International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature (IJSELL)

Volume 3, Issue 2, February 2015, PP 33-41

ISSN 2347-3126 (Print) & ISSN 2347-3134 (Online)
www.arcjournals.org

Arabic Personal Pronouns as Word, Clitic, and Affix

JapenSarage, M.A.

Dr. Kasiyarno, M.Hum

Ahmad Dahlan University Yogyakarta

[email protected]

Ahmad Dahlan University Yogyakarta

[email protected]

Abstract: Arabic personal pronouns are of various forms. Besides they resemble persons, genders, and
numbers, they can be in the forms of words, clitics, or affixes. As words, they constitute a free morpheme.
As a clitic or an affix, they attach to a host and their existence depends on it.
This paper tries to discuss Arabic personal pronouns in their forms of word, clitic, and affix. Between a
word and an affix there is a clitic, whose characteristics represent both the characteristics of a word and an
affix. Arabic pronouns can demonstrate the characteristics of the three forms.

Keywords: clitics, affixes, words, personal pronouns,

1. INTRODUCTION
The category of English words falls into two classes, which are then classified into twelve word
classes (Quirk, Randolph, et.al: 67). They are open and closed classes. The open class includes
nouns, adjectives, full verbs, and adverbs. The closed class covers prepositions, pronouns,
determiners, conjunctions, modals, primary verbs and two lesser categories numerals, and
interjections. The above mentioned classification is based on their presence in dictionaries. The
first class belongs to those words followed by their inflectional or derivative forms in their same
entry while the others belong to those words having no derivative or inflectional forms in their
entries. The word house, for example, has its inflectional form houses, the word write has a
derivative form writer, the word slow has its inflectional form slower, and the adverb slowly also
is derived from slow.
Arabic has long practiced such a classification. Arabic words fall into three main classes (Uroosa,
Izzath, 2010:31). They are verbs or fiil ( ), nouns, adjectives, and adverb called ism ( ), and
other than those words under the name harf (
). The first two classes are content or lexical
words and the third class is called functional or grammatical words. The verbs belong to
inflectional words called tashrif
or conjugation where the subject of a sentence conjugates
with the verb. The nouns together with adjectives and adverbs belong to both inflectional and
derivational words called murab (
). Very few of them belong to unchanged words called
mabniy ( ). The third class belongs to the unchanged words.
The word classification in Arabic seems simple but it is very rich with morphological processes
involving affixation, which includes prefixation, infixation, and suffixation (Elgibali, Alaa,
2005:35). This is due to the status of Arabic as an infixing language where morphological
processes involve the roots in the forms of consonants as templates. Elgibali (ibid: 36) calls them
radicals. The word kataba, for example, can be derived into kutiba, kitbun, ktibun, which mean
being written, writing (collection) or book, and writer. The consonants k, t, b, retain in the derived
and inflected words. The following example is taken from Structure and Function of Arabic Verbs
(Bahloul, Maher, 2008:32)
(1) Kutibata r-rislatu

- written - letter
The letter is written.
(2) Ruqisha f l-baiti
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- dance - in house
It is danced in the house.
In the above mentioned examples, the words kutibat and ruqisha have the affixes of the first and
second vowels -u-i-. The affix -u-i- indicates the passive form. The suffix un in kitbun
andktibunindicates ism. In addition the infix -i- - indicates the thing or the noun, and the infix -i- indicates the performer. The following example of --i- infix is taken from Modern Arabic,
Structures, Functions, and Varieties (Hole,Clive, 2004:164).
(3) Naxnuktibnahdzihi r-risla.
- we - writer - this letter
We are the writers of this letter.
The infix --i-in the word ktibna indicates the performer and the suffix -na is the plural
marker. All the above examples show that Arabic is very rich with affixes with templates.
Among the rich word formation, Arabic personal pronouns show special characteristics. They can
appear in free morphemes or detached pronouns and bound morphemes or attached pronouns
(Uroosa, Izzath, op.cit:51). The following part describes Arabic pronouns in different forms.

2. ARABIC PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Personal pronouns in some languages can appear in a weak and strong pronoun (Movrogiorgos,
Marios, 2010:6). As a strong or detached pronoun or in Arabicamirmunfailah
() , the pronoun stands alone as a word and as a weak or attached pronoun
amirmuttailah
, it attaches to a word or a host. In other words, Arabic personal
pronouns can appear in a bound morpheme as in an infix or in a clitic, or as an independent word.
Holes (2004, 177) says:
...there are two sets of pronominal forms: a set of free morphemes that are written as separate
words and that generally occur only in the position of grammatical subject (but may be used
appositionally in other than subject position) and a set of bound pronominal clitic that can be
suffixed to verbs, nouns, prepositions, and particles of various types and that may function as the
grammatical object, indirect object, or possesor of the word to which they are suffixed.
2.1. Arabic Strong Pronouns
Arabic strong pronouns or Arabic detached pronouns as independent words have no function
other than nominative case (Abu-Cakra, Farouk, 2007:87). This can be associated the subjective
function. In a nominal sentence
the subject takes the first position. The strong
pronouns can take the position of a subject. The following sentences show the case.
(4) Al-bintulafatun.

(Abu-Cakra, Farouk, 2007:87)

girl kind
The girl is kind.
(5) Hiyalafatun.

(Abu-Cakra, Farouk, 2007:87)

she kind
She is kind.
In (5) the detached pronoun hiya functions the same function as al-bintu in (4). They both
function as a subject of the respective sentence.
Apart from the subjective function, Arabic detached pronouns sometimes function as an
appositive to give a special emphasis. The emphasis is also given to a detached pronoun preceding
a verb (Abu-Cakra, Farouk, 2007:88).It is known that Arabic sentence patterns follow a VSO
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Arabic Personal Pronouns as Word, Clitic, and Affix

pattern. When a detached pronoun comes before a verb, it is a pattern that gives an emphasis to
the subject of the sentence. The sentences with given emphases using a detached pronoun can be
seen in the followings:
(6) Marartu bi=kaanta..

(I) passed by you, you

You are the one I passed.
(7) anauxibu=ki.

I love you
I certainly love you.
In (6) the preposition bi is followed by the accusative attached pronoun ka, which means you.
This pronoun is repeated or given an appositive form ?anta to show an emphasis. In (7) the
emphasis is given by fronting the subject. It is a matter of fact that an Arabic verb has already
contained a pronoun in an affix form (this matter is discussed in the next part). When somebody
wants to give an emphasis on it the pronouns is mentioned before the verbas found in (7).
The Arabic complete personal pronouns as detached pronouns with their characteristics can be
seen in the following table.
Table1. Arabic Strong Pronouns (modified from Holes, 2004:178)
Person
1st Masc.
Fem.
nd
2 Masc.
Fem.
3rd Masc.
Fem.

Singular
?ana
?ana
anta
anti
huwa
hiya

Dual
naxnu
naxnu
antum
antum
hum
hum

Plural
naxnu
naxnu
antum
antunna
hum
hunna

The Arabic strong pronouns carry the information of persons, gender and number markers.
Concerning these things Arabic pronouns know two kinds of gender namely the masculine and
feminine known as mudzakar
and muanats
. For example:
(8) Huwamujtahidun.

(Buchori, Imam, 1973:16)

- he - diligent
He is diligent.
(9) Hiyamujtahidatun
- she - diligent
She is diligent.
(10)

anamujtahidun

- I - diligent
I am diligent.
(11)

anamujtahidatun

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JapenSarage & Dr. Kasiyarno

- I - diligent
I am diligent.
(12)

Naxnumujtahidna

- we - diligent
We are diligent.
The pronouns in the above sentences are huwa, hiya, and ana. The third person singular pronoun
huwa refers to masculine gender as found in (8) and the third person singular pronoun hiya refers
to feminine gender as found in (9). This is seen in the agreement with the complement
mujatahidun and mujtahidatun where the first is masculine and the second is feminine. The
pronoun for the first person singular ana applies both to masculine and feminine. The case is
clearly exemplified in sentences (10) and (11). The same case applies to the first person dual and
plural pronoun nanu
where it refers to both masculine and feminine as found in (12).
As Arabic nouns fall into three categories namely singular mufrad
, dual mutsanna
,
and plural jama
, the pronouns also represent these things. The second person pronouns
singular anta refers to masculine and anti refers to feminine while the second person dual
pronoun antum refers to both feminine and masculine. The second person pronoun plural
antum and antunna refer to masculine and feminine. These things are exemplified in the
following sentence:
(13)

antamujtahidun

(Buchori, Imam, 1973:16)

- you - diligent
You (sing.masc.) are diligent.
(14)

antimujtahidatun

- you - diligent
You (sing.fem.) are diligent.
(15)

antummujtahidni

- you - diligent
You (du.masc./fem.) are diligent.
(16)

antummujtahidna

- you - diligent
You (plur.masc.)are diligent.
(17)

antunnamujtahidunna

- you - diligent
You (plur.fem.) are diligent.
Sentence (13) and (14) treat singular different pronouns for masculine and feminine. Though the
spellings are the same the pronunciation of the two are different. They pronounced as anta and
anti. The dual pronoun antum in (15) is for dual masculine and feminine. The plural pronoun
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Arabic Personal Pronouns as Word, Clitic, and Affix

antum and antunna in (16) and (17) are used to refer to plural masculine and plural feminine
respectively.
Apart from the singular third person pronouns in sentences (8) and (9) there are also dual and
plural third person pronouns, which also reflect genders. Those pronouns are found in the
followings:
(18)

Hummujtahidni /mujtahidatni.

(Buchori, Imam, 1973:16)

- they - diligent
They (du.masc./fem.) are diligent.
(19)

Hum mujtahidna

- they - diligent
They (plu.masc.) are diligent.
(20)

Hunnamujtahidunna

- they - diligent
They (plu.fem.) are diligent.
Here the dual pronoun is used for both masculine and feminine as found in (18). The plural third
person pronouns show different forms for masculine and feminine as found in (19) and (20).
2.2. Arabic Weak Pronouns
Arabic weak pronouns or attached pronouns or in Arabic termamirmuttailah
include a clitic and an affix. A clitic is a bound morpheme which is not an affix but which,
nevertheless, occurs as part of a word (Katamba, Francis,:108). In another fashion Gerlach
(2002:2) says: A clitic is generally understood to be a word that cannot stand on its own and
leans on a host word. Thus, a clitic has the characteristics of a word. In most cases a clitic has
its free and bound forms.
An affix carrying personal pronouns in Arabic can be a prefix, an infix, or a suffix. It can show
person, gender, and number. Arabic personal pronouns as clitics and affix are described below.
2.2.1. Arabic Pronouns as Clitics
The distinction of detached and attached pronouns is that the former involve syntax i.e. how they
are combined with other words and the latter concerns with how they attach to different hosts of
different words. The following part discusses the Arabic attached personal pronouns as clitics.
Characteristics of Clitics
The discussion of clitics takes a special position in linguistics. It involves both morphology and
syntax. Since clitics attach to words or hosts they belong to the study of morphology. As their
origin is a free form and they are capable of attaching to different words they show the
characteristics of free morphemes. Thus, they show syntactic matters. In other words, clitics
become a part of morphology and a part of syntax.
The special characteristics of clitics have been described by many linguists especially by Zwicky
and Pullum. Those characteristics can be summarized in the followings:
A clitic originates from a word that loses its syllable or its stress and then it attaches to the nearby
word. Booij says: This is esentially phonological understanding, on which a (pro- or en-) clitic
is a stressless little word that lack independent accent, and that (as a result) depends
prosodically on an adjacent word. The pronoun naxnu
for example, consists of two syllable
nax and nu. The pronoun gets a stress on the first syllable. When it loses its stress and its second
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JapenSarage & Dr. Kasiyarno

syllable the remaining part is n, it becomes an enclitic because it attaches to the end of a
wordkitbu=n.
There is another kind of clitic, which is neither a loss of stress nor a loss of syllable but it is a
variant of free morpheme. a clitic is a bound form that is a variant of a free morpheme. A clitic
of this kind is best illustrated in English. The use of an apostrophe s in the following sentences
may illustrate the case.
(21)

Janes finished her work.

(22)

Janes work has finished.

In (21) the apostrophe s is known as a contraction of the word has because the past participle verb
finished requires the presence of that word. In (22) the same apostrophe s is not the result of such
a contraction but it is a variant of the expression the work of Jane.
Besides a loss of stress and syllable and a variant of another free morpheme, a clitic can show its
characteristic of being able to combine with different kinds of words. Clitics can exhibit a low
degree of selection with respect to their host, while affixes exhibit a high degree of selection with
respect to their stem. Clitics are more restricted in their distribution.This characteristic shows a
characteristic of free morpheme.
The characteristics of clitic, therefore, resemble that of the characteristics of both a word and an
affix.
Various Forms of Arabic Pronominal Clitics
The following part describes different forms of Arabic pronominal clitics. As clitics are reduced
forms of a word there must be some syllable reduction from the strong pronouns. The basic
syllables in Arabic cover CV, CVV, and CVC where a vowel never appears at the beginning
(Watson, Jenet, C.E.,:56). Concerning the first person singular pronoun ana, it consists of two
syllable a-na and the second syllable is deleted in the weak form remaining the syllable a. This
is no longer a free form and must be attached to its host at the end to form an enclitic. As a clitic
must not get a stress, the glottal sound // weakens and merges with the vowel /a/ to form / /.
Thus, the weak form = belongs to a clitic for the first person singular. The word kitb= ( ),
for example, consists of a free morpheme, the word kitb ( ), which means abook and the
clitic= ( ), which shows a possession of the first person or my. So the word means my book.
Besides the clitic attaches to a noun as shown in the example, it can also attach to a preposition
such as kitbu=l, which means book of mine. As a clitic having the characteristics of a word, it
can attach to different kinds of word.
The clitic = under certain condition changes its form into =nandya. They are allomorphs to the
clitic =. They are found in the following sentences.
(23)

Iyy=ya tanuru

(Buchori, Imam, 1973:16)

- only me (you) help

(24)

You only helped me

Inn=n min l-muslimna
- surely me - in - muslims
Surely, in me are muslims (characteristics)

The pronoun =ya in (20) which is a clitic attached to the arf or preposition iyyis an allomorph
of the clitic=. Because of its phonological environment the clitic becomes =ya. In (21) the clitic
=n is an allomorph of the clitic=. Again because of the phonological surrounding the clitic
becomes =n.
The strong pronoun of first person dual and plural nanu consists of two syllable na-nu. The
second syllable is also deleted remaining the syllable na. When it gets no stress the final
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Arabic Personal Pronouns as Word, Clitic, and Affix

consonant weakens into a vowel resulting in a clitic=n. The word kitbu=n, which means
ourbook consists of a free morpheme kitbu and a clitic =n. The ability of the clitic =n to attach
to a verb anfusa=na, which means forgiveme, shows its status as a clitic.
The strong pronouns of second person singular anta and anti apply to a masculine and feminine
form. Both pronouns consist of two syllables as seen in an=ta and an=ti. In this case the first
syllables are omitted resulting in ta and =ti. The consonant /t/ weakens to become /k/. Thus, the
clitics=ka and =ki represent the second person singular masculine and feminine pronouns. The
words kitbu=ka and kitbu=ki, which mean your book (masc.) and your book (fem.) are good
examples.
A different treatment should be done in breaking down the second person dual for masculine and
feminine pronoun, which is the same form antum and the second person plurals for masculine
and feminine pronouns antum, and antunna. The first pronoun follows the principle CVC-CVCVV an-tu-m, where C refers to a consonant and V refers to a vowel. The second pronoun
follows CVC-CVC an-tum and the third pronoun follows CVC-CVC-CV an-tun-na. The first
syllable is omitted resulting in -tum, -tum and -tunna. Like in the case of the second person
singular the sound /t/ is converted into /k/ to form the clitics =kum, =kum, =kunna. The words
kitbu=kuma, kitbu=kum and kitbu=kunna, which mean your book (dual masc. /fem), your
book (plur.masc.) and your book (plur.fem), are good examples.
The strong pronouns of third person singular cover the masculine huwa and the feminine hiya.
Both pronouns can be decomposed into syllabic forms CV-CV hu-wa and hi-ya. In this case the
second syllable is omitted and the remaining syllables are hu and hi where the second changes
into ha. Thus, =hu and =ha become the Arabic clitics of the third person singular forms. Those
clitics are exemplified in the words kitbu=hu andkitbu=ha, which mean his book and her book.
The first has an allomorph =hi while the second has no allomorph. In its genitive form the word
kitbu=hu becomes kitbi=hi while the word kitbu=ha becomes kitbi=ha, where the clitic=ha
remains the same.
The third person dual strong pronouns hum is used for both masculine and feminine while hum
and hunna are the third person plural strong pronouns for the respective genders. These three
strong pronouns take same forms as the weak pronouns or clitics. The only difference is their
spelling. As clitics, they are attached to their hosts.
The above mentioned clitics can be summarized in the following table:
Table2. Arabic Strong / Detached Pronouns and Arabic Attached Pronouns as Clitics (32)

3 m.
3 f.
2 m.
2 f.
1m.f.

Singular
Detached / Attached
huwa / =hu, =hi
hiya/ =ha
anta / =ka
anti / =ki
ana / =, =n, =ya

Dual
Detached / Attached
hum / =hum, him
hum / =hum, him
antum / =kum
antum / =kum
-

Plural
Detached / Attached
hum / =hum, =him
hunna / =hunna, =hinna
antum / =kum
antunna /= kunna
nanu/ =n

2.2.2. Arabic Pronouns as Affix

Besides Arabic attached pronouns appear in a clitic, they can also appear in an affix.Arabic verbs
do not only show verbal entity, but they also show pronominal entity. The verb katabtu (
), for
example, represents the verb in the third person masculine singular form, which means Iwrote.
Thus, the subjective pronoun he has been conjugated with the verb. Conjugation is common in
western languages particularly in Spanish (Schmidt, 2008:35). When the verb conjugates with the
first person plural pronoun the same verb becomes katabna (
) which means Wewrote.
The third person masculine singular form of verb is considered to be the stem form nevertheless
the vowel /a/ functions as a suffix. Thus, the real stem form is katab. The following table shows
the Arabic pronominal suffixes in the perfective indicative forms together with their respective
detached pronouns.
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JapenSarage & Dr. Kasiyarno

Table3. Arabic Strong / Detached Pronouns and Arabic Attached Pronouns as Suffix
Singular
Detached / Attached
huwa / kataba
hiya / katabat
anta / katabta
anti / katabti
ana / katabtu

3 m.
3 f.
2 m.
2 f.
1m.f.

Dual
Detached / Attached
hum / katab
hum / katabat
antum / katabtum
antum / katabtum
-

Plural
Detached / Attached
hum / katab
hunna / katabna
antum / katabtum
antunna /katabtunna
nanu/ katabna

In the above mentioned table the suffixes are underlined.

The Arabic verbs in the stem form are of three form distinguished by the second vowel of the verb
in their perfective form. Those vowels are /a/, /I/, and /u/. Therefore, the verbs can follow the
pattern faala,, faila, and faula. In the imperfective form, the pattern faala inflects in three
form, the pattern faila inflects in two forms, and the pattern faula inflects in one form. The
Arabic perfective indicative verbs conjugate with the pronouns in the forms of suffix whereas the
imperfective indicative verbs conjugate with the pronouns in the form of confix. Thus, all
standard Arabic dictionaries normally list an entry of perfective form with its imperfective
counterpart i.e. kataba yaktubu etc. The following table shows the three stem forms of the
perfective Arabic verbs with their six inflected forms in imperfective.
Table4. The Perfective Arabic Stem Forms with Their Imperfective Forms
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Perfective
faala
faala
faala
faila
faila
faula

Imperfective
jafulu
jafilu
jafalu
jafalu
jafilu
jafulu

Gloss
work
work
work
work
work
work

Perfective
kataba

Imperfective
jaktubu

alasa
qaraa

jalisu
jaqrau
jafhamu
jasibu
jasunu

fahima
asiba
asuna

Gloss
write
sit
read
know
consider
be good

The Arabic confixes showing conjugation of different pronouns can be found in the following
table and the succeeding table shows the verb alasa which means sit with its conjugations in
imperfective form.
Table5. Arabic Strong / Detached Pronouns and Arabic Attached Pronouns as Confix

3 m.
3 f.
2 m.
2 f.
1m.f.

Singular
Detached / Attached
huwa / ja----u
hiya / ta----u
anta / ta----u
anti / ta----na
ana / a----u

Dual
Detached / Attached
hum / ja----ni
hum / ta----ni
antum / ta----ni
antum / ta----ni
-

Plural
Detached / Attached
hum / ja----na
hunna / ja----na
antum / ta---- na
antunna /ta----na
nanu/ na----u

Table6. Arabic Strong / Detached Pronouns and Arabic Attached Pronouns as Confix

3 m.
3 f.
2 m.
2 f.
1m.f.

Singular
Detached / Attached

Dual
Detached / Attached

Plural
Detached / Attached

huwa /jalisu
hiya / talisu
anta / talisu
anti / talisna
ana / alisu

hum / jalisni
hum / talisni
antum / talisni
antum / talisni

hum / jalisna
hunna / jalisna
antum / talisna
antunna /talisna
nanu/ nalisu

In the above mentioned table the confixes are underlined.

3. CONCLUSION
From the brief discussion above, it can be concluded that Arabic pronouns exhibits gender i.e.
masculine and feminine, number, i.e. singular, dual, and plural, and person, i.e. first, second and
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Arabic Personal Pronouns as Word, Clitic, and Affix

thirds person. The pronoun can be in the form of word or detached pronoun, clitic, suffix, or
confix. The suffix and confix appear in conjugation. Arabic verbs show six kinds in their
conjugations.

REFERENCES
Abu-Cakra, Farouk, 2007, Arabic,AnEssentialGrammar, New York, Routledge
Bahloul, Maher, 2008, StructureandFunctionofArabicVerb, New York, Routledge
Booij, Geert, 2005, The Grammar of Words, Oxford, Oxford University Press
Buchori, Imam, Affandi, 1973, Jalan Bahasa Arab,Purworejo, unpublished manuscript,
Elgibali, Alaa, 2005, InverstigatingArabic, Leiden, Koninklijke Brill N.V.
Gerlach, Birgit, 2002, Clitics between Syntax and Lexicon, Amsterdam, John Benjamin B.V.
Hole,Clive, 2004, ModernArabicStructures, Washington, Georgetown University Press.
Katamba, Francis, Morphology, New York, St. Marin Press
Movrogiorgos, Marios, 2010, Clitics in Greek, Amsterdam, John Benjamin Publishing Co.
Quirk, Randolph., et.al., 1985, A Copmrehensive Grammar of The English Language, Longman
Group Ltd. New York.
Uroosa, Izzath, 2010, Learning Arabic Language of The Quran, Darussalam, Riyadh
Watson, Jenet, C.E., 2002:56, the Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, Oxford, Oxford
University Press

AUTHORS BIOGRAPHY
JapenSarage, M.A. was born in 1959. After finishing his teachers training for
elementary school (high school level) in 1979, he continued his study at English
Education Department and finished it in 1986. Then he served as a lecturer in
English department of academy of foreign languages. After finishing his master
degree in linguistics, he works as a lecturer at Ahmad Dahlan University in
Yogyakarta Indonesia. His major interests are English, Arabic, Russian, and
Spanish languages besides his mother tongue Javanese and his second language
Indonesian.
Dr. Kasiyarno, M.Hum, finished his Master Degree at American Studies, at
GadjahMada University, Yogyakarta in (1995) and earned his Doctor degree at
the same university in 2013. Currently he is a lecturer at Ahmad Dahlan
University Yogykarta. His interests are studies of American literature and
Culture.

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