City, Philippines, April 21, 2016.

ATTY. ZELDANIA DT SORIANO

Legal
Representative
theSORIANO
Petitioners
ATTY.
ZELDANIAofDT
Legal Representative of the Petitioners
!
Greenpeace Southeast
Asia (Philippines)
!
!
Rooms 301-302 JGS Building
No. 30 Sct. Tuason,! Bgy. Laging Handa
Diliman, Quezon City 1103
Tel. No. 3735307; Fax No. 3735306
Email: [email protected]
Roll No. 55644
IBP Lifetime Number 014346 / Quezon City
PTR Number. 0445908 (Imus City 1/15/2016)
MCLE Compliance No. IV-00232688 (3/25/2014)

48!
!

ATTY. GRIZELDA MAYO-ANDA

Legal Representative of the Petitioners
Environmental Legal Assistance Center
Carlos Sayang Compound, Mitra Road
Brgy. Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City
Tel. (048)4335183, 7235183
Email: [email protected]
Roll No. 34830
IBP Lifetime Number 02123
PTR No. 7204578; 1/8/16, Palawan
MCLE Compliance IV-001239

This Petition is with advice and support from: Amnesty International,

Avaaz, Business and Human Rights Resource Centre, Centre for
International Environmental Law, Climate Justice Programme, EarthRights

63

International, International Trade Union Confederation, Union of Concerned

Scientists, and West Coast Environmental Law Association.

List of Tables, Figures, Exhibits, and Annexes

Tables
Table 1:
Table 2:

Investor-owned Carbon Majors 1751-2010

Investor-owned Carbon Majors 1751-2013

Figures
Figure 1:
Effect

Natural Greenhouse Effect v. Human Enhanced Greenhouse

Exhibits
Exhibit A: Recorded interviews of Petitioners from Alabat Island, Quezon
Province
Exhibit B: Recorded interviews from some residents of Verde Island
Exhibit C: Compilation of Smoke and Fumes documents with video
explanation
Annexes
Annex A:

Non-exhaustive List of International Human Rights Treaties

Signed and/or Ratified by the Philippines
Annex B: Cover Note from Climate Change Commission of the Office of
the President of Philippines to the UNFCCC
Annex B-1: Expert Report, Human Rights by John Knox, UN Special
Rapporteur for Human Rights and the Environment
Annex B-2: Expert Report, Labour by Tord Kjellstrom et al., Ruby Coast
Research Centre
Annex B-3: Migration/Displacement by Walter Kaelin, Envoy of the
Chairmanship of the Nansen Initiative

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Annex C:

Updated List of Respondent Investor-Owned Carbon Majors

with Principal Business Addresses and Known Philippine
Presence Based on Securities and Exchange Commission
Records
Annex D: Updated Details of Carbon Major Publications
Annex D-1: Climate Accountability Institute, Press Release on Update of
Carbon Majors
Project
Annex D-2: Carbon Majors: Accounting for Carbon and Methane Emissions
1854-2010 Methods and Results Report
Annex D-3: Tracing Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide and Methane
Emissions to Fossil Fuel and Cement Producers, 18542010
Annex E: Publications on Fossil Fuel Industry Involvement in
Undermining Climate Science and Action
Annex F: Past Research on Vulnerabilities and an Overview of Existing
Literature on Climate Change Impacts in the Philippines
Annex F-1: Background on Ocean Acidification

65