T e c h n i c a l

N e w s

M a g z i n e

U S B R L

HIM PRABHAT

Vol.I issue I , Nov-2013

Editor in Chief

Contents

MohitSinha

Prologue : 1

Financial Advisor & Chief Accounts

From Editors Desk : 1

Officer/USBRL

Editorial Board

Project News : 2 - 4

R.K.Choudhary

Technical Section

Chief electrical Engineer/USBRL

Achal Jain

Chief Engineer/North

Power Supply Arrangements in Kashmir Valley - A Success Story :5

Development and Selection of Type of Bridge : 6 - 7

Sandeep Gupta

Some of the Worlds Longest Arch Bridges : 8 - 10

Chief Engineer/South

Quake, Tremor or Temblor : 11 - 17

Associate Editors

Sangaldan Station in Tunnel : 18 - 20

Social

Rajesh Agarwal

Executive Director/Projects/KRCL

Every individual is Unique : 21

Anand Prakash

Mickey Mouse Cake : 21

Executive Director/IRCON

/kjrh ds gsekuo: 21
c<+rspyks : 21

Creative Editor

The Elephant and the Ant : 22

Sangrah Maurya

Tourism in Ladakh( J&K) : 23-24

Secy to CAO/USBRL & Dy. CE/Design

Cold weather precautions : 25

PROLOGUE
USBRL Project, as all of us are aware, is a railway line which will link rest of the country to Kashmir Valley a valley which has been hailed and
sung over centuries by poets as Paradise on Earth. But traditional wisdom also says that path to paradise is not easy to follow, building road for all others to
follow is much more difficult. It requires knowledge and skills to build and is full of hardships. This is what officers, eengineers,
ngineers, supervisors and staff have
silently borne while they have completed 136 km out of 271 km of the entire project. To accomplish this roads have been built and camps have been
established. Over years, bridges have been built and tunnels have been bored through mountains to lay a railway line. Each one of them are gems of technical
performance.
Those who are involved in this project, have in its course, endured isolation, extreme weather and difficult living condition s. This was possible by
sheer grit and determination of a handful of men and women and their families. This technical newsletter aims to give a voice to these engineers and their
teams a means to share their experience.

The name of this periodical is Him Prabhat

Prabhat also has a message. The railway line after it is built will bring with it ideas and will accelerate
development. It will light up this area with rays of hope, just like the morning sun. The people in around this area will bbloom
loom in this dawn where economy
will flourish when this part of the country located high up in the mountains is connected with a fast, eco-friendly and all weather railway line.

SurinderKaul
Chief Administrative Officer / USBRL

From Editors Desk

My association with Himalayas began early my childhood when I frequently travelled with my father through Gharwal and Kumaon Hills (now in
the State of Uttarakhand). While he would be discharging his official duties as a revenue officer, my sister and I would spe
spend
nd days in dak bungalows with our
mother watching streams flowing by in valleys down below or gazing at a bus or a truck winding around a distant mountain road. Here every bend springs
surprise leaving you spell bound by sheer power of nature. Every day you are awestruck be its enormity and complexity. Litt le could I have guessed that I
would be a member of a team entrusted with building a railway line across the same serene but difficult mountain landscape.
This magazine envisages to capture experiences technical and non-technical, challenges of project ranging from scientific to mundane, survival and
art of it, and the happenings around the project. In short, it traverses an eco-system which is Udhampur Srinagar Baramulla Rail Link Project or USBRL
Project.
This is the inaugural issue and like all beginnings this is a small step. As the time will pass thi
thiss will become a corner where memories will be kept.
Posterity will have a place to check how we did our work in office and after office hours. How engineers overcame technical challenges deep inside tunnels
or while building abutments on steep cliff faces over deep gorges or how did they would control slopes sometimes as crumbly as an apple pie. How their
families adapted to life in projects in such hostile environment. How they were blessed with endlessly beautiful sunrises an
and
d sunsets over snowy peaks or how
they weathered heavy thunderous downpours. How they spent hours in confines of their vehicles caught in middle of nowhere wh en road was blocked after a
landslide. How everyone got cut off in an unprecedented snowfall in Banihal for days without water, electric supply and supplies of food and how they were
forced to stay in beds for days just to keep warm. Or that lost snake who chanced in the guest house at Reasi. Just about eeverything.
verything. It will be the endeavour
of this magazine to see that every creative spark is nursed. I am sure that we shall be able to tell generation that come how this line was built and how t o build
more of them with Himalayas protecting our country in a fond embrace.
Experience of building an enormous bridge on river C
Chenab
henab and accommodating part of a yard of a railway station inside a tunnel are included in
this issue. Then a primer on earthquakes is a must for building anything in these mountains. Areas of interest in Laddakh rregion
egion will excite the travel bug of
readers while a short story and poems by members of USBRL team and their family members add colour and variety to otherwise ters e technical slant of this
magazine. Project news showcases progress being made and life around the project.

We shall look ahead towards a long and wonderful association with the entire USBRL panorama.

MOHIT SINHA
Editor-in-Chief

P R O J E C T

N E W S

Udhampur Srinagar Baramull Rail Link Project

Opening of BanihalQuazigund section.

Honble Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh and UPA Chairperson

Smt. Sonia Gandhi and other Dignitaries, dedicated the newly
commissioned Quazigund Banihal section to Nation and flagged off the
first Train on 26.06.2013.The section from Qazigund to Banihal (17.7 Km)
involves PirPanjal Tunnel of total 11.215 Km length The block section from
Qazigund to Banihal is a part of Katra-Qazigund section of the project,
wherein the alignment passes through the worlds most difficult terrain,
both in terms of logistic and geological strata.
Opening of the section along with Commissioning of PirPanjal Tunnel,
the longest transportation tunnel in India and third longest in the world,
is a matter of pride for all officers and staff of USBRL project. Many of
the technologies and novelties used for construction of this Mega
Structure were adopted for the first time in the History of Indian
Railways. This, as an asset of Indian Railways, will make every Railway men
feel proud.
Completion of this tunnel was made possible with the untiring efforts
of many officers and staff of Northern Railway, IRCON & RITES and the
employees of consultants and contractors, who had been posted in this
project all these years and have worked relentlessly even in the adverse
climatic condition and during the time of extreme insurgency.

# 2

Member Engineering ShSubodh Jain

visited the project on 31.08.2013 and
reviewed the progress of work. Member
Engineering also commissioned the twin
cable crane at Chenab Bridge Site. The
span of the crane is 915m and the height
of the supporting steel pylons are 127m
on Kauri end and 105 m on Bakkal end.

# 3

Sub-Committee-I (Railways) of
the
Public
Accounts
Committee(2013-14), Headed by
Sh.PrakshJavadekar, visited the
project area and discussed the
Audit Report No. -19 on USBRL
Project on 24th and 25th Oct. They
were appraised about the status of
project and difficulties being
faced during execution.
Key
Officers of Northern Railway of
concern department and CMD of
IRCON and KRCL were also
present.

# 3 Social Gathering of officers and their families at Officers Rest House, Jammu
# 5

# 4

Sh. Kul Bhushan,

Member
Electrical and
Member
Engineering
(additional
Charge) energised
5MVA, 33/11kV
Railway Grid at
Katra on
08.04.20133.
.

MOU signed
between
Northern
Railway and
IRCON for
Railway
Electrification
work of
BanihalBaramulla
section of
USBRL

# 6 Break through was achieved at Tunnel No. T42 in Sangaldan area on

27.08.2013. This breakthrough was at the junction of 2 track tunnel with single
track tunnel. The total length of tunnel is 2732 m. With this, KRCL has achieved
breakthrough in 8 nos of tunnels out of 14 nos.

# 8

Due to excessive squeezing and swelling a portion of the tunnel T1 between

Udhampur Katra collapsed in the year 2006. Rehabilitation of this tunnel by
laying a new diversion tunnel of length 1.7 km was a major bottleneck for
completion of UHP-Katra section. Officers and Staff of UdhampurKatra section
have successfully completed construction of diversion portion of tunnel T-1 in
the month of May, 2013. Laying of BLT in T1 and T3 has also been completed
on 30.09.13 and 15.09.2013 respectively.

7 67th
Independence day was celebrated at
CAO/USBRLs office at Satyam Comples, Jammu. Flag Hoisting
by Sh.R.K.Chaudhary, CEE/USBRL

# 9

Lining for tunnel T43 and T46 has been completed by KRCL.
4

# 10 Group of the officers comprising CAO/USBRL, CE/S/USBRL

CEE/USBRL, FA & CAO/USBRL, ED/KRCL, Dy.CE/Design/USBRL,
Dy.CE/Reasi/USBRL Dy.CE/Chenab/USBRL, CE/Design /KRCL
CE/KRCL and other officers of NR & KRCL and geologist and DDC of
KRCL proceeded to the Anji Bridge Site and trekked around the Bridge
Site.(Top Left)
Negotiating the narrow footpath through slided area along the right
bank.ofAnji River (Top Right)
Showing a waterfall in the backdrop over thickly bedded rock and
slidedscrree on the northern slope at the toe of the ridge. (Left)

# 11

At Chenab Bridge fabrication work of viaduct girder has commenced. This

work was stand still for the last 3-4 years. This is a major achievement and
now it appears that construction of bridge will be completed in time.

Workshop at Chenab Bridge site. Site.

# 12

Rural life of present

day India. Going around Anji
Bridge locaton, Dabi Village has
to be passsed. The village is
inhabited
by
couples
of
villages.in one of the hut in the
village is built this, Panchakki
(Hydel Floor Mill) run by natural
water stream. This masterpiece is
equiped with woden penstock to
generate the required water head
and mechanism to control
volume of water to regulate RPM
of Grinders. This was a source
of attaraction for thoes who
had never came across such a
device before.

# 13 Meeting was held with Dr. Branko Damjanac of ITSACA (USA)

on the subject of Global Stability of Chenab Bridge and 3DEC dynamic
analysis at New Delhi on 05/11/2013.
# 14 Dr. P. C. Jha, Scientist and Head Engineering Geophysics Dept,
National Institute of Rock Mechanics were requested to visit Tunnel No T3
of UdhampurKatra Section.

# 15 Bridge no 32 over river Banganga is acontinuous span bridge

comprising of middle span of 90m and end spans of 60 m is nearing
completion. The Bridge was constructed by Balanced Cantilever
Methodology and last segment is likely to cast during the month.

Banganga Bridge

T E C H N I C A L
Power Supply Arrangements in Kashmir Valley
1.

Introduction:

Quazigund-Baramulla section (120 km) in Kashmir Valley as part of

USBRL Project was sanctioned in the year February, 1999. When new
alignment was marked on ground, it was passing through orchards, crop
fields, etc. There were a large number of Electrical Over Head
Crossings of PDD (M&RE), PDD (S&O) and PGCIL infringing the
alignment of track. To divert/modify these over head work was a major
challenge as earth work had to start immediately for construction of
embankment and to clear site of bridges on the alignment. The total
numbers of Over Head Crossings were as under:a)
400 KV Crossings.
9 No
PGCIL
3 Nos PDD(S&O)
b) 220 kV Over Head Crossings.
132 kV Over Head Crossings.
10 Nos PDD(S&O)
LT to 33 kV Over Head
144 Nos
PDD(M&R
c)
Crossings.
E)
2.

Challenges/Constraints:

3.

Approach & Methodology:

There were following challenges/constraints for making reliable power

supply available:i)
Shortage of Power in J&K State (Especially in Valley).
Severe low voltage problems/Power cut on LT distribution.
ii)
No adequate experienced contractors for execution of work.
iii)
Severe weather conditions, below sub-zero temperature,
iv)
snow-fall.
Security threats.
v)
No approach to reach all sites of work.
vi)
Right of way problem and public resistance.
vii)
Power Development Department and Power Grid of India Limited
(PGCIL) were approached to divert/modify electrical over head
crossings as a deposit work within a fixed period to clear the Railway
Track alignment. PDD (M&RE) did not agree to take-up this huge work
as deposit work. Then, it was decided that the work would be done by
IRCON/Railway under the supervision of Nodal Officer appointed by
PDD (M&RE). The crossings up to 33 kV were modified/diverted by
procuring the material and the execution contract was done by IRCON.
These were modified by providing double circuit under-ground cables
with 4- pole structures on either side of the track alignment.
For diversion/modification of 400 kV/220 kV/132 kV Crossings,
Power Grid (PGCIL) and Power Development Department (PDD)/S&O
agreed to execute the work as deposit work. Diverted alignment of these
Crossings were surveyed and submitted by respective agencies to
Northern Railway for approval. While approving the proposed
alignments, these were examined to reduce the route lengths in order to
save cost of construction of diversions lines.

During the execution of the work, lot of public resistance and

right of way problems were faced. To resolve the right of way
problems, the alignments of 400 kV Crossings were re-visited
and some of the crossings were realigned and few Crossings
were raised at existing location by obtaining the dispensation for
Regulations of Electrical Crossings-1987.

As a result Rs 2323.23 Lac was saved for 400 kV Crossings.

Similarly, out of 3 nos 220 kV Crossings, alignment of one crossing was
revisited and realigned. For modification of 132 kV Crossings by PDD/S&O, right
of way issues cropped up which were resolved by negotiating with local public.
It was very difficult to get the shut down for long duration on 400 kV,
220 kV and 132 kV transmission lines for diversion of these Crossings. To resolve
these problems, an Emergency Restoration System (ERS) was used during the
construction stage to minimize the time of shut down.
15 Railway stations were planned in Quazigund-Baramulla section. For 5
Railway stations, 33 kV Power Supply and for 10 Railway stations, 11 kV Power
Supply through independent feeders were taken from PDD (M&RE) to have
reliable Power Supply from State Govt. , as against the existing practice of availing
connections at LT on way side stations and 11 kV on major stations.
4. Integrated Power Supply Scheme:
In January, 2007, electrification of USBRL Project was approved in
principle by Railway Board for which tentative Traction Power Supply scheme
was finalized with concept of Integrated Sub-stations feeding to requirement of
General Services & Tunnel Ventilation systems and feeding to 25 KV AC Traction
systems. In this scheme, 2 Traction Sub-stations at Budgam and Baramulla and 3
Integrated Sub-stations at Lower Munda (Quazigund), Sangaldan and Reasi were
planned, which have since been changed, to two Integrated Sub-station at Reasi and
Sangaldan, since power supply for General Services have been availed in BanihalQuazigund section.
Keeping in view very difficult terrain between Katra-Banihal where 33 kV
Power Supply for general services requirement from PDD is not easily accessible,
Integrated Sub-stations have been planned for taking 33 kV Power Supply for
portal Sub-stations for general services and Tunnel Ventilation . The Power Supply
tapped from 132 kV/33 kV Integrated Sub-station will be transmitted by 33 kV
cable net-work through the Tunnels and Bridges. This will be further stepped down
to 11 kV and used for the various Tunnel Ventilation, E&M and Safety systems
and other general services requirements.
5. Outcome:
Based on the experience on this project, Railway Board had issued policy
guidelines vide Railway Boards letter No 2008/Elect/ (G)/150/22 dt 21.04.2009
for all new projects and for the stations to be upgraded, to obtain 33 kV/11 kV
Power Supply from State Electricity Board in place of LT connections and go for
Integrated Sub-stations at 132 kV/33 kV with a view to having reliability and
eliminating low voltage problems.

6.

LT Distribution:

No Over Head Distribution lines have been used for Quarters and Service
buildings at Railway stations on this project. All 33 kV, 11 kV and LT Net work
have been laid through under-ground cables which is reliable as the break-down on
account of birdage, kite flying, damage of insulators by stone throwing, breakage
under snowfall etc have been eliminated. It has also improved ambiance
aesthetically. For this initiative also, Railway Board has issued the guidelines, for
laying of under-ground cables for new constructions in place of Over Head lines in
residential and Service buildings areas.
7. Conclusion:

The above initiatives have not only improved the electrical systems on this
project but also eliminated many maintenance problems, improved reliability of
systems, resolved right of way problem and achieved economy besides having
issued policy guidelines by Railway Board.

The series will continue. In next issue Tunnel Ventilation and E&M System of
T-80 will be covered and further issue SCADA system for Tunnel T-80 will be
covered.

By
R.K.Chaudhary
Chief Electrical Engineer/USBRL

DEVELOPMENT AND SELECTION OF TYPE OF BRIDGE

1.

Introduction

This topic covers the selection of type of bridge, introduction of bridge , special
design features and the team involved in the construction of Chenab Bridge
The Indian Railways has undertaken a mega project of construction of a new
Railway line in J&K state from Udhampur to Baramulla. The alignment is a culmination of
large number of Tunnels and Bridges in highly rugged and mountainous terrain with most
difficult Himalayan Geology. The alignment crosses deep gorges of Chenab River near 11
km upstream of Salal Hydro Power Dam, located in Reasi District of J & K.
Being the alignment near upstream of the Dam and initially lack of accessibility to
the bridge site, selection of type of the bridge to be constructed there was a great challenge
to this project team; because of too much height of formation level as well as span.
Earlier such a mega bridge on the most typical geology was not constructed in India
and therefore, engineers were very cautious about selection of type and shape and span
arrangement of the bridge. On this issue, a number of meetings were held to discuss the
various alternatives. At the last, a brain storming session comprising of experienced Civil
Engineers available in India, including Professors of IITs and Roorkee, was organized on to
decide the type, shape and span arrangement of the bridge. Consequently, steel structure
in Arch over river Chenab was the most preferred choice of the members owing to steels
ability to absorb earthquake forces without damage unlike concrete structure. The thrust of
the arch also stabilizes the side slopes of the river. It is easier to construct, maintain and
rehabilitate the steel structure compared to other structures.

Span arrangement from

55M + 2 X
65M + 10 x 48M + 65M
+55M + 40M + 9X50M +
40M

2.

Longitudinal section of Chenab Bridge and Span Details:

1315.00

BakkalEnd:

Height of bridge from bed level

of Chenab River to Formation
level is 359.0 M. It will be the
highest Railway Bridge in the
world from the river bed once
constructed. Span over the river
will be steel in Arch having span
467 m between supports P40 (left
slope) and P50 (right slope).
Foundations of P40 and P50 rest
on fractured thinly bedded &
jointed Dolomitic Limestone
which has been the major
concern of stability issues since
the inception of the bridge.
Keeping this in mind, more
detail study like Global stability
of left and right slopes is being
carried out to know the long
term stability of the slopes.

By
Kamlesh Kumar
Deputy Chief Engineer/Chenab Bridge/USBRL

3.

Salient Features of Chenab Bridge:

1. Total length of the Bridge
2. Design Loading
loading 1987
3. Design life of the bridge
4. Design speed

5. Height of Bridge (river bed to formation)

6. Main Arch Span
7. Total steel fabrication
8. Design Wind Velocity
(at deck level)
9. Geology of terrain
Slope along Katra side bank :
Slope along Kauri side bank :
vertical)

:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

1315 meters
MBG

120 years
100 Kmph
359 m
467 meters
25000 MT
266 kmph

+35 to 50 degrees
vertical
to
sub-

4.

a.

b.

Unique Design Features:

Use of Concrete filled trusses: A steel arch is comparatively very light and would face stability problems against wind as maximum
wind pressure at Deck level recorded was 150 kg/m 2. Concrete filled trusses will help in improving stability of the arch, and also give
benefit of composite action between the steel arch and filled concrete thereby making the design more efficient. This feature is being
used for the first time in India. In this regard, a mock up trial of 9.0 m segment of Arch section was conducted at the site in March,
2010 under supervision of Technical Advisory Group (TAG) comprising of eminent Civil Engineers. They suggested to fill high
slump concrete in the Arch Box and established the composite action between filled concrete and Arch through studs fixed inside
surface in the box.
Structural Redundancy: This Bridge is vulnerable from security point of view as any damage to the bridge will not only cut of f the link
between two regions of Jammu and Kashmir but is also likely to provide wide pub licity to the anti-social elements. Hence a provision has
been made in the design for the following situations: If an element is removed
either from truss of the
arches or from steel
spandrel columns it would
still be possible to run the
traffic over the bridge at a
restricted speed of 30
kmph.
If one of the columns/steel
Pier collapses, the deck
would not collapse. It
would be possible to
restore the bridge for
normal operation after
carrying
out
required
repairs.
Artistic view of Chenab Bridge

5.

Blast load: The Bridge is designed for the Blast Load also. No standard code for Blast load on steel structure is available in the word.
Therefore, design criteria for Blast laod was decided after conducting study on the model of M S Plate of different size and thickness
supported on two I section with different inter separation distances. The explosive charge was detonated a t a distance from I section.
The response of the metal plate was determined using Autodene 3D software. Accordingly, parameters for design were decided by the
committee set up for the study.
Project Team: Agencies involved in the construction of Chenab Bridge are as under:

Client : Konkan Railway Corporation Limited, Mumbai

EPC Contractor :
AFCONS ULTRA- VSL JV (M/S CBPU)
Design Consultant :
M/S WSP (Finland) for all work, except Arch and LAP (Germany) for Arch design
Proof Consultant : M/S URS and Flint & Neill Ltd (United Kingdom) - JV

Other agencies engaged by the EPC Contractor are as under:

Third Party Inspection : IRS

Geotechnical Consultant : IISc Bangalore NIRM (Kolar), IIT Delhi
Welding Consultant :
Welding Research Institute, Trichi
Wind Tunnel Testing :
Force Technology (Denmark)
Pylon : Designer - M/S VCE Consultant (Austria)
Manufacturing and supplier of Cable crane - M/s SEIK (Italy)
Painting Scheme : Central Electro-Chemical Research Institute,
Karaikudi, RDSO and IIT Mumbai

Some of the Worlds Longest Arch Bridges

The Chaotianmen Bridge
Status: world's longest arch bridge.
Type :Road-rail bridge
Type of Super-structure : continuous steel truss
arch bridge with tie girders
Span Configuration :
Main span of 552 meters (1,811 ft) and a total length
of 1,741 m (5,712 ft).
Carriageway/Track :
Carries 6 lanes in two ways and a pedestrian lane on
each side on the upper deck, and dual light rails in
the middle and 2 traffic lanes on each side on the
lower deck.
River :Yangtze River
City: Chongqing, China.
Opened : 29 April 2009

The Lupu Bridge

Status: World's second longest arch bridge.
Type : Road-bridge
Type of Super-structure: TheLupu Bridge is a steel
through-tied box-girder arch bridge and it is also the only
steel arch bridge in the world to be completely welded.
Span Configuration :
Main span of 550 meters (1,804 ft) and total length of
3,900-metre (12,795 ft)
Carriageway/Track :
The bridge carries 6 lanes of the South-North
Elevated Road, 3 lanes in each direction.
River :Huangpu River
City: Shanghai, China.
Opened: June 28, 2003.
Cost $302M,US

The Bosideng Bridge

Status :the third longest arch bridge in the world, after completion
Type :Highway bridge
Span Configuration: span of 530 m (1,740 ft).
River :Yangtze River; City :Hejiang County, Sichuan, China
Opened :under construction

By
Hussain Khan
Executive Engineer/D-II/USBRL/Project

New River Gorge Bridge

Status: World's fourth longest arch bridge.
Type: Roadway-bridge
Type of Super-structure: The Bridge is a steel girder arch bridge and the
members are held together with rivets.
Span Configuration:
Main span of 518.2 meters (17, 00 ft) and total length of 924-metre (3030
ft)
Carriageway/Track:
The bridge carries 4 lanes with central divider.
River: New River Gorge
City: WestVirgiana, United states.
Opened: 22 Oct., 1977.
Cos t $37 M, US

Bayonne Bridge
Status: World's fifth longest bridge. Longest in the world at the time of its
completion.
Type: Roadway-bridge; Type of Super-structure: Two Hinged spandrelbraced trussed arch.
Span Configuration :Main span of 510.54 meters (1,675 ft) and total
length of 1762-metre (5780 ft)
Carriageway/Track: The bridge carries 4 lanes of the NY 440 and NJ
440.
River: Kill Van Kull Strait.City :New Jersey, USA.
Opened :November 15, 1931; Cost $13M,US

Sydney Harbor Bridge

Status: world's sixth longest spanning arch Bridge. Type : Road-Rail
bridge; Type of Super-structure: The Bridge is steel through arch bridge
and the bridge is held together by rivets.
Span Configuration :Main span of 503 meters (1650 ft) and total length
of 1149-metre (3770 ft)
Carriageway/Track: The bridge carries 4 lanes of road traffic, 2 Tram
tracks and two Railway Tracks.
River: SydneyHarbour.;City: Sydney, Australia.
Opened: 19 march1932.
Cost AU 6.25M,

Chenab Bridge
Status : world's Seventh longest spanning arch bridge (after Completion)
Type : Rail bridge
Type of Super-structure: Through concrete filled truss steel arch
Bridge.
Span Configuration :Main span of 467 meters (1532 ft) and total length
of 1315 meter (4315 ft)
Carriageway/Track: The bridge is 17 meter wide (over arch), carrying
single line Railway Track.
River: ChenabRiver.City :Katra, India.
Opened :under construction ; Cost : 5120 M,

10

Wushan Bridge
Status: world's eighth longest spanning arch bridge. (present)
Type : Road Bridge
Type of Super-structure: Concrete filled steel tube arch Bridge.
Span Configuration :
Main span of 460 meters (1510 ft) and total length of 616 meter (2021 ft)
Carriageway/Track: The bridge carries 4 lanes of road traffic,
River: Yangtze River.
City Chongqing, China.
Opened : 2005

Miugzhou Bridge
Status: world's ninth longest spanning arch bridge.
Type : Road Bridge
Type of Super-structure: Double leg half throughSteel box arch Bridge.
Span Configuration: Main span of 450 metres (1476 ft) and total length
of 650 metre (2132 ft).
River :YongjiangRiver.
Location Ningbo (Zhejiang) china.
Opened : 2011

Zhijinghe River Bridge

Status: world's tenth longest spanning arch bridge (World highest road
Arch bridge with 294 m high).
Type : Road Bridge
Type of Super-structure: Concrete Filled steel tubular arch Bridge.
Carriageway/Track: The bridge carries G-50 Shanghai-Chongqing
expressway.
Span Configuration: Main span of 430 metres (1411 ft).
River :Zhijinghe River.
Location Hubei Province china.
Opened : 2009

Xinguang Bridge
Status: world's eleventh longest spanning arch bridge.
Type : Road Bridge
Type of Super-structure: steel arch Bridge.
Span Configuration: Main span of 428 metres (1404 ft).
River:Zhu Jiang River.
Location: Guanzhou, Guangdong, china.
Opened : 2008
Cost: 48 M $.

11

10

Quake, Tremor or Temblor

SYNOPSYS

Bhuj, India, earthquake of January 26, 2001. . As many as

15,000 people might have died in the massive quake

Part 1

Earthquakes have always been a cause of concern for civil

engineers, because of their devastating nature and the challenge they impose
on the designer to design a civil structure that is capable of withstanding the
energy and forces released during the event. In general, the word earthquake is
used to describe any seismic activity natural or man generated generating
seismic waves. Major cause of earthquake is the fault rupture along the
interacting tectonic plates; however a land slide, volcanic eruption, mine blast or
a nuclear test can also cause an earthquake. At the earth surface earthquake
are noticeable by ground shaking and if the intensity is severe then by ground
displacement. When they originate offshore, they manifest themselves in the
form of tsunami. Earthquakes are random phenomenon and impose challenge
to Engineers. An attempt has been made through this paper to describe most
about earthquakes. The paper will be presented in four series each covering
following aspects.
Part 1: Causes and origin of earthquake
Part 2: What happens during an earthquake?
Part3: Quantification and simplification of an earthquake event.
Part 4: Concept behind design of structures to resist an earthquake event.

PART 1
CAUSES AND ORIGIN OF EARTHQUAKE.
1.

Introduction

This part mainly deals with geodynamics and geology, to understand

causes and occurrences of earthquakes a brief review of following three
theories/principles is essential.
Principal of isostacy
Continental drift theory
Plate tectonic theory
Elastic rebound theory.
(This will be coveredinpart II as this is more related to .what
happens during an earthquake event?)

The magnitude 6.2 quake hit the island on Sunday (June 2),
damaging roads and infrastructure

Fig 1

By
Sangrah Maurya
Deputy Chief Engineer/Design/USBRL Project

But before discussing these theories/principles, lets have a quick look on

earths structure or geodynamics.
If the earth is cut into two sections as shown in the figure 1, its inner
can be broadly divided into three zones, a) core comprising molten heavy
metals, predominantly iron and nickel, b) mantle, earth mantel is 2900Km thick
and mainly consists of silicate rocky shell, c) the outer most shell is called crust.
There is no clear demarcation between crust and mantle rather there is a
gradual transition. The crust and the uppermost mantle, which constitute the
hard and rigid outer layer of the Earth is called lithosphere.
Part of the upper mantle that is hot and weak is called
asthenosphere. The only difference between lithosphere and asthenosphere is
in the way they behave in response to stress. The lithosphere remains rigid in
response to stress, during very long period of geological time it deforms
elastically and failure is brittle whereas the asthenosphere deforms viscously
and accommodates deformation through plastic strains. The lithosphere is
segmented into tectonic plates.
2. PRINCIPAL OF ISOSTACY.

(Isos means static; tacy means standstill)

The general term 'isostasy' was coined in 1889 by the American
geologist Clarence Dutton. In short it means presence of plastic zone beneath
earth crust. It can also be interpreted as Earth crust (i.e. the lithosphere) is
floating over the mantle (i.e. the asthenosphere).
(Video on principle of isostacy is available on internet at following
hyperlink: http://bcove.me/cdpcc14v)

The crust and the uppermost mantle, which constitute the hard
and rigid outer layer of the Earth is called lithosphere.
Part of the upper mantle that is hot and weak is called
12
asthenosphere

11

3.

CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY

Lets have a look at worlds map, shown in Fig 2. Lets

separate the three continents North America South America and
Africa as shown in fig 3 and lets try to solve a jig saw puzzle. Well
the shapes of the continents seemed to fit together, fig 4. Contine
Continents
of the world have not always been in the same place. The
continents have drifted to their present locations over millions of
years. But what about the other continent that do not fit perfectly. A
better fit is found by matching the continental shelv
shelves (original
shorelines that are now underwater)

Fig 2

Speculation about the drift was first put forth by AbrahnOrtelius

Abrahn
in
1556. The concept was independently and more fully developed by Alfred
Wegener in 1912. This theory is supported by the plate tectonics, which
explains how the continent moves (explained in the subsequent
paragraphs).

Fig 3

Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift in early

1900s
Wegeners theorized that all the continents were once a single
landmass. He named this single large continent as Pangaea,
and published his work in a book, The origin of Continents and
oceans.Unfortunately, Wegeners ideas
idea were sidelined. During
that time Austrian Edward Seuss proposed the theory of baked
apple earth. He hypothesized that when the Earth cooled down,
its surface wrinkled like a baked apple.
Though Wegener has the right idea but he could not explain the
mechanism causing such a massive movement.

Various phases of continental drift are betterdescribed in graphical form in

Figure 5 to 7 below:

Fig 4

Fig5a

Fig 5a presence of single continent: PanGaea 225 million years ago.

Fig 5b 200 million years ago

Fig5b

Fig6a

Fig6b

Fig 6a Jurassic era 150 million years ago

Fig 6b Cretaceous 65 million years ago.
Fig 7 Present days

Fig 7

Wegeners theorized that all the continents were once a

single landmass. He named this single large continent
as Pangaea. (Pan means All, Gaea means Earth)
13

12

4.

WHAT SUPPORTS THE CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY?

The shapes of the continents seemed to fit together.

Mountain ranges and other features also lined up
Mountain ranges of one continent, end at coastline begin
again at another continent
Similarities between rocks of adjacent continents are
evidence for continental drift.

A. EVIDENCE FROM LANDFORMS, FIGURE 8

B. EVIDENCE FROM FOSSILS. FIGURE 9

Fossils from one continent matched fossils from other

continents.
Wegener used both plant and animal fossils.

Fig 8

D. EVIDENCE FROM CLIMATE, FIG 10

When the glaciers retreat/ advance, they leave behind proof. Deeply
scratched rocks (striations), U-shaped valleys, patterns of rock
formations.

F IG 9
C. SOURCES OF EARTHQUAKE FIG 11
Sources of earthquakes if marked on global map are located along
the boundaries of these continental plates. Earthquake zones an d
volcanoes follow a pattern. They occur along the boundaries (edges)
of tectonic plates (form an outline).

Fig 10
PLATE TECTONIC THEORY-HOW THE CONTINENT MOVED

The earth crust or lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates. On earth

there are seven to eight major tectonic plates and many minor plates.

These plates are in motion; the lateral relative motion of the plates
varies from zero to 100 mm annually.
The current theory is that the continents moved due to the
movement of tectonic plates.
Tectonic plates = movable slabs of rock that make up the Earth
As already explained above lithosphere is cooler and more rigid, while
asthenosphere is hotter and flows more easily. The basic principal of plate
tectonic is that lithosphere is divided into separate and distinct plates,
which rides on fluid like asthenosphere.
Figure12 on next page shows major plates of earth and arrow indicates
their relative motion.

Fig 11

14

13

6. WHAT DRIVES THE PLATES?

Many theories have been proposed

as the driving cause of plate tectonic, like
driving force of plate motion, driving force
related to mantle dynamics, driving force
related to gravity, driving force related to
earth rotation. Mantle convection is the
leading theory and deliberated in this article,
matter on other theories is available on
internet.
This theory was proposed by Arthur
Holmesin 1930. The temperature of the inner
core of earth is about 8000oC, whereas the
temperature of outer asthenosphere is about
2000 OC. Temperature difference causes
convection currents within the mantle. The
lighter and hotter matter of mantle towards
the core is carried upwards due to difference
in density and buoyancy effects. The matter
cool as it rises and the denser and cooler
mater sinks causing convection currents. The
frictional drag between the convection current
in asthenosphere and rigid overlying
lithosphere causes the plate motion Figure 13. Convection currents
exert a downward drag force on plates at sub-ductionzone (marked 'A' in
fig 13). Temperature as cause of density variation in mantle is one factor
in fact 2D and 3D imaging of Earth Interior has shown lateral density
variation of mantle,thisvariationcould be due to presence of varying
nature of rock, minerals or due to thermal variation.
How exactly, mantle convection effects the plate movement is
a matter of ongoing study and deliberation in the field of geodynamics.
As per the assessment made by scientist as on date there are
essentially two type of forces that influence the plat motion.
B ASAL DRAG: Plates are driven by the friction between the
convection current in the asthenosphere and the more rigid overlying
floating lithosphere.
SLAB SUCTION convection current exerts a downward frictional pull
on plates as they are driven into the mantle.
This theory has also been debated recently more information on the
subject is available on internet.
Now we know that there are plates and they are in motion relative to
each other. Depending on the motion of these plates relative to each
other, boundaries can be classified into following type.

Fig 12
Sub-duction is defined as a process that takes place at
convergent boundary, by which one tectonic plate moves
under another tectonic plate and sinks into the mantle, point
A in figure below

Fig 13

TRANSFORM FAULTS OR BOUNDARIES: When plates slides

or rub against each other then they are called transform boundaries e.g.
San Andreas fault in California. These are also called as conservative
fault as they neither create nor destroy Lithosphere. These faults end
abruptly and are connected on both ends to other faults, Figure 14.

DIVERGENT BOUNDARIES: (Constructive as new crust is

created): when plates slides apart from each other e.g. mid ocean
ridges. Divergent boundaries within continents prod uce rift which
produces rift valley they also form volcanic island as molten lava rises to
fill the gap created as plates move apart.

Transform Fault shown

in red line

CONVERGENT B OUNDARIES (Destructed as crust is lost):

when two plates slides towards each other forming either a sub -duction
zone (if one plate moves underneath the other plate) or continental
collision (if the two plates contain continental crust). As a result of
pressure, friction and plate material melting in the mantle, earthquake
and volcanoes are common near convergent boundaries. (e.g.
Himalayas)

PLATE B OUNDARY ZONES occur where the effects of the

interaction are unclear and the boundaries are not well defined or may
show various movements in different events.
15
Figure 14 on next page shows possible location of all such faults

14

Convergent boundaries
Figure 14

Rift Valley Divergent plate

Fig 14

moving apart, this result in thinning of crust at the boundary,

the magma from mantle due to convection current results in
uplifting of seafloor and also emerges as lava (point A in fig
14 above), creating new crust/Ridge upon cooling.

7. EXAMPLE OF DIVERGENT FAULT: MID ATLANTIC RIDGE

Figure below shows the boundary between two oceanic plates, the
African and South American plate (in the southern Atlantic basin) and
the Eurasian and North American plates (in the northern Atlantic
basin) kindly also refer to fig no 12 above. The two plates are moving
apart, hence constitute the Divergent Boundary. Two plates are

The reverse S shape ridge is basically Divergent Boundary

and lines perpendicular to the ridge are transform faults.

Eurasian Plate

North American Plate

South American Plate

African Plate

16

15

San
Andreas
Fault

8. EXAMPLE OF TRANSFORM FAULT

San Andreas is a transform fault and extends roughly 1300 Km. it forms
a tectonic boundary between North American Plate and Pacific Plate.
This fault is responsible for notable earthquake of magnitude up to 7.9
in California (Fig below)

North American Plate

9. EXAMPLES OF CONVERGENT PLATE

The collision
between
the Eurasian
Plate and
the Indian
Plate that is
forming
the Himalayas.

Mariana trench located

in the western Pacific
Ocean east of Marian
Island forms boundary
between the Pacific
Plate and the smaller
Mariana Plate. This is
the deepest part of the
worlds ocean. The
Pacific Plate is the
largest of the tectonic
plates and also very
dense, therefore its
great height difference
in comparison to the
Marina Plate( that is
placed higher due to
less
thickness
:
principal of isostacy
lighter material floats
higher
and
dense
material
floats
submerged)results in
sub-duction of Pacific
Plate.

Pacific Plate

10. Earthquakes

After having understood geodynamics in brief, lets get back to our main topic i.e. Earthquake.
Earthquake or quake or tremor or temblor describes a seismic event either natural or man generated that generates seismic wa ves. These are caused
mainly by rupture of geological faults, but other events like volcano, landslide or nuclear test may also cause earthquake.
As seen above the plates move past each other along the fault line. Had the common boundaries of these plates been smooth then the plates could have
drifted past against each other without any resistance. Unfortunately most fault surfaces have irregularities or asperities along their surface, which results in high
frictional resistance along the fault plane or even locking. If the fault is locked, whereas there is continuous relative mot
motion
ion between the plates, leads to stress
accumulation which is stored as strain energy in the volume around the fault plane. As the plates moves the stress accumulates until it touches the threshold value
causing breaking of asperity. This breaking of asperity results in sudden sliding along the fault line aand
nd release of all accumulated strain energy.

17

16

SOME FACTS

Energy is released in many forms like frictional heat, noise, cracking

of rocks and elastic strain seismic waves. It is estimated that only 10 % of an
earthquakes total energy is radiated as seismic energy, most of the energy is
consumed in initiating the earthquake fracture growth.
In contrast to the common myth that the earthquake is a point
mechanism, originating and culminating at the focus/hypocenter, they are actually
spread along the fault line. Their occurrence is better described by Stick slip
phenomenon described in partII of the paper. Slip at fault is triggered by a point
along the fault line reaching the threshold of stress level first, this act as a catalyst
and triggers the slip of adjoining points. In this chain reaction the strain energy
stored in the media around the fault plane is released in time frame varying from
fraction of seconds to few seconds. Some part of this energy is dissipated in the
form of radiating elastic strain seismic waves that are perceived at a distant place
as earthquake waves.

Asperity
Defined as unevenness of surface, roughness, ruggedness

to be concluded

Myth about causes of earthquake.

Earth has been balanced on one of the horns of holy cow. Tired of
holding the earth on one horn the cow shifts the earth to her other
horn. This is done by bouncing the earth from one horn to other.
This bouncing causes earthquake.
Poseidon, cause and God of earthquake in Greek mythology, struck
the ground with a trident when he is in bad mood. This causes
earthquake. He also uses earthquake to punish and inflict fear upon
people as revenge
In Japanese mythology, Namazu is a giant catfish which causes
earthquakes. Namazu lives in the mud beneath the earth, and is
guarded by the god Kashima who restrains the fish with a stone.
When Kashima lets his guard fall, Namazu thrashes about, causing
violent earthquakes.
In Norse mythology (North Germany), earthquakes were explained
as the violent struggling of the god Loki. When Loki, god of
mischief and strife, murdered Baldr, god of beauty and light, he was
punished by being bound in a cave with a poisonous serpent placed
above his head dripping venom. Loki's wife Sigyn stood by him
with a bowl to catch the poison, but whenever she had to empty the
bowl the poison dripped on Loki's face, forcing him to jerk his head
away and thrash against his bonds, which caused the earth to
tremble

Image of the northern Atlantic Ocean showing the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

and recorded seismic (earthquake) event locations. From 1999-2002,
approximately 8,000 earthquakes were recorded, mostly along the MidAtlantic Ridge

TNT EQUIVALENT OF EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE

LIGHTER MOMENTS

Magnitude is in Richter scale, because of the logarithmic basis

of the scale, each whole number increase in magnitude
represents a tenfold increase in measured amplitude; in terms of
energy, each whole number increase corresponds to an increase
of about 31.6 times the amount of energy released, and each
increase of 0.2 corresponds to a doubling of the energy released.
18

17

Sangaldan Station in Tunnel

Summary:
The presence of tunnels on either end of Sangaldan yard warranted wider section
to accommodate loop lines within the tunnel. At the portal locations the geology is
Murree formations with overlying debris 5-10 m high. The work of wider section
tunnel was taken up by Conventional Method of tunneling. This is the first time
that a two track wide section tunnel has been executed for USBRL Project. The
paper explains the design and construction aspects regarding execution of this
work.
1. Introduction:

2.

The design consultant, M/s SJVNL has provided design of supports and
construction sequence for wider section tunnels having finished area of 87.96
m2. The design is worked out based on the consideration of rock mass of
poor to very poor quality. The rock load for the given size of opening and
geological conditions is estimated to be about 6.17 kg/cm2 (i.e. equivalent to
28 m of rock load).
The support elements are described as below:

The 945m long Sangaldan Station yard of Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail

Link project is in open cutting and located between chainage 92.370 and chainage
93.315. The maximum depth of cutting at certain locations on uphill side of the
yard is ranging up to 55m. The yard including the adjoining tunnels pass through
alternative bands of sandstone, siltstone, clay stone of Murree formation with
overlying debris about 5-10 m high at the top.

2.1 Collapse Prevention:

114.33 mm diameter steel pipes, 12 m long for support in advance are
advised so that the collapse of rock and over break is prevented. Pipe fore
poling umbrella at crown was proposed for the distribution of loads in the
longitudinal direction. Ground improvement was suggested ahead of the
tunnel face by pressure grouting.

At two ends of the yard, loop lines enter into the tunnels which necessitate wider
section of tunnels to accommodate double lines. The 55m long wider tunnel T40/41 from portal P-2 side has its portal at chainage 92/370m (Katra end). The
rock cover above portal is about 16 m and there after it increases to 37 m up at
chainage 92/300 m. Similarly the 70 m long wider tunnel T-42/43(Qazigund end)
from portal P-1 side has its portal at chainage 93/315m. The rock cover above
portal is about 19m and thereafter it increases to 37 m up at chainage 93/360m.

Figure 1:: Schematic Layout Plan of Sangaldan Station Yard

Rajesh K
DyChief Engineer
Konkan Railway Corporation Limited

Rajesh Agarwal
Executive Director/Projects
Konkan Railway Corporation Limited

Design Details:

2.2 Initial supports:

150mm thick plain shotcrete (M-25) with 2 layers of wire mesh or 150 mm
thick SFRS immediately after excavation was proposed as initial support.
50mm thick shotcrete was advised to support face along with fiber rock bolts
as per requirement.

2.3
Rock bolts:
Pattern rock bolts 32 mm dia., 8-10 m long were proposed at overt.
2.4
Steel Ribs:
Steel ribs ISHB 300 X 250 built up with additional flange plates (10mm
thick and 300 mm wide) were proposed. The space between the ribs was
required to be filled with backfill concrete or shotcrete using RCC lagging.
2.5
Temporary Concrete Invert:
Temporary concrete invert 30 cm thick was to be provided in the heading to
close the supporting ring in 1st and 2nd stage of excavation. This was to be
removed/sacrificed at the time of benching.
2.6
Final Support:
This was to be provided after the rock movements have stabilized.
Reinforced Concrete lining 530mm thick is proposed for final lining.

19 18

2.7 Drainage holes :

Being in Murrey formation comprising of Sandstone/Silt stone and Clay stones,
significant seepage water was not expected in these tunnels. Drainage holes were to
be provided as per requirement during construction stage. For the final stage,
drainage holes are to be provided, near the base, for the release of sub-surface
water.
The sequence of construction selected was such that over breaks and cavity
formation is avoided by advance application of fore poles and immediate
application of shotcrete and rock bolts so as to make a self supporting rock arch.
The support system was to be further strengthened in stages by installation of steel
supports. The space inside the steel ribs is to be backfilled with concrete. At the
heading level, haunch support (elephant foot) and horizontal anchors were provided
for the steel ribs so that these load bearing supports are not disturbed during
benching. Invert steel struts were to be provided to close the supporting ring.

Figure 2: Typical Twin Track Section of Tunnel showing General Arrangements

3.

Challenges faced during Execution:

The main challenge was to execute the planned design for this wider section tunnels
in very poor and unstable strata.
To start with, the work of tunnel no T40/41 continued through single track section
from Katra end towards Qazigund direction, up to its interface with proposed wider
section tunnel. Once this location was reached, the excavation for wider section was
started in Heading for a length of 1.2 m to erect two ribs. After the fore poling, the
excavation was carried out from left to right to achieve full width of tunnel. The
excavated surface was shotcreted with steel fiber reinforced shotcrete (SFRS) to
provide initial support. Subsequently, pattern rock bolts of 32 mm diameter of 8-10
m long were provided.
20

As the proposed steel ribs ISHB 300 X 250 were not available in the market,
a built up section with ISHB 200 X 200 with 10 mm thick plate welded on
both flanges was used. These sections were brought to required profile by
cold bending method so that the steel property does not change. The sections
became heavier for erection as compared to the sections used for single line
tunnel with smaller ISHB, thus it warranted use of heavier crane for erection.
The curvature of steel rib was maintained by measuring versine on inner
surface with a 2 m overlapping chord along the profile at regular interval.
After placing of concrete lagging between ribs and completing backfill
concrete, next cycle was taken up.
The above advance was continued for 37m. Now the tunnel face was
reaching the fragmented strata with overlying loose overburden material.
Due to very poor strata a cavity was formed at this location which was
subsequently grouted and filled from the top. Further excavation was carried
out from outside i.e., P2 portal side, in heading and the break thorough of
tunnel was achieved on 07th Mar 2013.

Having gained this experience, similar work was carried out from Portal P1
for tunnel T42/43. The strata here too were covered with slope debris. The
excavation started in heading from outside at chainage 93/315m towards
Qazigund side and first rib was erected on 6th March 2013
When the excavation reached chainage 93/322m, a huge cavity was formed
leading to skylight on 20th of March 2013. This cavity was tackled from
inside the tunnel as well as from the top by grouting and filling with
concrete. The work proceeded in heading up to tochainage 93/385m which
was interface of single-line and double-line section. The breakthrough in
heading of tunnel T-42/43 is achieved on 27th August 2013. Further, the
benching excavation of this tunnel was carried out from 4th September 2013
and completed on 5th October 2013.
The above works were completed under difficult conditions where in field
engineers had to carry out certain modifications to the excavation scheme
proposed by Design Consultants.

19

Figure 4: Stages of Construction

The gantry for RCC Lining of wider section tunnel is now mobilized and
erected at site. The thickness of lining to be provided shall be 530 mm with
double layer of steel reinforcement.
4. Conclusion:
In a totally loose material like slope debris probably the conventional method
of tunneling using steel ribs and laggings is the solution for the execution of
wider section tunnels. This method permits erection of passive supports under
the loose material. Though its time consuming, but it is successful. This is
the first time a twin track section tunnel has been successfully executed for
USBRL Project.
Figure 3: Cavity being
tackled at tunnel T-42/43

Figure 4: Tunnel T-40/41 wider section execution

Figure 2: Gantry for

Concrete lining of Wider
Section Tunnel

Figure 5: T- 40/41 Tunnel through in both heading & benching

21

20

S O C I A L

Every individual is Unique

The age-old Indian scriptures have in them the highest wisdom on

human characteristics. Right at the time of conception, certain endowments

(called genetics) become part of a person through the channel of

transmission provided by parents. After the child comes out of the womb

and enters the bigger world to the role of genetics is added, the role of
nature (including environment in various aspects) directly on a continuous

basis and they together produce GUNAS that in turn make ones nature or
trait.

According to Gita, three types of GunasvizSattava, Rajas and

Tamas are present in all human beings in varying degrees. The mixture of

three Gunas is peculiar and unique to each person. One is born with it. The

Gita calls it as prarahdha is perhaps the genes in the body system.

Thus Gunas in their unique proportion and combination in a

person becomes the author of ones action. Individual behaves and

acts according to Gunas that dominates. Thus every individual has

unique personality/value system and behaviors and each individual

needs a different treatment/approach so that one unleashes his/her

value to optimum performance.

By
SunainaWalia
D/o ShParamjit Singh
AXEN/C/Reasi

Mickey Mouse Cake,

Buy cake mix of your choice. You can buy chocolate cake mix. Then follow the
instructions given on the box of cake mix, to bake the cake. You have to make two cakes
one for the head and one for the ears. For the head, use a round cake pan. For ears, use a
separate pan big enough to cut out the ears. After the cakes are ready take a knife, and
carefully trim the top of both cakes. For the head, you dont have to do anything , so just
put it on a clean surface. For the ears take a knife and make the round ears. Now take a
toothpick and insert one on the side of one ear. Now insert the toothpicks into the side of
the head. Repeat this for the other ear. Now get some ready-made icing. Take a Ziploc bag
and cut a hole in the corner. Line the ears and head with the icing. Make eyes and the nose
with the same icing. After this is done put inside a fridge to let icing set and then cake is
ready to be cut !!

By
Tapashyu Shree Student-II,
DPS/JAMMU
D/o
ShKamlesh
Kumar,
Dy/CE/Chenab
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21

The Elephant and The Ant

Once upon a time, there lived a family of ants and a

family of elephant. Both the families were good friends. They
always helped each other. One day, the head of elephants was
passing by the head ants home. They were very, very, very good
friends. But when he saw the ant, she was crying. The elephant
asked her, My dear friend why are you crying. So ant said, I am
organizing a party tonight, but the bad thing is, I do not have any
tent for my party and I have told about the party to everyone and
they will all come to my house at 5:30 pm and my house is not that
big so everyone cant come in my house. The elephant thought for
a while and said, You can take my old clothes. They are very
colorful and big. They will make a nice tent for you. So ant said,
Then go fast and bring them for me. The elephant ran very fast
and an earthquake thing happened! When the elephant came back

there and when the ant saw the clothes she said, these
clothes are very big for me to stitch, can you stitch these for
me? The elephant stitched them in 15 min. Then elephant
said, to make it stand we have to bring some strong logs of
wood from the main forest. I will go and bring them here,
and then we will together make the tent stand. Till the time
you clean and decorate your house. OK said the ant and
then the elephant left for the main forest. In the meantime the
ant decorated and cleaned the house, placed the table and
chair and cooked the food for the party.
When the elephant came they both together made
the tent stand and then the ant placed the tables and chairs in
the tent for sitting and also decorated with yellow rose, white
and blue silk cloth. Almost everything was ready and there
were only fifteen minutes left for the party and for the guests
to come.
Then the ant in the house and elephant in
the big tent, they both checked that everything is done and
everything was all right or not and everything was all right.
Just then the guests started coming.
The party went on and on and do you know the
party continued till what time. Party went on till 11:50 pm,
means only 10 min left for 12:00 am. As it was too late the
entire guest started going home. Then suddenly all the lights
of the tent were switched off and when they were switched
on, everybody was in with a beautiful cake. Oh! It was
elephants Birthday. All the guest gave their best wishes to
the elephant. The elephant thought, I am very foolish, I
forgot my own Birthday. They all sang Birthday song for
him and enjoyed very much.

Party

Friends are Forever

Story and Graphics by

Bhanavi Maurya
Class IV, Heritage School, Jammu

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Friendship is the hardest thing in the world to

explain. Its not something you learn in school.
But if you havent learned the meaning of
friendship, you really havent learned anything
Mohammad Ali

Tourism in Ladakh (J&K)

Tourist Places in Ladakh

Government of India, Ministry of home Affairs has declared some areas of

Ladakh opened for International Tourism. These areas are among the
outstanding feature of Himalayan Panorama. It could be yet another

destination for the tourists. These areas are relatively more distinct for
cultural and adventure tourism.

Khaltse Sub-Division (Drokhpa Area).

Nyoma Division (Changthang).
Nubra Division.

Khaltse Sub-Division (Drokhpa Area):

Along one of the route one can visit the areas Khaltsi-Dumkhar-

Skurbuchan-Hanudo-Bima-Dha-Garkon-Batalik-Silmo-Kargil and vice

versa.
Along

another

route

areas

Khalsi-Dumkhar-Dah-Sanjak-Chiktan-

Khangral-Kargil and vice versa can be visited.

DROGPAS

Introduction.

The greatest attractions in the above

Opened for tourism in 1974, with a tourist arrival of 527 the first year,

Ladakh has witnessed a steady growth in tourist arrival. Its geo-climatic

conditions, stark barren mountains, landscape, culture, tradition, and environment
have been a great source of attraction for the tourists. Tourist arrival to Ladakh has

increased many folds since then. Tourist arrival has been recorded 11, 05,547 by

areas are the villages of DhaBiama,

Darchigs, Garkon, Batalik which are

entirely populated by last remaining

remnants of the Dards in the District.
Dards are considered as last race of

August 2013 end. The tourism industry is now an important and major socio-

Aryans confined to Indus Valley. These villages have considerable

enormous employment opportunities both skilled and un-skilled, especially in the

festivals is the most popular festival in this area. These are considered rare

economic sector for Ladakh. Tourism is generating handsome revenue and

sectors such as hotels, guest houses, restaurants, catering services, transport,
porters, ponies, souvenir shops, handicrafts etc. Ladakh endowed with unique geo-

climatic and topographical conditions have made it a paradise for the adventure
lovers. Ladakh is a paradise for the trekkers, mountaineers, bikers, river runners

and motor safari. Ladakh is a complete tourist destination with choice of Cultural,
Spiritual, Adventure, Wild life and Health tourism. Some of the world record

attractions such as the highest motor able road of the world, the largest brackish
lake in Asia, the longest glacier outside pole, the world highest observatory are
great attraction and inspiration for the visitors. Some of the rarest species of wild-

lifeviz black necked crane, snow leopard, Himalayan Lynx etc. are confined to
Ladakh.

By
Hussain Khan
Executive Engineer/D-II/USBRL/Project

anthropological and ethnographic importance. ChhoposRubla, the harvest

and eventful the year of Drogpa in which all the people of these villages

come out in their colorful traditional dress and festival moods to celebrate the
festivals. Preceding to the Drogpas villages the village which fall enroute are

the villages of DomkharSkurbuchan, Achinathang which are also important

and which tourists can also easily visit. There is a very good road leading
right up toDrogpa villages and tourist can stay overnight in some private
guest houses and or at some identified camping site at Khaltsi, Dhomkhar,
Skurbuchan, Achinathang, Hanu Do, Biama and Dha village.
CHANGTHANG (NYOMA DIVISION)

Over this region the tourist can travel on the following identified tour circuits.
1.
2.
3.
4.

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Leh-Upshi-Depring-Puga-Tsomoriri Lake-Korzok
Leh-Upshi-Mahey bridge-Puga-Tsomoriri Lake-Korzok.
Leh-Karu-Changla-Durbuk-Tangtse-Lukhung-Spangmik-MaanMerak.
Leh-Upshi-Mahey-Nyoma-Loma bends.

The upland plateaus of Changthang in Nyoma Sub-Division are possibly the most
attractive areas in the District as far as scenic beauty, brackish lakes and Wild Life
are concerned. The vast pastures with their gently flowing streams and the lakes
amidst the spectacularly colored mountains are quite unlike anything a tourist see
anywhere in India.
THE PANGONG LAKE
This lake is situated at an altitude of 14,100ft. in the Eastern sector of Ladakh, at a
distance of 150 km from Leh
acrossChangla pass (17,000ft.).This lake is one of the largest and most beautiful
natural brackish lakes in the country

Nubra. SamstanlingGonpa is situated on the North, facing DiskitGonpa.

This Gonpa is equally important and recreationally it assumes greater

importance for being situated at a commanding scenic view point at the

foot hills of Karakoram ranges up above Tegar and Sumoor villages,
amidst plenty of water and high vegetation. Major village via Kardong,
Khalsar, Tirit, Sumoor, TegarPinchemik, Tirisha and Panamik all fall along

the traditional silk route. The caravans travelling Central Asia and Kashmir
through Nubra valley used to stay at those villages. Panamik was the most
important place for haltage of Caravan. It served as last major village

where the Caravans landed the facility of feedback, before they negotiate
Saseer and Karakoram passes towards Central Asia. The famous hot spring
of Panamik also served them as a source for bath, drinking water and
therapeutic purpose. Panamik has still got charms and potentiality to serve

as a host to travelers. All areas around it including IantsaGonpa and Murgi

waterfall across it combined with scenic view strengthen its beauty and
hospitality. Major attraction of Nubra is the highest motor able road
Khardongla pass (18,380ft.) majestic peaks and glaciers enchanting valleys
THE TSOMO RIRI LAKE
This lake is situated at a elevation of 15,000 ft. above the sea level, at a distance of
240 km from Leh in the South-eastern sector of Ladakh. It is like a pearl shaped
and contains large mineral deposits. Korzok village is situated on the South-west
bank of this lake. KorzokGonpa and its inhabitants nomads by tradition are most
outstanding features of this area.

NUBRA DIVISION
This valley is popularly known as Ldumra or the valley of orchard/flowers. It is

situated in the North of Ladakh, between Karakoram and Ladakh ranges of

Himalayas. Nubra lies at average altitude about 10,000 feet above sea level. The
climate, of the areas being soft, soil is much fertile and the vegetation of the area is

comparatively thicker than those of the other areas of Ladakh. Shrubs, bushes and
trees grow in abundance wherever there is any source of water. Due to this reason

Nubra has acquired its right name- Ldumra. Shayok and Siachan rivers forms fairly
large drain in Nubra. Nubra is a broad valley with lofty mountains on its all sides.
Valley assumes greater attractions at the site where both the rivers meet. The

formation of Central part of Nubra also takes place there. Diskit is the Sub-Division
Headquarter. OfNubra.DiskitGonpa is also situated at a height of about 200 mtrs.

Above the village, on the spur of rocky mountain and at the most commanding
point having clear view of the entire central part of

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and villages. Diskit and SamstanlingGonpa, Panamik hot spring, double

humped camel safari, river rafting, trekking and Sunbathe in the sand dunes
at Hunder are also a great attraction for the tourists.

Cold weather precaution

Your own body heat can help someone with hypothermia. Hugging
them can help to warm them.
Encourage the person to shiver if they are capable of doing so.
If the person is conscious and able to swallow give the person
warm drinks or high energy foods, such as chocolate, to help warm
them up.
Avoid alcoholic drinks and also do not put the cold person into a hot
bath to warm them up, because it will cause the blood vessels in
the arms, legs and throughout the surface of the skin to dilate too
quickly and cause fall in blood flow to vital organs like brain, heart,
lungs & kidney, possibly leading to cardiac arrest, coma and death.
Once the persons body temperature has increased, keep them
warm and dry.
If they become unconscious, not breathing and you cant detect a
pulse after feeling for 60 seconds at the carotid pulse in the neck,
then Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) should be given.
Prevention is always better:
Keep as active as possible to beat the cold.
Warm up if you need to go outside on cold days.
Exercising generates heat to keep you warm. Make sure you dry off
and put on warm clothes immediately, because wet clothes lose
around 90% of their insulating power.
Keep curtains drawn and doors closed to block out draught.
Have regular hot drinks and hot meal.
Wear at least three layers of clothes with an outer wind and rain
protecting layer. Layers of clothing trap air, which helps to keep you
warm, hence layers of cloth is better than one thick coat.
Do not forget to cover head and neck area.
Plan you travel judiciously, always carry extra clothes and food
supply.

INTRODUCTION
Cold environment forces the body to work harder to maintain its
core temperatures. The bodys energy is used to keep the internal
temperature warm. Thus blood will shift from extremities such as hands,
feet, legs & arms to the core of the body like chest & abdomen. Thus
allowing the exposed areas to cool rapidly & increases risk of frostbite &
hypothermia.
A significant amount of body heat can be lost through the exposed
head & neck area, especially in children.
Normal body temperature is around 98.60 F (370C).Hypothermia
happens when a persons body temperature drops below 950 F (350C).
When your body gets cold it will try to prevent losing more heat by:
Shivering, restricting blood flow to skin & releasing hormones to
generate heat. However, these responses use up energy and may not
be enough to maintain body temperature if you are exposed to cold for
long time. When the body runs out of energy, it gradually begins to shut
down. Shivering stops and heart beat starts to slow down leading to
reduced blood supply to vital organs.
SIGNS OF HYPOTHERMIA:

Mild symptoms include shivering, tiredness and confusion. But as

temperature drops, shivering becomes more violent and a person is
likely to become delirious, struggle to breathe and may end up
unconscious.
FIRST AID IN HYPOTHERMIA:
Move the person indoors or somewhere warm as soon as possible.
Once the person is in a warm environment, carefully remove any wet
clothing and dry the person.
Wrap them in blankets/ towels/coats, protecting their head and
torso first.
.

TIPS FOR HEALTHY LIFE

Early to bed early to rise.

Breakfast of a King, Lunch of a Queen, Dinner of a
Beggar.
EXERCISE regularly at least 45 minutes per day.
Consume at least 3 to 4ltrs of water per day.
Brush your teeth twice daily. Never forget to brush before
going to bed.

By
Dr.Steven George
Dy.CMO/KRCL/Reasi

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TIPS FOR HEALTHY LIFE

Eat to live and not live to eat.

Vegetable and fruits are good
for health, say no to junk food.
Know your BMI and manage
your waist line.
Say no to smoking, moderate
alcohol consumption.
Know and manage stress and
have regular health checkup.

Salient Features of the Project

Item

Route length

Udhampur -Katra
25

Katra- Qazigund
128*

Qazigund -Baramulla
118

Ruling gradient

1 in 100

1 in80

1 in 100

Bridges

38

62

811

911

4210

13008

( km)

Max Curvature

Max. height of Bridge

Length of Bridges(m)
Longest span

Tunnels Length
( km)

Tunnels (No)

% Tunnels Length
Longest tunnel

Max Depth of Cutting

5o

2.75 o

2.75 o

85 m

359 m

22 m

154m Steel Girder over

river Jhajjar

467 m Steel Arch over river

Chenab

45 m

1488

10.9

7310

105

115.9

29

38

11.27 km

43.6

79.84

3.15 km.
20 m

Total
271

40 m

0
12 m

The Jammu Udhampur Srinagar Baramulla Rail Link Project was envisioned with a view to provide a reliable and alternate transportation system in
the state of Jammu and Kashmir and to connect the state and the Kashmir valley with rest of the Indian Railway Network. With the above vision,
Government of India planned a 326 km. long Railway Line. The Project was declared as a National Project in year 2008.

Some of the special features of the project are as under:

The Jammu-Udhampur-Katra-Quazigund-Baramulla Railway line is the biggest project in the construction of a mountain railway since independence.
From Jammu to Baramulla, length of the new rail line is 326 km. and it passes through the young Himalayas, one of the most geologically complicated
and challenging terrains in the world. The Geology, tectonic thrusts and faults, drainage and ground water of the region have great bearing on the
construction of this project.

Sites are remotely located, inaccessible and therefore difficult from logistic and topographic consideration.
Providing access to the work sites involves construction of large network of Access Roads, the most challenging job for completion of this project. In
particulars the stretch between river Chenab and Banihal is passing through a virgin territory and require construct of about 200 km of access road.
The alignment crosses deep gorges of Chenab River near Salal Hydro Power Dam, which necessitates construction of long span bridges. The Chenab
Bridge, 359 m above river bed, will be the highest bridge in the world, and longest span for BG Rail line with arch span of 467 m.
The project also involved construction of Pir-Panjal tunnel, the longest transportation tunnel of Indian Railways across PirPanjal range connecting
Jammu & Kashmir provinces of J&K State. The tunnel is located between the Banihalrailway stations in South and Qazigund in NorthTotal length of the
tunnel is 11.2 km with overburden of 1100 m. This tunnel had been completed and Section from Banihal to Quazigund opened to public by Honble
Prime Minister on 26.6.2013.
The stretch betweenKatra to Qazigund representing 128 km length is the most difficult part of this project. Almost 80% of length of this stretch is in
tunnel and 10% on bridges and rest on embankment.
Some of the special features of this stretch are:
Alignment in this stretch passes through the worlds one of the most difficult terrain, both in terms of logistics and geological strata.

Terrain characterizes sedimentary/metamorphic rocks which are yet to be stabilized.

Various type of geological formation are met with in this stretch having altogether different characteristic / properties.

Alignment running across major tectonic features such as Reasi Thrust, MurreeThrust,Panjal Thrust & Local faults

The structural discontinuities occurring in the form of faults, thrusts, shears and joints are likely to pose problems in the construction activities
along the rail alignment

Adverse climatic condition due to heavy snowfall in winter resulting in sub-zero temperature and reduced working period.

Many of station on this project are located on tunnel/ bridges.

World most advance and modern technology is being used for construction.

When completed this will be a marvel of engineering with unparalleled benchmark.

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Project Alignment

Station

Baramulla
Sopore
Hamre
Pattan

Mazhom

Km
118
110

103
94

86

Budgam

72

Pampore

54

Srinagar

Kakpora

Awantipora
Panzgam

Bijbehara

Anantnag
Sadura

60

49

38

32
25

18

11

Qazigund

154/0

Arpinchla

120

Banihal

Sumber

Sangaldan

Basindadhar

136

108
89

71

Dugga

61

Salal A

50

Katra

25

Salal B

Reasi Road
Chakrakwal
Udhampur
Ramnagar
Road

52
43
9

55/0
43

Manwal

32

Bajalta

11

Sanger

Jammu Tawi

22
0

Disclaimer

Him Prabhat, USBRL technical news magazine is published in good faith and can-not be held responsible in any way for inaccuracies in report / content that appear
in this publication and the views of the contributors may not be those of the editors. The opinions expressed by this magazine are not necessarily the views of the
editors/publisher, but of the individual writers. Unless specifically mention the articles and statements published in this magazine do not necessarily reflects the
views or policies of Northern Railway, Ministry of Railways or Govt. of India.
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