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S Domain

This document discusses s-domain (Laplace transform domain) circuit analysis. Some key points: - Circuits can be analyzed in either the time domain using differential equations or the s-domain using algebraic equations after applying the Laplace transform. - Elements like resistors, inductors, and capacitors can be represented by their impedance or admittance models in the s-domain. These depend on the element value and initial conditions. - Circuit analysis techniques like node voltage analysis and mesh current analysis can be used by writing equations for the node voltages or mesh currents based on Kirchhoff's laws and element relationships. - The circuit equations can be solved to find expressions for node voltages and currents as functions of the

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97 views21 pages

S Domain

This document discusses s-domain (Laplace transform domain) circuit analysis. Some key points: - Circuits can be analyzed in either the time domain using differential equations or the s-domain using algebraic equations after applying the Laplace transform. - Elements like resistors, inductors, and capacitors can be represented by their impedance or admittance models in the s-domain. These depend on the element value and initial conditions. - Circuit analysis techniques like node voltage analysis and mesh current analysis can be used by writing equations for the node voltages or mesh currents based on Kirchhoff's laws and element relationships. - The circuit equations can be solved to find expressions for node voltages and currents as functions of the

Uploaded by

pagalavanjayanthi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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S-Domain Analysis

s-Domain Circuit Analysis


Time domain
(t domain)
Linear
Circuit
Differential
equation

Complex frequency
domain (s domain)
Laplace Transform
L
Laplace Transform
L

Classical
techniques
Response
waveform

Transformed
Circuit
Algebraic
equation
Algebraic
techniques

Inverse Transform
L-1

Response
transform

Kirchhoffs Laws in s-Domain


t domain

s domain
i2 (t )

Kirchhoffs current law (KCL)

i1 (t )

i3 (t )

i4 (t )

i1 (t ) + i2 (t ) i3 (t ) + i4 (t ) = 0

I1 ( s ) + I 2 ( s ) I 3 ( s ) + I 4 ( s ) = 0
+ v2 (t )

Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL)

v1 (t ) + v2 (t ) + v3 (t ) = 0

+ v4 (t )

v1 (t )

v3 (t )

v5 (t )

V1 ( s ) + V2 ( s ) + V3 ( s ) = 0

Signal Sources in s Domain


t domain

s domain
i (t )
+

v(t )
v(t ) = vS (t )
i (t ) = depends _
on circuit

vS (t )

V (s )

V ( s ) = VS ( s )
I ( s ) = depends
on circuit

I (s )

_
+

i (t ) = iS (t )
v(t )
v(t ) = depends +
on circuit

VS (s )

i (t )

Current Source:

Voltage Source:

+
_
+

Voltage Source:

I (s )

iS (t )

V (s )
+

Current Source:
I S (s)

I ( s ) = VS ( s )
V ( s ) = depends
on circuit

Time and s-Domain Element Models


Impedance and Voltage Source for Initial Conditions

Resistor:
vR (t ) = RiR (t )

Inductor:
diL (t )
vL (t ) = L
dt

Capacitor:

iR (t )

s-Domain

I R (s )

vR (t )

VR (s )

iL (t )

I L (s )

vL (t )
_

iC (t )

+
1 t
vC (t ) = iC ( )d
vC (t )
C 0
_
+ vC (0)

Ls

VL (s )
_

_
+

I C (s )

VC (s )
_

VR ( s ) = RI R ( s )

LiL (0)

VL ( s ) = LsI L ( s )
LiL (0)

Capacitor:

Resistor:

Inductor:

_
+

Time Domain

1 Cs VC ( s ) =
I C ( s) +
Cs
vC (0)
vC( 0 )
s

Impedance and Voltage Source for Initial


Conditions
Impedance Z(s)
Z ( s) =

voltage transform
current transform

with all initial conditions set to zero


Impedance of the three passive elements
Z R ( s) =

VR ( s )
=R
I R (s)
VL ( s )
= Ls
I L (s)

with iL (0) = 0

VC ( s ) 1
=
I C ( s ) Cs

with vC ( 0 ) = 0

Z L ( s) =
Z C (s) =

Time and s-Domain Element Models


Admittance and Current Source for Initial Conditions
Time Domain
Resistor:

1
iR (t ) = vR (t )
R

Inductor:

iR (t )
+

vR (t )

iC (t ) = C

dvC (t )
dt

VR (s )

Resistor:

iL (t )

I L (s )

VL (s )
Ls
_

iC (t )

I C (s )

vC (t )
_

Inductor:

VC (s )
_ 1 Cs

1
VR ( s )
R

I R (s) =

1 t
iL (t ) = vL ( ) d
vL (t )
L 0
_
+ iL (0)

Capacitor:

s-Domain

I R (s )

I L (s) =
i L ( 0)
s

1
VL ( s ) +
Ls
i L( 0 )
s

Capacitor:
I C ( s ) = CsVC ( s )
CvC (0)

CvC (0)

Admittance and Current Source for Initial


Conditions
Admittance Y(s)
Y ( s) =

current transform
1
=
voltage transform Z ( s)

with all initial conditions set to zero


Admittance of the three passive elements
YR ( s ) =

I R ( s) 1
=
VR ( s ) R

YL ( s ) =

I L ( s) 1
=
VL ( s ) Ls

with iL (0) = 0

YC ( s ) =

I C ( s)
= Cs
VC ( s )

with vC( 0 ) = 0

Example: Solve for Current Waveform i(t)


R

i (t )

VA
s

+ VR (s )
_
+

_
+

V Au (t )

I (s )

Ls
_
+

VL (s )
LiL (0) _

VA
By KVL:
+ VR ( s ) + VL ( s ) = 0
s
Resistor: VR ( s ) = RI ( s )
Inductor: VL ( s ) = LsI ( s ) LiL (0)
V
A + RI ( s) + LsI ( s) LiL (0) = 0
s
VA L
iL (0)
+
I (s) =
s ( s + R L) s + R L
VA R VA R
i L ( 0)
=

+
s
s+R L s+R L
R
t
V A V A RL t
Inverse Transform: i (t ) = e + iL (0)e L u (t )

R R
forced response

natural response

Series Equivalence and Voltage Division


I1 ( s )
I (s )

Rest
of
Circuit

+ V1 ( s )

Z1
+
V (s)

V1 ( s ) = Z1 ( s ) I1 ( s ) = Z1 ( s ) I ( s )

+
Z2 V2 ( s) I 2 ( s )

V2 ( s ) = Z 2 ( s ) I 2 ( s ) = Z 2 ( s ) I ( s )

KVL: V ( s ) = V1 ( s ) + V2 ( s )

= ( Z1 ( s ) + Z 2 ( s )) I ( s )
I (s )

Rest
of
Circuit

+
V (s) Z
EQ

Z EQ = Z1 + Z 2

Z EQ ( s ) = Z1 ( s ) + Z 2 ( s )

V1 ( s) =

Z1 ( s )
V (s)
Z EQ ( s )

V2 ( s ) =

Z 2 (s)
V (s)
Z EQ ( s)

Parallel Equivalence and Current Division


I1 ( s ) = Y1 ( s )V ( s )

I (s )

Rest
of
Circuit

+
I1 ( s )
I 2 (s)
V (s) Y
Y2
1

I 2 ( s ) = Y2 ( s )V ( s )

KCL: I ( s ) = I1 ( s ) + I 2 ( s )

= (Y1 ( s ) + Y2 ( s ))V ( s )
I (s )

Rest
of
Circuit

+
V (s) Y
EQ

YEQ = Y1 + Y2

YEQ ( s ) = Y1 ( s ) + Y2 ( s )

I1 ( s ) =

Y1 ( s )
I ( s)
YEQ ( s )

I 2 (s) =

Y2 ( s)
I (s)
YEQ ( s )

Example:
Equivalence Impedance and Admittance
A

v1 (t )

_
+

L
A

V1 ( s )
B

Z EQ ( s ) = Ls + Z EQ1 ( s) = Ls +

Ls

Z EQ ZR
EQ1

Z EQ

Inductor current = 0
at t = 0
+
capacitor voltage = 0
C v2 (t ) Find equivalent impedance at A and B
_
Solve for v2(t)
RCs + 1
1
1
= + Cs =
YEQ1 ( s ) =
Z EQ1 ( s ) R
R

Z EQ1

RLCs 2 + Ls + R
+
=
RCs + 1
1
V2 ( s )
Z EQ1 ( s )
Cs
_
V2 ( s ) =
V1 ( s )
Z EQ
R
=
V1 ( s)
2
RCLs + Ls + R

R
RCs + 1

_
+

General Techniques for s-Domain Circuit


Analysis
Node Voltage Analysis (in s-domain)

Use Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)


Get equations of node voltages
Use current sources for initial conditions
Voltage source
current source

Mesh Current Analysis (in s-domain)

Use Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)


Get equations of currents in the mesh
Use voltage sources for initial conditions
Current source
voltage source
(Works only for Planar circuits)

Formulating Node-Voltage Equations


Step 0: Transform the circuit into the s domain using current
sources to represent capacitor and inductor initial conditions
Step 1: Select a reference node. Identify a node voltage at each
of the non-reference nodes and a current with every element
in the circuit
Step 2: Write KCL connection constraints in terms of the
element currents at the non-reference nodes
Step 3: Use the element admittances and the fundamental
property of node voltages to express the element currents in
terms of the node voltages
Step 4: Substitute the device constraints from Step 3 into the
KCL connection constraints from Step 2 and arrange the
resulting equations in a standard form

Example: Formulating Node-Voltage Equations


L

iS (t )

Step 0: Transform the circuit into the s domain using


current sources to represent capacitor and
inductor initial conditions
Step 1: Identify N-1=2 node voltages and a current
with each element

t domain

VA (s )
I 2 ( s)

I S (s)
Reference
node

Step 2: Apply KCL at nodes A and B:


iL (0)

I1 ( s ) I 2 ( s ) = 0
I
s
Node
A
:
(
)
L
S
s
iL (0)
i (0)
+ I1 ( s ) I 3 ( s ) = 0
Node B : CvC (0) + L
s
s
Step 3: Express element equations in terms of node
Ls
VB (s )
voltages
1
I1 ( s ) I 3 ( s )
I1 ( s ) = YL ( s )[VA ( s ) VB ( s )] = [VA ( s ) VB ( s )]
Ls
1
R
Cs CvC (0) I 2 ( s ) = YR ( s)VA ( s ) = GVA ( s) where G = 1 R
s domain

I 3 ( s ) = YC ( s )VB ( s) = CsVB ( s )

Formulating Node-Voltage Equations (Contd)


Step 2: Apply KCL at nodes A and B:
iL (0)
I1 ( s ) I 2 ( s ) = 0
Node A : I S ( s )
s
i (0)
+ I1 ( s ) I 3 ( s ) = 0
Node B : CvC (0) + L
s
Step 3: Express element equations in terms of node voltages
1
I1 ( s ) = YL ( s)[VA ( s) VB ( s)] = [VA ( s ) VB ( s )]
Ls
I 2 ( s ) = YR ( s )VA ( s) = GVA ( s ) where G = 1 R
I 3 ( s ) = YC ( s )VB ( s ) = CsVB ( s)

Step 4: Substitute eqns. in Step 3 into eqns. in Step 2 and collect


common terms to yield node-voltage eqns.
i (0)
1
1

Node A : G + VA ( s ) VB ( s ) = I S ( s ) L
s
Ls
Ls

i (0)

1
1
Node B : VA ( s ) + + Cs VB ( s) = CvC (0) + L
s

Ls
Ls

Solving s-Domain Circuit Equations


G + 1 Ls
1 Ls
Circuit Determinant: ( s ) =
1 Ls Cs + 1 Ls
= (G + 1 Ls )(Cs + 1 Ls ) (1 Ls ) 2
GLCs 2 + Cs + G
=
Ls
Depends on circuit element parameters: L, C, G=1/R,
not on driving force and initial conditions
Solve for node A using Cramers rule:
1 Ls
I S ( s ) + i L ( 0) s

A ( s) iL (0) s + CvC (0) Cs + 1 Ls


=
VA ( s ) =
(s)
(s)
( LCs 2 + 1) I S ( s) LCsiL (0) + CvC (0)
=
+
2
GLCs + Cs + G
GLCs 2 + Cs + G
Zero State
when initial condition
sources are turned off

Zero input
when input sources
are turned off

Solving s-Domain Circuit Eqns. (Contd)


Solve for node B using Cramers rule:

G + 1 Ls

I S ( s ) iL (0) s

1 Ls iL (0) s + CvC (0)


B (s)
=
( s)
( s)
I S ( s)
GLiL (0) + (GLs + 1)CvC (0)
=
+
2
GLCs + Cs + G
GLCs 2 + Cs + G

VB ( s ) =

Zero State

Zero input

Network Functions
Network function =

Zero - state Response Transform


Input Signal Transform

Driving-point function relates the voltage and


current at a given pair of terminals called a port
V (s)
1
=
Z ( s) =
I ( s) Y ( s)
Transfer function relates an input and response at
different ports in the circuit
V (s)
TV ( s ) = Voltage Transfer Function = 2
V1 ( s )
I 2 (s)
TI ( s ) = Current Transfer Function =
V1
I1 ( s )
I ( s)
In
TY ( s) = Transfer Admittance = 2
V1 ( s)
V (s)
V1
TZ ( s) = Transfer Impedance = 2
I1 ( s )
_
+
_
+

In

I (s )

Circuit
in the
zero-state

V (s )

Circuit Output
in the
V1 or I1
V or I
zero-state 2 2
Input

I2

+
V2

TV (s )
Out

I1 TI (s )
In

Out

I2
TY (s )

+
V2

I1 TZ (s )
Out

In

Out

Calculating Network Functions


Z1
V1 ( s )

+
Z2 V2 ( s)

I 2 (s)
I1 ( s )

Y1

Y2

Driving-point impedance
Z EQ ( s ) = Z1 ( s) + Z 2 ( s )
Voltage transfer function:

Z 2 (s)
V2 ( s ) =
V1 ( s )
Z1 ( s ) + Z 2 ( s )
V (s)
Z 2 ( s)
TV ( s) = 2
=
V1 ( s ) Z1 ( s ) + Z 2 ( s )

Driving-point admittance
YEQ ( s ) = Y1 ( s ) + Y2 ( s)
Voltage transfer function:
Y2 ( s )

I 2 (s) =
Y1 ( s)
Y1 ( s) + Y2 ( s )
I (s)
Y2 ( s )
TI ( s ) = 2
=
I1 ( s ) Y1 ( s ) + Y2 ( s)

_
+

Impulse Response and Step Response


Input-output relationship in s-domain
Input
Y ( s) = T ( s) X ( s)
X (s )
When input signal is an impulse x(t ) = (t )
Y ( s) = T ( s) 1 = T ( s)

T(s)
Circuit

Output

Y (s )

Impulse response equals network function


H(s) = impulse response transform
h(t) = impulse response waveform

When input signal is a step x(t ) = u (t )


G(s) = step response transform
g(t) = step response waveform

T (s) H (s)
=
G (s) =
s
s
g ( s) = h( )d ,
t

(=) means equal almost everywhere,

dg (t )
excludes those points at which g(t)
h(t )(=)
dt
has a discontinuity

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