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CE 403 Engineering Surveying

This document contains a lecture on engineering surveying that discusses key concepts for laying out simple curves, including: 1. Minimum radius of curvature, which is determined based on design speed, side friction, and superelevation to prevent vehicles from skidding or overturning on curves. 2. Design speed and how it relates to minimum radius based on side friction coefficients that decrease with higher speeds. 3. Coefficients of friction between pavement and tires that affect curve design. 4. Maximum superelevation rates that depend on location and weather conditions.

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Ron Julienne Rebugio
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67 views13 pages

CE 403 Engineering Surveying

This document contains a lecture on engineering surveying that discusses key concepts for laying out simple curves, including: 1. Minimum radius of curvature, which is determined based on design speed, side friction, and superelevation to prevent vehicles from skidding or overturning on curves. 2. Design speed and how it relates to minimum radius based on side friction coefficients that decrease with higher speeds. 3. Coefficients of friction between pavement and tires that affect curve design. 4. Maximum superelevation rates that depend on location and weather conditions.

Uploaded by

Ron Julienne Rebugio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CE 403

ENGINEERING SURVEYING

REPORT NO. 1
LAYING OUT OF SIMPLE CURVE USING TANGENT OFFSET FROM P.C. TO
P.I.

MANALOTO, CAMILLE ANNE R.

PART II
LECTURE

ITEM NO. 1 MINIMUM RADIUS OF CURVATURE


VEHICLE TRAVELING ON A HORIZONTAL CURVE MAY EITHER SKID OR
OVERTURN OFF THE ROAD DUE TO CENTRIFUGAL FORCE. SIDE
FRICTION f AND SUPERELEVATION e ARE THE FACTORS THAT WILL
STABILIZE THIS FORCE. THE MINIMUM RADIUS OF CURVE SO THAT THE
VEHICLE CAN ROUND THE CURVE WITHOUT SKIDDING IS DETERMINED
AS FOLLOWS.
FROM THE FORCE OF POLYGON SHOWN.

THE QUANTITY
IS CALLED IMPACT FACTOR.
IMPACT FACTOR.

BACK TO THE EQUATION,

RECALL THAT

BUT ef = 0, THUUS,

THEREFORE,

FOR v IN KILOMETER PER HOUR (kph) AND R IN METER, THE FOLLOWING


CONVENIENT FORMULA IS BEING USED.

THEREFORE,

ITEM NO. 2 DESIGN SPEED IN KPH


IN UNITED STATES PRACTICE, THE EQUIVALENT FORMULA IS:

WHERE: DC IS THE DEGREE OF CURVE, IN DEGREES PER 100-FT (30.5-M)


ARC
IS THE DESIGN SPEED IN MILES PER HOUR (1 MPH=1.6 KPH)
IN DETERMINING THE MINIMUM RADIUS (
) FOR A GIVEN DESIGN SPEED (
, THE FOLLOWING VALUES FOR E AND F ARE USED:
A). THE SUPERELEVATION RATE IS EQUAL TO A PRE SPECIFIED MAXIMUM
VALUE
;
B). THE SIDE FRICTION COEFFICIENT IS, USUALLY, A DECREASING
FUNCTION OF THE DESIGN SPEED.

ITEM NO. 3 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION BETWEEN THE PAVEMENT


SURFACE AND TIRES VEHICLES.
FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE TO THE RELATIVE MOTION OF TWO SOLID
OBJECTS IS USUALLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE FORCE, WHICH PRESSES
THE SURFACES TOGETHER, AS WELL AS THE ROUGHNESS OF THE
SURFACE. SINCE IT IS THE FORCE PERPENDICULAR OF NORMAL TO
THE SURFACE, WHICH AFFECTS THE FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE, THIS
FORCE IS TYPICALLY CALLED THE NORMAL FORCE AND DESIGNATED
BY N. THE FRICTIONAL FORCE MAY THEN BE WRITTEN:

ffriction = N

= coefficient of friction
k = coefficient of kinetic friction
s = coefficient of static friction

ITEM NO. 4 DESIGN SUPERELEVATION


THERE ARE MAXIMUM VALUES FOR e, WHICH DEPEND ON THE
LOCATION OF THE HIGHWAY (WHETHER IT IS URBAN OR RURAL),
WEATHER (DRY OR WET ON A REGULAR BASIS, SNOW), AND
DISTRIBUTION OF SLOW VEHICLES.
IN RURAL AREAS WITH NO SNOW OR ICE, A MAXIMUM SUPERELEVATION
(e) OF 0.10 IS USED.
IN URBAN AREAS, A MAXIMUM OF 0.08 IS USED.

ITEM NO. 5 DEGREE OF CURVE


THE DEGREE OF CURVE IS THE CENTRAL ANGLE SUBTENDED BY AN ARC
(ARC BASIS) OR CHORD (CHORD BASIS) OF ONE STATION. IT WILL DEFINE
THE SHARPNESS OF THE CURVE.
ARC BASIS. IN ARC DEFINITION, THE DEGREE OF CURVE IS THE CENTRAL
ANGE SUBTENDED BY ONE STATION OF CIRCULAR ARC. THIS DEFINITION
IS USED IN HIGHWAYS. USING RATIO AND PROPORTION,

SI UNITS (1 STATION = 20 M)

ENGLISH SYSTEM (1 STATION = 100 FT)

CHORD BASIS. CHORD DEFINITION IS USED IN RAILWAY DESIGN. THE


DEGREE OF CURVE IS THE CENTRAL ANGLE SUBTENDED BY ONE
STATION OF CHORD. FROM THE RIGHT TRIANGLE SHADED,

SI UNITS (HALF STATION = 10 M)

ENGLISH SYSTEM (HALF STATION = 50 FT)

ARC BASIS

CHORD BASIS

ITEM NO. 6 LENGTH OF TANGENT


LENGTH OF TANGENT (ALSO REFERRED TO AS SUBTANGENT) IS THE
DISTANCE FROM PC TO PI. IT IS THE SAME DISTANCE FROM PI TO PT.
FROM THE RIGHT TRIANGLE PI-PT-O,

ITEM NO. 7 EXTERNAL DISTANCE

EXTERNAL DISTANCE, E, IS THE DISTANCE FROM PI TO THE MIDPOINT OF


THE CURVE. FROM THE SAME RIGHT TRIANGLE PI-PT-O,

THEREFORE,

ITEM NO. 8 MIDDLE ORDINATE

MIDDLE ORDINATE, m, IS THE DISTANCE FROM THE MIDPOINT OF THE


CURVE TO THE MIDPOINT OF THE CHORD. FROM RIGHT TRIANGLE O-QPT,

THEREFORE,

ITEM NO. 9 LENGTH OF LONG CHORD


LENGTH OF LONG CHORD, L, OR SIMPLY LENGTH OF CHORD IS THE
DISTANCE FROM PC TO PT. AGAIN, FROM RIGHT TRIANGLE O-Q-PT,

THEREFORE,

ITEM NO. 10 LENGTH OF CURVE


LENGTH OF CURVE, Lc. LENGTH OF CURVE FROM PC TO PT IS THE ROAD
DISTANCE BETWEEN ENDS OF THE SIMPLE CURVE. BY RATIO AND
PROPORTION,

THEREFORE,

AN ALTERNATE FORMULA FOR THE LENGTH OF CURVE IS BY RATIO AND


PROPORTION WITH ITS DEGREE OF CURVE.

SI UNITS: 1 STATION = 20 M

ENGLISH SYSTEM: 1 STATION = 100 FT

IF GIVEN THE STATIONING OF PC AND PT,


Lc = STATIONING OF PT STATIONING OF PC

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