Application Examples

Communication set-up for RED 670

Differential protection and 670 series binary
transfer in telecommunication networks

Innovation

from

ABB

Please send comments about this document to [email protected]

Rev. D

Content

Chapter

Page

About this application examples ....................................................... 3

General ................................................................................................. 5
1
RED 670 Differential protection and telecommunication networks ...................... 5
1.1
Common telecommunication systems for power utilities. ................................ 6
1.2
Telecommunication networks with symmetric or fixed routes with
echo timing ...................................................................................................... 7
1.3
Route switching criteria for telecommunication networks with
specified (controlled) route switching............................................................... 8
1.4
Unspecified route switching can not be handled ............................................. 8
1.5
Reference clock deviation >set maximum deviation
value 200-2000 s ....................................................................................... 10
1.6
Route switching/interruptions >2 seconds, example ..................................... 11
2

Echo timing function .......................................................................................... 12

3
RED 670 with built-in GPS clock for unspecified route switching ......................
3.1
Start up of the GPS system (cold start) .........................................................
3.2
Setting for version 1.0 and 1.1 revision 9 and earlier ....................................
3.3
Setting in version 1.1 revision 10 and later with new design of
the time system clock synchronization ..........................................................
3.4
Accuracy of the GPS system .........................................................................
3.5
Enabling of the echo timing according to application (I) ................................
3.6
Blocking of the echo-timing after GPS interruption........................................
3.7
Selectivity planning ........................................................................................

15
15
16

4
Digital signal communication for line differential protection RED 670 ...............
4.1
Configuration of analog signals - Line Data Communication
Module ...........................................................................................................
4.2
Configuration of LDCM output signals ...........................................................
4.3
Configuration of redundant channels.............................................................

21

5
Binary signal transfer for the 670 series ............................................................
5.1
Function block................................................................................................
5.2
Analog and binary input and output signals...................................................
5.3
Setting guidelines ..........................................................................................

30
31
31
32

17
19
19
19
19

22
23
25

Communication channels .................................................................................. 38

7
Communication alternatives .............................................................................. 40
7.1
Fiberoptic communication interfaces with IEEE C37.94
international standard protocol ...................................................................... 41
7.2
Galvanic interface type X.21.......................................................................... 42

8
PDH telecommunication system .......................................................................
8.1
General communication requirements ..........................................................
8.2
Communication structure for IEEE C37.94 fiberoptic interface in 670 series
and 21-216 with G.703 64 kbit/s in a PDH-system .......................................
8.3
Service settings of 21-216.............................................................................
8.4
Start and usage.............................................................................................
8.5
Service settings of 670 series with G.703 co-directional...............................
8.6
Service settings of Transceiver 21-216 G.703 64 kbit ..................................
8.7
Grounding .....................................................................................................
Communication structure for the X.21 built-in
galvanic interface ..............................................................................................
9.1
Connection and Service settings of 670 series with X.21 galvanic interface
9.2
Check of settings on 670 series HMI and communication status..................
9.3
Supervision of the communication on the 670 series HMI ............................

47
47
47
48
51
52
53
53

55
55
55
57

10

PDH/SDH telecommunication system set-up with 670 series 64 kbit/s C37.94

interface to transceiver type 21-219.................................................................. 58
10.1 Transceiver 21-219 service settings for SDH systems ................................. 58
11 Communication check/fault tracing ................................................................... 67
11.1 Information available on the HMI .................................................................. 67
11.2 Detection of communication faults on Fibersystem transceiver type 21-216 ....
C37.94/G.703 64 kbit/s modem. ................................................................... 69
11.3 Detection of communication faults on Fibersystem transceiver type 21-219
C37.94/G.703 G.703 E1 2 Mbit/s modem ..................................................... 70
11.4 Detection of communication faults by loop back tests. ................................. 70

Sample specification of communication

requirements for differential protection RED 670 and the 670 series
protection and control terminals in digital telecommunication
networks ............................................................................................. 73
Related documents ............................................................................. 75

About this application examples

This is an Application Example for Communication set-up for RED 670 Differential protection in telecommunication networks and the remaining IED 670 for binary signal
transfer.
Document number: 1MRK 505 197-UEN
Revision: D. Setting in version 1.1 revision 10 and later with new design of the time
system clock synchronization included.
Issue date: September 2008
Data subject to change without notice

We reserve all rights to this document, even in the event that a patent is issued and a
different commercial proprietary right is registered. Improper use, in particular reproduction and dissemination to third parties, is not permitted.
This document has been carefully checked. HOWEVER, IN CASE ANY ERRORS
ARE detected, the reader is kindly requested to notify the manufacturer at the address
below.
The data contained in this manual is intended solely for the CONCEPT OR product
description and is not to be deemed to be a statement of guaranteed properties. In the
interests of our customers, we constantly seek to ensure that our products are developed to the latest technological standards. As a result, it is possible that there may be
some differences between the HW/SW product and this application note.

Manufacturer:
ABB AB
Substation Automation Products
SE-721 59 Vsters
Telephone: +46 (0) 21 34 20 00
Facsimile: +46 (0) 21 14 69 18
www.abb.com/substationautomation

Copyright 2008 ABB. All rights reserved.

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

RED 670
670 Differential
Differentialprotection
protection
and
telecommuniand
telecommunication
cation networks

General

General
1

RED 670 Differential protection and telecommunication networks

(Valid also for the other 670 series products)

There are two main application areas of telecommunication networks for the multiterminal current differential protection RED 670 for up to 5 line ends.
(I) Telecommunication networks with symmetric or fixed routes, where echo timing can be used, including back-to-back systems.
(II) Telecommunication networks with unspecified route switching, where the
accurate global time in the Global Positioning System (GPS) is required.
Echo-timing according to (I) will be used as fall back system if the GPS reference is
lost in one or more RED 670s in telecom networks type (II).
Note that for Echo-timing, the internal clock in each RED 670 is used as a master and
compared with the internal clocks in the remote RED 670s as slaves. The difference
and drift between the internal clocks are monitored continuously, and compensated for
with echo messages between all ends with 40 ms intervals over the communication
system. At start, it will take around 15 seconds to get full synchronization of the internal clocks. The deviation between the internal clocks are compensated to be within 1
s relative time.
Note also that the internal clock has an additional function as real time clock for other
protection and monitoring functions such as event timing, but this is totally separate
from the current differential function.
For networks with unspecified route switching, the reference for the internal clock is
Global time, for example the global time in the GPS system from a built-in GPS
receiver. The internal clock in each RED 670 will be set according to the global time
from the GPS system. The inaccuracy depends on connection time to the GPS system.
After start-up (cold start) a software calibration procedure is carried out. After less
than one hour, all internal clocks real time deviation from Global time has been
decreased to 1 s.
Note also, there can only be one master clock in the telecommunication system for
synchronization of the multiplexers, transceivers and the differential protection relays
communication modems. (One master, the other slaves) This clock could also be a
GPS clock but the telecommunication network synchronization is totally separate from
the current differential protection internal clock synchronization.

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

RED 670 Differential protection and telecommunication networks

General

The differential protection can be configured as master-slave or master-master. To configure the differential protection to slave, the differential protection is switched off.
The configuration of the communication system is not affected by the protection configuration.

1.1

Common telecommunication systems for power utilities.

There are mainly two types of telecommunication networks, which are used by electric
power utilities. In most cases these networks are owned by the utility, but it can also be
leased communication links from external companies.
The type used for 64 kbits channels are called PDH systems, Plesiochronous Digital
Hierarchy. Plesio is greek and means almost. Thus proper synchronization of the PDH
System must be provided to be used in protection applications.
Nowadays SDH systems are introduced in telecommunication networks for power
utilities. SDH means Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, and is specified > 2Mbit//second.
The abbreviations PDH and SDH are used in the following text
For utility communication PDH/SDH
systems are most common

Other systems
> x Gbit/second

ATM/IP systems
> 622 Mbit/second
SDH systems
> 2 Mbit/second
PDH systems
< 2 Mbit/second

RED
670

PDH, Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

SDH, Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
en07000240.vsd

Figure 1: Telecommunication networks for differential protection.

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

RED 670
670 Differential
Differentialprotection
protection
and
telecommuniand
telecommunication
cation networks

1.2

General

Telecommunication networks with symmetric or fixed routes with

echo timing
Networks with fixed routes for example with symmetric time delay or networks with
fixed route switching, where both directions have symmetric time delay even after
route switching has been performed. A different channel delay time is automatically
compensated. For this type of networks echo-timing can be used. If there is a fixed
route with specified asymmetry, the asymmetry can be compensated for by the setting
parameter asymmetric delay, see section 5.3 Setting guidelines page 28.
The maximum interruption time for route switching and echo timing, for example when the communication channel is lost, without affecting the synchronization of the internal clocks, is 2 seconds. (The protection is blocked during the
interruption.)
From protection point of view route switching interruptions should be <50ms. (In
practice a route switching will normally take <100 s). The maximum allowed time
delay in the telecommunication system is settable up to 2x40 ms. (Default is 2x20 ms
= 40 ms) For longer channel delays, the differential function is blocked. The differential protection is also blocked if the virtual time deviation between the internal clocks
in the RED 670 (One to five ends) is more than the set value 200-2000 s for
MaxtDiffLevel, see Figure 3. The differential function is blocked until the internal
clocks deviation are within the set value. The time to new synchronization will depend
on the interruption time. (The slow drift between the internal clocks during normal
operation is continuously compensated for.)

Maximum transmission time

Td < 40 ms (2x20 ms)

Three end application

(Protection MasterSlave)
< 0,2-2ms* difference
continuous

A
RED
670

Protection
slave
*Depending on required sensitivity

B
RED
670

Protection
master

RED
670

Protection
slave
en07000221.wmf

Figure 2: Three end application

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

RED 670 Differential protection and telecommunication networks

1.3

General

Route switching criteria for telecommunication networks with

specified (controlled) route switching
During route switching, a wider communication channel asymmetry can be accepted,
as the clock in the two ends will only have a small deviation during the time the communication is switched from one route to another < 2 seconds. However, route switching can only be handled correctly after complete start-up of the terminals (about 90
seconds), for example when the internal clocks are properly synchronized which will
take an additional 15 seconds after the channel is restored. The 2 second limit is
derived from the stability of the internal clocks. Longer route switching than 2 seconds
will block the differential function until the clocks are synchronized again. The synchronisation time will depend on interruption time, see Section 1.5 page 10.

1.4

Unspecified route switching can not be handled

Setting of maximum deviation between internal clocks, MaxtDiffLevel in the respective RED 670 (one to five). Setting range 200-2000 s. The setting is made on the
HMI or with PCM 600, Protection and Control Manager for setting, engineering and
disturbance handling of the 600-series. The abbreviation PCM 600 will be used in the
following text. The set maximum reference clock deviation is depending on the factors
below.
a Jitter and wander in the telecommunication system, typical 50 s in SDH systems
and 100-200 s in PDH systems (< 100 s according to the telecommunication
standards, see Section 6 page 34.)
b Acceptable small asymmetric delay, typical 50 to 100 s
- A constant (fixed) asymmetric delay in the duplex channels can be adjusted by
setting of the asymmetric delay on the built in HMI or by the PST (parameter setting tool) in the PCM 600 tool.
c Buffer memory in the telecommunication system, typical < +100 s
(Buffer memories should be avoided)
d Clock drift during two seconds, < 100 s

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

RED 670
670 Differential
Differentialprotection
protection
and
telecommuniand
telecommunication
cation networks

General

e n 0 7 0 0 0 2 2 3 .v sd

Figure 3: Setting of MaxtDiffLevel in the PCM 600

MaxtDiffLevel equals maximum individual time difference level between the internal
clocks in the respective line ends. The setting range is 0.2-2 ms. The allowed time difference setting must be coordinated with reference to the sensitivity of the differential
function.
This setting is only relevant for echo timing, for example when the GPS is lost.
MaxtDiffLevel is defined and measured at a sudden change in time difference between
the line ends, induced by route switching.
If the MaxtDiffLevel is exceeded, the differential function is blocked. (The MaxtDiffLevel is assumed to be asymmetric, this is worst case.)
To avoid that a number of small changes below the MaxtDiffLevel give unwanted trip,
these small changes are summated and checked to be below MaxtDiffLevel, see Section 2 page 12.
There is no supervising function in RED 670, which can detect the difference between
an asymmetric delay, buffer memory delay, telecommunication system jitter and wander and internal clock drift. The sum of these factors are supervised by observing the
deviation between the internal clocks in all RED 670s.

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

RED 670 Differential protection and telecommunication networks

General

With an SDH System (>2 Mbit), e.g. G.703 E1, and acceptable small asymmetric
delay, the value 2 x 300 s can be used. With a PDH (nx64 kbit) system and a buffer
memory of for example 100 s, a typical maximum deviation is 2x 400 s. The setting should be calculated accordingly. For example increased minimum operate current for increased deviation.
Thus, a route switching, which causes a virtual difference between the internal clocks
in the respective RED 670s due to asymmetry in the communication channel delay, jitter and wander and buffer memory, below the set maximum clock deviation is not
causing any communication failure alarm or blocking of the differential trip function.
It is considered to be within the accuracy requirements and will be compensated for by
the normal synchronization mechanism for the internal clocks.
If the route switching takes longer time than 2 seconds, the master and slave terminal
will start to re-synchronize, after a delay of 4 seconds, with the new channel asymmetry incorporated. The synchronization will adjust the internal clock difference compared to the internal clocks in RED 670 in other line ends within 1 s. The time
synchronization messages are evaluated every 5 ms. With setting of 200 s maximum internal clock deviation between the respective RED 670s, it will take around 10
seconds to reach a new synchronization. The synchronization will reach 1 s accuracy after additional 10-15 seconds.

1.5

Reference clock deviation >set maximum deviation

value 200-2000 s
A route switching that causes a virtual difference between the internal clock in one
RED 670 compared with RED 670 in other ends > set value due the asymmetry in the
communication channel, jitter and wander in the communication system and buffer
memory delay is supervised during 50 internal clock synchronization messages. The
time synchronization messages are sent every 5 ms but evaluated every 40 ms, which
gives a total stability time of 2 seconds. During this time the differential protection is
still in operation, but the synchronization of the internal clocks is blocked. Thus the
original accuracy between the internal clocks will be maintained during a communication interruption due to route switching. The route switching will typically be performed in <50 ms according to most communication standards. However, to make the
system more robust, 2 seconds communication interruption can be tolerated without
the loss of protection performance.
If the deviation between the internal clocks are outside the specified interval after 2
seconds, internal Comfail will be issued and the current differential trip blocked. After
restoration of the communication channels, a new synchronization with a clock adjustment in steps of 20 s initially for each clock synchronization message will take place.
The clock adjustment step will gradually decrease, when the internal clock differences
is reduced.
If the communication channels in both directions are restored to the same time delay in
both directions within 2 seconds, the difference between the internal clocks will be
within set limits.

10

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

RED 670
670 Differential
Differentialprotection
protection
and
telecommuniand
telecommunication
cation networks

General

Route switching within 2 seconds has no influence on the clock synchronization

for the current differential protection with reference to differential function
blocking. Thus, the differential function is available directly when the communication is restored.

1.6

Route switching/interruptions >2 seconds, example

Application area (I) Echo timing
If the route switching takes longer time, for example 4 seconds, the internal clocks will
be synchronized with the asymmetric delay included. The influence of the asymmetry
will then be: 2 seconds /40 ms x 10 s (average of 20 ms and 1 s) = 0, 5 ms, which
can cause unwanted trip, depending on the set sensitivity of the differential function.
Application area (II) Global time (GPS)
Communication failure in the range of 10 to 30 seconds can cause the relay to loose
the synchronization. Communication failure >30 seconds will always need a new synchronization of the internal clocks. If the synchronization has been lost, it takes 5 to 15
seconds of healthy communication to get the relays synchronized again and work with
normal tripping times.

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

11

Echo timing function

General

Echo timing function

An additional feature has been added in the echo timing function to detect accumulated dt changes below the set limit 200-2000 s, to avoid that small changes will
create an accumulated asymmetry, which can cause unwanted trip. Due to jitter and
wander etc. this function is restricted to four dt changes.
The setting of the differential protection sensitivity must be coordinated with the setting of the MaxtDiffLevel. The influence of the MaxtDiffLevel on sensitivity is shown
in Figure 4.
Virtual error in Ampere at different asymmetric delays

1 ms

6000

0.8 ms

4500

0.6 ms

3000

0.4 ms

1500

0.2 ms

0%
0

10

15

Fault current at external faults (kA)

20

kA
en07000225.wmf

Figure 4: Virtual error

The dt detection has a setting for the dead band of 200-2000 s. If the accumulated dt
for up to four changes are greater then the set dead band, but below the set MaxtDiffLevel, no action is taken. When the fifth dt happens, the protection is blocked, even if
the maximum deviation is not reached. (This restriction is included due to measuring
inaccuracy, if too many consecutive dt changes are accumulated).

12

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Echo
timingfunction
function
Echo timing

General

See the oscillogram in Figure 5 for explanations of dead band D, measured change dt
and scattering (deviation in calculation), inside the set deadband.

dt
D

en07000226.wmf

Figure 5: Deadband

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

DeadbandtDiff 200 s (setting range 200-2000 s)

dt

Measured change 200 s in this example

Scattering

Random fluctuations in delay time, due for example to varying

switching time in multiplexers, which gives jitter and wander etc.

13

Echo timing function

General

en07000227.vsd

Figure 6: DeadbandtDiff
DeadbandtDiff equals dead band time difference. This setting is used to compensate
for measuring inaccuracy due to scattering when accumulating changes smaller than
MaxtDiffLevel.
After blocking by MaxtDiffLevel the communication set up must be checked before
restarting.

14

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

RED 670
670 with
withbuilt-in
built-inGPS
GPSclock
clock
unspecified
forfor
unspecified
route
route switching

General

RED 670 with built-in GPS clock for unspecified

route switching
For telecommunication networks with unspecified route switching RED 670 with built
in GPS clock must be used. Thus, the differential protection can operate correctly,
independent of asymmetric delays in the communication channels. The maximum
allowed time delay in the telecommunication system is settable, 0-2 x 20 ms = 40 ms,
as the sum of the delay in both directions. It is also possible to make an asymmetric
split, for example 10 ms in one direction and 30 ms in the other direction as the delay
can be accurately measured when GPS timing is available. For longer delays, the differential function is blocked.

Maximum transmission time

Three end Application

Td = 40 ms (forward + reverse)

(Protection master-slave)

GPS
clock
RED
670

Unspecified
route
switching

GPS
clock
C

A
B

RED
670

RED
670

GPS
clock

en07000160.vsd

Figure 7: Three end application with GPS

3.1

Start up of the GPS system (cold start)

With the antenna placed for good visibility, the GPS system takes up to 15 minutes to
find the satellites (minimum 4) and start synchronizing the internal clocks in the RED
670 with the global time from the GPS system.
At the beginning of the synchronization procedure, the internal clocks in the RED 670s
are adjusted to have the correct global time in seconds, only integers are set. The
remaining fractional part to reach global time, milliseconds (ms) and microseconds
(s), are used to slowly synchronize the RED 670 internal clocks to global time.
The synchronization of the internal clock to the global time is done with a rate of
1 ms/s to reach the global time. When the RED 670 internal clock is within 16s from
the global time, the differential function is enabled. Thereafter a soft calibration is performed, in which the RED 670 internal clock is synchronized to maintain the global
time + 1s for a period of time, especially important during interruptions in the GPS
system. When the internal clock and the global time deviates more than 16 s, the GPS
timing is deactivated. If only GPS is used the differential protection is blocked or the
back-up echo timing enabled.

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

15

RED 670 with built-in GPS clock for unspecified

route switching

3.2

General

Setting for version 1.0 and 1.1 revision 9 and earlier

The time for reaching + 16s deviation, is depending on the adjustment range and
adjustment rate. As the internal clock in the RED670 can be up to 0.5 seconds wrong
after setting the time in seconds (integers) mentioned earlier, the time for reaching +
16s can be up to 10 minutes or up to 3 hours depending on the setting of the adjustment rate.The adjustment of the synchronization of the RED 670 internal clock to the
global time in the GPS system has two modes, Fast or Slow. The mode can be selected
in the HMI or PCM 600, for version 1.0 and 1.1 revision 9 and earlier. In version 1.1
revision 10 an automatic setting is introduced, see HMI window below
The Fast setting has 1 ms/s second adjustment rate.
The Slow setting has + 50 s/s second adjustment rate.
HMI tree on RED 670 front:
Setting
- Time
- Synchronization
-Time synchronization
- Time adjustment rate
Recommended settings:
Commissioning
Echo timing and no GPS
GPS and echo timing as back-up
GPS

Fast or Slow

Slow
Fast
Fast

In service
Echo timing and no GPS
Slow(< 3h to synchronize with external time source)
GPS and echo timing as back-up Slow (< 3h to shift to GPS from echo)
GPS
Fast (<10 min diffblock at start-up)
If the echo timing has been enabled as back-up for the GPS system, the RED 670 internal clock can not deviate more than +/- 50 s/s, which is the maximum adjustment rate
of the internal clock, depending on the echo timing adjustment capability in a 64 kbit
communication system.
This limitation is not valid for echo timing without GPS.

Note:
Set the course time synchronizing source (CoarseSyncSrc) to OFF when GPS time
synchronization of line differential function is used.
Set the fine time synchronization source (FineSyncSource) to GPS. The GPS will thus
provide the complete time synchronization.
GPS alone shall synchronize the analogue values in such systems.
No other external time synchronizing source is allowed including minute pulse, not
even as back-up in version 1.1 rev 9 and earlier.
This limitation is eliminated in version 1.1 rev 10 and later.
16

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

RED 670
670 with
withbuilt-in
built-inGPS
GPSclock
clock
unspecified
forfor
unspecified
route
route switching

3.3

General

Setting in version 1.1 revision 10 and later with new design of the
time system clock synchronization
The time system is based on a software clock, which can be adjusted from external
time sources and a hardware clock. The protection and control modules will be timed
from a hardware clock, which runs independently from the software clock. See
figure below.

External
Synchronization
sources
Off
LON
SPA
Min. pulse
GPS
SNTP
DNP
IRIG-B
PPS

Time tagging and general synchronization

Commu
-nication

TimeRegulator
(Setting,
see TRM)

Events

Protection
and control
functions

SW-time
Connected when GPS-time
is used for differential protection

TimeRegulator
(Fast or
slow)

Synchronization for
differential protection
(ECHO-mode or GPS)
HW-time
A/D
converter

Diff.
commu
-nication

Transducers*

*IEC 61850-9-2
en08000287.vsd

Figure 8: Design of time system (clock synchronization)

All time tagging is performed by the software clock. When for example a status signal is changed in the protection system with the function based on free running hardware clock, the event is time tagged by the software clock when it reaches the event
recorder. Thus the hardware clock can run independently.
The echo mode for the differential protection is based on the hardware clock. Thus,
there is normally no need to synchronize the hardware clock and the software
clock.

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

17

RED 670 with built-in GPS clock for unspecified

route switching

General

The synchronization of the hardware clock and the software clock is necessary
only when GPS or IRIG B 00X with optical fibre, IEEE 1344 is used for differentialprotection. The two clock systems are synchronized by a special clock synchronization
unit with two modes, fast and slow. A special feature, an automatic fast clock time regulator is used. The automatic fast mode makes the synchronization time as short as
possible during start-up or at interruptions/disturbances in the GPS timing. The setting
fast or slow is also available on the HMI and can be used for example during commissioning or maintenance.
If a GPS clock is used for other products in the 670-series than current differential
RED 670, the hardware and software clocks are not synchronized.
Fast clock synchronization mode

At start-up and after interruptions in the GPS or IRIG B time signal, the clock deviation between the GPS time and the internal differential time system can be substantial.
A new start-up is also required after for example maintenance of the auxiliary voltage
system.
When the time difference is >16 s, the differential function is blocked and the time
regulator for the hardware clock is automatically using a fast mode to synchronize the
clock systems. The time adjustment is made with an exponential function, i.e. big time
adjustment steps in the beginning, then smaller steps until a time deviation between the
GPS time and the differential time system of <16 s has been reached. Then the differential function is enabled and the synchronization remains in fast mode or switches to
slow mode, depending on the setting.
Slow clock sychronization mode

During normal service, a setting with slow synchronization mode is normally used,
which prevents the hardware clock to make too big time steps, >16 s, emanating from
the differential protection requirement of correct timing.
The time for reaching + 16s deviation, is depending on the adjustment range and
adjustment rate. As the internal clock in the RED670 can be up to 0.5 seconds wrong
after setting the time in seconds (integers) mentioned earlier, the time for reaching +
16s can be up to 10 minutes or up to 3 hours depending on the setting of the adjustment rate.The adjustment of the synchronization of the RED 670 internal clock to the
global time in the GPS system has two modes, Fast or Slow. The mode can be selected
in the HMI or PCM 600, for version 1.0 and 1.1. (In version 1.1 revision 10 or later an
automatic setting is introduced), see HMI window below.
The Fast setting has 1 ms/s second adjustment rate.
The Slow setting has + 50 s/s second adjustment rate.
If the echo timing has been enabled as back-up for the GPS system, the RED 670 internal clock can not deviate more than +/- 50 s/s, which is the maximum adjustment rate
of the internal clock, depending on the echo timing adjustment capability in a 64 kbit
communication system.
This limitation is not valid for echo timing without GPS.
18

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

RED 670
670 with
withbuilt-in
built-inGPS
GPSclock
clock
unspecified
forfor
unspecified
route
route switching

3.4

General

Accuracy of the GPS system

The accuracy of the soft calibration of the RED 670 internal clocks is dependent of the
time the GPS system has been in service. Thus, if the GPS system is lost directly after
the differential protection has been enabled, the drift of the clock can be up to 16 s/
second. However, by using software calibration this drift will be reduced to 1s/second during a time span of < 1 hour. This reduced drift is also reducing the restart time
after a short GPS interruption. If the time difference after the interruption is less than
the set MaxtDiffLevel, the differential system can be enabled directly.

3.5

Enabling of the echo timing according to application (I)

The echo timing is enabled when the GPS is lost. The enabling of the echo timing will
have a delay, depending on how long the GPS has been working after start.
Starting inaccuracy of the internal clock is 16 s and will go down to 1s after some
minutes.

3.6

Blocking of the echo-timing after GPS interruption

As the telecommunication system has unspecified route switching, the echo-timing
can only be used with unchanged time delay in both directions (within set limits, see
Section 1.2 page 7). As soon as the time delay is outside the set limits the differential
function is blocked. Some additional features are included to increase the performance
of the echo timing blocking, see below.
a) If redundant or alternative routes are available, these routes are also supervised for
change in time delay. If there is no time delay difference in the redundant or alternative
route, the echo-timing will continue with the reserve channel.
b) In telecommunication systems with unspecified route switching, time differences
below the set limits are accumulated to handle multiple route switching, which
together can reach the set time difference limit according to Section 1.2 page 7.

3.7

Selectivity planning
A missed protection message due to for example bit errors, prolongs the tripping time.
Maximum interruption time and bit error rate should be part of the selectivity planning.

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

19

RED 670 with built-in GPS clock for unspecified

route switching

20

General

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Digital signal communication for line differential

protection RED 670

Introduction

Digital signal communication for line differential

protection RED 670
The line differential protection RED 670 uses digital 64 kbit/s communication channels to exchange sampled current values between the ends every 5 ms. Each telegram
contain current sample values, time information, trip-, block- and alarm signals and
eight separate binary signals which can be used for any purpose, for example transfer
trip from external protection equipment. Each 670 series equipment can have a maximum of four communication channels.
On a two ended line there is a need of one 64 kbit/s communication channel provided
that there is only one CT in each line end as shown in Figure 9.
Protected zone

RED
670

64 kbit/s (duplex)

RED
670

en07000169.vsd

Figure 9: Two-terminal line

In case of a 1/2 breaker arrangements or ring buses, one line end can have two CTs as
shown in Figure 10.
Protected zone

RED
670

64 kbit/s (duplex)

RED
670

64 kbit/s (duplex)

en07000170.vsd

Figure 10: Two-terminal line with a 1/2 breaker

In this case, current values from two CTs in the double breakers, ring main or breakerand-a-half systems end with dual breaker arrangement need to be sent to the remote
end. As a 64 kbit/s channel only has capacity for one three-phase current (duplex), this
implies that two communication channels will be needed, and this is also the normal
solution.
Alternatively, it is possible to sum and check the two local currents before sending
them and in that way reduce the number of communication channels needed. The evaluation is then made in software in the 670 series, but doing it in this way, there will be
reduced information about bias currents in the two CTs.

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

21

Digital signal communication for line differential

protection RED 670

Introduction

In RED 670, the bias current is considered the greatest phase current in any line end
and it is common for all three phases. When sending full information from both local
CTs to the remote end, as shown in Figure 10, this principle works, but when the two
local currents are added together before sending the single resulting current on the single communication channel, information about the real phase currents from the two
local CTs will not be available in the remote line end.
Whether it will be possible to use one communication channel instead of two (as
shown in Figure 10) must be decided from case to case. It must be realized that correct
information about bias currents will always be available locally, whilst only limited
information will be available at the end, that receives the limited information over only
one channel.
For the configuration of redundant channels see Section 4.2 page 23. For further information see Chapter Remote communication, in Application manual.

4.1

Configuration of analog signals - Line Data Communication

Module
The communication between the 670 series protection and control products is provided by a Line Data Communication Module. The abbreviation LDCM is used in the
entire text.
The currents from the local end enter RED 670 via the Analog Input Modules as analog values. These currents need to be converted to digital values and then forwarded to
the line differential function in the local RED 670, as well as being transmitted to a
remote RED 670 via a Line Data Communication Module with either fiberoptic
C37.94 or galvanic X.21 at 64 kbit. The currents from a remote RED 670 are received
as digital values in the local RED 670 via an LDCM and is thereafter forwarded to the
line differential function in the local RED 670.
The engineering tool PCM600, protection and control manager is used for the configuration and setting of the 670 series. The abbreviation PCM will be used in the following text. The Signal Matrix tool, SMT is used to configure and connect input and
output signals. The abbreviation SMT will be used in the following text.The configuration of this data flow is made in the SMT tool in PCM 600 which is principally
shown in Figure 11, next page.

22

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Digital signal communication for line differential

protection RED 670

Currents
from local CT

Introduction

AD
/

LDCM 1

Currents from
remote end 1
Currents to
remote end 1

LDCM 2

Currents from
remote end 2
Currents to
remote end 2

PR

L3D

( PreProcessing
Block )

( Line
Differential
Function )

en07000230.vsd

Figure 11: Typical configuration of the analog signals for a three ended line
Figure 11 shows how one IED in a three ended line differential protection can be configured. Especially notice that there are two LDCMs, each one supporting a duplex
connection with a remote line end. Thus, the same local current is configured to both
LDCMs, whilst the received currents from the LDCMs are configured separately to the
line differential function.

4.2

Configuration of LDCM output signals

There are a number of signals available from the LDCM that can be connected to the
virtual binary inputs (SMBI) in the 670 series and used internally in the configuration.
The signals appear only in the SMT tool where they can be mapped to the desired virtual input.
See Chapter 5 Analog and binary signal transfer for the 670 series page 28, Binary signal transfer to remote end in Technical reference manual for more detailed explanation of the signals. The signal name is found in the Object Properties window by
clicking on the input signal number in the SMT tool. Connect the signals to the virtual
inputs as desired. See Figure 12.

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

23

Digital signal communication for line differential

protection RED 670

SI

Introduction

en06000638.vsd

SMBI

Figure 12: Example of LDCM signals as seen in the Signal matrix tool

24

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Digital signal communication for line differential

protection RED 670

Multiplexer

Introduction

Multiplexer

Telecom.
Network

LDCM

LDCM
CM
LLDDC
M
CM
D
L DC
L M

C
LDDCM
L M
CM
LDDC
L M

en07000228.wmf

Figure 13: Typical LDCM application

4.3

Configuration of redundant channels

LDCM installation sequence: slot 312, slot 313, slot 322, slot 323, slot 302 and slot
303.
2-4 LDCM can be included depending of availability of IRIG-B respective RS485
modules. IRIG-B will be seated in slot 302 and RS485 will be seated in slot 312.
Slots 303, 313 and 323 can be set as redundant line differential communication
channel in PCM 600.
For two or three line ends

Telecom.
Network
L

DC
L M
DC
M

DC
L M
DC
M

Telecom.
Network
Primary channel
Secondary redundant (reserve) channel

en07000229.wmf

Figure 14: Typical application with redundant channels

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

25

Digital signal communication for line differential

protection RED 670

Introduction

Note:
Main and redundant channel is placed on the same base card in slot 303-302, 313312 and 323-322. For more details, see Figure 15.

Can be set as main and redundant channel

or two independent channels
en1mrk002801-AB_6_revA_redundant channel.eps

Figure 15: Designation for 1/1x9 casing with 2 TRM slots

26

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Digital signal communication for line differential

protection RED 670

Introduction

en07000231.wmf

Figure 16: Signal Matrix for one LDCM

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

27

Digital signal communication for line differential

protection RED 670

Introduction

en07000232.wmf

Figure 17: Signal Matrix for two channels, one redundant

The position for the main and redundant channels are predefined in the basic configuration, in other words they can not be shifted. The signal matrix for the redundant
channel must be empty. It is automatically updated when the main channel is lost. See
Figure 17, above.

28

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Digital signal communication for line differential

protection RED 670

Introduction

e n 0 7 0 0 0 2 3 3 .v s d

Figure 18: Setting example of RED 670 with redundant channel (two duplex channels)

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

29

Binary signal transfer for the 670 series

Introduction

Binary signal transfer for the 670 series

REL 670, REC 670, REB 670 and REG 670 can utilize the same 64 kbit communication facilities for binary signal transfer of up to 192 external or internal logical signals,
for example Carrier Send, Carrier Receive, block signals, control signals etc.
Protected zone

RED
670

64 kbit/s (duplex)

RED
670

en07000169.vsd

Figure 19: Two-terminal line

The start and stop flags are the 0111 1110 sequence (7E hexadecimal), defined in the
HDLC standard. The CRC is designed according to the standard CRC16 definition.
The optional address field in the HDLC frame is not used. Instead a separate addressing is included in the data field. The address field is used for checking that the received
message originates from the correct equipment. There is always a risk that multiplexers occasionally mix the messages up. Each point in the system is given a number. The
670 series is then programmed to accept messages from a specific IED number. If the
CRCfunction detects a faulty message, the message is thrown away and not used in the
evaluation. When the communication is used exclusively for binary signals, the full
data capacity of the communication channel is used for the binary signal purpose
which gives the capacity of 192 signals

en07000234.vsd

Figure 20: Setting example of RED 670 with one communication channel for binary
transfer
30

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Binary signal transfer for the 670 series

5.1

Introduction

Function block
Note!
The function blocks are not represented in the configuration tool. The signals appear
only in the SMT tool when a LDCM is included in the configuration with the function
selector tool. In the SMT tool they can be mapped to the desired virtual input (SMBI)
in the 670 series and used internally in the configuration.

5.2

Analog and binary input and output signals

In the PCM 600 configuration and setting tool, the communication module (LDCM)
has an affix, either CRM or CRB, which defines actual type of signal transfer.
CRM 1-6; Remote Communication Multi is used to send both analog and binary signals (RED 670).
CRB 1-6; Remote Communication Binary is used to send binary signals (remaining
IED 670).
CRM and CRB number 1-6 has predefined slots in the IED 670 hardware. Only four
slots can be used simultaneously.
Table 1: Predefined slots for analog and binary signals
Analog and binary signals

Binary signals

Communication slot

CRM- 1

CRB- 1

302

CRM- 2

CRB- 2

303

CRM- 3

CRB- 3

312

CRM- 4

CRB- 4

313

CRM- 5

CRB- 5

322

CRM- 6

CRB- 6

323

Table 2: Output signals for the LDCMRecBinStat (CRM1-) function block in analog mode (see also section 11, fault tracing)
Signal

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Description

COMFAIL

Detected error in the differential communication

YBIT

Detected error in remote end with incoming message

NOCARR

No carrier is detected in the incoming message

NOMESS

No start and stop flags identified for the incoming message

ADDRERR

Incoming message from a wrong terminal

LNGTHERR

Wrong length of the incoming message

CRCERROR

Identified error by CRC check in incoming message

TRDELERR

Transmission time is longer than permitted

SYNCERR

Indicates when synchronisation is not correct

REMCOMF

Remote terminal indicates problem with received message

31

Binary signal transfer for the 670 series

Introduction

Table 2: Output signals for the LDCMRecBinStat (CRM1-) function block in analog mode (see also section 11, fault tracing)
Signal

Description

REMGPSER

Remote terminal indicates problem with GPS synchronization

SUBSTITU

Link error, values are substituted

LOWLEVEL

Low signal level on the receive link

Table 3: Binary output signals for the LDCMRecBinStat (CRB1-) function block
in binary mode (see also section 11, fault tracing)

5.3

Signal

Description

COMFAIL

Detected error in the differential communication

YBIT

Detected error in remote end with incoming message

NOCARR

No carrier is detected in the incoming message

NOMESS

No start and stop flags identified for the incoming message

ADDRERR

Incoming message from a wrong terminal

LNGTHERR

Wrong length of the incoming message

CRCERROR

Identified error by CRC check in incoming message

REMCOMF

Remote terminal indicates problem with received message

LOWLEVEL

Low signal level on the receive link

Setting guidelines
Channel mode: This parameter can be set ON or OFF. If OFF is set with locally measured currents (analog inputs) trip and transfer trip will be issued. Besides this, it can be
set OutOfService which signifies that the local LDCM is out of service. Thus, with this
setting, the communication channel is active and a message is sent to the remote IED
that the local IED is out of service, but there is no COMFAIL and the analog and
binary values are sent as zero.

Note:
Only applicable for no-load conditions; for example during maintenance of a HVbreaker.
TerminalNo: This setting assigns a number to the local REX 670. Up to 256 REX 670
can be assigned unique numbers. For aline differential protection, maximum 6 IEDs
can be included. The possibility to use the large number of IED designations is
reserved for the case where a high security against incorrect addressing in multiplexed
systems is desired.
RemoteTermNo: this setting assigns a to the remote IED.
DiffSync: Here the method of time synchronization, Echo or GPS, for the line
differential function is selected.

32

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Binary signal transfer for the 670 series

Introduction

GPSSyncErr: If GPS synchronization is lost, the synchronization of the line differential function will continue during 16 s. based on the stability in the local 670 units
clocks. Thereafter the setting Block will block the line differential function or the setting Echo will make it continue by using the Echo synchronization method. It shall be
noticed that using Echo in this situation is only safe as long as there is no risk of varying transmission asymmetry.
CommSync: This setting decides the Master/Slave relation in the communication
system and shall not be mistaken for the synchronization of line differential current
samples. When direct fibre is used, one LDCM is set as Master and the other one as
Slave. When a modem and multiplexer is used, the REX 670 is always set as Slave, as
the telecommunication system will provide the clock master.
OptoPower: The setting LowPower is used according to table 7, page 37.
TransmCurr: This setting decides which of 2 possible local currents that shall be transmitted, or if and how the sum of 2 local currents shall be transmitted, or finally if the
channel shall be used as a redundant channel.
In a 1 breaker arrangement, there will be 2 local currents, and the grounding on the CTs can
be different for these. CT-SUM will transmit the sum of the 2 CT groups. CT-DIFF1 will transmit CT group 1 minus CT group 2 and CT-Diff2 will transmit CT group 2 minus CT group 1.

CT-GRP1 or CT-GRP2 will transmit the respective CT group, and the setting
RedundantChannel makes it possible to use the channel as a backup channel.
ComFailAlrmDel: Time delay of communication failure alarm. In communication systems, route switching can sometimes cause interruptions with a duration up to 50 ms.
Thus, a too short time delay setting might cause nuisance alarms in these situations.
ComFailResDel: Time delay of communication failure alarm reset.
RedChSwTime: Time delay before switchover to redundant channel in case of primary
channel failure.
RedChRturnTime: Time delay before switchback to the primary channel after channel
failure.
AsymDelay: the asymmetry is defined as transmission delay minus receive delay. If a
fixed asymmetry is known, the Echo synchronization method can be used if the parameter AsymDelay is properly set. From the definition follows that the asymmetry will
always be positive in one end, and negative in the other end.

Note:
A false asymmetric delay can be present when A/D converter revision 1 is used in one
terminal and A/D converter revision 2 is used in the other terminal. This will give a
differential current due to an angle discrepancy of 3-5.

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

33

Binary signal transfer for the 670 series

Introduction

Setting example:
AsymDelay for RED 670 in end A is set 3 ms - 2 ms = 1 ms
AsymDelay for RED 670 in end B is set 2 ms - 3 ms = -1 ms

C*

2 ms delay

1 ms delay

A
RED
670

Tx
Rx

B
Rx
Tx

2 ms delay

RED
670

*The 3 ms delay in route A-C-B includes the delay in the multiplexer in end C.
The setting can be found under LDCM configuration/CRM-CRB/AsymDelay
en7000235.wmf

Figure 21: Setting example of AsymDelay for RED 670

MaxTransmDelay: Data for maximum 40 ms transmission delay can be buffered up.
Delay time in the range of some ms are common. It shall be noticed that if data arrive
in the wrong order, the oldest data will just be disregarded.
CompRange: the set value is current peak value over which truncation will be made.
To set this value, knowledge of the fault current levels should be known. The setting is
not overly critical as it considers very high current values for which correct operation
normally still can be achieved.
5.3.1

Setting parameters

Table 4: Basic general settings for the LDCMRecBinStat (CRM1-) function

34

Parameter

Range

Step

ChannelMode

Off
ON
OutOfService To be
used in multiterminal lines for example maintenance in
one end to avoid
communication failure and different
protect blocking in
remaining RED
670.

Default

Unit

Description

ON

Channel mode of LDCM,

0=OFF, 1=ON, 2=OutOfService

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Binary signal transfer for the 670 series

Introduction

Table 4: Basic general settings for the LDCMRecBinStat (CRM1-) function

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Parameter

Range

Step

Default

Unit

Description

TerminalNo

0 - 255

Terminal number used for

line differential communication

RemoteTermNo

0 - 255

Terminal number on
remote terminal

DiffSync

ECHO
GPS

ECHO

Diff Synchronization
mode of LDCM, 0=ECHO,
1=GPS

GPSSyncErr

Block
Echo

Block

Operation mode when

GPS synchroniation signal is lost

CommSync

Slave
Master

Slave

Com Synchronization
mode of LDCM, 0=Slave,
1=Master

OptoPower

LowPower
HighPower

LowPower

Transmission power for

LDCM, 0=Low, 1=High

TransmCurr

CT-GRP1
CT-GRP2
CT-SUM
CT-DIFF1
CT-DIFF2

CT-GRP1

Summation mode for

transmitted current values

ComFailAlrmDel

5 - 500

10

ms

Time delay before communication error signal is

activated

ComFailResDel

5 - 500

10

ms

Reset delay before communication error signal is

reset

RedChSwTime

5 - 500

ms

Time delay before switching in redundant channel

RedChRturnTime

5 - 500

100

ms

Time delay before switching back from redundant

channel

AsymDelay

-20.00 - 20.00

0.01

0.00

ms

Asymmetric delay when

communication use echo
synch.

MaxTransmDelay

0 - 40

20

ms

Max allowed transmission delay

CompRange

0-10kA
0-25kA
0-50kA
0-150kA

0-25kA

Compression range

MaxtDiffLevel

200 - 2000

600

Maximum time diff for

ECHO back-up

DeadbandtDiff

200 - 1000

300

Deadband for t Diff

InvertPolX.21

Off
ON

Off

Invert polarization for

X.21 communication

35

Binary signal transfer for the 670 series

Introduction

Table 5: Basic general settings for the LDCMRecBinStat (CRM2-) function

36

Parameter

Range

Step

Default

Unit

Description

ChannelMode

Off
ON
OutOfService

ON

Channel mode of LDCM,

0=OFF, 1=ON, 2=OutOfService

TerminalNo

0 - 255

Terminal number used for

line differential communication

RemoteTermNo

0 - 255

Terminal number on
remote terminal

DiffSync

ECHO
GPS

ECHO

Diff Synchronization
mode of LDCM, 0=ECHO,
1=GPS

GPSSyncErr

Block
Echo

Block

Operation mode when

GPS synchroniation signal is lost

CommSync

Slave
Master

Slave

Com Synchronization
mode of LDCM, 0=Slave,
1=Master

OptoPower

LowPower
HighPower

LowPower

Transmission power for

LDCM, 0=Low, 1=High

TransmCurr

CT-GRP1
CT-GRP2
CT-SUM
CT-DIFF1
CT-DIFF2
RedundantChannel

CT-GRP1

Summation mode for

transmitted current values

ComFailAlrmDel

5 - 500

100

ms

Time delay before communication error signal is

activated

ComFailResDel

5 - 500

10

ms

Reset delay before communication error signal is

reset

RedChSwTime

5 - 500

ms

Time delay before switching in redundant channel

RedChRturnTime

5 - 500

100

ms

Time delay before switching back from redundant

channel

AsymDelay
(Refers to fixed
routes with known
asymmetric delay)

-20.00 - 20.00

0.01

0.00

ms

Asymmetric delay when

communication use echo
synch.

MaxTransmDelay

0 - 40

20

ms

Max allowed transmission delay

CompRange

0-10kA
0-25kA
0-50kA
0-150kA

0-25kA

Compression range

MaxtDiffLevel

200 - 2000

600

Maximum time diff for

ECHO back-up

DeadbandtDiff

200 - 1000

300

Deadband for t Diff

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Binary signal transfer for the 670 series

Introduction

Table 5: Basic general settings for the LDCMRecBinStat (CRM2-) function

Parameter

Range

Step

Default

Unit

Description

InvertPolX.21

Off
ON

Off

Invert polarization for

X.21 communication

Table 6: Basic general settings for the LDCMRecBinStat (CRB1-) function

Parameter

Range

Step

Default

Unit

Description

ChannelMode

Off
On
OutOfService

On

Channel mode of LDCM,

0=OFF, 1=ON, 2=OutOfService

TerminalNo

0 - 255

Terminal number used for

line differential communication

RemoteTermNo

0 - 255

Terminal number on
remote terminal

CommSync

Slave
Master

Slave

Com Synchronization
mode of LDCM, 0=Slave,
1=Master

OptoPower

LowPower
HighPower

LowPower

Transmission power for

LDCM, 0=Low, 1=High

ComFailAlrmDel

5 - 500

10/100 depending
on version

ms

Time delay before communication error signal is

activated

ComFailResDel

5 - 500

10

ms

Reset delay before communication error signal is

reset

InvertPolX.21

Off
On

Off

Invert polarization for

X.21 communication

Note:
ComfailAlrmDel; COMFAIL Alarm Delay:
ComFailAlrmDel should be set 100 ms, in normal service. Route switching in telecommunication networks normally takes < 50 ms.ComFailResDelay should be set at
10 ms.
(For fault tracing it can be advantageous to set the ComFailAlrmDel at 5 - 10 ms.)

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

37

Communication channels

Introduction

Communication channels
Each 670 series device can be configured with up to four remote communication interfaces. The communication configuration for each channel is individually set.
Application examples:

Id>

Id >
e n 0 7 0 0 0 1 4 6 .v s d

Figure 22: Two ended line with 1 1/2 breaker

Id>

Id >
M a in
R edundant
e n 0 7 0 0 0 1 4 7 .v s d

Figure 23: Two ended line with 1 1/2 breaker, redundant channels

38

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Communication channels

Introduction

I d>

I d>

I d>

Id>

Id>

en07000148.vsd

Figure 24: Multiterminal line for 5 line-ends, master-master

Figure 25: Multiterminal line for 5 line-ends, master-slave

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

39

Communication alternatives

Introduction

Communication alternatives
C 37.94 64 kbit/s communication module up to four
ports

670series

Fibre-optics

Possibility for redundant channels (for 2 and 3

terminals)

Fibre optical module for dedicated single mode

fibers, typical 70/130 km

C37.94 direct to PCM/MUX

External G.703 converter,64 kbit/

s PDH or 2 Mbits SDH

Galvanic X21 interface

Two local analogue inputs for differential

protection

Additional local inputs for complementary

protection

CB1

CB2

CB3

en07000236.wmf

No external summation

Figure 26: Communication alternatives for 670 series

40

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Communication alternatives

7.1

Introduction

Fiberoptic communication interfaces with IEEE C37.94

international standard protocol
The 670 series can be configured with 1-4 fiberoptic interfaces according to IEEE
C37.94 1. with 12 x 64 bits channels (only one 64 kbits channel LDCM is used).

Up to 4 modules type LDCM can be included. Three different types are available.
For Multimode fiberoptic 50/125 m or 62,5/125 m
for 2-3 km to telecommunication equipment (Can also
be used for back-to back applications 2-3 km), (850
nm)
For single mode fiberoptic 9/125 m for back to back
applications < 70 km (1300 nm)
For single mode fiberoptic 9/125 m for back to back
applications < 130 km (1550 nm)
Selection of high or low optical power, see Table 9.

en07000237.wmf

Table 7: Optical budget for 670 series: 64 kbit communication with C37.94
interface
Fiberoptic
communication
Modem type
Contact type

850 nm

850 nm

1310 nm

1550 nm

Multimode fiber
Glass 50/125 m

Multimode fiber
Glass 62,5/125 m

Single mode
Glass 9/125 m

Single mode
Glass 9/125 m

1MRK0002211-AB 1MRK0002211-AB 1MRK0002311-AA 1MRK0002311-BA

ST

ST

FC/PC

FC/PC

Minimum output power

-21 dBm

-17 dBm

-7 dBm

- 3dBm

Minimum receiver
sensitivity

-30 dBm

-30 dBm

-29 dBm

-29 dBm

Optical budget*

9 dB

13 dB

22 dB

26 dB

* The optical budget includes a satisfactory margin for aging in transmitter and
receiver during 20-30 years.

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

41

Communication alternatives

Introduction

Table 8: Example of input data for calculation of optical power budget:

Maximum distance
Fiberoptic
communication
Modem type
Typical attenuation in
fiberoptic cables

850 nm

850 nm

1310 nm

1550 nm

Multimode fiber
Glass 50/125 m

Multimode fiber
Glass 62,5/125 m

Single mode
Glass 9/125 m

Single mode
Glass 9/125 m

1MRK0002211-AB 1MRK0002211-AB 1MRK0002311-AA 1MRK0002311-BA

3 db/km

3 db/km

0,32 dB/km

0,21 db/km

1,5 dB

1,5 dB

0,3 dB

0,3 dB

Factory splice
attenuation

0,5 dB/splice
0,3 splices /km

0,5 dB/splice
0,1 splices /km

0,08 dB/splice
0,1 splices /km

0,08 dB/splice
0,3 splices /km

Repair splices

0,25 dB/splice
0,1 splices /km

0,25 dB/splice
0,1 splices /km

0,1 dB/splice
0,05 splices /km

0,1 dB/splice
0,05 splices /km

0,1 db/km

0,1 db/km

0,01 db/km

0,01 db/km

Attenuation

Fiber margin for aging

Table 9: Example calculation of optical power budget: Maximum distance

Fiberoptic
communication
Modem type

850 nm

1310 nm

1550 nm

Multimode fiber
Glass 62,5/125 m

Single mode
Glass 9/125 m

Single mode
Glass 9/125 m

1MRK0002211-AB 1MRK0002211-AB 1MRK0002311-AA 1MRK0002311-BA

Maximum distance

2 km

3 km

60 km

110 km

Attenuation in
fiberoptic cables

6 dB

9 dB

19,2 dB

23,1 dB

2 Contacts

2 dB

2 dB

0,6 dB

0,6 dB

Factory splice attenuation

0,3 dB

0,45 dB

0,48 dB

0,48 dB

Repair splices

0,1 dB

0,3 dB

0,7 dB

0,7 dB

Fiber margin for aging

0,2 db

0,3 dB

0,7 dB

0,7 dB

Attenuation

8,6 dB

12,05 dB

21,68 dB

25,58 dB

9 dB

13 dB

22 dB

26 dB

0,4 dB

0,95 dB

0,036 dB

0,42 dB

6 dB

8 dB

15 dB

15 dB

Optical budget
Extra margin
Extra margin > set low
power

7.2

850 nm
Multimode fiber
Glass 50/125 m

Galvanic interface type X.21

Introduction
The galvanic X.21 line data communication module is used for connection to telecommunication equipment, for example leased telephone lines. The module supports 64
kbits/s data communication between IEDs.

42

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Communication alternatives

Introduction

Example of applications:
Line differential protection
Binary signal transfer
7.2.1

Design

The galvanic X.21 line data communication module uses a ABB specific PC*MIP
Type II format.

en07000238.wmf

Figure 27: Overview of the X.21 LDCM module

1 Ground selection connector for IO, screw

terminals, 2-pole

2 Ground pin
1

3 Soft ground pin, see Figure 29 below

4 X.21 Micro D-sub 15 pole male connector
according to the V11 (X:27) balanced version

15

en07000239.wmf

Figure 28: The X.21 LDCM module external connectors

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

43

Communication alternatives

Introduction

I/O

100k

100nF

Soft ground
en07000242.vsd

Figure 29: Schematic view of soft ground

Grounding
At special problems with ground loops the soft ground connection for the IO-ground
can be tested.
Three different kinds of grounding principles can be set (used for fault tracing):
1 Direct ground - The normal grounding is direct ground, connect terminal 2 direct to
chassi.
2 No ground- Leave the connector without any connection
3 Soft ground - connect soft ground pin (3), see Figure 29 above

44

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Communication alternatives

Introduction

X.21 Connector

7.2.2

Table

Pin-out for the X.21 communication connector

Pin number

Signal

Shield (ground)

TXD A

Control A

RXD A

Signal timing A

Ground

TXD B

10

Control B

11

RXD B

13

Signal timing B

5, 7, 12, 14, 15

Not used

Functionality

The data format is HDLC. The speed for the transmission of the messages used is 64
kbit/s.
A maximum of 100 meter of cable is allowed to ensure the quality of the data
(deviation from X.21 standard cable length).
Synchronization
The X.21 LDCM works like a DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) and is normally
expecting synchronization from the DCE (Data Circuit equipment). The transmission
is normally synchronized to the Signal Element Timing signal when a device is a DTE.
When the signal is high it will read the data at the receiver and when the signal is low
it will write data to the transmitter. This behaviour can be inverted in the control
register.
Normally an external multiplexer is used and it should act like the master.
When two X.21 LDCM is directly communicating with each other one must be set as a
master generating the synchronization for the other (the slave). The DTE signal
Element Timing is created from the internal 64 kHz clock.
The Byte Timing signal is not used in ABB devices.

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

45

Communication alternatives

7.2.3

46

Introduction

Technical data

Quantity

Range of value

Connector, X.21

Micro D-sub, 15-pole male, 1.27 mm (=.050) pitch

Connector, ground selection

2 pole screw terminal

Standard

CCITT X.21

Communication speed

64 kbit/s

Insulation

1 kV

Maximum cable length

100 m

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

PDH telecommunication system

Introduction

PDH telecommunication system

PDH telecommunication system set-up with 64 kbit/s C37.94 interface to transceiver
type 21-216, or X.21 directly to telecommunication systems.
For PDH telecommunication systems with 21-219, see section 10.

8.1

General communication requirements

There is a short delay in alarm time, normally 100 ms, for the communication fail in
the relay, derived from the dependability of the differential protection function. This
will require a high quality communication system, see Appendix 1 on page 69.
If the telecommunication system is disturbed more than 100 ms, an alarm will be correctly issued.

8.2

Communication structure for IEEE C37.94 fiberoptic interface in

670 series and 21-216 with G.703 64 kbit/s in a PDH-system
REL 670 Line differential relay or other 670 series for binary signal transfer
Transceiver 21-216 Optical/electrical interface converter
MUX = Multiplexer or PCM = Pulse Code Multiplexer is two different names for the
same thing.

LOCAL

<10m

IED 670
C37.94

Transciever
21-216xx

Multi-mode
Fibre optic
<3km

PCM

PCM

Galvanic
connection
Interface
G.703

External clock
(Slave)

REMOTE

<10m

Internal clock
(Master)

Transciever
21-216xx

Galvanic
connection
Interface
G.703

IED 670
C37.94

Multi-mode
Fibre optic
<3km

External clock
(Slave)
en07000260.vsd

Figure 30: PDH Communication structure

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

47

PDH telecommunication system

8.3

Introduction

Service settings of 21-216

Fiber Optic Port

en07000247.wmf

Figure 31: The fiber optic connector is of ST type.

Confirm the attenuation of the fiber optic cable, including splices and patch cables,
does not exceed the system budget. Do not forget to add a safety margin.
Minimum safety margin is 3dB.
Make sure that the local fiber optic transmitter, marked Tx, is connected to the remote
units fiber optic receiver, marked Rx.
Local Rx shall be connected to remote Tx.
.

en07000248.wmf

Figure 32: G.703 64kbit/s Codir Port

48

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

PDH telecommunication system

RJ45 pin

Name

Direction

Tx+ (TIP-out)

From 21-216 to multiplexer

Tx- (RING-out)

From 21-216 to multiplexer

Rx+ (TIP-in)

From multiplexer to 21-216

Rx- (RING-in

From multiplexer to 21-216

Shield

Cable shield must be connected

Metal house

Introduction

Use a cable with twisted pairs and a high quality shield. Only foil shielding is not
enough.
Rx+ and Rx- should form one twisted pair - Tx+ and Tx- another twisted pair.
A Cat5 S/FTP-cable, /Shielded/Foil Twisted Pair) used for example in Ethernet communication is a good cable. The outer shield is a braided mesh around the cable. In
addition every twisted pair has a foil-shielding.
If a S7FTP patchcable for Ethernet is used, be aware that a cross-connected cable has
only the pairs on pin 1-2 and 3-6 cross-connected, the two remaining pairs are not
cross-connected.
Clock configuration switch
From 21-216 revision 2 and later, a rotary switch is added to the front panel, to ease
installation and testing.
When two 21-216 are used in a PDH or a PDH/SDH system the two 21-216 shall be
set as slaves, i.e. when external clock is used.
Back-to-back testing
For testing back-to-back with the G703 ports directly connected, one of the 21-216
shall be set as Master (internal clock).

8.3.1

Clock synchronization configuration

Jumpers 7,8 and 9 configure the clock selection.

For this choice position 0 shall be ON (Default setting).
A jumper on position 9 selects clock from codi interface.
A jumper on position 8 selects clock from fiber interface.
A jumper on position 7 inverts the clock received from fiber.
In some application it is necessary to adjust the phase between the received clock on
fiber and the galvanic clock. This is done, by inverting the clock received from fiber.

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

49

PDH telecommunication system

Introduction

If both position 8 and 9 are left empty the internal clock in the 21-216 is selected.
For 21-216 R2, (revision 2), or later also a rotary switch on the front panel can be
used for clock synchronization configuration.
The rotary switch has 16 positions, (HEX-switch).

en07000249.wmf

en07000252.wmf

en07000251.wmf

Figure 33: Clock configuration switch

At position 0 the switchs arrow, visible through the adjusting hole, points straight
down. In position 0, external clock is selected (default).
.
Position

Function

External clock is selected (Slave)

External clock is selected and inverted (Slave)

Internal clock is selected (Master)

Internal clock is selected and inverted (Master)

4-7

Reserved for future use

8-15

Reserved for factory testing

When a not used channel is selected or if both codir and fiber clock are selected, the
ERR-LED on the front panel is lit.

50

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

PDH telecommunication system

8.4

Introduction

Start and usage

Power on
Connect the power cord to the 21-216 and then connect to mains.
If the link doesnt work, try to cross-connect the fiber at one end.

8.4.1

LED-status

There are 12 LED-indicators at the front panel.

en07000254.wmf

Figur 34: Front panel

Power
A green LED lit when power is connected to the unit.
RA
Remote Alarm. A red LED indicating that the remote unit has encounter a fault condition and has set A red LED indicating that the remote unit has encounter a fault condition and has set the Yellow Alarm bit in the IEEE C37.94 protocol.
LA
Local Alarm. A red LED indicating that the 21-206 has encounter a fault in the IEEE
C37.94 protocol -LOS Loss Of Signal. The Yellow Alarm bit is set in the outgoing
IEEE C37.94 protocol
ERR
Error. A red LED indicating that the 21-216 has detected an internal error.
The ERR-LED also indicates that not allowed setting of jumpers is made.
LF
Link Fiber. A green LED indicating that the 21-216 receives correct IEEE C37.94
frames, (no LOS).
LT
Link Twisted pair/G.703 codir. A green LED indicating that 21-216 receives G.703
codir 64kbit/s protocol.

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

51

PDH telecommunication system

Introduction

RxF
Receive data on Fiber. A green LED indicating that 21-216 receives data in IEEE
C37.94 format.
RxT
Receive data on twisted pair/G.703 codir. A green LEED indicating that 21-216
receives data in G.703 codir protocol.
Channel
For yellow LEDs representing the channel chosen by jumpers at installation.
The channel is calculated by adding the lit LEDs.
for example if LED 1 and LED 2 are lit 1+2=3 Channel 3 is chosen.
This means that data to/from G.703.codir-port is sent and received on the IEEE C37.94
protocol on the fiber.
Clock synchronization configuration
Clock synchronization configuration can be done on the fly with the rotary switch
on the front panel. Se chapter Service settings of 21-216

8.5

Service settings of 670 series with G.703 co-directional

en07000255.vsd

Figure 35: CRM3 set as slave

52

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

PDH telecommunication system

8.6

Introduction

Service settings of Transceiver 21-216 G.703 64 kbit

en07000256.wmf

Figure 36: 21-216 Fiber optic G.703 Codir - IEEE C37.94 Converter
There is only one setting that is required. The transceiver has to be set to external
clock. The rotating dip switch in position 0. For back-to-back testing one 21-216 has to
be set as master internal clock, rotary switch in position 2, (overrides settings of jumpers 8 and 9).

8.7

Grounding
The recommended grounding is - direct grounding (default setting). At ground loop
problems, the soft ground mode can be advantageous, see Figure 37 and Figure 38.
<10m between ground points
Outer shielding connected to
ground at both ends

Internal
electronics

PCM

21-216

Direct
ground
(Default)
For Soft ground
Remove jumper P4
See figure37
R= 100 k ohm
C= 100 nF

Make sure that the boxes are

properly grounded with as short
as possible connections to, for
example, a grounded frame
The transceiver 21-216 and the
PCM should preferably use the
same auxiliary voltage supply
(i.e. a 48V battery)

Internal
electronics
directly
grounded
Protective earth
screw (or any
screw, which
has good
ground
connection)

en08000073.vsd

Figure 37: Grounding principles

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

53

PDH telecommunication system

Introduction

en07000253.vsd

Figure 38: Ground select jumper

The strapping area/jumper P4 selects how internal signalground and chassieground are
referenced together.
With a jumper between P4s terminals chassieground and signalground are directly
tied together.
Without a jumper on P4 chassieground and signalground are connected together with a
100 k resistor in parallel with a 100nF capacitor.
Reassemble
After jumper selecting, reassembling is done in the reversed order as described above.
Do not forget to reconnect protective ground cables.
8.7.1

Detection of communication faults on 21-216

There is a supervision on the 21-216 which can be used for fault tracing.
RA
Remote Alarm. A red LED indicating that the remote unit has encountered a fault condition and has set A red LED indicating that the remote unit has encountered a fault
condition and has set the Yellow Alarm bit in the IEEE C37.94 protocol.
LA
Local Alarm. A red LED indicating that the 21-206 has encountered a fault in the
IEEE C37.94 protocol -LOS Loss Of Signal. The Yellow Alarm bit is set in the outgoing IEEE C37.94 protocol
If IED 670 has a communication fail alarm and there is no indication for RA or LA on
the 21-216 then the communication interruption is in the telecommunication system.
54

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Communication structure for the X.21 built-in galvanic interface

Introduction

Communication structure for the X.21 built-in

galvanic interface
REL 670 Line differential relay or 670 series for binary transfer
Built-in interface type X.21
PCM = Pulse Code Multiplexer = MUX

LOCAL

< 100 m

REMOTE

< 100 m

PCM

IED 670

IED 670

PCM

Built-in X.21
Galvanic
Interface

Built-in X.21
Galvanic
Interface

en07000259.wmf

Figure 39: Communication structure for X.21

9.1

Connection and Service settings of 670 series with X.21 galvanic

interface
X.21 connector
The connector used for the X.21 communication is a 15-pole male Micro D-sub
according to the V11 (X.27) balanced version. See section 7.2 page 41.

9.2

Check of settings on 670 series HMI and communication status

Table 10: Basic general settings for the LDCMRecBinStat (CRM1-) function

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Parameter

Range

Step

Default

Unit

Description

ChannelMode

Off
ON
OutOfService

ON

Channel mode of LDCM,

0=OFF, 1=ON, 2=OutOfService

TerminalNo

0 - 255

Terminal number used for

line differential communication

RemoteTermNo

0 - 255

Terminal number on
remote terminal

55

Communication structure for the X.21 built-in galvanic interface

Introduction

Table 10: Basic general settings for the LDCMRecBinStat (CRM1-) function
Parameter

Range

Step

Default

Unit

Description

DiffSync

ECHO
GPS

ECHO

Diff Synchronization
mode of LDCM, 0=ECHO,
1=GPS

GPSSyncErr

Block
Echo

Block

Operation mode when

GPS synchroniation signal is lost

CommSync

Slave
Master

Slave

Com Synchronization
mode of LDCM, 0=Slave,
1=Master

OptoPower

LowPower
HighPower

LowPower

Transmission power for

LDCM, 0=Low, 1=High

TransmCurr

CT-GRP1
CT-GRP2
CT-SUM
CT-DIFF1
CT-DIFF2

CT-GRP1

Summation mode for

transmitted current values

ComFailResDel

5 - 500

10

ms

Reset delay before communication error signal is

reset

RedChSwTime

5 - 500

ms

Time delay before switching in redundant channel

RedChRturnTime

5 - 500

100

ms

Time delay before switching back from redundant

channel

AsymDelay

-20.00 - 20.00

0.01

0.00

ms

Asymmetric delay when

communication use echo
synch.

MaxTransmDelay

0 - 40

20

ms

Max allowed transmission delay

CompRange

0-10kA
0-25kA
0-50kA
0-150kA

0-25kA

Compression range

MaxtDiffLevel

200 - 2000

600

Maximum time diff for

ECHO back-up

DeadbandtDiff

200 - 1000

300

Deadband for t Diff

InvertPolX.21

Off
ON

Off

Invert polarization for

X.21 communication

After making these settings check the result on the HMI of the IED 670.
Look under Test/Function Status/Communication/Remote communication/
LDCM312/CRM3/ on both end terminals and verify that the result is OK. Received
100%, transmit 100%.

56

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Communication structure for the X.21 built-in galvanic interface

Introduction

9.3

Supervision of the communication on the 670 series HMI

9.3.1

Communication structure for laboratory testing

During laboratory testing one of the 21-216 has to provide the timing. This is done by
removing the jumper on S14 EXT CLK in one of them. Remember to restore after testing.
21-16xx
(Local)

RED 670
(Local)

TX

RX

RX

TX

RJ

G.703
cable
<10 m

RED 670
(Remote)

21-16xx
(Remote)

RJ

RX

TX

TX

RX

Multi mode
Optical fiber

Multi mode
Optical fiber

E
en07000155.vsd

Figure 40: Communication structure for laboratory testing

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

57

PDH/SDH telecommunication system set-up with

670 series 64 kbit/s C37.94 interface to transceiver

10

Introduction

PDH/SDH telecommunication system set-up with

670 series 64 kbit/s C37.94 interface to transceiver
type 21-219
The transceiver 21-219 can be used for both SDH or PDH systems.

10.1

Transceiver 21-219 service settings for SDH systems

Normally the SDH system with an accurate Master clock gives a high quality communication with very low Bit Error Rate (BER10-9).

10.1.1

Service settings with the port for 21-219 synchronized to the SDH system master clock

Setting up of a SDH system requires that the port for 21-219 is synchronized from the
actual SDH network master clock. Thus the SDH telecommunication multiplexer
(MUX) must be set to fulfil this. These settings are vendor dependent, but normally the
SDH MUX has to be set for retiming and the format according G.704 framed, structured, unstructured etc.
The format transparent cannot be used in SDH systems because no synchronization on
the 21-219 SDH port is available.
Communication structure:

670 series
Transceiver 21-219 Optical/electrical interface converter
SDH MUX = Multiplexer in the SDH system

58

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

PDH/SDH telecommunication system set-up with

670 series 64 kbit/s C37.94 interface to transceiver

LOCAL

Introduction

<10m

RED 670

Transciever
21-219

Multi-mode
Fibre optic
<3.5 km

Slaves

REMOTE

<10m

SDH
MUX

SDH
MUX

Galvanic
connection
Interface
G.703 E1
(2MB)
SDH
Master

Transciever
21-219

Galvanic
connection
Interface
G.703 E1
(2MB)
G704 (framed etc.)

RED 670

Multi-mode
Fibre optic
<3.5 km

Slaves (External clock)

en07000156.vsd

Figure 41: Communication structure

Setting of clock source (slave mode)

In normal operation the 21-219 at both end of a line shall be configured for External
clock, thus the configuration switch at the front shall be in position 0, the led 1, 2, 4, 8
shall all be off.
10.1.2

Service settings with the SDH/PDH port synchronized from one of the 21-219
transceivers (PDH system)

The communication quality in PDH systems are normally not as good as in SDH systems due to less stable clocks as Master. The bit error rate is normally BER 10-6.
Set-up as PDH system requires that the synchronization is provided from an external
source, for example one of the 21-219 transceivers. Thus the SDH MUX must be set
not to interfere with the synchronization. This setting is normally fulfilled by setting
the SDH MUX in transparent mode.
Communication structure:

670 series Protection/control relay

Transceiver 21-219 Optical/electrical interface converter
SDH MUX = Multiplexer in the SDH system

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

59

PDH/SDH telecommunication system set-up with

670 series 64 kbit/s C37.94 interface to transceiver

LOCAL

Introduction

<10m

RED 670

Transciever
21-219

SDH
MUX

SDH
MUX

Multi-mode
Fibre optic
<3.5 km Galvanic
connection
Interface
G.703 E1
(2MB)
Slave

REMOTE

<10m

21-219
Master

Transciever RED 670

21-219

Multi-mode
Fibre optic
<3.5 km
Galvanic
connection
Interface
G.703 E1
(2MB)
Transparent

Slaves
(External clock)
en07000157.vsd

Figure 42: Communication structure

Setting of clock source (Master - slave mode)

Local end Master 21-219; In normal operation the 21-219 master should be set for
Internal clock. Thus the configuration switch at the front shall be in position 1 and
LED 1 shall be lit. The LED 2, 4, 8 shall all be off.
Remote end Slave 21-219; In normal operation the 21-219 slave shall be configured
for External clock. Thus the configuration switch at the front shall be in position 0.
The LED 1, 2, 4, 8 shall all be off.
Both 670 series devices shall be set as slaves.
Note that the differential protection clock is a separate issue not involved in communication and always is set as Master for the differential protection, even if the differential
protection is configured Master - Slave.

60

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

PDH/SDH telecommunication system set-up with

670 series 64 kbit/s C37.94 interface to transceiver

10.1.3

Introduction

Service settings of transceiver 21-219 G.703 E1 2 Mbit

There is only one setting that is required. The 21-219 has to be set for external or internal clock, depending on configuration of the telecomsystem.

en07000245.vsd

10

6
en07000244.vsd

Figure 43: 21-219 Fiber optic IEEE C37.94 G.703 E1 Multiplexor

1 Functional ground
2 Power Supply IEC 320 connector
3 G.703 port
4 Fiber Optic Ports Channel 0
5 Fiber Optic Ports Channel 1
6 Status LEDs Fiber Optic Port Channel 1
7 Status LEDs Fiber Optic Port Channel 0
8 Reset button
9 Config-switch
10 Status LEDs G.703 and configuration

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

61

PDH/SDH telecommunication system set-up with

670 series 64 kbit/s C37.94 interface to transceiver

Introduction

Transceiver 21-219 has two channels which can be used for redundant communication,
see Figure 44 below.

en07000241.vsd

Figure 44: Protection system with redundant communication channels

10.1.4

Configuration

Normal use
Normally no configuration is needed!
When two 21-219 are connected back-to-back, (E1 ports connected to each other), one
of the 21-219 should be set to Master mode.

62

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

PDH/SDH telecommunication system set-up with

670 series 64 kbit/s C37.94 interface to transceiver

Introduction

Config rotary switch

Figure 45: Rotary Switch

The rotary switch has 16 positions, (HEX_switch).

en07000249.wmf

en07000252.wmf

en07000252.wmf

Figure 46: Rotary switch enlarged

At position 0 the arrow in the switch, visible through the adjusting hole, points straight
down.
All configuration is done by setting the position of the Config rotary switch on the
front panel. The Config-switch is operated with a small screwdriver. The switch has
16 positions. Every switch position is presented by the four LEDs 1, 2, 4,and 8, see
figure 48. The LEDs forms a corresponding binary-value of the switch position. In the
table below X marks a lit LED.
LED
1

LED
2

LED
3

LED
4

FUNCTION

(0H) External clock selected. Slave mode

X

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

(1H) Internal clock selected. Master mode

63

PDH/SDH telecommunication system set-up with

670 series 64 kbit/s C37.94 interface to transceiver

10.1.5

Introduction

Signals on front
1

en07000246.vsd

Figure 47: LED indicators

1 LED indicators for Channel 0
2 LED indicators for Channel 1
LA = Local Alarm. A red LED indicating that the 21-219 has encountered a fault in
the received IEEE C37.94 protocol - LOS Loss Of Signal. The Yellow Alarm bit is
set in the outgoing IEEE C37.94 protocol.
Is red when the 21-219 has detected an error. This indication has a memory function.
When the local-error is no longer present, the LA-LED will blink until the Resetbutton is pressed.
RA = Remote Alarm. A red LED indicating that the remote unit has encountered a
fault condition and has set the yellow Alarm bit in the IEEE C37.94 protocol.
Is red when the remote unit of the fiber optic link has detected an error. This indication
has a memory function. When the remote-error is no longer present, the RA-LED will
blink until the Reset-button is pressed.
ST = Status. A red LED is lit when the 21-219 has set outgoing data on fiber to AIScondition.
LI = Link Fiber. A green LED indicating that the 21-219 receives correct IEEE
C37.94 frames, (No Loss). Blinks when the fiber optic receiver indicate low signal
amplitude. Low amplitude is indicated when received optical signal power is between
-35dBm and -40dBm.
The IEEE C37.94 standard specifies: The receiver shall operate error-free
(BER <1E-9) for mean optical power between -32dBM and -11dBm.
TxD. Received data from E1 sent out to IEEE C37.94. A yellow LED indicating that
21-219 sends data in IEEE C37.94 format.
RxD. Receive IEEE C37.94 data on fiber. A yellow LED indicating that the 21-219
receives data in IEEE C37.94 protocol.

64

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

PDH/SDH telecommunication system set-up with

670 series 64 kbit/s C37.94 interface to transceiver

10.1.6

Introduction

Detection of communication faults on 21-219

There is supervision on the 21-219 which can be used for fault tracing.
There are two red light emitting diodes on the front of the 21-219, LA (Local Alarm) if
there is some problem in 21-219, and RA (Remote Alarm) which is supervising the
fiber optic link from the 21-219 to the 670 series, see section 10.1.5 page 67.
If 670 series has a communication fail alarm and there is no indication for LA or Ra on
the 21-219, then the communication interruption is in the telecommunication system.
Grounding of 21-219

The interface protection circuitry in the 21-219 is based on the requirement that the telecommunication multiplexer (MUX) interface is directly or low resistive grounded to
the same ground as the grounding screw on the front of the 21-219. There is no overturned protection in 21-219. If there is a potential difference between the 21-219
ground and the MUX ground it will result in a current flowing in the outer shield of the
connecting cable that may damage the cable and degrade the system functionality with
bite errors as a consequence.
Thus a correct grounding is essential, with the coaxial cables outer shield grounded to
the chassi via the BNC contacts at both ends, see Figure 48.

< 10 m
B N C co n tac ts w ith th e s cre e n
co n n ec te d d ire c tly to c ha s si (g rou n d )

T ra n s c e iv e r
2 1 -2 1 9

TX

RX

RX

TX

SDH
MUX

C oa x ia l ca b les

G ro u n d ing
s cre w o n fro nt

M a ke su re th at the bo x es a re pro p erly

g ro un d e d , e .g . to a g ro u n de d fra m e ,
w ith c o nn e ction s a s sh o rt a s p o ss ib le .

Im po rta n t: P o w e r su p ply
fro m the sa m e b atte ry .
e n 07 0 0 0 15 8 .v sd

Figure 48: Coaxial cables outer shield grounded to the chassi at both ends

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

65

PDH/SDH telecommunication system set-up with

670 series 64 kbit/s C37.94 interface to transceiver

Introduction

Communication settings of 670 series connected to 21-219

The same setting as for 21-216 are used, see Section 10.1.3 page 61.
Communication structure for laboratory testing

During laboratory testing back-to-back one of the 21-219 must be set as Master. This is
done by turning the configuration switch to pos 1 "EXT CLK" on one of them, LED 1
shall be lit and LED 2, 4, 8 shall be off.

66

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Communication check/fault tracing

Introduction

11

Communication check/fault tracing

11.1

Information available on the HMI

On the HMI of RED 670 and the 670 series, the status of the remote communication
can be supervised. The available information is also useful at fault tracing.
The information on the HMI can be found in the following HMI tree on the RED 670
front.
Enter
-Test
- Function status
-Communication
-Remote communication
-LDCM (slot); Line Differential Communication Module
- CRM (no 1-4) Communication remote multi (analogue + binary)
or
- CRB (no 1-4) Communication remote binary (only binary-192 BI/BO)

SMT/ CRM and CRB: Signal Matrix Tool connection number to connect information
to for example the event recorder.
Window
Remote communication/LDCM(slot)/CRM for RED 670 and /CRB for the 670 series
HMI Info

Signal Name

SMT- SMTCRM CRB

Normal
Faulty
Specification
(Example) (Example)

TransmDelay in 2 ms
Echo mode 1)

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Transmission
delay in GPS
mode 1)

2 ms

NoOfShInterr

50

Time

Round trip delay/2 + set asymmetric delay

Time

Actual transmission delay +

measured asymmetric delay
(+or -)

Counter

No of short interruptions, 20-50

ms

67

Communication check/fault tracing

11.1.1

Introduction

Example of HMI info for transmission delay and asymmetry.

IED A

IED B

0,4 ms Transmission delay, 3,5 ms Asymmetric delay in test set-up

ECHO mode
Settings in IED A

Settings in IED B

asymDelay

-3.10 ms

asymDelay

3.10

Service value in IED A

Service value in IED B

transmDelay

0.400 ms

transmDelay

3.50

asymDelay

-3.10 (same as setting)

asymDelay

3.10 (same as setting)

In GPS mode the actual values are shown

GPS mode
Service values in IED A

Sevice values in IED B

transmDelay

0.4 ms

transmDelay

3.500 ms

asymDelay

-3.1 ms

asymDelay

3.100 ms

HMI Info

68

Signal Name

SMT- SMTCRM CRB

NoOfMEDInterr 10

Counter

No of medium interruptions,
50-150 ms

NoOfLongInterr 5

Counter

No of long interruptions, >150

ms

CommStatus

OK

NoRXD

Status

Communication status/no of
received messages

COMFAIL

Status

Communication failure (>set

delay 100 ms in service, 5-10
ms for fault tracing.)

NoOfTXD

100.000

<100

Status %

No of sent messages

NoOfRXD

100.000

<75*

Status %

No of received messages

Ybit

Status

Detected error in incoming

message in remote end

AsymDelay 1)

0,5 ms

Setting/GPS
ms

Asymmetric delay (Setting in

echo mode or measured with
GPS timing.)

19

19

13

13

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Communication check/fault tracing

HMI Info
NOCARR

Introduction

Signal Name
0

SMT- SMTCRM CRB

No carrier is detected in the

25
incoming message.
Group signal - Logical OR for:
LINK_LOST No input data
stream at the optical
receiver

25

SYNC_LOST The clock

synchronization is lost
C37 ERROR Error at the
C37.94 fiberoptic receiver
(Faulty format)
NOMESS

Status

No start and stop flags in

incoming message

24

24

ADRERR

Status

Incoming message from nonvalid address

14

14

LNGTHERR

Status

Incorrect length for the incom- 23

ing message

23

CRCERROR

Status

CRC-error in incoming message

15

TRDELERR**

Status

Transmission delay error, > 40 16

ms

N.A**

SYNCERR**

Status

Error in echo timing synchroni- 17

zation

N.A**

REMCOMFAIL

Status

Error in received message at

remote end

18

18

REMGPSER**

Status

Error in GPS synchronization

at remote end

20

N.A**

SUBSTITU**

Status

Link error, differential protec- 21

tion blocked. Analogue values
are substituted with zero, ref.
disturbance recorder.

N.A**

LOWLEVEL

Status

Low signal level in the receive 26

link

26

15

* Around 75 % RXD is typical if for example two Master clocks are present in the
communication system
** Only in RED 670

11.2

Detection of communication faults on Fibersystem transceiver

type 21-216 C37.94/G.703 64 kbit/s modem.
There is supervision on the 21-216 which can be used for fault tracing, see section 8.7.
There are two red light emitting diodes on the front of the 21-216, LA (Local Alarm),
there are some problem in 21-216 and RA (Remote Alarm) which is supervising the
fiber optic link from the 21-216 to the 670 series.

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

69

Communication check/fault tracing

Introduction

If IED 670 has a communication fail alarm and there is no indication for LA or Ra on
the 21-216, then the communication interruption is in the telecommunication system.

11.3

Detection of communication faults on Fibersystem transceiver

type 21-219 C37.94/G.703 G.703 E1 2 Mbit/s modem
There is supervision on the 21-219 which can be used for fault tracing, see section 8.7.
There are two red light emitting diodes on the front of the 21-219, LA (Local Alarm),
there are some problem in 21-219 and RA (Remote Alarm) which is supervising the
fiber optic link from the 21-219 to the 670 series.
If IED 670 has a communication fail alarm and there is no indication for LA or Ra on
the 21-219, then the communication interruption is in the telecommunication system.

11.4

Detection of communication faults by loop back tests.

A very efficient way to trace the origin of communication problems is to make so
called loop-back tests, that is to make a loop back to the local RED 670 or 670 series
products at various points in the communication system. The loop back tests involve
both fiberoptic loop-back and galvanic cable loop-back, depending on actual point in
the communication system
Loop back test sequence.
Set the local relay and the remote relay with the same address.
Setting of the Line Differential Communication module- LDCM
- general settings
- communication
- LDCM communication
-LDCM (slot no)
- CRM(no) or CRB(No) for the 670 series
Terminal No
[]
Remote terminal No same [ ]
Echo Synchronization On or Off
GPS synchronization Off or On
The synchronization method shall be the same in the loop-back tests as in actual service.

70

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Communication check/fault tracing

Introduction

Perform Loop back tests at consecutive points in the communication system.

The number of test will depend on the actual communication system, and number of
channels.
Fibersystem transceiver 21-216 will be connected to a 64 kbit PDH Multiplexer.
Fibersystem 21-219 is normally connected directly to a 2 Mbit SDH multiplexer,
reducing the number of interface points for the loop-back test.

Figure 49: Fiberoptic or galvanic loop-back

Test 1. Connect RX and TX directly on the actual LDCM with a fiberoptic loop.
Check that the communication is OK on the HMI, see 11.1 page 70.
If there is more then one LDCM (max 4) on the local RED 670, the test must be
repeated for each channel
Test 2- to Test N. Loop back RX+ to TX+ and RX- to TX-. Loop back in respective
interface points one by one in the communication system. Check the communication
information on the HMI for each interface point, see 11.1 above. If no fault is found,
Test 1 and Test 2 should be repeated in inverse order from the remote end.

Note:
For loop-back tests with X21 galvanic interface special procedures and equipment is
needed. Contact your local ABB representative.

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

71

Communication check/fault tracing

72

Introduction

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Appendix 1
Sample specification of communication requirements for differential protection RED 670 and
the 670 series protection and control terminals in digital telecommunication networks

Sample specification of communication

requirements for differential protection RED 670
and the 670 series protection and control
terminals in digital telecommunication networks
The communication requirements are based on echo timing.
Bit Error Rate (BER) according to ITU-T G.821, G.826 and G.828

<10-6 according to the standard for data and voice transfer

Bit Error Rate (BER) for high availability of the differential protection

<10-8-10-9 during normal operation

<10-6 during disturbed operation
During disturbed conditions, the trip security function in RED 670 can cope with high
bit error rates up to 10-5 or even up to 10-4. The trip security can be configured to be
independent of COMFAIL from the differential protection communication supervision, or blocked when COMFAIL is issued after receive error >100ms. (Default)
Synchronization in SDH systems with G.703 E1

According to ITU-T G.803, G.810-13

One master clock for the actual network
The actual port Synchronized to the SDH system clock at 2048 kbit
Synchronization; bit synchronized, synchronized mapping
Maximum clock deviation <50 ppm nominal, <100 ppm operational
Jitter and Wander according to ITU-T G.823 and G.825
Buffer memory <250 s, <100 s asymmetric difference
Format.G 704 frame, structured etc.Format.
No CRC-check
Synchronization in PDH systems connected to SDH systems with G.703 E1

Independent synchronization, asynchronous mapping.

The actual SDH port synchronized from external master clock, that is from the
21-170 modems in Master-Slave mode
Maximum clock deviation <50 ppm nominal, <100 ppm operational
Jitter and Wander according to ITU-T G.823 and G.825
Buffer memory <100 s
Format: Transparent
Maximum channel delay

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

73

Appendix 1
Sample specification of communication requirements for differential protection RED 670 and the
670 series protection and control terminals in digital telecommunication networks

Loop time <30 ms continuous (2 x 15 ms)

IED 670 with echo synchronization of differential clock (without GPS clock)

Both channels must have the same route with maximum asymmetry of 0,2-0,5
ms, depending on set sensitivity of the differential protection.
A fixed asymmetry can be compensated (setting of asymmetric delay in built in
HMI or the parameter setting tool PST).
IED 670 with GPS clock

Independent of asymmetry.

74

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Appendix 2
Related documents

Related documents
Documents related to RED 670

Identity number

Operators manual

1MRK 505 184-UEN

Installation and commissioning manual

1MRK 505 185-UEN

Technical reference manual

1MRK 505 183-UEN

Application manual

1MRK 505 186-UEN

Buyers guide

1MRK 505 188-BEN

Connection diagram, Single breaker arr. Three phase tripping 1MRK 002 801-BA
arr.
Connection diagram, Single breaker arr. Single phase tripping 1MRK 002 801-CA
Connection diagram, Multi breaker arr. Three phase tripping
arr.

1MRK 002 801-DA

Connection diagram, Multi breaker arr. Single phase tripping

arr.

1MRK 002 801-EA

Configuration diagram A, Single breaker with single or double 1MRK 004 500-82
busbars
Configuration diagram B, Single breaker with single or double 1MRK 004 500-83
busbars
Configuration diagram C, Multi breakers such as 1 1/2 or ring 1MRK 004 500-84
busbar arr.
Configuration diagram D, Multi breakers such as 1 1/2 or ring 1MRK 004 500-85
busbar arr.
Setting example 1, 230 kV Short cable line with 1 1/2 CB arr

1MRK 505 175-WEN

Documents related to REL 670

Identity number

Operators manual

1MRK 506 276-UEN

Installation and commissioning manual

1MRK 506 277-UEN

Technical reference manual

1MRK 506 275-UEN

Application manual

1MRK 506 278-UEN

Buyers guide

1MRK 506 280-BEN

Connection diagram, Single breaker arr. Three phase tripping 1MRK 002 801-BA
arr.

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

75

Appendix 2
Related documents

Connection diagram, Single breaker arr. Single phase tripping 1MRK 002 801-CA
arr.
Connection diagram, Multi breaker arr. Three phase tripping
arr.

1MRK 002 801-DA

Connection diagram, Multi breaker arr. Single phase tripping

arr.

1MRK 002 801-EA

Configuration diagram A, Single breaker with single or double 1MRK 004 500-86
busbar, 3 pole tripping (A31)
Configuration diagram B, Single breaker with single or double 1MRK 004 500-87
busbar, 1/3 pole tripping (A32)
Configuration diagram C, Multi breaker such as 1 1/2 or ring
busbar arr. 3 pole tripping (B31)

1MRK 004 500-88

Configuration diagram D, Multi breaker such as 1 1/2 or ring

busbar arr. 1/3 pole tripping (B32)

1MRK 004 500-89

Setting example 1, 400 kV Long overhead power line with 1 1/ 1MRK 506 267-WEN
2 CB arr. Quadrilateral characteristic.
Setting example 2, Setting example 1, 400 kV Long overhead 1MRK 506 291-WEN
power line with 1 1/2 CB arr. Mho characteristic.
Setting example 3, 230 kV Extremely long overhead power
line, double bus, single CB arr. Quadrilateral characteristic.

1MRK 506 268-WEN

Setting example 4, 230 kV Extremely long overhead power

line, double bus, single CB arr. Mho characteristic.

1MRK 506 292-WEN

Setting example 5, 132 kV Short overhead power line, double 1MRK 506 269-WEN
bus, single CB arr. Quadrilateral characteristic.
Setting example 6, 132 kV Short overhead power line, double 1MRK 506 290-WEN
bus, single CB arr. Mho characteristic.
Setting example 7, 70 kV power line on a resonance earth
system. Double bus, single breaker arrangement.

1MRK 506 293-WEN

Setting example 8, 400 kV long series compensated line. 1 1/ 1MRK 506 294-WEN
2 breaker arrangement.

76

Documents related to REC 670

Identity number

Operators manual

1MRK 511 188-UEN

Installation and commissioning manual

1MRK 511 189-UEN

Technical reference manual

1MRK 511 187-UEN

Application manual

1MRK 511 190-UEN

Buyers guide

1MRK 511 192-BEN

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Appendix 2
Related documents

Connection diagram, Single breaker

1MRK 002 801-FA

Connection diagram, Double breaker

1MRK 002 801-MA

Connection diagram, 1 1/2CB

1MRK 002 801-NA

Configuration diagram A, Single breaker arr. with single or

double busbar

1MRK 004 500-90

Configuration diagram B, Double breaker arrangements

1MRK 004 500-91

Configuration diagram C, 1 1/2 breaker arr. for a full bay

1MRK 004 500-92

Documents related to RET 670

Identity number

Operator's manual

1MRK 504 087-UEN

Installation and commissioning manual

1MRK 504 088-UEN

Technical reference manual

1MRK 504 086-UEN

Application manual

1MRK 504 089-UEN

Buyer s guide

1MRK 504 091-BEN

Connection diagram, Two winding transf. Single breaker

arrangements

1MRK 002 801-LA

Connection diagram, Two winding transf. Multi breaker

arrangements

1MRK 002 801-HA

Connection diagram, Three winding transf. Single breaker

arrangements

1MRK 002 801-KA

Connection diagram, Three winding transf. Multi breaker

arrangements

1MRK 002 801-GA

Configuration diagram A, Two winding transf. with single or

double busbar but with a single breaker arr. on both sides
(A30)

1MRK 004 500-93

Configuration diagram B, Two winding transf. in multi breaker 1MRK 004 500-94
arr. on one or both sides (A40)
Configuration diagram C, Three winding transf. with single or 1MRK 004 500-95
double busbar but with a single breaker arr. on both sides
(B30)
Configuration diagram D, Three winding transf. in multi
breaker arr. on one or both sides (B40)

1MRK 004 500-96

Configuration diagram E, Two or three winding transf., backup protection package (A10)

1MRK 004 500-135

Configuration diagram F. Tap changer control package for two 1MRK 004 500-140
parallel transformers. (A25)

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

77

Appendix 2
Related documents

Configuration diagram F. Tap changer control package for four 1MRK 004 500-140
parallel transformers. (A25)

78

Setting example 1, 400/230 kV 500 MVA Transformer, YNyn

connected

1MRK 504 083-WEN

Setting example 2, 132/230 kV 40 MVA Transformer, YNd1

connected

1MRK 504 084-WEN

Documents related to REB 670

Identity number

Operators manual

1MRK 505 179-UEN

Installation and commissioning manual

1MRK 505 180-UEN

Technical reference manual

1MRK 505 178-UEN

Application manual

1MRK 505 181-UEN

Buyers guide

1MRK 505 182-BEN

Documents related to REG 670

Identity number

Operators manual

1MRK 502 014-UEN

Installation and commissioning manual

1MRK 502 015-UEN

Technical reference manual

1MRK 502 013-UEN

Application manual

1MRK 502 016-UEN

Buyers guide

1MRK 502 019-BEN

Setting example

1MRK 502 020-WEN

Documents related to all IEDs

Identity number

Connection and Installation components

1MRK 013 003-BEN

Test system, COMBITEST

1MRK 512 001-BEN

Accessories for IED 670

1MRK 514 012-BEN

Getting started guide IED 670

1MRK 500 080-UEN

SPA and LON signal list for IED 670, ver. 1.1

1MRK 500 083-WEN

IEC 61850 Data objects list for IED 670, ver. 1.1

1MRK 500 084-WEN

Generic IEC 61850 IED Connectivity package

1KHA001027-UEN

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

Appendix 2
Related documents

Protection and Control IED Manager PCM 600 Installation

sheet

1MRS755552

Engineering guide IED 670 products

1MRK 511 179-UEN

Buyers guide REG 216

1MRB520004-BEN

Note:
Latest versions of the described documentation can be found at
www.abb.com/substationautomation.
Fibersystem 21-216 manual at www.fibersystem.se
Fibersystem 21-219 manual at www.fibersystem.se

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

79

Appendix 2
Related documents

80

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

1MRK 505 197-UEN Rev. D

ABB AB
Substation Automation Products
SE-721 59 Vsters
Sweden
Telephone: +46 (0) 21 34 20 00
Facsimile: +46 (0) 21 14 69 18
Internet: www.abb.com/substationautomation

Printed on recycled and ecolabelled paper at Elanders Novum