Radio Craft 1938 04

RADIO'S LIVEST MAGAZINE
April
25 Cent
HUGO GERNSBACK EDITn"
it, United Suttee

end Canada
8,00 0-VOLT
RECTIFIER!
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Developments in Electronic Music

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-AN
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I WILL TRAIN YOU

TO START A SPARE TIME OR FULL
TIME
RADIO SERVICE BUSINESS

.
HERE ARE
J. E. SMITH
President
National Radio
Institute
Established 1914
The than who has
directed
the
home study training of more men
fdr the Radio Industry. than any
other
man
in
America.
FEW EXAMPLES
i TRAiN MY MEN TO MAKE

$300
MONTH
IN
OWN
months I have been in

business for myself. making between $200
and 1300 a month. I have N.R.I. to thank
tor my start in this field." -ARIdE J.
FROEHNER, 224 W. Texas Ave., Goose
Creek, Texas.
18
'OVER $1.000 BEFORE GRADUATING

"Before completing half the N.R.I. Course
I wad servicing seta. and I made $1,000
to $1.200 before graduating. I am doing
Radio service work for myself now."
ASHLEY G. ALDRIDGE, 1228 Shepherd
St., Petersburg, Va.
OPERATOR BROADCASTING
STATION
"Chen I completed 20. lessons, I obtained my Radio Broadcast Operator's
License and Immediately joined Station
s MPC, where I am now Chief Operator."
CHIEF
-HOLLIS F. HATES.
Lapeer. Mich.
85 Madison
good pay. see the world besides. Automobile,

police, aviation. commercial Radio. loud speaker
systems are newer fields offering good opportunities. Television promises to open many good Jobe
soon. Men i have trained are holding good jobs
in these branches of Radio. Read their statements
in my 64 -page book. Mail the coupon.
I GIVE YOU A PROFESSIONAL
St..
EARNINGS TRIPLED BY N.R.I.

TRAINING
"I have been doing nicely, thanks to
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about three times what they were before I took the Course. I consider N.R.I.
" -BERTraining the finest in the world.
NAIID COSTA. 201 Kent St., Brooklyn.
N. Y.
Get My LESSON on
Radio Servicing Tips FREE
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derstand- -that it is just what
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Troubles -Their Cause and Remedy" covers a
long list of Radio receiver troubles in A.C., D.C.,
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SERVICING
INSTRUMENT
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BUSINESS
"For the last
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There's a Real Future in Radio
For Well Trained Men
Radio already gives jobs to more than 800.000
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1935. 24,000,000 homes now have one or more
Radio seta, and more than 4,000.000 autos are
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J. E. SMITH, President v
National Radio Institute
Dept. 8DX
Washington, D. C.
Institute, Dept. SOX,

Without obligating me. send your Lesson "Radio Receiver Troubles
Their Cause and Remedy" and free book about spare time and full time
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RADIO -CRAFT
dio@ft
SERVICE MAN. DEALER
RADIOTRICIAN
HUGO GERNSBACK, Editor -in -Chief

N. H. LESSEM
Associate Editor
R.
II I
I I I I
I I
I I
II
4 -Tube "Pee -Wee" T. R. F. Receiver
ROBERT EICHBERG
Associate Editor
D. WASHBURNE, Managing Editor
I I I I I I I
CONTENTS
Volume IX
- APRIL
1938, Issue
Number
Editorial: Electronic Wonders
IO
Hugo Gernsback
661
The Radio Month in Review
662
Radio in Pictures
664
American Technique in the Television Studio
665
Recent Developments in Electronic Music

Benjamin F. Miessner
666
683
Television Students Learn by Making Cathode -Ray

Tubes -Part V
U. A. Sanabria
Radio -Craft's Information Bureau
684
Build This Simplified, Neon -Type Test Unit

Kenneth L. Huntley, W8PQP
685
Canada's "Interference Detectives"-Part
686
"Learn -by- Experimenting" Beginners' Practical Radio

Course -Experiment No. 5B
Sol D. Prensky
688
The Latest Radio Equipment
689.
:t
RADIO SERVICE DATA SHEETS:

No. 223 -RCA Model 15U Radio -Phonograph
No. 224 -Ditto (continuation)
No. 225 -Ditto (continuation)
690
Readers' Department
692
691
693
Outstanding Circuit Features of 1937 and '38 Service

Instruments
Alfred A. Ghirardi
668
A "Handy" P.A. Amplifier
India's New Network of Radio Broadcasting
670
Radio Wittiquiz
694
New "Amplified" D.C. Meter
671
Book Reviews
704
Radio Interference Now International Problem
714
Its
Easy to Build This
"Browning -83" 4 -Band Superhet

Glenn H. Browning
New! The Du Mont Television System

Allen
674
New! Audio "Expressor" for Sound Systems

A. C. Shaney
676
International Radio Review

New Circuits in Modern Radio Receivers-No. 7
F. L. Sprayberry
Radio Waves Used to Completely Control Remote
Receiver
W. E. Shrage
A Direct -Reading Electronic "Flux" Meter
Heinz Bcuke
694
672
Mont
B. Du
George Davejan
677
678
679
680
IN MAY RADIO-CRAFT-
ANNUAL
PUBLIC-ADDRESS NUMBER
New developments in public address, sound recording,

installations and servicing, and other activities of importance to the sound specialist will receive special consideration in the forthcoming issue. Other articles scheduled for
this issue are of exceptional interest to radio Service Men,
electronic specialists, radio set builders and experimenters.
Short -Cuts in Radio
681
Servicing Questions & Answers
682
Ask your newsdealer to reserve for you a copy of the

forthcoming May issue (Annual PUBLIC- ADDRESS NUMBER)
Operating Notes
682
of Radio -Craft.
Radcreft Publications, Inc.

Publication office: 29
Worthington Street, Springfield, Mass. Editorial and Advertising
Offices: 99 Hudson Street, New York City. Chicago Advertising
Office: RADIO -CRAFT, 520 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, III.
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Entered at the post office at Springfield as second -class matter
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Text and illustrations of this magazine are copyright and must not
reproduced without permission of the copyright owners.
Copyright
1938
Radcreft Publications, Inc.
b.
RADIO -CRAFT
for
APRIL,
1938
659
TRAIN FOR RADIO IN 12 WEEKS

BY MY QUICK, EASY "LEARN BY DOING" METHOD
Prepare today to enter a real money- making field

by my quick, easy way to learn Radio. Here in my
school you are trained in 12 weeks for your start
for a better job and a real future. You do actual
work on a great outlay of Radio equipment.
The remarkable "Learn -By- Doing" methods
used in the great Coyne Shops train you in Radio,
Television and sound equipment servicing. Not
But all
Not by Correspondence
by books
under the individual guidance of skilled instructors, and only on similar kind of work you will
meet out on a real job. 1VIy methods make it easy
to learn -First you are told how to do a thing
then you are shown how to do it -then you
do the work yourself. WHERE ELSE CAN
YOU FIND SO QUICK AND EASY A WAY
TO GET PRACTICAL TRAINING IN THIS
GIANT INDUSTRY?
...
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ILL FINANCE YOUR TRAINING

DON'T LET LACK OF MONEY keep you from sending in the Coupon TODAY.
Learn how you can get training first and take more than a year to pay for it
after graduation. Make your first payment 60 days after your regular 12 weeks'
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easy monthly payments. Hundreds of ambitious fellows have used this method
to get Coyne Training. FILL IN THE COUPON AND MAIL IT TODAY. It will
bring you the details of this amazingly quick and easy way to get your start
towards a good pay job.
,01. C.
Radio-Television-Sound Equipment
Your training at Coyne is in wonderful, modern daylight shops on the finest kind of
RADIO, TELEVISION and SOUND EQUIPMENT. Television is sure to come as a
commercial industry, whether this year or next. Talking Picture and Public Address
Systems offer opportunities for the trained man. Everything possible has been done to
make your stay at Coyne happy and healthful as well as profitable.
Electric Refrigeration Training

Included at No Extra Cost
This combination Training (Radio and Refrigeration) can be of great value to you.
Whether you go into business for yourself or get a job working for a Radio Sales and
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should be profitable to you. Many Radio Manufacturers also make Electric Refrigerators and men with this combination training are much more valuable to these employers.
You can NOW get this training without extra cost.
No Advanced Education or
Previous Experience Needed
If you can read and write simple English and are ambitious you can be trained the Coyne
way -by actual experience on a wide variety of up- to-date Superheterodyne sets,
oscillators, analyzers, and test instruments. You learn how to operate television receiving and transmitting equipment and how to install, test and service public address
systems and sound picture equipment. Coyne training also helps prepare you to qualify
for a government license examination as Amateur Broadcast or Telegraph Radio Operator and to know Code and Department of Commerce rules. Send coupon for all details.
H. C. LEWIS,
President
RADIO DIVISION
Founded 1899
COYNE ELECTRICAL SCHOOL

SOO S. Paulina St.,
Dept. 48 -8H
ezcm:2
Part Time Work While Learning

Employment Service after Graduation
If you need part time work to help pay living expenses while training, my
Employment Department will help you get it. They will also give you Life.
time Employment Service after you graduate.
Mail Coupon Today

I'll Send You All the Facts
Get the new "Coyne Opportunity Catalog,"
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Simply Mail the Coupon.
s. M s. s,
I
1
NAME
Chicago, III. t
ADDRESS
CITY
It in
a' s -- i oa
s,
H. C. LEWIS, President,
IRadio Division, Coyne Electrical School,
500 S. Paulina St., Dept. 48 -8H, Chicago. Ill.
Send me your big FREE Book about Coyne Training and give meall
details regarding your "Part Time Employment Offer" and "Pay
After Graduation Plan" of easy, monthly payments.
RADIO -CRAFT
AGE
660
for
RADIO -CRAFT
APRIL,
1938
1935
.
`RADIO
191]
OFFICIAL''
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SERVICE
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1(Ifl
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AT A PRICE
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PUBLIC ADDRESS
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RADCRAFT PUBLICATIONS, INC.

99 HUDSON STREET
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RADIO -CRAFT
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ANALYSIS
RADIOKIN
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foa Tat
SERVICE MAN. DEALER RADIOTRICIAN
"Takes the Resistance out of Radio"

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Editorial Offices:
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HUGO GERNSBACK, Editor
Hudson St., New York, N. Y.
II
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Vol. IX,
No
10,
II
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April,
l l
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1930
ELECTRONIC WONDERS
An Editorial by HUGO GERNSBACK
RACTICALLY all electronic devices which should come
under this heading are those which generate within
themselves an electronic stream which puts electrons to
work in one way or another.
For this reason, strictly speaking, such devices are really
tubes of one kind or another. We thus have radio tubes,
photoelectric cells, television tubes and multiplier tubes, all
of which make use of actual electrons within the tube. Of
course a host of other devices erroneously called "electronic"
are coupled with these tubes in order to produce the effect
desired. Thus, a radio vacuum tube is not of much use by
itself unless we use inductances, condensers, resistors and
other components, in order to operate our radio sets. But if
it were not for the radio tube and its electronic stream, we
would not have radio. The same is true of photoelectric cells,
television tubes, etc., but the key to all electronic activity is
always such an electronic generator, regardless of what we
call it or how it is shaped.
It is often said, and quite truthfully, that the electron
tube will probably be the one agency which will revolutionize
most of our human activities during the next two generations. As yet, we are still considerably in the dark as to the
true functioning of electronic tubes. While we have certain
theories, a great deal of research remains to be done to
give us a better insight into their actual electronic action.
The general workings of electronic tubes are known to us
and we have a fairly good picture of what goes on, but many
new discoveries are being made constantly to make our tubes
ever more efficient and sensitive, although such improvements have resulted in more complicated structures of the
tube elements.
Considering the improvements and refinements that have
been made since the time Edison discovered the famous
Edison effect in an electron tube, and which have taken
years to accomplish, the present-day stage of development
gives a rough approximation of what will be done in the
future. In radio tubes for instance, continued research has
made it possible to use less and less filament current and
yet increase the electron output. It is possible today to
operate tubes efficiently with the filaments (or heaters) just
barely red. This then brings us to the stage of development
where filaments will be dispensed with entirely. At the
present time, the filament or heater is necessary to generate
electrons, but the day is not far distant when filaments and
heaters will not be required at all. In other words, we will
have absolutely cold tubes that will give us an electron output much greater than any we know of today.
Electrons are not dependent on large amounts of physical

heat at all. If we rub a stick of sealing wax with a piece of
felt, we generate a huge charge of electrons. The ordinary
drycell or battery is also a generator of an electron charge
where no heat is used. Then we also have such powerful and
natural electron- charge generators as radium, uranium and
other elements which constantly give off streams of electrons
with no outside heat whatsoever being used. So far, no
satisfactory electron tube has been evolved where a heating
element in one form or another is not used, but this does
not mean to say that we will not have the "cold tube" in
the future.
The advent of such "cold tubes" will immediately revolutionize the entire radio industry and by that time the power
required to operate a radio set will be infinitesimal compared to the power needed today. It is quite possible that
future electronic tubes of this "cold" type will probably be
"voltage operated." In other words, minute values of current at high tension will be sufficient to create a stream of
electrons, in connection with some other device within the
tube. This will make the operation of radio sets and other
devices highly economical and efficient.
It is usually the heating effect in modern vacuum tubes
such as television tubes, photoelectric cells, etc., which necessitate the comparatively large dimensions and cut down the
useful life of these tubes. The heaters give off a billion-fold
greater electron stream than is actually required and this
surplus stream of electrons raises havoc within the tube,
not only by blackening and making the inside surface of tie
glass conductive, but by changing the vacuum in the tube
continuously until it becomes what X -ray technicians call a
"hard" tube, meaning thereby that the vacuum has increased
beyond the required, normal amount.
During the latter part of January of this year, the
entire world was treated to one of the most magnificent
electronic spectacles man could ever witness. I refer of
course to the Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights which
flared up over the northern part of the globe because of the
electronic bombardment of the earth by the sun on which
appeared tremendous sunspots. Remember, that the electrons
traveled 93 million miles through an almost perfect vacuum
in order to reach the earth, and yet they caused such
marvelous effects. It also shows how little we really know
of the practical utilization of electrons that have as yet not
been harnessed.
Sooner or later we will learn how to tap this tremendous
solar electronic emission, a power so vast that if we knew
how to harness it, a small fraction of the energy would be
sufficient to drive all our machinery, railroads and light up
our homes, factories and offices throughout the entire world.
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THE RADIO MONTH

I I
SUN SPOTS
AND STATIC
came
down with a bad case of
spots, visible to the naked
eye. These resulted in magnetic storms,
a lovely Aurora Borealis and gobs of
static, the latter audible to the naked
PROPAGANDA FOR
PROPER GEESE
EVERY nation in the
world has its own politi-
ear.
cal, social and economic

old women,
sun through heavily smoked glasses. nothing suffices the world's nations but
The spot, when seen, was,disappointing, to convert other nations to their way
and would have gotten nowhere in the of thinking.
Radio is of great service along these
Crossley reports; Hollywood could have
done it better. It merely looked as lines, and a continuous bombardment
though the sun were a trifle mildewed. of propaganda hurtles through the
The Aurora was much better done. cringing ether to assault the ears of
As the magnetic storms swept through various nationals and internationals.
Italy has been disseminating anti the stratosphere, gases at that level
glowed like mammoth neon signs, break- British broadcasts of such nature as to
ing the hearts of sponsors because they provoke Lieut. Comdr. Fletcher to remark, "Italy .
did not advertise anything.
has now become the'.'
The static was a complete success, poison pen of Europe, and poisons the
whole of the world of international
To view the spots, one peered
at the philosophy. Like gossipy
B- Germany's FL.A. (fur Flug Abwehr) boats, for air defense, have powerful motors
radio
direction -finders. As scouts, they will radio an alarm of an invading fleet, then speed toand
safety.
Fig.
(Photo -I:.
C -The graph
alen is
WhFig.
E.
relations."
Britain, keeping her other cheek unturned, announced plans to strike back,'
with counter-propaganda programs in
Arabic, Spanish and Portuguese. One
such series, aimed at listeners to Italian
broadcasts directed at Jerusalem, is
given by an Arab prince, son of the
King of Yemen.
Japan broadcasts attacks upon the
militaristic Chinese Communists; Russia assails Hitler and Mussolini in
language which would set fire to a cake
of ice; Italy justifies its conquest of
Ethiopia and assails Moscow; Germany
fires verbal shots at Stalin, which are
heard 'round the world, and coyly snuggles up to German -Americans; et cetera.
America, off to a late start, is putting
her best foot forward, with some dozen
privately -owned high -power short -wave
Co.)
the "Lie Detector" at the right shows that Grover

imperfectly truthful. Seeking new equipment for the N. Y. Fair,
he tested the instrument, which tripped him twice.
on
11111111111111111111111111111111111
for it disrupted short -wave communications as though it were putting its whole
soul into the job.
IN January, the sun
(Photo -Radio Press Service)

Fig. A shows how two 5 -meter transceivers were used
to communicate between ship and shore while
filming an -Australian feature. At top. transmitting
from camera stand; below, receiving message
on boat.
II
(Photo-Glebe)
D- Adolph Zukor, Paramount Pictures head, inspects the Emitron television pick -up at Alexandra Palace site of a British studio. The new device
is being explained by Gerald Cook, his host.
Fig.
RADIO -CRAFT
662
for
APRIL.
1938
lmnmuunuumnnuuuumnmuuunnunnuuuummmiiunuunumunuummnmuumuuumuumuunmuunuununuuuuumuumuumunuunmuuuuuumnm
IN REVIEW
Radio is now such a vast and diversified

art it becomes necessary to make a general
survey of important monthly developments.
RADIO-CRAFT analyzes these developments
and here presents them in review.
n 1111111111111
stations doing their best to spread the

American idea to this naughty world.
Unlike most of the foreign programs,
those sent from the United States are of
the "good will" type, designed to foster
international amity rather than to
attack any nation or national leader.
Most of our directional broadcasts are
aimed at our Latin -American neighbors;
for example, of the two new aerials at
W8XK, Saxonburg, Pa., one is beamed
directly on Buenos Aires for Brazil,
Argentina and the other South and
Central American countries, the other
on London, to cover England and continental Europe.
A new G.E. station is being readied
on our Pacific coast, for regular broadcasts to the Orient. Many such programs will be announced in Chinese and
Japanese, and it is believed that some
people who speak and understand these
languages will have survived to hear
them.
RADIOFFICIAL
REPERCUSSIONS
WEST'S original
interpretation of Eve,
as portrayed in a Sunday night broadcast, may go down in
history with even more of a bang than
the first flareback indicated. The furry voiced movie star spoke lines which
many found offensive, many inoffensive,
many mildly amusing and a few tireMAE
a letter demanding full information as

to responsibility for the broadcast,
mentioning that "obscene, indecent, or
profane" language on the air was
against the law. The fact that stations

operate under Federal licensing pro -
visions was also mentioned.

When transcriptions were supplied
the Commission, its verdict was that
the broadcast was "far below even the
minimum standards ", and that the "incident" would be considered when
license renewal applications were filed.
Had the matter ended there, all
would be pretty good, but on January
15, three sequels reached the press
(1) that Sen. Herring, of Idaho, was
preparing a bill to "clean up radio"
(i.e., censor it) ; (2) that the F.C.C. was
planning "to raise the moral standard"
of radio, and cocked a cocked eye at
crime dramas. While it has no power to
censor programs, it can exercise a
strong hand through its licensing power;
(3) that a motion was placed before
the Massachusetts state legislature for
local control of intrastate broadcasting.
No mention was made of what would
(Continued on page 696)
:-
t'hotu -RC.A1
Fig. E is a study in contrasts, as the old, horse drawn plough breaks the earth for the new ground
system for CKCK, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.
some.
Those who came under the first cate-
gory grew vocal; protested violently. As

a consequence, the program broadcast
an apology the following week; the network barred Miss West and all mention
of her name from its waves. (Broadcasters may say "damn" -they may not
say "Mae West ". Isn't radio wonderful ?)
In the meantime, F.C.Commissioner
McNinch had written N.B.C. prexy Lohr
.. ,. r..
(Photo -Radio Press Service)
Palace Hotel, Cairo, Egypt, is the site of International Radio Conference, which some
500 delegates of all nations attend every 6 years. Inset, official seal of the conference. (The United
States government appropriated $48,000 to pay the expenses of America's 1938 delegation.)
Fig.
F- Heliopolis
(Photo-G.
(Photo-Webster Co.)
H-Webster
mobile speaker equipment in the trailer of Father Sullivan,

Catholic Mission, Hingan Fu, Shensi Province, brings religious solace to war torn China. Father Sullivan is at the mike.
Fig.
for
APRIL,
E. Co.)
Fig. G -The welded steel framework of WGY's new station at Schenectady,

N. Y., is practically completed. Most of the walls are up. The station should
be ready for occupancy on or about May I.
1938
663
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS'
Benjamin F. Miessner for 25 years an outstanding inventor and pioneer in radio, has
spent the past 7 years (and $150,000) on the application of electronics to musical
instruments. He is considered the greatest living authority on this subject. The Hammond Organ, Everett Orgatron and other electronic musical instruments are manufactured under patent license from him. Of his more than 100 patents in kindred arts,
35 deal with electronic musk. Some of his earlier patents include radio control of
torpedoes, the "cat's- whisker" as used in crystal detectors, the electric radio set for
battery elimination, and some 60 others which were sold to RCA in 1930. He also
pioneered in electrical recording, which he developed in 1920 for the Brunswick
Phonograph Co. which supplied the needed element to help restore "disc" prosperity.
ELECTRONIC MUSIC now so

rapidly coming to the fore is in
truth not a very new idea. While
the results we see and hear today
seem to the layman to be startlingly
new, the principles by which these
results are secured are rather old.
his electrically-generated organ music,

he had to use powerful generators. His
apparatus actually required 30 freight

cars for its transport and, when set up,
looked like a central power plant.
All of these plans came to naught.
They were proposed at too early a time,
when all the aids and advances of

modern electronics were for the most
For example, in 1885, E. Lorenz of part unknown.
Germany made a dozen electric buzzers
Through the intervening years there
vibrate at frequencies of an octave of have been a great many developments
the musical scale. He did not stop there in this art, and these have gradually
with the direct acoustic tones so pro- evolved into the modern electronic musiduced ; he mounted these buzzers in an cal instruments of today. It is not
evacuated chamber, fed the interrupted possible, short of a rather large book,
currents to a reproducing telephone. even to review these many interesting
The buzzers, therefore, acted as separate attempts at musical tone production by
sources of musical tone currents which, electrical means. Indeed, many of them
when controlled by keyboard switches, have already been reviewed in the pages
could be used to produce music by elec- of Radio -Craft and other technical
trical means!
periodicals.
Later Duddei], an Englishman, demBut dozens of instruments, which have
onstrated his talking and singing arc. passed through all the evolutionary stages,
This also produced the musical scale are now on the market and are swiftly cornof tones when tuned circuits, having ing into use.
natural periods of electrical vibration
equal to those of the musical scale, MODERN ELECTRONIC MUSICAL
INSTRUMENTS-ORGANS
were connected by key switches across
One of these utilizes a series of minthe arc circuit.
Thaddeus Cahill, beginning about ute inductor alternators, all driven by
1895, developed a very pretentious elec- one induction motor through gearing,
trical organ called the Telharmoniurn. to develop the frequencies of the musiThis apparatus was actually set up in cal scale. Each of these has a number
New York to broadcast, over telephone of output circuits so that their parwires, the musical tone currents it ticular frequencies can be used in sevgenerated. Since amplifiers were then eral places simultaneously. That is to
not available, and since Cahill wished say, a given frequency may be used as
to supply innumerable locations with the fundamental or first partial tone
ELECTRONIC -MUSIC PIONEERS
Fig. A. The Electranica, an electronic harmonica,

provides the tones of a giant pipe organ. Of course,
the harmonica's frequency range is limited.
Fig. B. The Everett Orgatron, described elsewhere

.in this issue, a commercial electronic instrument.
(The Everett instrument, like the Hammond organ,
is in the $1,000 class; the Piano, Fig. C, a little

under $1,000; and devices like the Electar, Fig. D,
$150,
up.)
Fig. C. Ten times the volume of an ordinary con-
cert piano
is
obtained without
use
of sounding- board.
Tiny "microphones" pick up the string

vibrations, to be amplified and reproduced.
Fig. D.
'
Fig.
E. The soft music of the violin is electronically

augmented to fill a mammoth auditorium.
RADIO -CRAFT
666
N ELECTRONIC MUSIC
BENJAMIN
F. MIESSNER
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
of music by electronic means, though a 50- year-old

study, is but now approaching perfection. In this article, the leading proponent discusses this new and growing art-Electronic Music.
The production
I I I
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of one pitch of the scale and also for

the 2nd or 3rd or 4th, etc., of other
lower fundamental frequency pitches of
Not only
is
APRIL,
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Electrical fretted instruments such as

guitars, ukuleles and violins have been
on the market for several years and
daily grow in popularity. At least a
dozen 'manufacturers are producing
them. Practically every important dance
orchestra uses one.
These instruments use steel strings
the tone improved, but the new

is easier to carry, as well.
for
I I I I I I I I I I I I t l l l l ll l l
Fig. J. Tomorrow's Toscanini may combine the duties

of control man with those of conductor. An earphone
enables him to hear an audience- mike's pick -up.
Fig. G. A felt plug permits the clarinetist's breath

to escape, but absorbs the sound waves.
"dog- house" (bass viol)
RADIO -CRAFT
I I II I I
ELECTRICAL FRETTED INSTRUMENTS

MAGNETIC VS. ELECTROSTATIC PICK -UP
'
F.
IIIIIII
amplifier -reproducer ranks use somewhat different circuits so that each

such outfit produces a different tone
quality through its pitch range. This
arrangement is much like pipe organ
practice, where many ranks of pipes
are used, each rank (ordinarily 61
notes) giving a different tone quality.
These ranks, as before, may be played
singly or in various combinations
through electric or pneumatic actions
operated by the keyboard keys.
One of the most recent organs in
Germany utilizes gas discharge tubes
with reactive discharge circuits. From
these may be obtained the familiar saw tooth discharge waveforms, rich in
buzzy harmonics; almost pure sine
waves may be obtained also.
The chief difficulty with both audio
oscillator and neon tube generators is
pitch instability. With many hundreds
of such oscillators in an organ it becomes almost impossible to keep them
in tune. Pipe organs experience some
difficulty of this type but to no such
degree.
the scale. In this instrument as many

as 8 separate partials may be used,
and in any desired amplitude ratios for
producing synthetically a great variety
of musical tone qualities. The keyboard
keys have multipolar switches beneath
them, each one of which serves for a
particular partial. Pre -set or manually
adjustable stops permit the operator
to mix these partials together in the
amplitude ratios required for particular tone qualities; an amplifier and
loudspeaker complete the arrangement.
In another electronic organ, tuned
mechanical reeds as used in the familiar
reed-organ or harmonium, are selectively vibrated by air suction through
key -operated air valves. These reeds
are each fitted with electrostatic pick -up
screws near their free tips; the reeds
are supplied with adjustable polarizing
voltage and the pick -up screws are connected to the control -grid (input) of a.
high -gain_ audio amplifier feeding a
loudspeaker. Several ranks of reeds
are used, 'the vibrations of which may
be reproduced singly or in various combinations for different tone qualities.
Another commercial type of electronic organ uses a separate audio
oscillator tube for each note of the
musical scale.
Some of these instruments have 15 or
20 such series of oscillators, each
series having its own amplifier and
loudspeaker. The separate oscillator-
Fig.
I I
9 3 8
Fig. I. All sound effects, from bird songs to waterfalls are recorded for electronic reproduction. The
orchestra of the future, envisioned by Mr. Miessner,
will offer heretofore unheard musical effects -plus
sound effects. (We'd like to hear the 1812 Overture
with the sounds of battle supplied via discs.)
Fig. H. Felted hammers strike stretched gut strings

to produce music of kettle drums electronically.
RECT 2014
IT
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OF 1937 AND '38
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The circuit features of modern test instruments which make them different from previous designs are described.
SS
ELECTROLYTIC
CONDENSER
UNDER
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COIL
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MOD. UN MOD.
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(EACH)
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COILS
L.
6,
COILS
A& p,
NOTE:
TRIMMING
OMIT THIS CONNECTION ON COIL "E "
CONDENSERS
IN COILS
ARE FACTORY -
ADJUSTED
(1) ELECTROLYTIC CONDENSER LEAKAGE TEST

Supreme Model 502 Tube Tester. The test for leakage of
electrolytic condensers, which this versatile tube checker
provides, is accomplished in a very interesting way. The
circuit, see Fig. 1A, is based on the fact that a main filter
condenser in service can have a leakage as high as 1 milliampere per microfarad before it is considered unfit for
service.
To check the condenser, the 502 has a built -in power pack
with filter condenser Cl and bleeder R1, as shown. This
pack supplies high A.C. voltage (properly polarized) to
the condenser under test, which is connected to pin-jacks J.J.
In series with the condenser is a, milliammeter M. having a
"Good -Bad" scale divided in the middle, and a tapped "range
shunt" resistor RS which is in 7 sections as shown, and
marked on the panel in the capacity of the condenser to be
tested (that is, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 mf.). The action of
the circuit is as follows:
Let us assume an 8 mf. electrolytic condenser is to be
tested for leakage. The Capacity Selector switch is turned
to the "8" position. This automatically adjusts the shunt
resistance RS across the meter to the proper value so that
when the circuit across jacks JJ is completed, the meter will
read 16 milliamperes full-scale, and 8 ma. half-scale. Now the
8 mf. electrolytic condenser to be checked is connected to the
pin -jacks JJ in proper polarity and current flows through
the condenser and meter circuit, causing the meter to deflect.
If the leakage is not greater than allowable-which in
this case is 8 milliamperes-the meter will deflect somewhere between zero and mid -scale (mid -scale being 8 milliamperes). This part of the scale is in GREEN. If the leakage
of the condenser is greater than 1 milliampere per microfarad, the meter will deflect beyond center into the RED or
"Bad ", section of the scale, indicating that there is a total
leakage of more than 8 milliamperes. A safety switch SS of
the self-returning toggle type is included in the circuit leading to one of the pin-jacks, so that voltage is not applied to
the condenser until it is properly connected; also, in case
the condenser is defective ( "bad "), the instant release of
this switch will take the load off the meter and thus protect
it. The ring shunt around the meter is designed so that the
meter circuit will withstand an instantaneous overload of
approximately 10 times the normal load-or, in this case,
a total of 160 milliamperes- before any damage can be
done. Of course, this is only an instantaneous overload, and
should not be kept on for any length of time.
.
850
r05
Im
OUTSTANDING
TRIMMER
INSIDE VIEW
OF COIL
Fig. I. Circuit details of new developments in modern test instrument circuits.

(A) Electrolytic condenser leakage test circuits; (B) neon tube circuit for
inter- element leakage tests, and (C) independent meter circuit for hot
cathode-leakage tests, both used in the same test instrument; (D) new battery operated oscillator circuit using special plug -in coils. The cut -away view of the
coil shows the compact winding and 265 mmf. trimming condenser. Each coil
is individually calibrated.
(2) "NO- CURRENT" POTENTIOMETER -TYPE VOLTMETER

Hickok Model 4900 -S Analyzer. As every Service Man
knows, modern receivers with high -fidelity audio circuits,
effective automatic volume control, automatic frequency control and silencing circuits, make use of numerous networks
of high resistance in which, at times, currents of only a few
microamperes flow. If an attempt is made to determine
voltage in portions of these networks with a conventional
voltmeter, not only is the voltage observed incorrect, but in
too many cases the act of connecting the voltmeter so disturbs conditions within the circuit as to make all observations of voltage or current valueless. To avoid this, the
"4900 -S" set analyzer has (in addition to its regular A.C.
and D.C. volt ranges of 1,000- ohms /volt) a separate' and
-
for
APRIL,
1938
.
CIRCUIT FEATURES
SERVICE INSTRUMENTS
ZERO - CENTER
GALVANOMETER
-1
UNKNOWN
VOLTAGE
E2
E1
A
T
The author of "Radio Physics Course," "Modern Radio Servicing," and other
books for Service Men, analyzes modern test circuits. Every technician should
familiarize himself with these new developments.
ALFRED A. GHIRARDI
O
to 250 -volt D.C. voltage
measuring section which draws absolutely no current from the circuit to be
measured -and does this without resorting to complicated vacuum -tube voltmeter circuits, etc.
Figure 2A shows a diagram of an
elementary circuit which will aid in
making the system easily understood.
Resistor Rl is an adjustable potentiometer resistor in the analyzer. The voltage drop (El) across it is applied with
the proper polarity (positive to positive) so as to "buck" the voltage E2
which is to be measured. A voltmeter
V and a "zero- center" galvanometer G
are also connected as shown.
The operation is as follows: when
the unknown voltage E2 to be checked
is applied to terminals A -B of the
instrument, either it or the potential El across the potentiometer will
be the higher. This difference of
potential will cause a current to flow
through the galvanometer G and cause
it to indicate. If the voltage E2 to be
measured is higher than El, the current
flow will be from A around through the
galvanometer and circuit to B and will
be so indicated on the galvanometer. If
the voltage E2 is lower than El, the
current will flow in the reverse direction and the galvanometer will so indicate. If the arm of the potentiometer
is adjusted so that these two voltages
are exactly equal, they will buck and
neutralize each other, and no current
will flow through the galvanometer. The
voltmeter V, will then give an indirect
but exact reading of the potential E2
across A -B- without drawing any current from the circuit under measurement (the current for operating the
voltmeter is furnished by the power
source connected to Rl) In practice,
the potentiometer is varied until G
shows no indication, the unknown voltage is then read on the voltmeter V.
By providing the voltmeter V with
several ranges, and also making the
voltage El variable to cover all these
ranges, the system is equally accurate,
and presents an infinite resistance to
the voltage being measured on all of
these ranges. This system (1) draws no
current on any range, (2) is unaffected
by variations of line voltage and (3) the
calibration is not disturbed by changing
tubes. In the actual instrument, a simple switching arrangement makes one
meter serve as both the galvanometer
unique
RADIO -CRAFT
for
and the voltmeter, which is a great convenience in operating it.

In Fig. 2A, a simple battery is shown
as the voltage source in order to simplify the diagram. In the actual instrument, however, power for the zero current voltmeter (as well as for the
capacity meter and the highest range
of the ohmmeter provided in the
analyzer) is obtained from a built -in
power supply consisting of a conventional power transformer, rectifier and
filter system.
(3) SMOOTH -CONTROL STEPLESS
ATTENUATOR
Clough -Brengle OCA Oscillator. The
exceptionally smooth control of high
radio -frequency output which is provided in this test oscillator is accomplished by the novel attenuator circuit
arrangement shown in Fig. 2B.
The variable, non -inductive controls,
R2 and R3, are low in resistance value
as compared with the series fixed resistor Rl which connects to the output of the oscillator tube. Impedance
changes in R2 and R3, therefore, have
a negligible effect on the tuned circuit,
maintaining stability and frequency
accuracy at a high level.
In normal operation arm A gives a
coarse adjustment of R.F. output, while
arm B acts as a vernier.
On the higher frequencies arm A is
moved to the point D, which is maintained at "ground" potential. The only
R.F. voltage appearing across R3 then
comes from whatever distributed capacity exists between the circuit elements
(represented by Cl). Adjustment of
arm B gives very smooth control of the
R.F. output of the oscillator.
(4) INDEPENDENT HOT -CATHODE

LEAKAGE AND INTER- ELEMENT
LEAKAGE TESTS
Radio City Model 306 "Dependable"
Tube Tester. The value of adequate hotcathode and inter -element leakage
tests on modern vacuum tubes is too
well known to need explanation here.
The use of sensitive neon lamps as
visual indicators for these leakage tests
has become almost universal practice
in the design of tube testers. However,
an interesting variation of this arrangement is used in the tube tester
considered here.
In this tester a sensitive neon lamp
which indicates inter -element leakages
APRIL,
B
--J
RESISTANCE
NETWORK
IN
RECEIVER
FILTERED
OPERATING
VOLTAGE
INPUT
10
4
---a
0- 20.000
0- 200,000
5
OHMS
0- 2.000,000
0- 20.000,000
"
2
0 -2.000 OHMS
Fig. 2. (A) Good "no-current" potentiometer -type
voltmeter circuit. (B) A smooth-control, steplessattenuator circuit of a modern service oscillator.

(C) Temperature compensation circuit for rectifier type meters. (D) Circuit of calibrated ohmmeter
which operates directly from the A.C. line. The
rectifier circuit and filter channel are not shown in
the above sketch
but are very essential elements.
INDIA'S NEW NETWORK OF

RADIO BROADCASTING
A new radio system, with broadcast band and short-wave
transmitters and time clock operated, pre -tuned receivers
in key villages, furthers India's plan for eventual complete
coverage. An unusual feature of this new All -India Radio
system is that the pre -tuned receivers are dial -less and
padlocked; and that the 8,000 -volt power-supply tubes
use mica "lampshades" to reduce possibility of "backfire."
.
THE technical problem that now

confronts the Broadcasting Department of the Government of
India, All -India Radio, is that of
providing a service, over an area of
nearly 2,000,000 square miles with the
limited funds available, official announcements state.
In the development of broadcasting
in India it has been accepted by All India Radio as a fundamental precept
that a satisfactory broadcasting system
must provide a measure of service to
the whole country. This immediately determines the principle of operating
transmitting stations on the short wavelengths. At the same time, it is admitted
that this is not final solution. Simultaneously with the provision of a shortwave or "second- grade" service to the
whole area, a medium-wave or "first grade" service is necessary for the
large towns. The basic principle of
broadcasting development in India,
therefore, is to provide a short -wave
service to the whole country and to support this by a continual expansion of
the area served by medium -wave stations as funds become available.
Fig.. A. Reproduction of the cover painting sowing

the 8,000 -V. Philips rectifier tube to be used in the
new All -India Radio broadcasting network.
o 2slw
PESHAWAR
5W.
AMORE
SAw
2oAw.
ta& IOLw.
DELHI
CHOICE OF SHORT WAVELENGTHS
It is expected that the Indian shortwave stations will normally operate in

the daytime on the 30 -meter and 49meter bands and at night principally
on the new 60- meter and 90 -meter bands
for broadcasting which will be proposed
Io TRANSMITTERS ORDERED
at the forthcoming Cairo Conference.
It is considered that there should be
To this end 10 transmitters have been
ordered. Four short -wave "key" stations no interference between the Indian
will be established at Delhi, Bombay, short -wave stations operating an inCalcutta, and Madras, and will be of ternal service and the European and
10 -kw. (aerial) power. A second short- the other short -wave stations operating
wave transmitter of 5 -kw. power is also an international service, as the Indian
to be provided at Delhi for special pur- day wavelengths are the European
poses. The development program does night wavelengths, and the Indian
not envisage any future increase in the night wavelengths are not used by the
number of short -wave stations. These
Fig. B. View of some of the power supply equipment

for the transmitters. At the right Is the bank of
four 8,000 -V. Philips rectifier tubes.
short -wave stations will provide a "second- grade" service to the whole of
India.
At the same time, 5 medium -wave
stations have been ordered, and will be
situated at Lahore, Lucknow, Trichinopoly, Dacca, and Madras, the first 4
stations having a power of 5 kw. The
Madras medium -wave station will have
a power of 250 watts, and will service_
the city only, as Madrs Will also b
provided with a 10 -kw. short-way
transmitter. With these `stations, nd
the existing medium -wave stations at
Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, and Peshawar, All -India Radio will have in operation 5 short -wave stations and 9 medium -wave stations. Two of the ne'v
stations are expected to be in operatinn
by the end of the year: the 10 -kw.
short -wave station at Delhi and the
5 -kw: medium -wave station at Lahore.
skw.
L UCK NOW
S..0 DACCA
15k W.
0?5LwAplum
CALLUT
wAIo
IA
BOMBAY
IIiS11NG MIINUM WAVI
HI
O
A ItISIING
ANL W
V UM R',Itr
SNCP1.WAVl
S1AlION
MADRAS
SIAl1ON.
..
..
RICIIVING
IO.wAOO SIW
CINIRI
SIwO1
RCNINOPOLY
70O
-- SCALE
lop
200
-r7Ti-- ____._._
O
4001.11M
Fig. C. The map of India showing the locations of both the existing and the
contemplated short -wave and medium -wave broadcasting stations. Only
strategic spots, from the good- reception angle, were chosen.
Fig.
D.
Impressive view of the short -wave transmitters to be used in the new

in the
All -India Radio broadcasting system. Other transmitters will operate

medium -wave band, thus providing day and night broadcasting.
RADIO -CRAFT
for
APRIL,
1938
rR13
IO
MEGS.
tR14
4.7
MEGS.
"81 :7.5V 3
20
200
2.000
HIGH
r47
154
MEGS.7BS
1
10
MEGS.
54
MICRO -
AMPS.
L.MEGOHMS H. MEGOHMS
LOW
HIGH H
3`4
VOLTS
. SW.2
LOW
RS
Rl
B9
ll-
0.47-
10
R6
R7
3-GANG
SWITCH
50
OHMS
MEG.
OHMS
ofr
CHASSIS
50,000
OHMS
R8
R4
MEG.
qAR_::-Û613.^.ALF
0.5-
5
MEGS.
AWA.uprx.,
R9
5.000
OHMS
-.. _...'
R11
RIO "`
12..000
OHMS
22.000
OHMS
SW.4
SW6
-- 10,000
R12
(POLARITY
OPER.
OHMS
vira
OWn
(F;
Fig. A. Front view of commercial unit.
A revolutionary new meter, devised by Dr.

V. K. Zworykin of RCA electronic research
laboratory, has a "negative- feedback" amplifier to gain "galvanometer" sensitivity.
NEW "AMPLIFIED"
D.C. METER
HE ultra- sensitive meter illustrated

d in Fig. A was developed for accurate measurements of ionic and
electronic currents, employing a
new electronic circuit which operates
with unusual stability and amazing accuracy, even approaching that of the
average reflecting galvanometer. For an
instrument of its extreme sensitivity it
is mazingly rugged. It cannot be easily
damaged Or burned -out by overload currents.
In current measurements the new
meter provides for 12 scale ranges for
measurement to 10,000 microamperes,
the lowest full scale reading being .02
microamperes. For voltage measurements, 8 other scale ranges are available from .1 volts to 500 volts, with a
meter resistance of 5 megohms. For resistance measurements, 2 scale ranges
are provided for measurements of from
.1 4 100 megohms, and from 20 to 1000
megohms, with less than .05 volts across

resistance. With 90 volts in series, up
to 200,000 megohms can be measured.
Conversion of the meter for the 3 forms
of operation is accomplished by means
of a selector switch.
The Ultra- Sensitive D.C. Meter is a
self- contained, battery operated (see
Fig. B) precision instrument, utilizing
three type 1B4 tubes. No external resistances or shunts are required.
The overall accuracy for all ranges
of current or voltage measurements is
plus or minus 2% of full scale at ambient temperatures of 50 to 100 F. and
normal humidity. For resistance measurements the maximum deflection error
is plus or minus 0.1 inches at mid -scale.
This error is less at other points of the
scale approaching zero at the ends.
THEORY OF OPERATION
The Ultra- Sensitive D.C. Meter es-
sentially consists of a group of input

circuits, a D.C. feed -back amplifier, and
an indicating meter. The principle of
operation is easily grasped by referring to the block diagram, which
shows a D.C. amplifier with its output
connected in series with its input. It
should be assumed to contain an odd
number of stages so as to produce negative feed -back. When such an amplifier
is connected in this manner, it will
"lock -in" at what may be called its
equilibrium condition which represents
a certain voltage on each plate and grid.
in the amplifier (with respect to
cathode) and a certain feed -back voltage (developed across R ) returned to
the input. The system will tend to hold
to these values with a tenacity proportional to the gain "G ". Any tendency
toward oscillation is prevented by the
shunt capacitor. It may be assumed
further that the amplifier is internally
adjusted so that the equilibrium feedback voltage is just equal to "E" so that
the voltmeter (V.M.) will show no deflection.
Fig.
RADIO-CRAFT
B.
Interior view of meter showing outstanding components.
for
APRIL,
1938
Block diagram of theory. Equivalent circuit, upper left, reproduced by special permission.
IT'S EASY TO BUILD THIS
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE
"BROWNING -83" 4 -BAND
"BROWNING -83"
SUPERHET. RECEIVER
Complete 4 -band tuner assembled, wired
and prealigned;
4 -band range, 0.54- to 22 megacycles;
IO tubes employed, viz: 2- 6K7's, -6A8,
-6H6,
I
-6F5,
-6C5, 2- 6F6's,
-80,
4 -BAND SUPERHET.
-6G5;
All tuning circuits individually shielded;

Large high -ratio vernier dial, accurately
calibrated in megacycles for each band (4
scales on the dial);
Non -critical, straightforward superheterodyne
circuit;
High signal -to -noise ratio;
Diode detection;
Automatic volume control;
Resistance -capacity coupled audio channel;
Push -pull 6F6 output with phase inversion;
Triple -tuned I.F. circuits with variable gain
controllable from front of panel;
Visual tuning indicator;
High -quality speaker to match receiver.
GLENN H.
THERE are, and always will be, ex- tuning condensers, padding and trimperimenters in all scientific fields ming condensers for a sharply -tuned
for not only is experimenting an in- antenna stage, a stage of radio-freteresting hobby but often con- quency amplification on all bands, and
tributes materially to our scientific the oscillator circuit for the 4 bands
knowledge. Many inventions have been covered. The tuning ranges are changed
made by individuals, especially in the by means of a band -switch with low'
field of radio, independently of com- contact- resistance which so operates as
mercial interests. The American ama- to shortcircuit all coils not actually inteur and experimenter has continually use. Three shield compartments are
paved the way in the transmission and provided, each of which houses a single
reception of radio signals ever since the stage for all bands. The trimming conday of wireless and is today exploring densers are rigidly mounted on the coils,
new frequency spectrums, new circuits, so that they are easily accessible for
new antenna arrays and new problems. alignment purposes and are connected
The writer, who was an experimenter to the coils and switch units with heavy
in the early days of wireless, has always leads, thus insuring permanence in
been interested in designing kit re- alignment. The band -switch - is of the
ceivers for this group. Three years multi -deck type, so that all stages are
ago, when it was proposed to bring out switched simultaneously by means of a
an all -wave kit receiver, it was pre- single control. The main 3 -gang tuning
dicted that there were relatively few condenser is mounted on the top of the
who would consider building such a set. chassis which houses the coil assem=
However, the "Browning-35" was so blies, and is completely shielded by
well received and so enthusiastic were means of demountable shields which may
the reports on its performance that the be removed easily to provide complete
writer was encouraged to re- design the accessibility. Connection is made to the
kit incorporating new worthwhile fea- rotor plates by means of heavy braid
tures. This re- design was started about leads, which connect directly to the low 6 months ago and has now been compotential end of the associated eons,:
pleted.
rather than through the medium of the
tuner chassis. This tends to eliminate
DESIGN FEATURES
chassis currents which might otherwise
The new "Browning -83" kit receiver produce undesirable effects such as deis much more flexible, and thus permits generation, regeneration, oscillation,
more leeway for experimentation. The etc.
heart of the new receiver is an all -wave
The tuning catacomb, covering a fretuning catacomb embodying the coils, quency spectrum from 0.54- to 22 mega
Succeeding Parts will contain

curves, chassis layouts, test voltages,
and
picture diagram.
BROWNING1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110
HERE IS THE HIT SET

OF 1938!
Fig. A. The author, checking the completed receiver

which is described in this article.
COILS ARE SWITCHED
R. F.
MF
630
CP
cf
0.1MF.
CT
/
400
R2
4,4
OHMS
0.1
ME
R7
OHMS
C2 A.,,Le":002MF.
or-
R47
C5
X V3
05-
MEG.
C15
RECT.
5-
OHMS
VOL.
_re
V10
110V.
60CVCLES
Fig. I. Only
000
SPEAKER
FIELD
MF.
(C9 R11
ti
7(EACH)
C
C14
4.
0.5-
0.1MEG.
R16
V6
G-IND.
10
MF
OH
0.1-
10
R12
FO--.
MMF,
MEG.
05.tr
C12
0
OUTPUT
0.5-
R23
V8
C17MEG.
0.1- 4.-
R19
MEG.
(EACH)
MEG.
R17
/'%+I
0.5-
100
MEG.r
R18
OHMS
OHMS
R14
MEG.
R10
CI
0.5-
TONE
CONT.
min
OHMS
250HMSOV
M.
Xrf
L000
R26
=111M111111
80
MF.
.00F_ "----
C2`'i
MF
Rb
V5
R9
OHMS
CONTA
.1.rAS
f--C24
05-
C7
OHMS
20000
00
MF.
0.1MF.
ME
5
11
.01-
0 o 0
1 R15
1.0000
R3
ti.
J
ti
OHMS
SW.
456K C.
Vl
AF
I.F.
I.F.T.1
L2
cl
6F5
6K7
CONV.
',CONNECTIONS
TO TUNER.
6A8
05C:
**POINTS WHERE
6K7
ME
Cl6
x
RHASpEpXv7
R21
OS-
10
R24
HMS
Ctg
4-
R25
MEG.
p
20,090
Now
'0.1
M9
MF.
230
20
66
AAF.
OHMS
RADIO -CRAFT
CO.
OUTPUT
components (the two 20,000 -ohm resistors and the two 0.1 -mf. condensers in the phase -inversion circuit) are critical. Correct
value for
ohms and not 2,500 ohms. Correct value for R4 is not 50,000 ohms as shown in diagram above, but, 250
ohms.
672
VOICE
for
APRIL,
R21 is 50,000
1938
The author, a famed designer of kit receivers for the amateur set-builder, surpasses the triumph he achieved in the
popular "Browning 35" with this design of the new "Browning
83". Pre -aligned when you obtain it, the essential tuning
catacomb covers 4- bands, from 0.54- to 22 megacycles.
It has more than ample volume for any ordinary use.
.
cycles, is completely wired, tracked and

aligned when you get it. This insures
correct tracking and alignment of the
various circuits involved and insures a
frequency-coverage in accordance with
the dial calibration. A great deal of
work has been done on this tuning catacomb to obtain as high a signal -to -noise
ratio as possible. This is accomplished
by a careful design of the coils and the
elimination of chassis currents. The
tuning catacomb is grounded to the
main chassis at one point only.. This is
important. The isolation of the tuning
catacomb from the main chassis at the

points of mechanical support is accomplished by means of soft -rubber grommets which serve a number of purposes.
One of these is the cushioning effect
which tends to reduce acoustical vibration in. the unit itself; another is to
eliminate entirely the possibility of any
circulating currents (which may be set
up in the main chassis) from entering
the tuning assembly; another is to reduce direct conductive heat transfer
from the main chassis into the tuning
catacomb, thus tending to some extent
to reduce oscillator drift.
EASILY BUILT BY AVERAGE EXPERIMENTER
In the design of a kit receiver, it is

desirable that the circuit employed
shall be so basic and so straightforward
that the set may be easily constructed
by the average experimenter. The
chassis layout should be such that there
is little chance for encountering oscillation and other troubles in the intermediate- frequency amplifier. At the
same time the layout should be flexible
enough to allow individual experimentation in such circuits as the intermediate- frequency amplifier, the audio-
frequency amplifier and such additional

circuits as noise suppression, automatic
frequency control, etc. In this kit set,
additional space and tube -socket holes
have been purposely included. Thus
provision has been made for the addition of various circuits which will be
presented to the experimenter from
time to time.
The basic superheterodyne circuit is
shown in Fig. 1 and, as will be noted,
employs a sharply -tuned antenna circuit, a stage of radiofrequency amplification on all bands, and an oscillator
circuit with a 6A8 tube used as a pentagrid converter. Numerous types of intermediate-frequency amplifiers have
been experimented with from the standpoint of ease of construction, selectivity,
and high audio fidelity, and it has been
found that the triple-tuned band -pass
circuit is outstanding.
From the standpoint of the experimenter, the link circuit in the band -pass
filter arrangement, which is factoryaligned to the intermediate frequency
of 456 kc., acts as a key, as the only
connection to this circuit is a ground
lead and, consequently, the frequency
to which it is tuned is not altered by
lead or tube capacity. Thus, this circuit
assures that, when the I.F. amplifier is
finally aligned, the proper intermediate
frequency is obtained. This is very important if the dial calibration of the
receiver is to be accurate. Another function of this link circuit is to broaden
the nose of the response curve of the
intermediate -frequency amplifier, which
results in improved audio quality. It
would be expected that broadening the
nose of the response curve would result
in poor overall selectivity; however such
(Continued on page '707)
AT LAST!
Here, Mr. Communications Amateur, is the superhet. you long

have wanted. It combines all the
essential elements of an efficient
0.54- to 22 megacycles communications receiver, yet employs only
the optimum number of tubes.
Here, Mr. Radio Experimenter,
is a 13.6 to 555 meter ultramodern radio set. Its kit-type construction and the use of a factory made pre -aligned catacomb makes
building this set "apple- pie."
LIST OF PARTS
One Browning tuner, model No. 1 ;
One Browning dial and escutcheon ;
One Browning band -switch escutcheon ;
One Browning bakelite antenna strip ;
One Browning drilled black crinkle panel;
One Browning drilled cadmium plated chassis ;
One Browning I.F. trans., 456 kc., I.F.T.1 ;
One Browning I.F. trans., 456 kc., I.F:T.2 ;
Five Browning 7 x 22 in. pictorial wiring
diagrams and instructions
*One power and filament transformer with

static shield
One Browning special etched and engraved
;
panel
One
One
One
One
Two
LR.C.
I.R.C.
I.R.C.
I.R.C.
I.R.C.
resistor, 230 ohms, 2.5 W., R25

resistor, 250 ohms, 0.5 -W., R4 ;
resistor, 400 ohms, 0.5 -W., R2
resistor, 0.5 -W., R27;
resistors, 1000 ohms, 0.5 -W., R5,
;
R9;
Two I.R.C. resistors, 50,000 ohms, 0.5 -W.,

R13, R21
One I.R.C. resistor, 20,000 ohms, 0.5 -W., R3,

Two I.R.C. resistors, 20,000 ohms, 0,5 -W
(5% tolerance), R20, R22;
One I.R.C. resistor, 25,000 ohms, 1.0
R26;
One I.R.C. resistor,' 50,000 ohms, 0.5.W_,:
-
R7;
Three I.R.C. resistors,
''
R6,'R11;
0.1 -meg., 0.5 -W.,
R1,
One I.R.C. resistor ,_0.1- meg:,1,.0.W

Four LR.C. resistors, 0.5 -meg;; 0.5 =W.,' I.18.:
R19, 1123, R24:Three I.R.C. resistors 1. mega 0.5 -W-., R10
_
"
R12, R17;
*One paper cond., 0.01 -mf., 400 V., C11 ;
*Seven paper condensers, 0.05 -mf., 600 V.,
C5, C6, C8, C12, C15, C23, C24;
*Six paper condensers, 0.1 -mf., 400 V., Cl,
C4, C7, C17, C18, C22;
*Two tubular electrolytic condensers, with
clamp, 475 V. working, 600 V. peak., 8
mf., C13, C14;
*Three tubular electrolytic condensers, 50.

V. working, 75 V. peak, 10 mf., C10, C16,
C19;
*One mica condenser, 0.002 -mf., C2 ;
Two mica condensers, 100 -mmf., C3, C9 ;
*Three mica condensers, 0.001 -mf., C20,
.
C21, C25
One Centralab resistor, 500 ohms fixed,

10,000 ohms variable potential, right -hand
taper, R8
One Centralab variable potential resistor,

0.5 -meg., left -hand taper, R11 ;
One Centralab variable potential resistor,
0.5 -meg., right -hand taper, with A.C.
switch, R15 ;
One Wright-DeCoster loudspeaker, BL 1100,
1,200 -ohm field ;
Two RCA type 6K7 tubes ;
One RCA type 6A8 tube ;
One RCA type 6H6 tube ;
One RCA type 6F5 tube ;
One RCA type 6C5 tube;
Two RCA type 6F6 tubes ;
One RCA type 80 tube;
One RCA type 6G5 tube ;
*Eleven wafer sockets for tubes and loudspeaker.
-
C,
ti0
li!_ 77='
k ti
A0,2
O.
--'
*Most Radio mail order houses can supply this item if Foperly identified as to
title of article, issue (month) of Radio
Craft and year.
'
Fig.
B.
All waves, continuously from

10
0.55-
tubes, including
RADIO -CRAFT
for
to
22
megacycles, are available in this kit receiver, which uses

a "tuning eye" indicator.
phase inverter and
APRIL,
673
9 3 8
Fig. A. New Du Mont television apparatus being tested in the laboratory. No

U I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 11111111 l I I 111111111111111l 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
I I
sweep,
frame, or blocking frequencies need to be generated at receiver.
11111111111111111 I
THE Du MONT
TELEVISION SYSTEM
TELEVISION TAKES A BIG STEP FORWARD! Ingenious new circuit arrangement makes
reception
various numbers of lines per frame and frames per second -possible with
simplified television receiving set. A "Phasmajector" demonstrates principles involved.
-of
B. Du
TELEVISION systems now being used commercially in

Europe and experimentally in this country are basically
the same. A photoelectric mosaic tube, scanned by a
cathode -ray beam, is used for picking up the images
at the transmitter; a cathode -ray tube with a fluorescent
screen for reproducing the picture is used at the receiver.
Sweep circuits are employed at the transmitter to scan the
picture. The video signals from the pick-up tube are transmitted by the video transmitter, as well as complicated
synchronizing and blanking pulses. At the receiver the video
signal is used to modulate the cathode -ray beam, the
synchronizing pulses are used to hold the picture steady
and the blanking pulses eliminate the undesired portion of
the sweep trace.
PRESENT SYSTEMS VS. Du MONT SYSTEM
The present systems have a number of disadvantages

which, in some measure, have held back their use on as
large a scale as sound broadcasting. For one thing the
receivers are costly because of the necessity of providing
local sweep circuits and separators. Second, a very wide
frequency band is necessary for transmission, and, third,
receivers can only receive pictures having a given number
of lines per picture and pictures per second. There are
numerous other disadvantages among which are fussy adjustments at the receiver and the necessity of using ultra shortwaves for transmission which limit the distance the
pictures can be sent.
The Du Mont Television System, on which patents are
pending, eliminates all these disadvantages and for the first
time provides a practical, simple, low -cost television system
of high definition. The basic difference between this and the
present systems is that, instead of having local sweep
MONT
oscillators at the transmitter and receiver, the sweep voltages themselves are transmitted. This in itself seems a
simple change -and it is, but a large number of details had
to be worked out in order to accomplish this. Considerable
work toward this end has been carried out for the past
several years at our laboratory, and well over a year ago
permission to transmit using this system was requested
from the F.C.C., but to date, due to the usual red tape, no
decision has been made on the application. Regardless of
this, our tests in the laboratory conclusively prove the
advantages gained by this system, which are obvious to
technicians when the following facts are considered.
Referring to the various disadvantages of the present
system we note that the receivers are costly because in
addition to having the usual radio receiver, local sweep circuits with their complicated separator circuits must be
provided. With the Du Mont System, the receiver needs no
local sweep circuits and is practically the same as the
present -day soud receiver, except that it has the higher
frequency response necessary for high- definition pictures.
Furthermore, no provision has to be made for interlacing
which, together with synchronizing, causes considerable
trouble in the present system. To sum up, the Du Mont
.
receiver is practically the sanie as a modern sound receiver, no

local sweeps, synchronizing or interlacing controls or circuits
being necessary.
WORLD -WIDE TELEVISION NOW PRACTICABLE!
Taking up the point that a very wide frequency band is

now necessary, the fact that in the Du Mont System a
higher interlace ratio can be employed permits much higher
definition pictures with the same frequency band, or allows,
the same definition picture to be transmitted on a much
674
RADIO -CRAFT
for
APRIL,
1938
narrower frequency band. The reason for this is that,

because of the difficulty of synchronizing and interlacing
with the present system, it is impossible to use a higher
ratio than 2.
In the Du Mont System, because it cannot possibly be
out of synchronization, there is no limit to the interlace
ratio; hence the saving in both the radio spectrum and the
receiver is considerable. With present systems a 6 megacycle band is necessary for 441 lines, 60 fields per second
and an interlace ratio of 2.
Our tests have shown that, with the same number of
lines and frames per second, we can use an interlace ratio
of 4, requiring a frequency band of only 3.0 megacycles. This
means that two transmitters can be used where only one
can now be used.
Furthermore, a longer wave band can be used, allowing
world -wide transmission. Taking this from another angle,
if we decide to use the full 6 megacycle band we can transmit pictures of 882 lines, which is comparable to the finest
motion pictures now available. In addition the receiver will
have only the same frequency requirements as at present.
.
A QUESTION OF ECONOMICS- ANSWERED
The third point to be discussed i.e., that with the present

system receivers can only receive. pictures having a given
number of lines per picture and pictures per second, is
important because- the greatest reason for holding back
commercial television, in the opinion of the writer, has been
this consideration. No company will assume the responsibility
of bringing out sets with a certain definition (number of
lines) and have them become obsolete in a year or so because
of advances in the art. Yet, with the present system, this
holds true. Changes have been made in the past seven
years, raising the number of lines from 48 to 60 to 120 to
T80 to 240 to 343 and now to 441. The present detail is
fairly good, but nowhere near the ultimate, and it is certainly not desirable to make sets useless when. further
changes occur or to decide now on a standard which later
on would be undesirable. With the Du Mont receiver a
picture' of any number of lines can be received, up to 882,
providing' the receiver has amplifiers at least s good as
those necessary for present 441 -line transmission. A person
buying a receiver using this principle can see pictures from
transmitters using various numbers of lines and, when the
transmitters increase the detail (number of lines), his
receiver does not become obsolete.
In this new system the video transmitter does not have
any synchronizing or blanking pulses inserted in the video
signal, so the full power is available for picture signals
(instead of only 80% with the present system, due to 20%
of the power being necessary to transmit the synchronizing
and blanking pulses).
The line and frame sweep voltages have been transmitted
with satisfactory results by several different methods. In
one method these voltages are transmitted over the audio
carrier. The line frequency is above the audio range and a
simple filter keeps this frequency out of the loudspeaker.
The frame frequency is also transmitted and means are
Fig.
B.
An unretouched photograph of the screen on the receiving tube.
Du
MONT DIGEST
PRESENT SYSTEMS
(1) Framing circuits in
receiver.
(2) Scanning circuits in
receiver.
(3) Blanking circuits in
receiver.
(4) Wide frequency band
needed for transmission.
(5) Receiver set for one
number of lines per frame
and frames per second.
(6 mc.)
Du MONT SYSTEM
impulses
(1) Framing
'
transmitted.
(2) Scanning impulses
transmitted.
(3) Blanking impulses
transmitted. (May be done
on sound channel.)
frequency
(4) Narrower
band (3 mc.) needed for
transmission.
(5) Receiver
can
repro-
duce any number of lines per

frame and frames per second.
The author, a television and tube designer of many years'
experience, brings to the field of cathode -ray television a
number of new ideas, which appear to offer the following
advantages:
(1) Lower cost of receiver construction.

(2) Possibility of putting more stations on the air in the
channels allocated.
(3) Interlacing is done automatically, through the transmitted signal.
(4) Detail of 882 lines may be transmitted on a channel
no wider than those now used to carry 441 lines.
(5) Standardization of detail unnecessary, as receivers
using Du Mont System can tune to any number of lines
and /or frames, when same transmission is used.
(6) Signal strength 25% greater, as impulses need not be
carried with video signal (may be with audio).
Fig. C. The "Phasmejector ", heart of the Du Mont System, which simplifies television reception, yet makes more detail easily possible.
RADIO -CRAFT
for
APRIL,
675
1938
657G
6LYSG
(P7 )ONAL
NEW!
6C86
CH 2
\if
INPUT
TRANS.)
(OPTIONAL
OUTPUT
LN.1
AUDIO "EXPRESSOR"
TRNS.)
):
-t
FOR SOUND SYSTEMS

You add this unit to your existing sound system. It (I)
properly corrects the dynamic range of recordings; and
(2) corrects for changing volume as the orator changes
his position with respect to the microphone.
!\
"EXPRESSOR
INPUT
CONTROL, R1
AtTEN11ArOR
Fig. A. The self -powered audio "Expressor ". Note

the visual "level" indicator.
A. C. SHANEY
THE
PRESENT trend towards a switch (S1) changes it from an ex- master record is made. Too much
high and higher fidelity has vir- pander into a compressor, and vice - volume will cause the stylus to break
tually necessitated the development versa. Although expanding circuits are down the walls of the groove and jump
of the new "add -on" unit illus- not new, the particular type employed into the next track. If this happens, the
trated in Fig. A. This device, known in this expressor is different, not only mold record is ruined. In order to avoid
as an expressor (which combines the in its simplicity of circuit elements, but this condition, the music is carefully
words expander and compressor into in its stability as well. Before
"monitored" (kept below this danone term) has been specifically designed delving into the operating pringerous level). In other words,
for extreme simplicity of operation and ciples employed, it might be
the very loud passages are
FOR THE
maximum performance.
advisable (for the benefit of
made lower.
The "expressor" is basically capable of the layman) to review the
Conversely, very low pas2 functions, i.e., (1) expansion, and (2)
major advantages derived
sages make practically no
suppression. These may be accomplished fromthe use of an expander.
impression on the wax
in various degrees by adjustment of
IN ANY
"master." In fact, sound inthe expressor control (R1) . A flick of WHY AN EXPANDER
tensities below some fixed
SHOULD BE USED
level are lost in the needle
In producing musical record PairICAJlO scratch. In order to remedy this
EXPRESSOR"
TO
ings
(particularly of classical selec(OUTPUT
condition, the very low levels are
LOUOSPEAKE45(
UNIT
tions), some passages may be so low "built up" so as to definitely activate
as to be barely audible, while other por- the cutting stylus.
tions of the same selection may be loud
The overall result of this recording
enough to vibrate the walls of a build- procedure is to "condense" the dynamic
ing. These loud passages cannot be range of sound intensities. Although
properly impressed onto a record be- most musical instruments can be subcause the largest amount of volume that jected to this treatment without undue
can be carried on a record is definitely effect, the recorded version of a
limited to the width of the sound wave symphony orchestra selection is greatly
which the stylus or needle cuts on affected.
the "Expressor" shown in use between microphone
the soft wax record from which the
the amplifier which drives the sound -system
lnd
or the cutting stylus in the recorder.
oudspeakers
FIRST
TIME
INPUT
JACK
1;750
MF
657G
ME
0.5-
250
MEG.
1500 'SCREEN -GR D
0.25
0.5-
VOLTS-100
SHIELD
5.000
MF.
MEG..
CH.2
OHMS
INPUT
ATTENUATOR
(c1)--
0.1MEG.?
U
o
750
TYPE
z
o 500
Q
D
_L
4
(EAC7.
H)
(EACH)
MF
6C8G
HM25
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sl.
MIN
MEGS.
MS
MF.
MEG.
1000
PI LOT
LIGHT
---
MIN
CONTROLGRID VOLTS
OUTPUT
PLUG
01-
MF.
= 6.3VOLTS
PLATE VOLTS.
TO
0.25-
Ef
6ZY5G
r
o
MEG.
6S7G-
6U5
SHIELDED ,CASE
i
-10V
250
R1
0.5-
MEG.
2
O
-50 -40
-30
-20
-10
0.5-
ME
i
i Tf H
,
MEG,.
(EACM
SUPPRESSOR GRID VOLTS

Fig. 2. Effect of control grid bias on the mutual
conductance of the 6S7G tube.
ELECTRO-
STATIC
L
TI
SHIELD
0.25ME
FUSE
MASTER
SWITCH
3.000
OHMS
1E\
:-110V. A.C.
Fig. I. Schematic circuit of the audio "Expressor" unit. The 6U5 cathode -ray tube
indicate the degree of compression or expansion present. Note use of anti -humis used to visually
components.
RADIO-CRAFT
676
for
APRIL,
1938
The world -wide interest in radio is manifested through

the activities of inventors in all lands. Reports of their
work, garnered from publications in all tongues, are
presented for you in this department of Radio- Craft.

uoounuunuuunnuuuuunuumuunnuuuunuuuuuunnnuuuuuuuuumuuuunuuuuuunnnunuuunm
INTERNATIONAL
RADIO REVIEW
BRITAIN'S "TUNING EYE"

ABRITISH version of the familiar
American visual tuning indicator
(as advertised in Wireless Weekly,
London) is the "Electron Star" now
being included in Philips sets. Instead
of a single band of black narrowing as
the set is brought to resonance, it makes
use of 4 evenly- spaced electron beams
which broaden when the set is in tune.
(See Fig. A.) While it serves the same
purpose as the "eye ", it is somewhat
more decorative.
May 25, 1937.
2,081,135
E DEVIENNE
RADIO PECEIVEP
Filed Oct. 26.
1935
A C.COIL
PHONO -RADIO DESK

A6 -TUBE, 5 -band receiver, together
with a phonograph incorporating
an automatic record changer, all
housed in a desk and produced by
H.M.V. of Britain was recently advertised in Wireless Retailer and Broadcaster (London). The price is 50
guineas (about $275). A panel at the
right (see Fig. B) of the desk carries
the dial and control; turntable and record magazine are exposed in an open
center compartment, for convenience.
r7
d-r,...
N .-,.-.
D. Patent drawing of the "ground tuner "; the

principle seems novel -but what about A.C. hum?
Fick.
Fig. A. The circles show the "Electron Star" when

the set is (I) detuned, (2) partly tuned, (3) tuned.
CHAIN -DRIVE DIAL

ANEW German reduced -speed dial
drive makes use of an endless chain

and sprocket wheel. Its unique feature
is that it does not need to be directly
in front of the tuning unit it controls.
The dial (see Fig. C) may be centered
on the panel and the condenser set to
one side, if chassis dimensions so require. This is a great convenience for
home set -builders as well as commercial designers.
Fig. B. Complete radio -phonograph desk.
RECEIVER "IMPROVEMENT"
AN interesting idea is expressed in a
patent (reproduced in Fig. D) recently granted Emile Devienne, of
Fleurieu- sur- Sane, France. He brings
a bared segment of the set's ground
lead into close relation with a coil
formed in the A.C. power lead, the distance being micrometrically variable by
means of a knob and screw. It is claimed
Fig.
The outer ring provides one control; the

inner knob 4 more, as it swings 4 ways.
E.
that this arrangement increases both
selectivity and sensitivity. (N.B.: This

device has not been tested by RadioCraft, and the Editors are not yet conconvinced that it will perform as
claimed.)
Fig. C. Placement of major tuning parts can be

most efficient without destroying panel symmetry, as
this chain -drive control permits shifting.
RADIO- GRAFT
for
MONOKNOB SIMPLIFIES CONTROL

CONTROLS are centralized in the
"Monoknob ", a tuning control produced by Philips and popular in Germany. The accompanying illustration
(Fig. E) taken from Populaer Radio
(Copenhagen) adds detail to that shown
APRIL,
Fig. F. Diapason, flute and string tone colors are

produced by this midget organ which uses a multiplicity of condenser -type microphones.
NEW CIRCUITS
IN MODERN
RADIO RECEIVERS
The details of the modern radio receiver circuits that make them "different" from previous designs are illustrated and described
.B+` ."
FI L.
BRE
L4C
RECT.
FI L.
C14
25Z5
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P2
P1`
C23
.
L2
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R11
\C22
R13
0.47- 330
O50
18
MF. OHMS
MEG. OHMS
LINE--
0.22M EG.
R2
Co
MME
MMF,
SW.5
L3
SW.4
IC3ii
SW6
i iii i
//
6A8-1ST-DETce OSC.
SW 9
L6
SW.7 SW.8,
717/7r7/77
C36 C37.C38
C39 C40
MEG.
L20
11
,SW
12
SW.
13
-I
R3
33,000
L8
OHMS
CG
MMF
10
SW.
A.V.C.
0.56-
Cl
400
L5
A.C.-D.0
0f
L
PILOT LIGHTS
R12
ME
L4
50
F. L.
1HM5
OHMS
SW
14
- - L22-L23-L24-
LID
'1
LI1
`,
tiL25D.MMF.
1
L21
6 7-G
A.F
2N-AUD.
R3
2
MEGS.
R12
75,000
OHMS
,
.2-;
A.V.C.
MF.
R6
0.25M EG.
25,00
OHM
0.5 -MEG.,
z_____
.,
VOLUME
ONTROL
R5
5
PICKUP
(CRYSTAL)
IVC15
each month by
MEGS
006-M F.
well -known technician.
a
SPRAYBERRYI
IIII IIIIII II IIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINo.
(I) STEWART WARNER MODEL 1851 TO 1859.

Stewart Warner Model 1851 to 1859. Coupling of the 1st
audio stage with the power amplifier stage is accomplished
by a single, center -tapped choke as in Fig. 1A. The two
halves of the choke are identical in inductance value and
number of turns, and the coupling between them is very
nearly unity as it is acquired with a closed iron core. The
voltage induced in the lower -half of the coil, due to current
flow in the upper -half is, therefore, within a fraction of a
per cent of the voltage applied to the upper-half. Because
of the connection, the voltages are of opposite phase suitable
for the control -grids of the beam tubes.
(2) POWER SUPPLY FILTER USING NO CHOKES.
G. E. Models FD -62 and FD -625. Resistors are
used instead
of one or more choke coils in the filter system of these models,
as shown in Fig. 1B. To compensate for the less- effective
filter action, the filter condensers C22 and C23 values are
much higher than usual. They have values of 50 mf., each.
The resistance values of R11 and R13 are chosen to acquire
the correct bias voltages. A magnetic-type speaker is used
and thus there is no field coil to use as a filter choke.
(3) SIMPLIFIED PUSHBUTTON TUNING.
RCA Victor Model 87K1. For a medium -size set such as

this one, it is most practical to employ the fixed -value circuit switching type of pushbutton tuning. A "first position"
counter -clockwise setting of the wave -band switch corn-'
pletely disconnects the main gang tuning condensers from
the R.F. and oscillator circuits, but connects the antenna and
oscillator coils connected in Fig. 1C for the broadcast band.
Substituted for the main tuning condenser in the R.F..
grid circuit are 6 adjustable condensers, each capable of
adjustment over about 1/3 of the band. In this way, any 6:;
stations may be pre -set so that when the individual pushbutton switch is used the circuit will be tuned exactly to the
desired predetermined signal. The oscillator tuning circuit
is similarly tuned, but with one of 6 "magnetite" -core (radiofrequency iron) coils shunting the special fixed coil for this
switch connection. Each oscillator core may be adjusted over
1/3 of the oscillator band and corresponding numbered condensers are switched in with these magnetite coils. The control switches interlock so that each one pressed in succession
will open the former one pressed. Through the use of a temperature -compensating condenser in the oscillator circuit
the tuning adjustment is maintained to a very accurate
degree. The band switch connections for pushbutton tuning
only are shown in Fig. 1C.
(4) "BLOCKING VOLTAGE" PHONO. CUT -OUT "SWITCH "!
Emerson Models 152, 153, 156, 158, 167. A method is used
in Fig. 1D by which the diode, and the entire R.F. and I.F.
3,0I-IM
000
SENSITIVITY
CONTROL
Fig. I. Heavy lines in the circuits accentuate the points discussed in the text.
amplifier systems are effectively blocked without breaking

their circuits. Breaking of circuits is always attended by
bothersome noises and transient circuit disturbances. This
method applies the full "B +" voltage directly to the signal rectifier diode and to the A.V.C. line through R3. All of the
grids ordinarily A.V.C. controlled now become slightly positive although most of the voltage drop occurs across R3.
The 1st -detector and I.F. tubes have greatly decreased gain
and the diode is considerably beyond its current saturation
RADIO -CRAFT
for
APRIL,
1938
RADIO WAVES USED

TO COMPLETELY CONTROL
REMOTE RECEIVER
Wired -radio now makes it possible to ( I) turn ON or OFF,
(2) tune, and (3) vary the volume, of a remote radio set, by
means of a little box that plugs into a wall outlet!
W.
E. SI-1 RA G E
RADIODYNAMICS, or control of matic in operation. Radio signals

remote devices by means of radio SWITCH THE SET ON AND OFF,
waves, received a long -due im- tune in any station desired, and adjust
petus, last month, when attendees the volume of the speaker to any level
at the I.R.E. Rochester Convention desired!
The fundamental trick lies in the
learned of a system that obsolesces control tubes (in the remote device) which application of a new type of radio tube.
require being constantly connected to This tube, shown in Fig. A, is known
the powerline in order to be operable under the name "gasswitch -tube" or
when the control impulses arrive.
"thyratron" -type 313A. It is connected,
as Fig. lA explains, on one side with
NO CABLES, NO "ALWAYS ON"
a potentiometer (capacitative voltage
The remote -control system to be de- divider) consisting of the condensers
scribed requires neither bothersome ex- C3 and C4. At first nothing of special
tension cables nor must the receiver be importance seems to be attached to the
constantly connected with the power - function of this potentiometer. But as
line. The new device is absolutely auto- we shall see this is not the case. By
C3
POWER LINE
ACTS AS
200
--
MME.
ANTENNA
rCl
..-RELAY
C2
N=1
20
GASSWITCH
MF.
313A
C1 -1.L1
TUNED
'
300 KC.
;
4.
FRO~
V.
PUSHBUTTONS
FOR VARIOUS FREQUENCIES.
"C8
C7
Zile
Lt
TO POWER SUPPLY
PLATE
PUG
OF SET, ETC.
R.F.C.
,60.5UPPLY
114
INTO
LINE
Fa.
'C6 tC5 'C4 `C3 'C2
RADIO IMPULSES CREATED BY THIS
SENT INTO
OSCILLATOR
'
,-C
-7 r--T
,- 7
rr-I
ZaZ ZZZIZZ
t10 ,C9
,B
1'
TI--t
Za
'
MMF.
LINE
- _ ^-
HEATERS
B 0
POWER LINE ACTS AS ANTENNA FOR THE VARIOUS. TUNING CIRCUITS APPLIED.
,4
115V.
POWE R
220 KC.
210 KC.
LINE.
N92
N21
AND
RELAY
N22
AND
RELAY
N21
POWER
TRANS.
2SOKC.
TUBE
260
1,124
N 25
N26
TUBE
N27
AND
AND
RELAY
AND
RELAY
AND
RELAY
N27
TUBE
-_
RELAY
RELAY
N/3
AWE,/ %SIM
N$4
/`
-.4
SWITOFF
CHASSIS OF REMOTE
RECEIVER
01515/
240 KC.
.230 KC.
TUBE
N23
AND
TUBE
TUBE
VOLUME
CONTROL
N25
KC.
TUBE
N26
270 KC.
280 KC.
TUBE
N98
AND
RELAY
N48
__
L90
KC.
TUBE
N29
AND
RELAY
N99
300 KG_
TUBE
N210
AND
RELAY
N21O
THESE SIX RELAYS OPERATE

SIX DIFFERENT PUSHBUTTONS
WITH
CALLED
UN N
RADIO IMPULSES. AS REPRODUCED BY OSCILLATOR IN PUSHBUTTON BOX, TRAVEL OVER POWER LINE.
,l
B_11
II
OSCIILLATOR
TUBES
1,
SPEAKER
/IL
al
TUBE WITH
RELAY N.1 AND BLOCK
RELAY FOR ON-OFF
GAS - SWITCH
-- --
OPERATIO`N
POWER
SUPPLY
SET CHASSIS
--'I
__
SELECTOR UNIT WITH

-
1.-r -J
NOTE A"
NOTE -13
TWO TUBES AND THREE

RELAYS. TUNES STATION
AND ADJUSTS VOLUME CONTROL.
NOTE A"SIX CONTROL CHAN -
NELS FOR PUSHBUTTON

TUNING OF 51X STATIONS.
NOTE'B =TWO CHANNELS

FOR VOLUME CONTROL.,
Fig. I. (A) Fundamental circuit of the 3I3A "switch" tube and relay; (B) the small, remote -control
oscillator which generates 10 control currents; (C) block diagram of the "switch" tube -relay combinations required to remotely tune 6 stations, control volume and turn the set on and off; (D) block
diagram of latest revised remote -control system.
Fig. A. This is the gaseous "switch" tube, type

313A, which does the trick! As shown, it has 3
electrodes, respectively A, B and C, and a gap
between A and B. Tube operates in conjunction
with a relay. An input to the tube of about 5 ma.
will produce a relay current of about 30 ma.
,
varying condenser C4 one can adjust

the voltage across the electrodes A and
B to any level desired. Let us examine
what this adjustment involves. Any gas filled tube, such as a neon glow discharge lamp, has a certain breakdown
voltage; i.e., the voltage at which a
current starts to flow between the electrodes of the tube. For the particular
tube applied, the critical voltage is

approximately 70 volts.
Now, if we adjust C4 until a voltage
of 60 volts exists between the electrodes
A and B no ionization will take place
in the gap between them, and despite
the fact that only 10 volts are lacking to
the required breakdown voltage of 70
volts no current will flow through the
tube.
Keeping that in mind, let us examine
condenser Cl and coil L1. Experienced
readers will recognize at once this condenser and coil are the units of a
tuning circuit; and, we may add, this
circuit is tuned to 300 kc. Everything
else is simple. Let us assume a radio
signal of 300 kc. is picked up by this
tuning circuit whereby the home powerline acts as antenna. What will happen? A radio potential will form across
L1. This additional voltage added to
the existing 60 volts already across the
gap between A and B will cause the
ionization of the space between the two
electrodes, and a current will start to
flow. However, and this is of importance, the current will not only flow between A and B but also between A
and C.
The current flowing over electrode C
causes relay No. 1 to close, and the receiver, until then "dead as a doornails"
starts to operate. It is apparent that
by application of a number of tubes
of this type, each of them equipped with
679
RADIO -CRAFT
A DIRECT-READING ELECTRONIC
"FLUX" METER
From Germany comes this interesting story of a new
method for measuring the magnetic permeability of iron
and other substances by means of vacuum -tube circuits.
Proper design of A.F. transformers and permanent -magnet
loudspeakers depend upon such measurements of the flux.
HEINZ
Fig. A. Appearance of the "flux" meter. Upper left, the galvanometer and right, the band switch.
The calibrated tuning scale is in the center. Various
sizes of exploring
coils are shown below the
instrument.
Electronic means are now employed in

determining magnetic field strengths. A
tiny exploring coil may be inserted in
the voice coil gap of a loudspeaker, for
instarce, and measurements made to
within 0.01 % by noting differences in
a beat frequency.
SECTIONAL
ENLARGED
VIEW OF
TEST COIL
THE ultimate reason for having at

present at our disposal excellent
A.F. transformers which have an
amazingly straight frequency response curve is the painstaking research concerning the permeability of
iron and iron -alloys. Similarly, the
modern permanent- magnet dynamic
speakers, which have solved a number
of intricate problems in public address
work, are also the product of magnetic
research. When one knows these facts,
this heretofore underestimated line of
radio research wins great interest.
But this is not all that makes the
new method of magnetic measurements,
to be described, so interesting. There is
also the fact that the new method of
measuring would be impossible without
the help of the radio tube. And this
smoothing of its own way to progress
as done by the radio, tube is significant
of what we may expect in the future,
when this trend is more widely utilized
than at the present time.
The ultimate trick of the new method
of measuring magnetic effects consists
of the application of an extremely small
test coil equipped with a modern R.F. iron core. A customary form of such a
coil, with the dimension of 1 x 6 millimeters (3/64 x 14- inch), is shown in
Fig. 1. The turns S of this coil are
arranged in toroid form. Item R is the
finely-divided iron core and A is an elec-
Fig. I. Greatly enlarged view of the exploring coil

constructed of an R.F. -iron core toroidal winding
and protective metal covering and shield. The actual
size, as shown, is /4 -in. wide and 3/64 -in. thick.
1
small dimensions of this coil have been

chosen in order to make measurements
inside the smallest gaps possible. For
example in the air gap of a dynamic
speaker, etc.
This tiny test coil when connected
with a circuit as shown in Fig. 2 permits the identification of variation of
magnetic flux. Variations as small as
0.01 -per cent and even less are measurable. What this extreme sensitivity involves will not only amaze the test engineer in the laboratory, but will probably pay high dividends to every man
in the radio field in the form of much
improved speakers and transformers.
Now, a few words about the circuit
applied. We see, in Fig. 2, two R.F.
oscillators (or generators), V1 and V4,
which operate on a frequency of about
7.5 megacycles. Both oscillators feed
their energy into a kind of potentio
eter consisting of the tubes, V2 and V ,
and the variable coil, Lv. Oscillator G2
is crystal controlled, and produces an
absolutely constant frequency. Oscillator V1 is tuned to the same frequency,
but a part of its tank coil is shunted b,r
the tiny toroid coil, LE. In other words,
one oscillator, V4, operates with absolutely constant frequency output, but
the second, V1, oscillator changes AS.
frequency when the tiny test coil LE
is under the influence of a magnetic
field.
tric shield, which also serves the purIn order to simplify the matter, no
pose of safeguarding the minute coil gap of a loudspeaker is shown, but the
against deformation, etc. The extremely
NOTE:
SW.IRSW.2
ARE GANGED
Fundamental circuit of flux meter

controlled oscillator and VI the variable
is governed by the conditions in exploring
itself as a reading on a meter
Fig.
2.
tubes. V4 is the crystal

oscillator the frequency of which
coil LE. A "beat" note manifests
with a "gauss" scale.
using
(GAUSSES) GALVANOMETER
simplified circuit of the flux meter using only 2 tubes. Here
only
one oscillator is used (VI). Coupled to this is a
V. -T.
in frequency in the oscillator is reflected in the V.-T. voltmeter. A change
voltmeter
circuit
-the
difference being read on a calibrated scale.
Fig.
3. The
RADIO -CRAFT
APRIL,
1930
$10.00
5.00
5.00
FIRST PRIZE
SECOND PRIZE
THIRD PRIZE
Honorable Mention
EXPERIMENTERS: Three cash prizes will be awarded for

time- and money- saving ideas. Honorable mention will be
given for all other published items. Send in your best "kinks "!
SHORT -CUTS
IN RADIO
11111111111111111111 !
FIRST PRIZE -$IO

INEXPENSIVE A.C. -D.C.
VISUAL
OUTPUT INDICATOR. A visual output indicator can be made with nothing more than a
6E5 visual tuning indicator tube and socket. a 30watt electric light bulb and socket, a line plug. a
.05 -mf. fixed condenser, some wire, a 1- megohm
fixed resistor, and 3 battery clips. The 6 -prong
socket and the ten -cent -store light socket may
be screwed to a small baseboard.
The connections (see Fig. 1) are as follows
One side of the line plug is connected to the
filament and cathode prongs of the tube socket;
the other side to one terminal of the light socket
and the plate prong of the tube socket. The
remaining terminal of the light socket connects
to the other filament prong of the tube socket.
A large battery clip for grounding the unit is
connected to the cathode through the fixed condenser 2 small battery clips are directly connected to the control -grid and cathode terminals
of the socket. These two clips connect to the
output transformer of the receiver, in place of
the voice coil. The tube is placed in its socket
arfd the 30 -watt bulb (preferably painted black
to avoid glare) is screwed -in, and the unit is
ready to operate. In some cases it works better
if a 1 -mg. resistor is externally connected between the plate and target prongs of the socket.
The unit may be used on A.C. or D.C., and
if care is taken to make sure the cathode side
of the plug is always on the grounded side of
the line, the fixed condenser may be omitted.
P. J. DONNEAU
AN
15T PAIR
EARPHONES
2N. PAIR
EARPHONES
3RD
PAIR
EARPHONES
:-
4TH PAIR
EARPHONES
MOUNT OCTAL
SOCKET ON FRONT
OR SIDE OF PANEL
Fig. I. Efficient output meter is improvised from

6E5 tube and parts found around any workshop.
SET"
OUTPUT
TO
BACK VIEW
4. Octal tube socket fastened to set panel

permits 4 pair of phones to be used at once.
Fig.
SECOND PRIZE -$5

MIRROR "TILTS" METER WITHOUT INTRODUCING ERROR. In many meters.
the counterweight on the needle is not sufficiently well balanced to afford as accurate a
reading when a meter designed for horizontal
use is tilted for easier reading. This may be
avoided by fastening a small mirror, such as
women carry in their handbags, over the instrument. It may be propped up temporarily, affixed
to the cover of the meter case, or slipped into
clips bent from stiff copper or steel wire, as
Fig. 2 shows. Of course the reading will be
reversed, but, with a little practice, one can
read much more accurately this way than by
tilting the meter.
LIGHT
FIXTURE
CANOPY
OLD TYPE
SMALL
KETTLE
SPEAKER
Fig. 5. Bell of old horn -speaker and small kettle

form modern portable speaker housing.
TELESCOPIC
ANTENNA
HEAVY TYPE
ANTENNA
(FISHINGPO
TYPLEE)
on.
Experience will show that a "desk" or "banquet" mike-stand should be of a predetermined

fixed height to avoid the trouble and embarrassment caused by nervous speakers trying to
steady themselves by adjusting the height of
the stand and thereby causing funny noises to
come out of the loudspeaker units. See Fig. 3.
USED AS
STAND
RUBBER
DISTRIBUTER
RUBBER
TUBI NG
TERMINAL
CAP
2IN. LOG
LEO J. DRAUS
REMOVE
UNDER
HONORABLE MENTION
ORNAMENT
BASE LEAD-FILLED AND COVEREDWITH FELT.

Part of an old lighting fixture plus a
3.
threaded pipe, makes attractive desk mike stand.
Fig.
for
BELL FROM
NOVEL IMPROVISED DESK STAND FOR

MIKE. The inexpensive desk stand for a
velocity mike, as shown in Fig. 3, can be made
by using a discarded cast -iron or heavy brass
light- fixture canopy for the base and an 18 -inch
piece of pipe threaded to fit the coupling of the
mike. The canopy and the pipe should be painted
a dull black and, if necessary, the base can be
weighted by using a mixture of scrap metal and
sealing compound or lead. A piece of felt to
cover the bottom of base unit should be cemented
ELECTRIC
RADIO -CRAFT
SPEAKER
HERLUF JENSON
THIRD PRIZE-$5
Fig. 2. A mirror fastened above a meter removes

the need for tilting; more accurate readings result.
SCREWS HOLD
CIRCULAR BOARD
IN PLACE
APRIL,
MULTIPLE HEADPHONE CONNECTION.

When several people wish to listen -in on
phones, a new type of pin -jack can be improvised.
If desired to be a permanent part of the short-wave
set or code practice oscillator, it is quickly
1938
fig.
6.
Rubber bushing on telescoping antenna keeps

water out and retards corrosion.
Service Men may write, requesting answers to specific

service questions. Address inquiries to Service Editor. For
questions answered by mail, a service fee of 25c per question is made. Only questions of wide interest can be published. In view of the "rush" character of most service
calls an effort is made to maintain 48 -hour service on mail
inquiries. Let us help you solve your service problems.
SERVICING
QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
&
I I
INTERMITTENT
I I I I I II I
II
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I
I II I I
I I I I I I I
I I I I I
II I I I
I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I
I I I
I II
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II
I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I
I I I I I I I I I
IM M
II I
LOW- FREQUENCY
scribe was not an uncommon fault with green common lead of the electrolytic
the RCA Victor model 262. Only one of bypass block, which is (or should be)
(44) A. L. Tucker, Donaldsville, La. the two chassis turned out under this grounded to the same chassis lug as one
(Q.) I have in my shop an RCA Vic- model number, however, had this diffi- terminal of the tone -control reactor. An
tor model 262 for repair which inter - culty. You state that when the wave- intermittent 1st audio plate filter conmittently loses most of its low- frequency band switch is rotated, reception, at denser, a 0.25 -mf. unit, will cause
response at low- and medium- volume times, becomes normal. Possibly, your trouble. See Fig. Q.44.
levels. Otherwise, reception is satis- receiver employs a fidelity change with
factory. When the receiver was new, at band changes. The front section of the "NO RECEPTION" ON COLONIAL
low- volume settings, with the bass con- wave -band switch attenuates the low 31 A.C.
trol adjusted for maximum bass repro- frequency response when the short -wave
(45) P. Pappas, Brooklyn, N. Y,
duction and the treble control set for bands are employed. In the "X" and "A"
(Q.) I have a Colonial 31 A.C. remaximum "highs ", the bass tones pre- band positions, the low frequencies are ceiver in my shop for repair. When
the
dominated. Now, on the same setting, boosted or normal. Check this section of antenna is touched to the plate terminal
the highs seem to stand out.
the wave -band switch, as well as the
This trouble is not constant, as the
set suddenly flares back to normal at
R.F.C.,
76
TREBLE
times, or by snapping the power or
CONTROL
025wave -band switch, reception is made
025normal. The tubes are OK. The speaker,
02-MEG,
BASS
output transformer, volume control and
0.2.5M
30.000
compensation resistor and condenser
OHMS
(EACH)
have been replaced. All components in
the tone control circuit have checked
A
MF
s
OK. Can you suggest a remedy to over151 SECTION
WAVE BAND
come this trouble?
SWITCH.
(A.) The condition which you deFig. Q.44
RESPONSE
1ST A F
MEG.
MF.
MF.
CONTROL
10
--
Fig.
9.47
ANALYSES of RADIO RECEIVER SYMPTOMS
OPERATING NOTES
uuunnnunnnunuu unnnuuuuunu IIUI 111111! 1111111
I
111
ll llu n u u uuu nuuNnuuuunuunullllllllullullulluulllllllll llluu l

l
Philco Model 70. This model had two

common complaints. That of a bad, low -
pitched hum and intermittent reception

wherein the volume drops to about one half of its original level at any setting
of the volume control. The usual
sources of hum were examined without
discovering the cause of the complaint.
As a last resort a new condenser was
bridged across each condenser in the
set in turn, starting with the first stage
of the set and ending in the output
circuit.
This definitely traced the trouble to
a condenser in the plate circuit of the
2nd -detector. This 0.25 -mf. condenser
(Fig. 1A) is connected at the junction
of the two resistors, used in series with
the plate of the 24A -type 2nd -detector
tube and the high -voltage lead, and
the chassis. Replacing this cured the
hum trouble.
The usual source of intermittent reception in these sets is the audio coupling condenser between the plate of the
2nd -detector tube and the grid of the
47 -type output tube. This unit proved to
be in good condition so a thorough examination of every part in the receiver
was undertaken. The buffer condensers
.
Service Men: Illustrate, wherever convenient,

your Operating Notes on characteristic faults
of given sets. Payment is made after publication.
0 0 01 0 unuuu unnnuuuuuuuu uuuauuununnuuuuuuuuuuonnuuuu uuuuuuuuuuuuul
connected between the power line and

ground were found to be the cause of
the intermittent reception. Replacing
these brought the receiver back to normal operation. These condensers are
shown in Fig. 1B. In the early model
70 Philco receivers and similar ones
where the volume control is connected
in the antenna circuit, an increase in
volume can be obtained without harming the control of the volume by placing a jumper between the lug of the
control connected to the antenna lead
and the lug connected to the 1st radio frequency coil, the center lug of the
control.
WALTER R. WHITCOMB
RCA Victor 118, 211. Intermittent reception on these models, or total inoperation, is frequently the result of
an intermittently open- circuiting 10,000 ohm screen -grid voltage drop resistor,
a wire -wound unit mounted on the
terminal strip located below the power
transformer. In many cases, reception
can be obtained when the chassis is
struck smartly with some suitable. instrument. The open- circuited condition,
will, of course, be disclosed with a socket
analysis by the lack of screen voltage
on all but the 41 output tube.
The symptom of choked reproduction
may almost always be traced to a short(Continued on page 714)
rR.F.C.
TO
CONTROL-
T.
GRID
OF
47
TUBE
024-
MEG.
MME
,--0.25-
F
OH0
MS
SCREENGRID
!VOLTAGE
45.000
UNIT
OHMS
RADIO -CRAFT
ACH),
ECTIVE
UNITS
Fig.
682
15 -ME
for
APRIL,
4 -TUBE "PEE WEE"

T. R. F. RECEIVER
The superlative performance of this "electric" set-one of the smallest in America
enables it to meet special requirements.

I I
I I I
II
I I 1
1111111111111111111111111 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
HERE seem to be two trends in modern radio receiver

design ;-the one towards the large, comparatively expensive console or "main" home receiver, and the other
towards the ultra- midget or "personal" receiver. The "Pee Wee" receiver illustrated in Fig. A falls in the latter class
and is outstanding in that it is one of the smallest receivers
manufactured which has the stability and performance of
its larger brethren in the midget family. In fact, tests by
Radio -Craft indicate that for its size really remarkable results have been achieved in obtaining acceptable tone quality.
Note that this radio set is of the A.C. -D.C. type. This
factor plus its small and rugged design makes it an instru;nent which is particularly suited to services in which the
rdinary or larger and more complicated and expensive
receiver is not so readily adaptable. This set, for instance,
may be tucked into the corner of the traveling case and used
wherever a 110 -V. supply, either A.C. or D.C., is available;
or antenna no additional wire other than the flexible lead
supplied with the set is required. The Pee -Wee also may
be recommended for the children's room. In this connection
it has exceptional entertainment and educational value. This
compact set also lends itself to use in hospital wards. Service
Men will do well to look into the possibilities of renting this
(Continued on. page 705)
The
6K7 -_
"Pee -Wee"
ultra- midget
;,,H -,.,,
-tube receiver.
25L6
6J7-.
2576
co,.
MF
400V.
V3
HUM BUCKNU COIL
120
OHMS
VOICE
COIL
- -16
MF.
L50V'
PILOT
LIGNT
OHMS
150V
5.
251.6 OHMS
(EACH
"WADAP4513OHM
SPEAKER
FIELD
Fig. I. Schematic circuit of the "Pee -Wee'
17/'
5W./
.02- MF.600V.
receiver.
LEARN BY
AY TUBES
CATHODE - RAY
' 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111
A;,N
STUDENTS
- TELEVISION
MAKING
Readers of Radio -Craft have exhibited exceptional interest in this series of articles
published here for the first time in any
on constructing
popular radio magazine
experimental C.R. tubes for television.
PART V
Fig. A.
CORKSCREW PATH OF AN ELECTRON

IN MAGNETIC FIELD OF FOCUSING COIL.
U. A. SANABRIA
LAST month we described our early experiments on the

construction of the electron gun and the process for
the evacuation of the cathode-ray tube. This month we
continue with our experiments with an improved type of gun.
The design of the electron gun was not a pleasant type of
task, because the elements were not adjustable during
experimentation due to the fact that the elements of the
gun were inside of a vacuum tube where they could not be
physically reached for adjustment. An ordinary light optical
system using lenses can be set up on an optical bench, and
the best conditions can be readily found. When the electron
optical system is inside an evacuated vessel, obstacles in
experimenting occur. For example, you can readily see that
a shift of a few thousandths of an inch for one of the electrodes will produce the desired results; yet, you are unable to
change the position of an element withortt rebuilding the
.
ra.:
i
AN ELEMENTARY ELECTRON -
CONDENSING AND FOCUSING

SYSTEM FOR ELECTRON .STREAM.
GUN CONSISTING OF CATHODE

AND ONE ANODE.
((
(.__. -_-
-: -- ...---.-
OPTICAL
SYSTEM.
ELECTRON -GUN
PROJECTION
USING "MAGNETIC
FOCUSING."
"..."*."......
1r
ELECTRON -GUN
PROJECTION USING
"ELECTROSTATIC
FOCUSING."
Fig.
RADIO -CRAFT
FIRST-CLASS
for
4.
whole tube.
Since every part of the tube affects the operation of all the
other parts in final performance, it is sometimes difficult to
locate the exact source of trouble. At first, this has to be
accomplished with a combination of intuition and plodding
isolation. It did not take long to find that it was much better
to make every part so good in the first place that trouble
was unlikely to occur with the exception of those points
where you were making your investigations. Learning dimensions and adjustments in cathode -ray tubes consists of making a number of them having different adjustments while
taking great care to keep other parts constant in dimensions
APRIL,
RADIO -CRAFT'S
INFORMATION BUREAU
berg -Carlson 642 receiver in good condition. The
indicator showed very little, if any, response.
OSCILLATOR"
Finally by removing the speaker voice coil leads
(390) C. J. White, Woodruff, Wisc.
and connecting the indicator ( "HI" side) directly to the voice coil winding of the output
(Q.) I went to great pains and no little transformer, and having
expense to build the "Service Man's Audio Os- vanced to the maximum, the volume control adand tuned to a local
cillator" described in the June. 1937, issue of station, I was
able to observe the varying shadow
Radio- Craft. This oscillator works, but has these width as the signal
was being modulated. How2 faults: It is not stable, and the output does
the movements were weak and sluggish
not produce a good, clean wave on the " 'scope." ever,
and had no snap, pep or sensitivity. This result
Can you give me any further tips on connections was obtained
with the receiver operating
as shown in the wiring diagram? All of my at full power. only
It wouldn't do, then, for aligning
equipment is of the best quality. and I would a receiver with
A.V.C., or detecting minute
like this unit also to be A -1.
variations of signal strength, or gain in suc(A.) Judging from the above, the trouble is cessive R.F. stages.
probably caused by one or more of the followThinking the voltage impressed on the tubes
ing : (1) no shielding on the leads emerging from might be too high, I reduced it to 250 volts,
the 2 I.F. transformers (2) no "thimble" top but the results were the same.
cap shields ; (3) open filter or bypass conI have come to the conclusion that something
densers ; (4) plate leads too close to other wiring ; must be wrong ; probably some part shows wrong
(5) tubes that are not sufficiently stable ; (6) value, due to typographical error, or the wiring
omission of R.F. filter in plate of 6Q7 (7) omis- is shown in error. All parts I used are of the
sion of plate bypass on 6F6 (8) poor ground
highest quality and have been tested and retested
return on chassis. The waveform is not sine and are okay.
low
at
frequency because of the beat between
(A.) You state in your letter that you use
the 2 oscillators.
choke input and choke output with a condenser
between the 2 chokes,
"MAGIC EYE OUTPUT INDICATOR" cuit showsnotice carefully that the schematic cira 4 mf. electrolytic condenser, con(391) Edward W. Bayard, Houston, Tex.
nected after the filter choke. This condenser is
(Q.) I have just completed construction of absolutely essential to the proper operation of
the "Magic Eye Output Indicator," as de- the unit. Its omission will cause all the troubles
scribed in your magazine for April, 1936. Al- you mention.
though the actual, physical construction differs
In addition, if you want lightning -like action
from the illustration of your unit, the circuit of the shadow, just omit the 0.5 -meg. resistor
is identically the same, with 2 minor exceptions. and 0.1 -mf. condenser which are connected to
Mine has a pilot light, feeding from the heater the 6E5 grid.
winding that supplies the 6B7 and 6E5 tubes.
Incidentally, the editors of Radio -Craft are
and utilizes the choke from an Atwater Kent particularly glad to publish your letter as a
model R "B" Power Unit. It therefore has "horrible example." You used excellent parts
choke input and choke output, with the filter and constructed your apparatus with skill, yet,
condenser connected to the choke center -tap.
because you did not follow the diagram, the
After completion, I turned the instrument unit failed to function correctly. Sometimes errors
"on" and allowed the tubes to warm up. The do creep into diagrams, but this does not occur
rectifier output was checked at 300 volts. In a often. Readers-a/1 readers -are therefore urged
few seconds the tuning eye glowed a bright to build their apparatus according to instrucgreen with the 90-degree shadow. I connected tions. If they must try some variations, and
the positive terminal of a 41/2-volt "C" battery if as a result the unit fails to operate, they are
to the common tip -jack and its negative terminal advised to change it to be in accordance with
to the "LO" tip -jack. The shadow closed ap- the diagram before taking too much time and
proximately half -way ; with a lesser voltage trouble to check and recheck the components.
(3 volts) the closure was not as great. I then
tried 60 -cycle A.C. supplied from a small toy
transformer with variab'e taps. Beginning with
A.C. FROM BATTERY
11/2 volts, the movement was scarcely perceptible.
(392)
D.
L. White, North Emporia, Va.
From 8 to 16 volts r.m.s., a slight decrease in
(Q.) I am a repairman on battery sets and
shadow width was noted, accompanied by a faint
fuzziness at the shadow edge, but it was not live in the country. There is no A.C. where I
clear -cut and bore small resemblance to the live and I want to enlarge my home workshop
so that I can repair electric sets, too. Please
illustration in your article.
advise how I can make a cheap rig to test A.C.
I next tried various voltages, both A.C. and
D.C., with the tip -jack in the "HI" position. receivers with a storage battery and "B" batHere the movements were even less perceptible teries.
than in the "LO" position. The wiring was
(A.) You cannot properly test an A.C. set
checked a dozen times, and although I have
with storage "A" and drycell "B" batteries. To
adhered strictly to the part values as shown give but one reason, such testa could not show
and assembled the apparatus in as neat and up defects in the power pack. However, there
faultless a manner as possible, thoroughly in are two solutions to your problem. The first and
keeping with good radio and instrument prac- best is to buy or build a 60 -cycle 116 -volt A.C.
tice, the unit seems to have an appalling lack generator, to operate from storage cells.
of sensitivity. I tried the procedure outlined
The second, is to purchase an "inverter'
under "Application and Uses," using a Strom- which is a vibrator -type power supply operating
"SERVICE MAN'S AUDIO
ANTENNA
CRYSTAL
140
MMF.
--_
(EACH)
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIl11111111111111111I11111111111111111 1111111111111
SPECIAL NOTICE
Those questions which are found to represent the greatest general interest will be
published here, to the extent that space
permits. (At least 5 weeks must elapse
between the receipt of a question and the
appearance of its answer here.) Mark such
inquiries, "For Publication."

Replies, magazines, etc., cannot be sent
C.O.D. Back issues of RADIO -CRAFT ordinarily are 25c per copy but those which are
more than 1 year old are available only at
50c per copy ; except the following issues:
7/'29 ; 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9 and 11/'30 ; 5, 6,
and 7/'31 6 and 9/'32 ; 7/'33 ; 1, 8 and
9/'34 1 and 8/'35 ; 8/'36 1/'37 which are
out of print.
Inquiries to be answered by mail MUST
be accompanied by 25c (stamps) for each
separate question ; answers are subject to
subsequent publication if considered of exceptional interest.
Furnish sufficient information (in reference to magazine articles, be sure to mention issue, page, title, author and figure
numbers), and draw a careful diagram (on
separate paper) when needed to explain
your meaning; use only one side of the
paper. List each question. Be SURE to
sign your name AND address.
Enclose only a' STAMPED and self-addressed envelope for names and addresses
of manufacturers ; or, in connection with
correspondence concerning corrections to
articles, as this information is gratis.
Individual designs can be furnished at
an additional service charge. The fee may
be secured by addressing the inquiry to the
SPECIAL SERVICE department, and furnishing COMPLETE specifications of desired information and available data.
;
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111I11111111111111111111111111111111
from a storage battery and generating 110 -V.

60 -cy. A.C. This latter unit is much less expensive to purchase than the generator mentioned
above. However its overall efficiency is lower
and its vibrator unit requires replacement at
intervals, depending upon its use.
CRYSTAL SET
(393) Geo. M. Frick, Chapin, S. C.
(Q.) I am searching for plans and instructions for building one of the best and most
efficient crystal radio receiving sets. I live in
the country, 22 miles from a broadcasting
station.
Can you print plans or instructions for such

a set?
(A.) See Fig. 1 -393. The coil, Li, is a standard broadcast -band R.F. coil, to be used with
a 350 mmf. variable condenser, Cl. Notice that
the primary and secondary are to be connected
together at the ground end; the antenna may
be connected to either the primary or secondary,
as shown. The crystal may be of any type; you
will probably find a galena crystal with variable
contact cat's- whisker most satisfactory. The
phones are bypassed with a 250 mmf. fixed condenser.
Use the set with a high antenna, at least 60
feet long, and be sure you have a good, sensitive
pair of phones.
Incidentally, the editors advise you to build a
single -tube set (see Fig. 2 -394) instead of a
crystal set ; it will cost but little more, and will
afford far greater entertainment. See the diagram
printed in reply to the following question.
I -TUBE ALL -WAVE SET
(394) Robert C. Wing, Minneapolis, Minn.
(Q.) A short time ago, I found the enclosed
diagram of a 1 -tube receiver. No instructions
NOTE: ROTORS OF
VARIABLE CONDEN-
SERS
''MGROUNDEARED.
11,::PHONES
MS
'Ll
Fig.
Cl
C2
PHONES
-393. Diagram of a simple, fairly -selective crystal set.
"A
Fig.
-394. Simple
-tube set which uses plug -in coils for various

tuning bands.
RADIO -CRAFT
684
2V.
'6=45V.
(ACTUAL PIN CONNECTIONS WILL DEPEND

UPON INDIVIDUAL COIL-KIT)
for
APRIL,
1938
BUILD THIS SIMPLIFIED
NEON -TYPE TEST UNIT
An amateur radio operator tells how $4 worth of apparatus

can be used to construct a simple unit which may be used
as a set tester, A.F. oscillator, code practice set, keying
monitor for transmitters, etc. A nifty little unit to have
around the shop or laboratory.
IIIIIIIIIIIIIII111IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
KENNETH L. HUNTLEY, W8PQP
Fig. A. Front view of the neon tube test unit. Note

the tube protruding from the panel.
HE APPARATUS to be described "D.C. INPUT ". (This supply may be

is a very economical and versatile taken from "B" batteries, "B" eliminatester and audio -frequency oscillator or other 90 -V. D.C. supply). Sw. 1
tor which should be in the posses- is thrown to the "OFF" position. The
sion of every radio operator and radio apparatus to be tested is connected to
Service Man. The component parts will the terminals marked "KEY" by means
usually be found in the "junk" box. If of test prods.
In testing chokes (both audio and
all the parts are purchased, however,
the cost will not be over $4 and the ap- radio frequency),transformer windings,
paratus easily pays for itself in. one or resistors up to 1 megohm, coils, etc., a
steady glow indicates a continuous cirtwo service jobs.
cuit; an intermittent flash indicates
poor connection or intermittent circuit;
THE SERVICES IT PERFORMS
This unit may be used as a sensitive and, failure of the neon lamp to glow,
'continuity tester for point-to -point indicates an open circuit or no connectesting and also for the testing of the tion.
In testing condensers (paper or mica Fig. B. Rear view of the unit showing how the
component parts of a receiver or transvertically behind the
a good condenser will cause one components are mounted
type)
mitter such as: condensers (mica,
front panel.
the
conlamp
when
neon
flash
of
the
transformers,
or
electrolytic),
paper
denser is connected to the test prods. resistance meter in this test reverse the
coils, resistors, chokes, etc.
The oscillator may be used as a code A condenser that causes the neon to test prods if a low reading results as
.practice set, keying monitor or audio glow faintly and does not flash, has the polarity of the resistance tests may
oscillator. The frequency of the oscilla- poor insulation and should be discarded. be causing the low reading.) Electroly'tor is variable from 50 to 10,000 cy- Failure of the neon lamp to glow in- tic condensers may be tested at their
cles /second. When used as a monitor the dicates an open condenser and a con- rated voltage by increasing the voltage
unit does not monitor the signal of the tinuous glow indicates a shorted con- at the terminals marked "D.C. INPUT"
transmitter but it does furnish a swell denser.
to the proper value. Electrolytic conmeans of checking one's keying and the
densers will cause the neon lamp to
flash once when connected or at regular
.tone may be adjusted to suit the in- TESTING ELECTROLYTIC CONDENSERS
dividual operator.
In testing electrolytic condensers, be intervals; if the rate of flash is not
The component parts are connected sure the correct polarity is applied to over 15 times per second the condenser
AS shown in the diagram, Fig. 1. The the condenser under test and also do is satisfactory. Condensers which flash
photograph, Figs. A and B, show the not apply more than the rated voltage. more often are leaky and will cause
unit which was built by the author, but The majority of electrolytic condensers trouble sooner or later. Condensers
other designs will probably suggest will withstand 90 volts, but some of the which do not flash intermittently but
themselves to the builder as being equal- bypass variety are designed only for cause a partial glow of the neon lamp
ly suitable for their particular needs. use at lower voltages and must not be are leaky and should not be used. A
tested with 90 volts. These low- voltage shorted condenser will cause a bright
condensers may be tested by measuring glow of the 'neon lamp and failure of
HOW IT'S USED
For point -to-point testing and as a the resistance of the condenser and any the lamp to glow indicates an open
continuity tester a 90-V. D.C. supply is that do not have a fairly high resistance condenser.
connected to the terminals marked should be rejected. (Note: In using a
.
25Z5
TO'
D.C.
INPUT
-OHMS
300
(1
CORD)
l 20.000 OHM
POTEN.
(WIRE -WOUND)
110v. A.C.-D.C.
Fig. I. Circuit diagram of the neon tube test unit showing extreme simplicity
of design. Either batteries or an external power pack may be applied.
RADIO -CRAFT
for
APRIL,
Fig. 2. Circuit diagram of a recommended power supply to be used in

conjunction with the test unit. Almost any well -filtered power supply will do.
685
1938
CANADA'S
"INTERFERENCE
DETECTIVES"
The problem
of man-made static
is being
solved by the Canadian Government, which
maintains "Interference Detectives" who
track down sources of "wild" inductive
energy and suggest remedies, as described
in this "how- to- do -it" article.
Fig. A. Engineer exploring relay bank suspected of causing interference. The
set is battery- operated.
MAN -MADE STATIC

One of radio's greatest problems is the
suppression of man -made interference.
Its two principal branches are (a) the
location of sources of such disturbances
and (b) ending the cause or suppressing
radiation.
In order to do full justice to this important subject, Radio -Craft is publishing a series of articles, of which this is
the first, telling in detail how the Canadian Government is attacking the problem.
Fig.
11111111111111111NIIIII1111111111111111IN11111111111111111111111111111 111111 111111111111111111111111111

11Nlillfl111111111
THE RADIO BRANCH of the Department of Marine, in Canada,

maintains a radio interference
elimination service that is serving
as a model for governments and radio
trade bodies throughout the world.
Since the publication of the first government pamphlet on the subject, in
May, 1927, the service has been useful
in more than 50,000 cases, resulting in
great savings to power companies and
in greatly improved reception for radio
set owners.
The "Interference Detectives" travel
about with loop- equipped cars, in localities from which complaints have been
received. The interior of such a car is
shown in Figure C. Figure A shows a
portable loop set being used to checkup interference from a (building) elevator- control relay bank.
Once the interference is located,
means are taken to keep it from getting
onto power lines and spreading throughout a territory. This is not difficult on
stationary machines, but is a greater
problem on such mobile units as trolley
cars. The Canadians solved it with
filters installed on top of the cars at
the base of the trolley pole.
Figure 1 shows the wiring of the standard model of Canadian Government apparatus, designed to be used in conjunction with a converted auto-radio re-
B. While the "Interference Detective" listens by means of a pair of phones (or loudspeaker, in
later models), linesman hits pole suspected of holding defective units. Vibration increases noise.
ceiver. It can be connected to the regu-
lar car antenna for multi -directional
( "vertical ") reception; to the loop (rotatable through 360 degrees) for bilateral ( "Figure 8 ") reception; or to
both. The latter combination connection
affords "sense" (or unidirectional) reception when the variable resistance
(Res.) and variometer (Li) (shown in
heavy line in the diagram) are correctly adjusted.
The following description of the
adaptation of a standard automobile receiver and use of the Inductive Interference Indicator is taken from Cana-
dian Government specifications:

"The standard automobile receiver is
fitted with two extra input terminals
marked on diagram (Figure 1) `Grid'
and `Coil'. The connection from one
end of input coil to grid of first tube is
broken and the two ends connected respectively to the above -named terminals.
"The loop is mounted on the roof of
the car and may be rotated through:
360 by means of a handle within the,
car. The loop proper is constructed of
a frame of hardwood 7/8 by 11/2 ins.
and is 25 ins. long and 17 ins. high. The
wiring consists of 12 turns and is embedded in slots milled in each side of
the frame. Six slots are milled on each
side 1/16 -inch wide by 3/16 -inch deep,
spaced 3/16 -inch apart. Enameled wire
is inserted and the slots are then filled_
in with plaster, which will form weath -,
er- resisting insulation. The completed
loop is given 3 coats of black insulating
paint. The center -tap of the loop is used
for `vertical' and the wire net antenna
in the roof of the car may be connected
to the loop center -tap if more `vertical'
is required.
"The condensers Cl are ganged and
are balanced by trimmers C2 after the
receiver is installed in the car and connected to the loop. By means of these
trimmers the electrical center of the
loop circuit can be accurately adjusted
to compensate for any unbalance in the
loop or car wiring.
"The value of the variable inductance,
L, found necessary depends largely on
the electrical characteristics of the loop
RADIO -CRAFT
686
PART
for
APRIL,
1938
TO
CAR
CHASSIS
SENSE
SW.3
FIGURE
--
8.
PROBE
TRANSFCiRMER
ANTEW
NA
ANTENNA
TRANSFORMER
q
I.
Ctresit e/ 01.direcltenal (or "sens. ") circuit, seed to track down bad condensers, insulators. transformers. contacts. and ether causes of radio in.,
Bermes. Complete specifications of this unit are given in the body of the article.
on the car.
"The variable resistance Res. has a

maximum value of 600 ohms and a
sero minimum. It la desirable to have
the beginning of this resistor tapered
Rive
slow increase in resistance as it will he found that small,
values will generally be used and the
taper assists In rapidly obtaining the
correct value.
"The probe transformer consists of
a primary. center -tapped. and a secondary wound on a fibre tube 1 inch in
diameter. The primary has 20 turns
and a secondary aufi9cient turns to permit one -half of the ganged condenser to
tune it to rr.onancr throughout the
broadcast hand."
The probe used is
3 -inch antenna
at the end of a 10 or 16 foot non conductive rod. It la located adjacent to an antrnTia probe transformer
which connects to a probe transformer
in the met through a 100 -foot radio-frequency transmission line. This R.F.
transmission line has low -impedance
characteristics to eliminate the possibility of noise entering the receiver
through that source. The antenna probe
transformer matches the high -impedance probing antenna to that of the
Tine while, at the set, the low -impedance
line is matched into the high -impedance
input of the receiver by another trans.
former which is identical in design with
that of the antenna transformer. The
probe unit is insulated for 20,000 volts
(since it is eii in close proximity to
high tension power lines), but (WARNING!) must, nevertheless, be used with
the utmost care, and 'torr uhrtt Arad piA inrR ore corn.
The probe transformers are as
follows : - Aerial primary coil. double
layer. 200 turns; secondary, singly
layer, c. -t.. a0 30 turns. Set primary
coil, single layer c. -t., 30-30 turns:
so as to
R.F. current instead of R.F. voltage.

Figure 2 is the fundamental antenna
circuit of the interference locator with
all switches removed for simplicity.
An output voltmeter is connected
across the output of the modified auto radio receiver.
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
The arrangement described provide.:

(A) Non -directional reception ; t B
Figure-8 reception; (C) Heart- shap'

reception; and, (D) Probe reception.
(A) "Non- directional" reception:
Non -directional reception is obtained
by throwing the D.P.D.T. switch SW. 4
to the "aerial" side. This connects the
car roof antenna to the receiver in the
normal way. It will be noted that this
operation is entirely independent of the
position of the remaining switches. In
this position the tuning dial on the receiver only is required to be adjusted.
(B) "Figure -F" or "bilateral" reception:
The D.P.D.T. switch SW. 4 is closed
on the
"loop"
side.
The switch SW.
is closed on the
"Figure 8" side.
(Con Hotted
me
page 703)
Fig.
2. Basic
circuit cf the
sense" system.
11
ri+nrlary. doui.lr laver 1'25 turns.

Single layer coils are iwnd on IS-ins.
diameter forms, wrapped with 2 layers
of friction tape. and the secondaries
wound over them. N.., 30 silk covered
wire is used. A 5-turn roil is removably
connected to the pe4ential probe, being
In series with the probe primary, when
the "detective" wishes to explore for
RADIOCRAFT
for
APRII,
F +q.
Interior of "detective" car as seen from driver's seat. Note loudspeaker. hinged to be swung
The handle at the top of the car permits rotation of the roof loop from within.
out of window
It
"LEARN-BY-EXPERIMENTING"
BEGINNERS' PRACTICAL RADIO COURSE
EXPERIMENT No. 5B
TESTING RADIO PATS

(B) RESISTANCE TESTING
New way of learning radio! -You learn basic
principles while building useful radio units.
The lessons are directed by a man well
fitted for the ,task
a radio instructor.
This is the second part of Experiment No. 5.
...
'
Fig.
A.
The
"roll- your -own" ohmmeter (left) and the alternative (more

sensitive) moving -coil ohmmeter (right).
XPERIMENT No. 5, viz. TESTING

RADIO PARTS is divided into 2
sections. The first section, CONTINUITY TESTING, was con sidered in the last instalment (Exp. 5A
in the February issue), and showed a
method of testing with headphones and
a battery to determine whether the part
in question was continuous, that is, that
there was no break in its circuit.
The second instalment, Exp. 5B (and
appearing in this April issue), is called
RESISTANCE TESTING,-and a meter
is used to determine the actual resistance of the part in question. This method
not only shows the condition of the part,
in so far as open- or short -circuits are
concerned, but gives the value for the
;amount of resistance, measured in
ohms. When used in this way, the meter
is called an ohmmeter.
PRINCIPLES INVOLVED
The general principle in testing parts

is to observe the result when we send
SCALE
SOFT IRON
(MOVABLE)
CONDUCTED BY
SOL D.
PRENSKYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIU0111111111INIUIll II1111111111111111t1f111111111111111
a current through the part being tested.

In this case, a low- voltage battery is
used, and the amount of current flowing
through the part is indicated on the
meter. Since we are more interested in
the value of the resistance than in the
amount of current, the circuit is so
arranged that the meter is marked off
or calibrated in ohms, rather than in
milliamperes. Basically, the meter is a
milliammeter rather than an ohmmeter,
but the term ohmmeter is the accepted
name in practice, since the meter is
direct -reading in ohms.
In selecting which one of the two
types of meters is to be used as an ohmmeter, it is important to first decide
what type of service is to be expected
from it. For the beginner, to whom this
will be the first work with meters, it
is best to use an elementary type of,
meter, which will enable him to get a
general idea of the resistance of the
part, that is, whether it is open, high-.
resistance, low- resistance or shorted.

This type of meter is the vane -type
meter where the swing of the needle
is determined by the amount of attraction between a pivoted vane made of
soft iron and a fixed coil through which
,-VOLTS
VOLTS
Ml
0-6v. O.C.
aL
TEST
OHMS
OFF
o
CLIPS
Hg.
11
ON'
2. Schematic diagram of (A) vane type voltmeter and (B) movingcoil -type ohmmeter.
100
SOLENOID
COIL
600
WO
80 60 40 20 0
MAGNET
HAIR
SPRING
SOFT
IRON
(FIXED)
NEEDLE
OHMS
SCALE
HAIR COIL
Fig.
SCALE
SPRING
I. Showing the internal
construction
of
(A) moving -coil and (B)
vane -type meter: (C) full -size "make- your -own" scale
for vane -type meter.
RADIO -CRAFT
688
for
Technicians use this department to keep

posted on the newer and better apparatus for use by specialists in Radio,
Electronics, and Public Address.
THE LATEST
RADIO EQUIPMENT
I I I I
This modernistic consoleffe shows progress in medium -power sound equipment.

(1571)
SPEECH INPUT CONSOLETTE (1571)

(RCA Manufacturing Co., Inc.)
ROGRESS in studio equipment design is well- represented in the modernistic 2- studio console -type 8 -watt (output) speech input system here shown.
Controls 6 microphone inputs plus 6
line inputs at high -fidelity. Provides
studio talkback with automatic speaker
cut -off; and, cueing for both studios
and booth.
A modernistic hi-fi police
1111111111111111111111111111111111
radio transmitter. (1572)
tion without risk of exceeding the predetermined maximum on peaks.
A NEW SERVICE TOOL

RESISTANCE ANALYZER AND
INDICATOR (1573)
(International Resistance Co.)
A GENERAL -UTILITY
instrment
useful to Service Men, engineers,
experimenters and amateurs. Among its
many uses are voltmeter multiplier;
resistance or volume control analyzer;
POLICE RADIO TRANSMITTER (1572) volume or tone control; etc. Section No.
NEWEST in police radio transmitters 1, 0/30,000 ohms (wire- wound) ; No. 2,
is the modernistic, hi -fi installation 30,000 ohms /1. Meg. (metallized). Both
here illustrated. Delivers 38 W., on 30 sections controlled by single knb.
to 42 megacycles. This transmitter is
MATCHED -PANEL CLOCK -ANDthe first to appear incorporating the
new "signal- boosting amplifying cirRADIO SET (1574)
cuit" which permits operation at an H ERE is a 4 -tube radio set which at
unusually high percentage of modulalast offers a T.R.F. radio receiver
combined with the utility of a clock;
and both presented in an instrument of
matched design. The electric clock at
left, in general appearance, matches
the tuning dial at right. Finished in
ivory with characters in turquoise blue.
:
New
tool for Service
Men.
Matched -panel clock -radio set.
316
1573)
1574)
GRID, PLATE
TUBE
NEW 4 -WATT 100 -MC. OSCILLATOR

(1575)
Newest in storage cells. (1577)
HERE is a complete, stable oscillator

consisting of tank circuit and
vacuum tube, only 7 ins. high. The
"secret" of the design lies in the use of
the new type 316A tube and a "lumped
concentric -element tank circuit." The
completed device meets the following
(Continued an page 695)
MICA (riR11U
BLOCKING
CONDENSER)
CONCENfPIG
.-
TA t
3 Y2aPppox
Ultra -H.F. oscillator. (1575)
:_
0A
0:464164064febtook
-..
i%/% F`////
Button- tuning mantel set. (1578)
Under -pillow crystal speaker. (1579)

Pushbutton "add -on" unit. (1576)
Name and address of any manufacturer will be sent on receipt of self -addressed, stamped envelope.
Kindly give (number) in above description of device.
RADIO -CRAFT
for
APRIL,
Radio Service Data Sheet
223
RCA -VICTOR MODEL I5U, RADIO -PHONOGRAPH

Superheterodyne Receiver, with Expander, Power Amplifier and Automatic Phonograph Mechanism.
tubes, total.
ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE
There are 17 adjustments required for the alignment of
the oscillator, 1st-detector, and antenna -tuned circuits ; 1
adjustment for the wave trap, and 6 adjustments for
the I.F. system. Fifteen of these adjustments are
made with plunger-type air trimming condensers and require the use of an RCA stock No. 12636 adjusting tool.
Each of these condensers has a lock -nut for securing the
plunger in place after adjustment. The remaining 9
adjustments are made by means of screws attached to
(Continued o>: Data Sheet 224)
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RADIO -CRAFT
690
for
APRIL,
224
RCA -VICTOR MODEL I5U, RADIO -PHONOGRAPH

(Continued front Data. Sheet 223)
molded magnetite cores. These cores change
the inductance of the particular coils in which
they are inserted to provide exact alignment.
All of these adjustments are accurately made
during manufacture and should remain in
proper alignment'unless affected by abnormal
conditions of climate or purported alterations
for servicing, or unless altered by other
means. Loss of sensitivity, improper tone
quality, and poor selectivity are the usual
indications of improper alignment. Such conditions will usually exist simultaneously. Correct performance of this receiver can only
be obtained when these adjustments have
been made by a skilled service engineer with
the use of adequate and reliable test equip.
ment.
Two methods of alignment may be used ; one
requires use of the cathode-ray oscilloscope,
and the other requires a voltmeter or glowtype indicator. The cathode-ray alignment
method is advantageous in that the indication
provided is in the form of a wave -image
which represents the resonance characteristics of the circuit being tuned. This method
is preferred because of the I.F. characteristics of these receivers.
I.F. ADJUSTMENTS
(a) Set "Fidelity"
control to counterclockwise position, "Radio -Phono" switch to

"Radio," and "Range Selector" to "Standard
Broadcast" band. Connect the "Ant." output
of the test oscillator to the control -grid cap
of the 6K7 second I.F. tube (with grid lead
in place) through a .001 -mf. condenser, with
"Gnd." to receiver chassis. Tune the test
oscillator to 460 kc. and place its modulation
switch to "On" and its output switch to "Hi."
(b) Turn on the receiver and test oscillator.
Increase the output of the test oscillator until
a deflection is noticeable on the oscilloscope
screen. The figures obtained represent several
waves of the detected signal, the amplitude of
which may be observed as an indication of
output. Cause the wave-image formed (400 cycle waves) to be spread completely across
the screen by adjusting the "Horizontal Gain"
control. The image should be synchronized
and made to remain motionless by adjusting
the "Sync." and "Freq." controls.
(c) Adjust the 2 magnetite core screws
L29 and L28 (see Figs. 4 and 5) of the
3rd I.F. transformer (1 on top and 1 on
bottom) to produce maximum vertical deflection of the oscilloscopic image. This adjustment places the transformer in. exact
resonance with the 460 -kc. signal.
(d) The sweeping operation should follow
using the frequency modulator. Shift the
oscilloscope "Timing" switch to "Ext." Insert plug of frequency -modulator cable in
test- oscillator jack. Turn the test-oscillator
modulation switch to "Off." Turn on the
frequency modulator and place its sweep range switch to "Hi."
(e) Increase the frequency of the test
oscillator by slowly turning its tuning control until 2 separate, distinct, and similar
waves appear on the screen. If only 1 wave
appears, increase the "Freq." control on the
oscilloscope to obtain 2 waves. These waves
will be identical in shape, totally disconnected,
and appear in reversed positions. They will
have a common base line, which is discontinuous. Adjust the "Freq." and "Sync." controls of the oscilloscope to make them remain
motionless on the screen. Continue increasing
the test -oscillator frequency until these forward and reverse curves move together and
overlap, with their highest points exactly coincident. This condition will be obtained at a
test- oscillator setting of approximately 575 ke.
(f) With the images established as in (e),
re- adjust the 2 magnetite core screws L29
and L28 on the 3rd I.F. transformer so that
they cause the curves on the oscilloscope screen
to become exactly coincident throughout their
lengths and have maximum amplitude.
(g) Without altering the adjustments of
the apparatus, shift the "Ant." output of
-
RADIO -CRAFT
for
APRIL,
the test oscillator to the grid cap of the 6K

1st I.F. tube (with grid lead in place),
through a .001 -mf. condenser. Regulate the
test-oscillator output so that the amplitude,
of the oscilloscopic image is approximately
the same as used for adjustment (f) above.
(h) The two 2nd I.F. transformer magnetite core screws L27 and L26 (one on top
and one on bottom) should then be adjusted
so that they cause the forward and reverse
curves to become coincident throughout their
lengths and have maximum amplitude.
(i) Without altering the adjustments of
the apparatus, shift the "Ant." output of
the test oscillator to the input of the I.F.
system, i.e. to the grid of the 6L7 1st-detector
(with grid lead in place), through a .001 -mf.
condenser. Regulate the test- oscillator output
so the amplitude of the oscilloscopic image
is approximately the same as used for adjustment (h) above.
(j) The two 1st I.F. transformer magnetite
core screws L25 and L24 (1 on top and i on
bottom) should then be adjusted so that they
cause the forward and reverse waves to become coincident throughout their lengths and
have maximum amplitude.
R.F. ADJUSTMENTS
"Ultra Short -Wave" Band
(b) Connect the "Ant." output of the test
oscillator to the antenna terminal "Al" of
the receiver through a 300 -ohm resistor. Set
the receiver range selector to its "Ultra shortwave" position and its dial pointer to 57,000
kc. Adjust the test oscillator to 19,000 kc. The
3rd harmonic of 19,000 kc. is used fur this
adjustment.
Adjust oscillator air-trimmer C23 for maximum (peak) output. Two positions, each
producing maximum output, may be found.
The position of minimum capacity (plunger
near out) should be used. This places the
receiver heterodyne oscillator 460 kc. higher in
frequency than the incoming signal. Tighten
lock -nut. Adjust the detector air- trimmer C3 'J,
while slightly rocking the gang tuning condenser back and forth through the signal,
for maximum (peak) output. Two peaks
may be found on this trimmer. The peak of
maximum capacity (plunger near in) should
be used. Tighten lock -nut. Adjust the antenna
air-trimmer C10 for maximum (peak) output
while slightly rocking the gang tuning condenser back and forth through the signal.
Two peaks may be found on this trimmer
which produce maximum output. The peak
with maximum capacity (plunger near in)
should be used. Tighten lock -nut. Check the
image frequency by changing the receiver
dial setting to 56,080 kc. If the image signal
is received at this position, the adjustment
of the oscillator air- trimmer C23 has been
correctly made. No adjustments should be
made while checking for the image signal.
(c) Re -tune receiver for maximum response
to 57,000 kc. (not image response) without
disturbing test- oscillator adjustments. Change
test oscillator to 6,800- 14,000 kc. range. Tune
test oscillator until signal is heard in speaker
(should occur at approximately 14,250. kc.,
4th -harmonic of test oscillator used) . Two
test -oscillator settings (230 kc. apart) will
produce a signal at this point. The lower
frequency test- oscillator setting should be used,
as this places the test -oscillator harmonic
460 kc. below the frequency of the receiver
heterodyne oscillator. Tune receiver for
maximum -response at a dial setting of
approximately 28,500 kc. (image should tune
in at a dial setting approximately 27,580 kc.)
without altering test -oscillator adjustment.
Test -oscillator 2nd -harmonic of 14,250 kc. is
used for the following check. Check calibration of receiver dial. A receiver -dial reading
of less than 28,500 kc. indicates that the
inductance of the oscillator secondary coil
L11 is too low and should be increased. If the
receiver dial reading is greater than 28,500
kc., the inductance of L11 is too high and
should be decreased. If it is necessary to
1938
(.CS'Y-1/4/vi,--t-L .<_.
change the inductance of L11, first remove

bottom cover of "Magic Brain" and then set
receiver -dial pointer to 28,500 kc. To decrease
inductance, move the grounded ends (straps)
of L11 and L12 (see Fig. 4) nearer chassis.
Do not allow straps to touch chassis except
where connected. To increase inductance.
move the straps farther away from chassis.
Adjust position of straps until maximum
(peak) output results. The alignment of the
detector tuned circuit should next be checked
at 28,500 kc. without changing either the
receiver or test -oscillator adjustments. An
increase of output when the brass end of a
(Continued on Data Sheet 226)
!' rc
--
we pon
0.-ac
an
CO.,
I
,!'J,.
son,
<(!OK
0(q10.(
o
tooW.c
c
of
(000.c
s
COL
nWc
COK
oc
-!
Fig. 2. Location of aligning trimmers.
iNSrlirna.
iiiii.
anaaaa,
u1ii
..iiii.iluN
asvns
: .3:i:::.
iiiiri0iiii
Iur _.l
neo\
4111111 AIM
111111111111/M11111' WMMW'
\- Correct
curve showing proper
obtained with fidelity control
as
wise.
N(
iNlr
s
!
I F alignment
counter- clock-
B- Incorrect
curve similar to A showing improper alignment of I F system caused by one

or more circuits being slightly. detuned.
C- Correct
showing broadening of curve A obtained when fidelity control is rotated fully

clockwise.
D-Incorrect
curve showing broadening of curve
B obtained when fidelit>+ control
fully clockwise.
Fig.
y5
3. I.F.
is rotated
alignment oscilloscope curves.
691
READERS'
DEPARTMENT
Fig. A. A modern service bench, incorporating all needed test units in

highly convenient layout.
II
I I I I II I I
I I I
I I
I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I
II
I I
11111111111111111 I
I I I I
I I I I 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 I I I I I
HANDSOME BENCH LAYOUT

Florence, Ala.:
I I I
II
I I II I
Readers of Radio -Craft are invited to make this

page their meeting place for the interchange of
ideas and a frank discussion of problems and experiences, particularly those which affect the Service Man. In this issue, an Englishman tells of the
problems on the other side of the "big pond," a
Canadian describes an improvement in shop -built
condenser testers, an American (an Alabaman)
outlines the construction of a de luxe service
bench. Have you any suggestions to offer others?
I I I I 11111111111111
II I I I I
II
I I I I I
mentals. Next is a Supreme model 546

3 -inch oscilloscope. Directly above this
is a model 529 frequency modulator.
These two units take their signal from
the signal generator. Next in line is an
audio signal generator, giving an audible signal from 60 to 11,000 cycles, and
an R.F. signal of 580 kc., modulated by
the variable audio frequency circuit.
Next in line is a Supreme model 85
tube checker with adapters for octal base tubes. On the extreme left is a
built -in speaker with variable field coils.
As a matter of convenience on the board
we also have a plug -in socket for "B"
battery sets and 2 -volt and 6 -volt binding post terminals, an electric clock, and
on and off switches for each instrument,
with pilot lights in red.
The whole layout gives the radio
Service Man a feeling of efficiency as
well as being very impressive to the
customer who is waiting. We also have,
in the same room, 3 nice chairs for the
customers to rest on. Other parts of the
shop which do not show are filing cabinets for all service manuals, and a steel
parts bin to the right of the panel.
I am enclosing a photograph (see Fig.

A) of my radio testing board, in the
hope that it will be beneficial to some
other Service Men in planning their
layouts. Following is a description of
the board.
The board is made of Masonite panel,
and the bench top is covered with
tightly -stretched canvas which is durable and does not scratch cabinets. The
indirect lighting effect was obtained by
the use of several lights concealed under a piece of gutter tin.
From right to left are the speaker
grille of a remote speaker for an interoffice communicating system, the master
being located up- stairs (this shop is in
the basement of a large store). Directly
underneath is an analyzer which includes A.C. and D.C. voltmeter, ohmmeter, output indicator, oscillator, etc.
( The speakers, centered at extreme right
and left, hardly show in reproduction.)
This is a battery -operated rig and can
be slid out of the panel to carry on the
job. To the left of this, bottom, is a
D. K. CHAPMAN
Supreme model 111 volt -ohmmeter with
ranges up to 1,200 volts. This also slides
out. Directly above it is an A.C. and
D.C. voltmeter, capacity meter, output
NOVEL CONDENSER TESTER
meter and milliammeter. Next in line Melfort, Sask.:
is a signal generator, A.C. -operated and
I am a constant reader of your magmounted permanently, with frequency azine and must say I don't know of a
range of 115 kc. to 36 mc., all funda- finer magazine for the benefit of the
SW.3
PUSHBUTTON
SW.1
PUSHBUTTON
OWE
TRANSFORMER
30 HY
FILTER
CHOKE
service industry. I am particularly well

pleased with the series of articles by
Jack Grand concerning the business
angle of the service game. They are
both interesting and instructive. Also
of interest are the many other useful
and instructive articles.
I am like a great many other Service
Men in respect to financial standing.
For this reason I find it necessary often
to get along with home- constructed instruments wherever these can be made
to work. For this reason I have followed up your construction articles with
much interest. I also think that if a
man can build his equipment, he really
has a better understanding of it.
Among other things I have tried
different condenser testers and have developed one from articles published in
your magazine. I submit herewith dia-;
grams (Figs. 1 and 2) showing its con -!
struction. It is the conventional type of
tester of its kind but I have added a
system for both charge and
discharge of condenser. I found that it
is very difficult in many cases to try to
watch the bulb and try to get a set of
test prods down in a set at the same
time. By using this system, it is possible
to clip the leads onto the condenser,
then depress the button for a test. The
second button provides a means of discharging the condenser back through
the neon tube, giving a secondary test.
.
BLEEDERS
FOR VOLTAGE
SELECTION
PUSHBUTTON
SW.1
iCHARGE
FL
5W.4
CHARGE
DISCHARGE
VOLTAGE
SELECTOR
OFF
NEON
METER
0'
NEON
SW.
LAMP
s orTO POWER
LINE
"1
SW.4
L.`NCUNDER
-.0 TO COND.
TEST
Fig. I. Panel layout of the condenser tester diagrammed at the right. This apparatus is self -powered.
-PUSH-
SW 2
MF.
BUTTON
SW. 3
10V.
A.C.
BLEEDER
Fig.
2.
DISCHARGE
Schematic diagram of condenser tester with built -in discharge button,

for outside jobs.
RADIO -CRAFT
692
for
APRIL,
I938
225

RCA-VICTOR MODEL I5U, RADIO -PHONOGRAPH
(Continued front Data Sheet 224)
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.G
A "HANDY"
P.A. AMPLIFIER
Small enough to hold in one hand, this A.C. -D.C. amplifier
Fine for interphones, too.
will fill a hall with musk!
GEORGE
of audio output should be uncomfortably loud in

a home.
The output of 2 watts, at least, is assured by
the use of a .25L6 beam power, output tube.
(See Fig. 1.) Sufficient voltage gain to drive
this beam tube is obtained through the use of
a 6J7 tube used as a voltage amplifier. The 25Z6
functions as a rectifier on both 110 volts A.C.
and D.C. Since the types mentioned are all of
Fig. A. The P.A. amplifier easily fits in the palm of
the hand!
IT
is seldom that we run across miniature amplifiers, especially one designed for public
address work, which will fit in the average
man's overcoat pocket. For that reason, the unit
illustrated in Fig. A at the top of this article
is of unusual interest, and more so when we
consider its design features.
In dimensions, it measures only 4x7x2s/,
inches, yet on this small chassis we find all
components and tubes necessary to amplify the
feeble output of either crystal microphone or
phonograph pickup to a full output of over
2
the "all- metal" tube variety, it can be readily

understood why the amplifier may be made so
compact, since metal tubes are physically much
smaller than equivalent glass types.
Concerning the layout and construction of this
amplifier, little can be said about the best proAtINPUT
i6J7
.T
L. STEWART
it-
(54) You have heard of a microphone; is

(a) A thousandth part of a phone? (b) A
Greek word meaning a faint sound? (c) An abbreviation for microphonograph ; that is, a small,
portable phonograph? (d) A. device which transforms sound waves into electrical impulses? (e)
A word which combines micro -of-one and means
a thousandth part of one?
M. MANDELBAUM
is-
(55) Even you know that phone jack

(a) An interphone installed in a field for the
use of jackasses. (b) A combination of switch
and receptacle for quickly connecting phones to
a receiver. (c) A tool used to raise telephones.
(d) Money spent in a phone booth.
E. M. COYLE
25Z6
PUT
LINE
CORD
Z
SW
+
min
NAF.
FUSE
T(EACH)
MEG..
3.000/
25.0001
CONT. OHMS
150'
OHMS
110V. A.C: D.C.-'u
ME
OHMS
Fig. I. Schematic diagram of the tiny P.A. amplifier.
E-
-year subscription to RADIO -CRAFT to
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 11111111111111111111111111111111I 111111111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111 ! 11111111
(56) Do you realize that a multivibrator is(a) An electrical trip- hammer? (b) A device
for power packs that enables two or more auto radio sets to be run at the same time? (e) An
electronic arrangement for splitting frequencies?
(d) A hula -hula dancer?
JOHN M. YOUNG
(61) A test prod
is-
(a) What the supervisor gives the operator

on watch, to see if he is asleep. (b) The part
of a test kit you hold in your hand when
measuring voltages. (e) The pressure you apply
to a relay, to see if it is closing properly. (d)
Poking a vacuum tube to see if it is microphonie.
GEO. K. HERMAN
(57) What would you do with a spider?

(a) Step on it? (b) Cement it in the center
of a speaker cone? (c) Send it to a museum?
ABE KAMPINSKY
(58) A triode
(a)
each person who submits a WITTIQUIZ that in the opinion

of the Editors is suitable for publication in RADIO -CRAFT.
Read the following WITTIQUIZZES; can you spot the
correct answers? Now send in YOUR idea of one or more
good WITTIQUIZZES based on some term used in radio,
and win an award.
(Contest rules at end of dept.)
WITTIQUIZ
ROBERT
.05 -ME
0.3-
RADIO
(68) Your dad tells you to bring him a decade box. Does he want(a) A tool box over 10 years old? (b) A
cabinet made in 1928? (e) A box containing an
assembly of resistors or condensers for obtaining various values? (d) A test box in a state
of decline?
MEG.
F RE
is-
M F.
CH.
0.1- amen
MF
(52) A bleeder
(a) An ancient barber. (b) A person who
bleeds freely. (c) A resistor through which there
flows a current that does not pass through the
radio receiver. (d) A tax collector.
PAUL E. CLAYTOR
6J7 25L6 2526 /OHMS
006-
MEG:
CD
.OSMF
MEG.
0.5-
cedure, inasmuch as its compactness calls for

crowded assembly and a certain nimbleness with
the soldering-iron. However, it is reasonably
possible for the average constructor to duplicate
this unit, consequently a bottom view of the
amplifier, showing where important parts are
placed, is shown in Fig. B. Since it is desirable
to minimize hum pick -up and avoid possibility
of audio feedback, it is recommended that all
"live" audio (plate and grid) leads that are over
2 inches in length be incased in metal sheathing.
Shielding of these leads is sufficient to reduce
such detrimental factors.
The operation of the unit is very simple.
25L6
01-
watts!
This output is more than sufficient to drive

any good 6 or 8 inch permanent- magnet dynamic
loudspeaker, so that it will fill a decent-size
auditorium or home with a good quality of music
or speech. To those who are not convinced, we
wish to add that engineers estimate that 2 watts
III! IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
DAVEJANIIIIIIIIIIIII11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
is-
A 3- element vacuum tube?
(b)
A device
to hold a camera steady? (c) An ode of

stanzas?
(62) Anyone acquainted
with radio
knows
that an ammeter is(a) A person on Major Bowes' program. (b)

The rotor of a generator. (c) An instrument
for measuring amperes. (d) A meter used to

record the number of times one says "am ".
CHARLES W. TUNKLEY
DON W. BICKSTROM
(
59) Maybe drycells are
(a) Shriveled, withered bacteria. (b) Where
a chain gang member working in a swamp

would rather be. (c) A chemical method of
generating E.M.F.
(d)
polite
dandruff.
name for
S. 0. I-lARR1ES
Characteristic curves area) Those which you like to see at the beach.
(b) What Dizzy Dean fools 'em with. (c)
Graphical illustrations of vacuum tube characteristics. (d) Gradual instead of sharp bends in
short -wave wiring.
(CO)
GEO. K. HERMAN
(63) A lug is
(a) An unliked, unwanted member of humanity. (b) A form of manual labor. (e) A
small metal protuberance, used variously for
soldering, holding or joining. (d) The mathematical representative equivalent of a number.
L. B. MCCULLOUGH, M.D.
(64) Is a photoelectric cell

(a) A prison cell where condemned men are
photographed before electrocution? (b) A cell
whose electrical resistance is varied by light?
(c) A cell which takes photographs electrically?
RADIO -CRAFT
D. N. KAY
for
APRILI
1938
RADIO -CRAFT
for
APRIL,
THE LATEST
RADIO EQUIPMENT
(Continued from. page 689)
requirements: (1) A high degree of
frequency stability under varying external conditions, (2) a confined electromagnetic field, (3) ample output for
use as a source for high -frequency
measurements, and (4) a convenient
1938
695
SUPERIOR
MAKES
VALUE
YOU WANT
A "PUSHBUTTON" RECEIVER
SET
(1576)
H ERE
INSTRUMENTS
SUPERIOR'S TEST EQUIPMENT!
MR. SERVICEMAN -Yon can't afford to overlook the values in SUPERIOR'S instrument
line. Such outstandingly low prices for equipment that has gained rapid popularity proves
that service shops are being equipped with SUPERIOR'S stationary and portable servicing
instruments. This advertisement is your buying guide
use it to your advantage!
...
physical size.
CONVERTER MAKES ANY RADIO
SUPERIOR
IN
Instruments
THE ALLMETER
PER VOLT
27
1,000 OHMS
THE
RCN
Box
CAPACITY AND
MENTS; ALSO
USEFUL AS
ty! Any radio set without any

changes in the chassis may be converted
into a receiver having pushbutton tuning! Unit incorporates two tubes and
8- station pushbutton tuning.
RESISTANCE
REPLACE-
is a device of surpassing novel-
SOLVES PUZZLING
STANDARDS,
AND CAPACITY
RESISTANCE.
SPECIFICATIONS
IMPROVED STORAGE CELLS (1577)

H IGH -POWER (881 -ampere) storage
cells are now available which nearly double the electric service of windelectric and engine-power plants by
supplying power during lull periods in
charging. A built -in hydrometer constantly indicates the degree of charge
in the cell; a built-in gauge shows water
level.
"11-TUBE" (Including 3 Ballasts)

BUTTON -TUNING SET (1578)
INCORPORATES
quency band.
dual -range freUses the
tubes: 1 -6A7, 1 -6D6,

and
and
following
3 -76s, 2-41s,
-25Z5; also, 1 -200R, 1- 300R4,
1 -250R (these latter 3 are ballast
1
its both A.C.

permits
su
volts andbecururmeasurements
esistances from
bew
low
also
rents.ohm, also high resistance capacities,
7 inone
henries andandecibels,
ma. This
one
strumentsCurrents.
practice11
service isinstrumnts.
extrremelvaable
multitest
never afforded by
Instruments
s15-150-750
Affo 3s
Volts,
volts. conden3.
al
.0l
all
also output
also
infd.
ants.
Instruments,
CAPACITY. lectrolytics.
3sers, ncludlnB
sera.
net.
cell loaded or
1_,5 -1.000 Henries.
1.
Extremem0ohms.
Instruments.
O3 -500s,
5 -LOW ohms.
covering
Instruments,
met,
ly valuable.
to
t ohms
Simpliall practical
-70volts.
for
olts, v15- 1500
o
uses 3.
fied instruments.
-750 glgo The
Instruments.
150
15.
O
-1
Currents.
simplification,
same scare Instruments,
instruments.
milliamperes.
9-Decibels,
inte ration) + 8
interpolation.
by
50
0- 15.150-t'
tube voltmeter,
D.C. Instruments.
Vacuum
In
volts
test.
Shipping .. .n air 0.40
etrumets.1
8 lbs. Net price
A
..
tol.
el
Direct- reading, 0 -40

ohms, at 10
power dissipation
watts maximum
watts maximum
Direct-reading,
allowable
m allowable
sipati
reading, p. 1,000,000
power dissipation ohms. at 3
ohms (1 mo
allowable power
DirectDimuna
g ) et 1 avant
dissipation
mmfd. (.00001
Direct-reading.
able maximum to 0001 mid.).
Direct-reading, 000 peak volts 1allowmad.), at 200
.00045
Rheostats
peak volts allowable mm
(.0001_
calibrated values,cially selected material
maximum
including wirefor
of
winding of tile
uus
Tuning oondensere
Quality (excellent
40 and
units power
ins postsm for
of exceptional
factor)
88parate
Two
each
clearly designated.
or
(Rotor siz different services,bind common to two
posts, upper left gang condenser all
taa
for
et right/ ea
Accuracysettings
is perof cent for all capacityy settings.
5 per cent for the the 40
also
is totally shielded. 1,000,000-ohm20
unit
stray Pickups,
ioust effects s due
d
ticularly,
thatad measurements
tp
are
Pasta may be avoided. One ofy the
par used
as
denser .or
ground when common
the
the resistors 1a
used. Overall
size
being
lack
0i z 4 Inches
is
cabinet has carryingBlack wr.
wrinkle finish
66,19
hat,dle. Net Heice
price
Shipping weightNot
4 168.
others
tubes).
AN UNDER -PILLOW
CRYSTAL LOUDSPEAKER (1579)
WITH
VARIABLE
AUDIO
(The Brush Development Co.)
FREQUEN.
CIES
the sick -bed, or wherever inFOR

dividualized reception is desired,
high-quality reproduction of radio programs may be obtained by using (in
place of ungainly headphones) the new
"Hushatone" crystal loudspeaker which
slips under a pillow.
$14.4a
Complete
with
combination
R
Four Tubes
Au dio
7 o Fr ornd bM oqF o 2 a1 Ce
aq F'qFtPUt jnc aa!n
iwich o 7e , . F
e +petert Qutor._ connection
R jr ry
tarmer
re a)od
gj n0u/
across
10 attenuation,ror
p
aklfi
rms.
Tiber
and
n
eOOa
INTERNATIONAL RADIO
ll se,cenvv
REVIEW
(Continued from rage 677)
in a previous issue of Radio-Craft. Major tuning
control is had through the knurled ring ; the
inner knob may be swung up, down, left or
right as well as used in the central position and
thus may be used to control "on-off" tone,
volume and wave -band change. Similar centralization of control has been done with push -pull
knobs and concentric shafting in sets of American make.
weight
64 inches.
4.
dShipping
1o168.
MODEL V -45 TUBE TESTER

tester
Emission type perfected tube tubes,
receiver
type
all
and
any
for
including metal and metal -glass.
Tests shorts and leakage. Accurate, simple, sturdy, direct $
reading
English
.
(Bad -Good)
on 90 -120 Volts 60 Cycle A.C.
ELECTRONIC ORGAN
THE "Orgatron ", an air -actuated electric
organ, is according to Wireless World (London), London's newest musical instrument. A
motor-maintained vacuum vibrates metallic reeds
each of which forms an element of a capacity
microphone. The organ, shown in Fig. F, is less
than 5 feet high and 2 feet deep ; its width is
lF
oscillation
teated
Vedr1v, 7diameter'
to 100
Le.
and
Works
Shipping weight
136 LIBERTY STREET
RADIO -CRAFT
DEPT. P2
lbs.
NEW YORK, N. Y.
RADIO -CRAFT
696
for
APRIL,
1938
THE RADIO MONTH IN

REVIEW
(Continued f rom nage 663 )
be done to a naughty program slipping over the
heavily guarded borders from Vermont or Connecticut.
THE lawmakers pursue radio with their cusTwo weeks later a blast against censorship
tomary assiduity. Not only was there the
was released by some persons who accused
aftermath of the Affaire West, but here and
WMCA of cutting off Rep. Hamilton Fish in the abroad the Solons proposed
more measures.
midst of a blast against dictatorships. ExplanaIn Tokio,
example, a new penal offense
tion was that Communists in the audience had was defined infora law
enacted last month. It conbooed so loudly that Fish was muted, and that
sists of "Offensively
the committee sponsoring the broadcast had re- musical instruments, loud playing of the radio,
phonographs, and religious
quested the cut -off.
drum beating."
At press time, the battle was in a lull. Miss
Laramie, Wyoming, the city council passed
West seems to have scored top honors in the a In
law making it unlawful to cause interference
whole mess. She derived publicity of a sort just
radio reception at any hour of the day or
prior to the opening of her new picture -and to
night, according to Film Daily. Offenders will
"any publicity is good publicity ".
Asked whether she was responsible for the be tracked to their lairs by means of "static
script that started things, she told a United locators".
Press reporter that she had read it and made
one alteration in it. Instead of addressing the
Snake as ' "long, black and slimy ", she' chose
the milder term of "long, black and slinky ".
RADIO Parts City will be a feature of the
Which seems just about as important as any
1938 National Radio Parts Trade Show, to
statement yet made concerning radio's first be held in Chicago in June.
cause clbre.
Five years ago the U. S. Forest Service fire
RADIOLEGAL
BY MY AMAZINGLY
QUICK, EASY WAY
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Today for a
Real future
RADIO MISCELLANY
Whether you are 16

or 40 years old Electricity offers you
many opportunities
for a well paying job
or a business of your
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at COYNE operating
a switchboard that controls
power and light enough for a
small town
Students
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Coyne Shops you

can get a training in
12 weeks that will
qualify you for your
start in this fascinat-
ing opportunity
field. Coyne training is practical
`Learn by doing"
shop training. You
don't need ad-
One of the control rooms

of the well-known Canstation,
CKCK,
which recently opened a
suite of modernistic studios and placed in operation a new, 1,000 -W.
adian
No Correspondence
transmitter, exactly
Students testing actual converter

previous electrical experience.
vanced education or
doubling its former power. Shown, left, are the

speech input and transcription units. The im-
Work on Actual Dynamos,

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provements represent an
investment of $85,000.
Coyne training is not given by home study.

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I'll Finance Your Training

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EMPLOYMENT HELP
AFTER GRADUATION
If you are short of money and need part -time
Two weeks of ter leaving
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job," says E. D. Berndt,

"profits paid for entire
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amazed at the number
of such enthusiastic let-
work to help pay living

expenses while training,
my Employment Department will help you
get apart time iob. After
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View through another of

the new control rooms of
the Regina (Sask.) sta-
tion, CKCK. Here we see

the ultra- modernistic control consollette and ad-
ditional
transcription
are
the
tables. All of the studios

of this modern station
of
"floating"
construction.
That
is
there is a room within
room, supported on
a
thousands
of
springs!
The entire setup is absolutely vibration -proof.
ters we receive from
graduates praising
Employment Service.
COYNE results.
- Diesel Engines
Refrigeration, Air Conditioning
Included NOW
This extra Training without extra cost is included

with your regular training if you enroll now.
today for the Big Free Coyne
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FILL OUT THE COUPON and SEND it before

another day of your life
slips away from you I
v-
- $5p0prSCAy SG
H iV
Ag-78, ;,y. sold
opept.
Mr ot y our
Dear
details
ea'
seni.
'''
OL
..p ny Atte
Sireet'
o,
'
atal ot;
d
>t
111gsttOger
duQtton
A lie
City.
Stow,..
As described
on page 698, St. Vincent's Hospital patients

helped make radio history, recently, when they witnessed
marionettes perform to broadcast script. Here you see the
little figures, as the enthralled audience saw them, cavorting
as
dictated
by remote
MetOpera voices.
RADIO -CRAFT
Here we are backstage. And so we see

how two young ladies, trained in the art
of "marionetteering ", dexterously manipulate the many strings that cause the little
figures to act out the parts as instructed
by the "reader" at left.
RADIO -CRAFT
for
APRIL,
fighters had 300 short -wave transceivers; today

they have 2,300. Sets weigh as little as 8 pounds,
yet have ranges from 10 to 50 miles.
Courses in television are being offered by RCA
Institute and New York University. The latter
has another course in amateur radio.
The Radio Manufacturers' Association is
attempting to get Congress to repeal the 5% tax
on radio equipment, or to reduce it to 21,4% or
3 %. The RMA reports that government officials
seemed "interested and sympathetic ".
Psychologist announces Americans are getting
"super-announcer voices ", the symptoms of
which are loud tones, intended to be heard above
the blaring of the radio. Remember when they
said people had to talk too loudly to be heard over
the rumbling of the horse-cars?
NBC, CBS and MBS have added some $2,000,000
per year to program budgets. This will afford
additional employment for some 1000 musicians.
WOR, New York key of the MBS, is installing
an ultra -high frequency transmitter, to be known
as W2XJI, on the 44th floor of the building it
occupies.
Transceivers for autos, to sound warnings
audible only to other motorists, have been
patented. Set will act as receiver until button is
pressed, when warning wave will be radiated to
all cars within range. Idea may help pedestrians'
nerves, but as direction of source of sound will
always be the same (i.e., from loudspeaker) it
should not be as good as present horns for
motorists.
Another auto idea is predicted by Dr. Millar
McClintock, of Harvard, who says that cars will
be taken over by radio control at bad turns and
thus steered safely around. He also foresees
transceivers in all cars to warn each of another's
approach at intersections. He added that this
is far in the future, a fact which no one disputed.
A new teletypewriter, developed by International Business Machine Corp., transmits by
means of radio waves, sending and receiving at
the rate of 100 words per minute. It is considered a threat to Teletype.
1938
GET
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Just off the press! ALLIED'S new Spring

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Name
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RADIO EXPERT LOKATNOME
ALLIED RADIO CORP.

model D -I 1,000 -watt transmitter used
at station CKCK, Sask., Canada. All components
are enclosed in modernistic steel cabinets as shown.
The new RCA
833 W.
JACKSON BLVD., CHICAGO, ILL.
at a.
RADIO SPECIALISTS NEEDED
Modern receivers with their complicated circuit systems have knocked out the old time cut -and -try
radio fixer. Trained men with up -to- the -minute
knowledge are needed to service these new sets.
Address
Lme ma
to prevent power leakages, stands 400 ft. away.

vertical,
copper-wire antenna is tower The
high. Eight and one -half miles of copper wire was
buried in the adjacent soil to serve as an efficient
ground system.
To start you making money

without delay we equip
with
Circuit
Analyzer andthis Point
Point Resistance Tester.to
Ill
MAKE SPARE TIME

MONEY
you
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HERE IS YOUR OPPORTUNITY
Our home study course is practical -shop and

bench" training combined with a thorough set
of practical lessons prepared by an experienced
Radio service engineer. Four working outfits
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OF EXTRA COST
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Your possibilities of making money and getting

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but you must know more than the other fellow. You
must be a radio service specialist, as R.T.A. can
train you.
PRACTICAL TRAINING
AT HOME
Modern to the last detail is this home for the new

1,000 -W. transmitter of station CKCK. It is located
on Victoria Plains, 7 miles from the studios in
Regina, Sask. A 257 -ft. antenna tower, built of wood
Stato
City
Our training is complete and practical.

show you how to make money almost from
start. The course can easily be made to
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book of details.
WHAT R.T.A. STUDENTS SAY

Norwood, Ohlo
t have connected with a large firm
as Radio Service Manager and
wish to extend my thanks for your
help.
Joseph Bapten, Jr.
From Aug.
repaired
We
the
pay
free
Yorkville. Ohio
1 to Dec. 7
163 radios ami
1938,
put up
aerials which is very good for

part time work while studying
your course.
Chas. Koerber.
43
RADIO TRAINING ASS'N OF AMERICA
Dept RC -48, 4525 RAVENSWOOD AVE., CHICAGO

Please Say That You Saw It in RADIO -CRAFT
'
RADIO -CRAFT
698
Hear the New
scott Sixteen
A scientific, precision instrument, custom built BY HAND, from the finest

materials, in one of the world's foremost
radio Research Laboratories. It represents the results of 14 years constant developing, perfecting, inventing .
.
years of intense specialization in producing the finest radio receivers. Sold with
a money -back guarantee to outperform
mass -produced radios. Yet, this amazing instrument costs no more than many
production-type receivers.
COMPARE THESE FEATURES
Selectivity 10 Kc. at 37 times field strength

Frequency Range 30 to 7,500 cycles plus or minus
continuously variable
db.
Continuously Vari6
able Bass Bi- Resonator System which does not
impair high frequencies
Two Automatic Gain
Control Systems
Adjustable Sensitivity Control
Three Stage I.F. Amplifier (Scott Patents
Applied for)
Sensitivity 0.6 microvolts
Feedback System
Five Year Guarantee
Inverse
I.F. Band-Pass System (Scott Patents Applied
for)
One Stage R.F. Amplification
High
Fidelity Loud Speaker with curvilinear cone and
high frequency sound diffusion
Finished in
permanent mirror -finish chromium Super- shield
Antenna Coupling System (Scott Patents Applied
for) Signal-to-noise- ratio at 2 microvolts input,
6-1
Weakest signal providing good tuning indication -under 1 microvolt A.G.C. action within
plus or minus 10 db. from 0.6 to 2,000,000 microvolts
Automatic Sensitivity Compensation for
each wave band
Many other equally advanced
features.
and Budget Payments anywhere in

U.S.A. NOT SOLD
T H R O U G H
STORES. Laboratory built on order
only. Mail the coupon for special of-
APRIL,
1938
INDIA'S NEW NETWORK OF RADIO BROADCASTING

(Continued f rom page 670)
broadcasting stations operating an international cases and padlocked. No controls appear outside
the box. The receiver is left tuned to the local
service.
station. A clockwork time -switch mounted in the
box turns the set on and off at the correct time
DIRECT AND INDIRECT "RAY" SERVICE
for the "Village Hour". The only attention reThe distinction which has previously been quired is a visit once every 3 weeks, when the
drawn between the use of medium wavelengths car -type storage battery which operates the reand short wavelengths for broadcasting in India ceiver is changed and the clock rewound.
is based on the prineiple that the technically
Village-receiver schemes are now in operation
"perfect" broadcasting service can be given only in the service areas of each of the existing
by use of the "direct ray". The range of the medium -wave stations, and a number of new
direct ray on the medium wavelengths is, how- projects will come into existence as soon as the
ever, small, especially in India, where severe new stations are in operation. (The foregoing
atmospherics are present for large periods of material was supplied by Radio Press Service,
the year. In actual fact the area which will be Paris, France.)
covered by a first-grade direct -ray service when
all the medium -wave stations envisaged in the THE 8,000 -V. RECTIFIERS
development program are in operation will be
The new rectifier, which constitutes such a
approximately 2% of the total area of India.
The fundamental importance of the short -wave, major contribution to the efficiency -and effectiveness of the All -India Radio system, is the cover indirect -ray service is therefore very evident.
-Craft.
It may be asked why indirect -ray transmission subject for this month's issue of Radio
This tube has a far lower internal resistance
is not satisfactory on the medium waves. In
Europe good long -distance, indirect -ray recep- (and, therefore, higher efficiency) than the
tion is sometimes obtained, but this is possible vacuum rectifiers customarily employed. This feaonly because of the relative absence of atmos- ture also makes its cooling less of a problem.
Figure lA is a view of the tube pictured in
pheric disturbances. These depend upon wavelength and their strength is, in general, propor- Fig. A and on the cover and shows the essentional to wavelength : the shorter the wave- tial elements. A schematic representation of the
length, the less the atmospheric disturbance. It tube, and the means by which the rectifier can
is desirable, therefore, to choose as short a be controlled and regulated without making or
wavelength as possible to avoid atmospheric dis- breaking any mechanical contacts in the high turbances, and this is limited only by the inter- tension circuit, are shown in Fig. 1B,
One weakness of the tube was its liability to
vention of the phenomenon of "skip distance ".
"backfire" under certain conditions, when the
glow -discharge arcs over. This is remedied by
SETS FOR VILLAGE ARE PADLOCKED!
placing the anode and cathode in separate
An unusual requirement in receiving -sets for chambers, with a third chamber between them.
India which deserves special mention is provided The mica "lampshade" above the tube keeps the
for by the special receivers that have been de- upper chamber warm and prevents the conveloped by the Research Department of All- densation of mercury vapor at the anode which,
India Radio for community reception in Indian incidentally, is made of graphite, a material
villages. These receivers are mounted in metal which has low thermal emission.
MICA
UMBRELLA
CONTROL
GRAPHITE
GRID
PLATE
(ANODE)
PLATE BULB
INDIRECTLY -
GUIDE FUNNEL
GRID LEAD
THIRTY DAYS' HOME TRIAL!
for
ANTI-
GRAPHITE LAYER
INSIDE
BACKFIRE
BULB
/ /f
4.*'
//
CATHODE BULB
@`'1/
!'111
HEATED
CATHODE
LIQUID
MERCURY
GRAPHITE PLATE (ANODE)

GRID
RESISTOR
SMALL
CONTROL
TRANS.
FILAMENTS
-11"
CATHODE
FILAMENT
VALVE TO
REGULATE
PRESSURE
IN TUBE
MERCURY
VAPORIZED BY
SEPARATE
FILAMENT
TRANS.
TO PHASE
SHIFTER WHICH
REGULATES GRID
OPERATION
'
CATI-IODE
Fig. I. At A, pictorial view and at
B,
fundamental circuit-of-the-Philips 8,000 -V. rectifier.
fer during next 30

days.
THE RADIO MONTH

IN REVIEW
NEW CIRCUITS IN MODERN

RADIO RECEIVERS
(Continued from page 697)

point where signal voltages can cause substantially no diode plate current change.
RADIODDITIES
JOSEPH BARCLAY, of East Bethany, Pa.,
carries a 6 -tube radio set on his bicycle, to

SPECIAL LIMITED OFFER!
entertain -him on a 50 -mile ride awooing, Sundays.
Accused burglar John Perez, prowling a roof,
MAIL COUPON FOR ALL DETAILS tripped
over an antenna, fell with a crash.
E.
SCOTT RADIO
H.
4404
Ravenswood
Ave.,
LABORATORIES,
Dept.
24F8,
Chicago,
INC.
III.
Send all the facts, order blank, and

Special Offer. No obligation.
Name
Address
City
&
State
STUDIOS: NEW YORK, CHICAGO,

LOS ANGELES, LONDON
Alarmed tenants phoned police, who found,

they claim, $1,500 worth of stolen jewels in
John's car.
At St. Vincent's Hospital, N. Y., patients see
as well as hear during the Metropolitan Opera
broadcasts. Sound is brought by radio in the
usual way ; sight by using marionettes on a
5 -foot stage.
Leopold Stokowski, now in Hollywood, feels
that "forthcoming musical films won't sound
right on the screen and the public will be dissatisfied" unless, he estimates (according to a
U.P. report), about 18,000 first -class musicians
are eventually employed to control the sound
equipment. Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse picture
"Sorcerer's Apprentice" started the ball rolling.
Projection -booth monitoring, Mr. Stokowski
points out, is outmoded!
RADIO -CRAFT
(5) I.F. SENSITIVITY CONTROL

Garod Model L-311. In addition to the conventional audio control of volume as applied to receivers equipped with A.V.C., this receiver is
provided with a sensitivity control in the I.F.
circuit. As in Fig. 1E, it is a shunt-type cathode
or bias control. The I.F. tube is a super-control
type so that the wave shape will not be seriously
distorted anywhere in the negative grid section
of its characteristic above cut -off. As the mutual
conductance of the tube is lowered with increased
bias, its gain is lowered accordingly and a large
senaqivity range is thus secured. Providing that
the maximum gain of the stage is 100, the sensitivity may be changed by e. ratio of 100 to 1,
or 20 db., with the control. Its action closely resembles a muter or Q ( "quiet ") circuit.
(Comments, either directly to Radio -Craft or
via "R. -C." to Mr. Sprayberry, concerning this
important department will be appreciated and of
mutual value. In what way can this department
be bettered to your advantage?)
RADIO -CRAFT
for
APRIL,
1938
699
BUILD THIS SIMPLIFIED
THE RCA TUBE TWINS
NEON -TYPE TEST UNIT
SAY...

AS A KEYING MONITOR
In using the unit as a code practice set or
keying monitor connect a 90 -V. D.C. supply to
terminals marked "D.C. INPUT ", throw switch
"Sw. 1" to the "ON" position, connect the head
phones to terminals marked "OUTPUT" and
key to terminals marked "KEY ". Close the
circuit by means of the key and adjust resistance
R1 until a steady note is obtained, then adjust
Cl and Sw. 2 until desired tone is obtained. A
relay should be used in place of the key when
used as a keying monitor and one must remember that this unit does not monitor the transmitted signal, only the keying.
AS A MODULATOR; SIGNAL GENERATOR
The unit could also be used as a modulator
for a radio -frequency oscillator or "signal generator", and as such would furnish a modulated
signal of any frequency within the limits of
the audio oscillator. In connection with a vacuum tube voltmeter a fairly accurate response curve
could be run on a radio receiver. The audio frequency should be compared with a known standard or estimated by ear in each case and the
voltage at input and output for each frequency,
measured with the vacuum -tube voltmeter.
The neon tube circuit will oscillate more uniformly if allowed to run for several hours, previous to the test, at twice its rated voltage.
A recommended power supply circuit is shown
in Fig 2. Since almost any well -filtered power
supply may be used, however, the requisite components are not included in the following List
of Parts ; which includes only the components
shown in Fig. 1.
LIST OF PARTS
One Centralab variable condenser, 1 meg., Rl ;
One S.P.S.T. toggle switch, Sw. 1 ;
=One 5 -point single contact switch, Sw. 2;
One Solar variable condenser, 500 mmf., Cl ;
One Solar fixed condenser, 250 mmf., C2;
One Solar fixed condenser, 500 mmf., C3;
One Solar fixed condenser, .001 -mf., C4;
One Solar fixed condenser, .006 -mf., C5.
Most Radio mail order houses can supply
this item if properly identified as to title of
article, issue (month) of RADIO -CRAFT and
year.
THE best evidence of the quality

that's built into every RCA
radio tube is the fact that over
300 million of them have been
bought by radio users.
For better radio reception,
better tone, better volume ask
for RCA radio tubes. Built by the
world's foremost radio organization, RCA radio tubes offer you
SHORT-CUTS IN RADIO
mounted on the front or side panel. It has a
neat appearance, as it is merely an octal
(8- prong) tube socket, connected as shown in
Fig. 4. From 1 to 4 pairs of phones may be
plugged into it ; their tips just fit the contacts.
Four sets Of contacts on each side of the socket
are connected together, and the two sets of
contacts thus formed are connected to the output
of the set or oscillator.
Ask your distributor, or send 10 cents to Camden, N. J., for a commemorative

advertisement on RCA's television tube announcement.
RCA presents the "Magic Key "every Sunday, 2 to 3 p.m., E. S. T. on NBC Blue Network
Wags,
T. L. TAYLOR,
Mills River, Alberta, Can.
HONORABLE MENTION
EASILY -MADE DEFLECTOR BAFFLES.

Small dynamic speakers can be easily made
into handy, portable P.A. units by equipping
them with deflector baffles made as in Fig. 5.
The speaker is housed in a small aluminum
kettle by mounting it on a circular piece of
board. The bell is from an old horn -type speaker.
When given a coat of aluminum paint they
resemble the large P.A. units.
E. E. YOUNGKIN
RCA
The New
HONORABLE MENTION
its corrosion.
ROBERT FORSTER
Manufacturing Company, Inc., Camden, New Jersey

A Service of the Radio Cor oration of America
RADIO -CRAFT for March, 1938 depicts FIFTY YEARS OF RADIO PROGRESS. It is the greatest
issue of any radio magazine published. If your newsdealer no longer has copies of this big
144 -page
issue, send fifty cents, in cash, check or stamps, to the publishers for your copy.
WATER- PROOFING THE TELESCOPING

AUTO ANTENNA. Remembering the disastrous results of telescoping a steel fishing pole
without first drying it, when I installed a telescopic antenna on my car, I decided to prevent
I achieved this by placing sections of rubber

tubing about 2 ins. long over the joints. The
tubing must fit the thinner section snugly. The
tubing keeps out the rain and acts as a squeegee
when the antenna is telescoped while wet.
On the heavy -type aerial, rubber distributor
terminal caps can be used to secure the same
results. The sketch in Fig. 6 shows how the
tubes are applied.
the extra advantages of (1) the unmatched experience of RCA engineers in everyphaseofradio, (2) the
unmatched research and manufacturing facilities of the only cornpany making everything in radio.
No wonder RCA radio tubes
are "the tubes of unquestioned
quality "! No wonder they'll do a
better job for you at low cost!
D7T-High Impedance
List
Price
10,000
$22,50
D7 -Low
30
List
Price
to
Impedance
50
Dynamic
and D7T Microphones come complete with 121/2' R/J cable and Amphenol
plug. Chrome finish. 1/4-27 Connector. Over -all height, 21/2 ". Diameter, 11/2 ".
Net weight, 81/2 ounces.
D7
Ohms
$20-oo
"Clipper"
Another American Moving -Coil Microphone, Featuring

HIGH OUTPUT SMALL SIZE
RUGGEDNESS
FIDELITY
TRIM
EFFICIENT DESIGN
LONG LIFE
STABILITY
Request Catalogue No. 27 for Complete Details.
AMERICAN MICROPHONE CO., INC., Los Angeles, California
RADIO -CRAFT
RADIO -CRAFT
700
for
APRIL,
1938
NEW "AMPLIFIED" D.C. METER
Bring old sets up to date -give them

modern, push button control by simply adding a Meissner Push Button
Tuner. Easily installed in any superheterodyne or TRF receiver having
a two or three section Tuning Condenser -just three wires!
Provides instant selection of any of
six or eight of your favorite stations
-automatically -by simply pushing
the button on your present radio receiver. Additional "Release" button
returns your set to manual tuning.
Complete instructions and full set of
station call -letter discs supplied. Stations selected may be readily changed
at any time if desired.
The simplicity and ease of installation of the Meissner Push Button
Tuner has won the admiration of
service men everywhere. It can be
installed quickly at a good profit and
will give unlimited service.
Try one on your own set. See your
nearest good jobber or write us.
PUSH
For
MEISSNER
BUTTON TUNER
Stations
For
Stations
LIST PRICE
LIST PRICE
$750
$950

Type 1B4 tubes selected at random should
If a voltage (Vi) from an external source is
now made to appear across R1, a voltage change work satisfactorily in the amplifier. However,
( Vo)
will appear across Ro and will be regis- there is a possibility that an occasional tube
tered on the voltmeter (V.M.). In equation form, may be found in which the input resistance is
objectionably low (1000 megohms or less) for
(1 -1)
operation in the first stage. Because of the posVo= Vi
sibility of such resistance (due to surface or
1+G
where "G" is the voltage gain on the ampli- volumetric leakage, or ionic conduction ), it is
fier without the feed-back connection. If the advisable to avoid interchanging the tubes supgain is made quite large, then it is evident plied.
No routine service should be required other
from the above equation that the voltage
change across Ro (indicated by the meter) will than checking the battery voltages occasionally,
be but negligibly different from that impressed testing the tubes about every six months, and
across R1. Thus, the system becomes a volt- cleaning the external insulators on the binding
meter with an input resistance solely determined posts. These insulators may be cleaned satisby R1, enabling the use of a rugged indicator factorily by wiping them with an unsoiled paper
(V.M.) for high sensitivities. By using a wide towel or similar unused material. Care should
range of resistance values for R1, the instru- be taken to avoid deposit of electrolytic subment becomes an ammeter with correspondingly stances such as perspiration on the insulators,
wide ranges. Also, by using a standard potential particularly for measurements at high humidiand unknown resistance across R1, the system ties. Loss of accuracy of calibration, inability to
adjust to zero needle deflection or complete
can be calibrated as an ohmmeter.
By referring to the schematic circuit diagram failure of operation may each be due to one or
( Fig.
2) it will be observed that the subject more of the following causes.
instrument is identical in principle to the system
(a) Worn-out or defective batteries ; (b) Imjust described except for the addition of various proper location of the "zero- adjustment" taps ;
(c) Defective circuit elements or broken concontrols including a range switch for the various
input circuits used in place of R1. R -20 cor- nections ; (d) Defective meter.
responds to Re and the combination of M -1 and
R -21 is equivalent to V.M. S -7 is a sensitivity
button which changes the meter range from 0.5 APPLICATION
to 0..1 volt full -scale. B -7 corresponds to E; and
Numerous uses should be found for this preR -16 (with variable taps on B -4) is the zero
cision instrument, particularly in engineering
adjustment for setting the equilibrium feed -back and research laboratories. It is ideally suited for
voltage equal to that of B -7. R-12 is the megohm electronic measurements and similar applications,
scale zero adjustment which, according to the a few of which are:
specified procedure, furnishes a standard poten(1) Ion and electron currents in the grid and
tial of 0.5 volt for resistance measurements.
other circuits of thermionic tubes ; (2) CurThe normal voltage gain "G" of the instru- rents due to secondary emission ; (3) Leakage
ment amplifier is of the order of 1000, which, currents between tube electrodes and between
in the equation cited above, shows an error circuit elements; (4) Electron -beam currents in
of 0.1% in the matching of the input and output cathode-ray and special tubes for television pur(indicated) voltages. Thus, it is apparent that poses ; (5) Minute currents in photo-electric
the gain may vary over fairly wide limits with- cells; (6) Electrolysis and corrosion currents and
out appreciably affecting the accuracy of the potentials; (7) Galvanic currents and potentials
instrument.
in biological research.
The operation of the amplifier is evident from
The unusually high resistance of the voltthe schematic diagram. The stages are directly meter circuit (5 megohms or greater on all
coupled by means of the bias batteries B -1, B -2, ranges) enables accurate measurement of D.C.
B -8, the resistors and dbltages being chosen to
voltage across high -impedance circuits such as
give proper balance over the normal range of those existing between tube electrodes or across
tube characteristics and battery voltages.
circuit elements for automatic volume control,
For the current ranges, the various resistors noise suppression, etc., in radio receivers. As a
corresponding to R are : R -4, R-5, R -6, R -7, R-8 voltmeter, the instrument may be connected diand R -9 (respectively 5 megs, 50,000 ohms, 500 rectly across grid bias or standard -potential cells,
ohms, 50 ohms, 1/g meg, and 5,000 ohms). For thus permitting a direct comparison of unknown
the voltage ranges, R -2 (55,500 ohms), R -3 and standard potentials. The instrument also is
(500 ohms) , R -5, R -8 and R -9 are used with particularly advantageous for resistance measureR -4 to obtain suitable divider circuits. In meg- ments in that over the total range of 0.1 to 1000
ohm measurements, R-4 is used as the "stand- megohms, no more than 0.5 volt D.C. is ever
ard". The necessary "standard" potential is ob- applied across the unknown.
tained from battery B -5, as previously explained.
This article has been prepared front data supPrecision wire -wound resistors are used in these plied by courtesy of RCA Manufacturing Cominput circuits.
pany, Inc.
1
A "HANDY" P.A. AMPLIFIER

MEISSNER MANUFACTURING CO.
110
BELMONT AVENUE, MT. CARMEL, ILL.
"HAM" SPECIAL Teleplox

A
highly efficient code
teacher using heavy spedaily prepared waxed
paper tape, having two
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of
perforations.
Write for Free folder :\ -4.
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Instrument with
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and
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72
Without
$11.95.

since the power switch
is ganged to the volume
control. The input connections, it will be
noted, are made directly
to the grid of the 6J7
tube, and hence is of
high impedance. Consequently, only high -impedance
pickups or
microphones should be
connected to this source
in other cases a suitable
matching transformer
is obviously necessary.
This article has been
prepared from data supplied by courtesy of
Try -Mo Radio Co.
;
RADIO COURSES
RADIO OPERATING: Prepare for Gov't

RADIO SERVICING:
License Exam.
Including Short WaveAMATEUR CODE
ELECTRONICS
TELEVISION
Day and Evening Classes- Booklet Upon Request
New York YMCAYorkSchools

City
Fig.
view
(Right) Underside
of the tiny P.A.
B.
amplifier.
4 W. 64th Street, New
RADIO -CRAFT
RADIO -CRAFT
for
APRIL,
1938
701
A DIRECT-READING
ELECTRONIC "FLUX" METER
coil rests in the space between the poles of a
horseshoe magnet. It is easy to recognize that
any change in the field strength of the horse-.
shoe magnet (or loudspeaker gap) will cause
a variation of the value of the inductivity of
the test coil, LE.
Any variation of the inductivity of the test
coil will cause variation of frequency of the
oscillator, V1, and thus a heterodyne or beat
frequency will be delivered to the grid of the
mixer tube, V5. Since the variations of magnetic
field strength in which loudspeaker designers
are interested are small, the beat frequency produced will be in the audio range, and by means
of an audio -frequency meter which is calibrated
in units of magnetic field strength (gauss) instead of the customary calibration in cycles (of
the audio-frequency range), direct reading may
be obtained, after amplification takes place in
audio unit A.
Experts, who have made measurements with
the previously used and quite clumsy method,
will be more than enthusiastic about the simplicity of the new method of magnetic measurements, and, as said before, the entire radio industry will profit by this progress made possible
only by the seemingly inexhaustible potentialities
of application provided by the radio tube.
A simplified design of the same test unit, which
will perhaps be as popular with Service Men
in the near future as tube testers are today, is
shown diagrammatically in Fig. 3 and pictorially
in A. As the diagram of Fig. 3 indicates, only
one oscillator, V1, is applied, working at about

40 meters. The tiny test coil, LE, is connected
with the tank circuit" of this oscillator, and
causes changes of frequency. Coupled with this
oscillator is a vacuum -tube voltmeter, V2,
equipped with a tuning condenser, Cl. Every
change in frequency of the oscillator circuit must
be compensated -for by adjusting Cl in order to
obtain the same indication on galvanometer G.
The knob of condenser Cl is equipped with a
pointer which is read against a scale calibrated
in gauss, the unit of magnetic field strength,
from which direct readings may be obtained. As
Fig. 4. indicates, the "tuning scale" has 3 ranges,
and it needs no lengthy explanation to show that
the condensers and coils, Cl, C2 and C3, in the
oscillator circuit, and the similar units, C6, C7
and C8, in the tube voltmeter circuit, V2, are
used to adjust both units to the range to be
measured. Range I embraces all magnetic field
strengths from 100 to 3,000 gausses, Range II
from 2,000 to 4,000 gausses, and finally Range
III from 9,000 to 30,000.
"I am particularly glad to see

SUPREME introduce so efficient
and reliable an instrument as the
Model 541 Set Tester."
KARL W. MILES,
Chief Engineer,
The Hallicrafters Inc
"Model 502 has almost superhuman ability to separate 'Good'

or 'Bad' tubes regardless of type,
number of elements, or filament
termination."
LEE DE FORREST
was really amazed at the excellence and flexibility of Model

551 Analyzer considering its very
low price."
rGOYERN YOUR NEXT

INSTRUMENT PURCHASE
BY THE OPINION OF
11"41
AD
Read what 6 famous radio engineers have to

say of Supreme instruments! Then -see these very same
instruments at your parts jobbers. Look them over care..
fully. Test them to your heart's content -We know you'll
be a Supreme booster, too, after that!
EASIEST INSTALLMENT TERMS!
And, remember, you can buy any Supreme instrument on

Supreme S. L C. terms the world's easiest installment.
terms! See your jobber!
JUST OFF THE PRESS!

Write for It.
FREE ILLUSTRATED 1938 CATALOG.
SUP
E ME
.r
INSTRUMENTS
CORP.
GREENWOOD, MISSISSIPPI, U. S. A.
Export Dept., Association Exporters Co., 145 West 45th

Cable Address: LOPREH, New York.
St,
New York City
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(3) Submit as many WITTIQUIZZES as you
care to -the more you submit the more chance
you have of winning -but each should be good.
(4) Each WITTIQUIZ must incorporate
humorous elements, and must be based on some
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"I
ICI
M,
"Supreme
on the fine
is
to be congratulated
instrument they
built in the Model
Tester."
501
have
Tube
HENRY L. ARGENTO.
Field Engineer,
Raytheon Production Corp.
,
If
"Model
581 Signal Generator

distinct and important contri-is
bution to rapid, intelligent and
scientific radio service work."
ALFRED A. GHIRARDI,
Radio Technical Consultant,
Radio &. Technical Publishing Co.
a
"I
have found
that the Supremo

is one of
complete, accurate, per-
Model 546 Oscilloscope
the
most
fectly engineered service instruments have ever used."

WM. L. DUNN,
Chief Engineer,
Belmont Radio Cor..
I
On page 715 of this issue appears an announcement of three new books which
have just been added to the RADIO -CRAFT LIBRARY SERIES. Turn to this page
NOW for complete details.
GOOD MEN
IN
1 ADIO
877. OF MOVIE SOUND

AND
BROADCAST
HAVE GOOD JOBS
There is a real future now for ambitious men in every field of

Radio. But,
you need something
more than "good intentions." It
means TRAINING NOW. Equip your
self to be able to accept the many
opportunities that await men with
modern training. We have the plan.
Our booklet "A Tested Plan for a
Future in Practical Radio Engineer.
ing" tells all. It's yours for the
asking.
STUDIOS DEMAND
DYNAMIC MIKES!
the same dynamic

microphone quality so much in
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experts who insist on "higher
fidelity"
at a price you can
afford. How? By using Transducer
"Bullet" microphones. "Bullet"
dynamic models are built to the
rugged exacting standards of high
quality telephone equipment. They
challenge comparison against the
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when it costs no more. Find out!
Send for a free microphone corn.
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WASHINGTON, D. C.
TRANSDUCER CORPORATION
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30
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RADIO -CRAFT
702
for
APRIL,
1938
"LEARN -BY- EXPERIMENTING"

BEGINNERS' PRACTICAL RADIO COURSE
the current flows. This type of meter, used, when there is no other resistance
shown, diagrammatically in Fig. 1B, in the circuit.
though not nearly as sensitive as the

moving -coil type of meter shown in
Fig. 1A, has the great advantages of
HERE is the solution to the mystery of ruggedness and very low cost, which
how to improve amplifier performance
-and how to add Automatic Volume Ex- make it well fitted for elementary work.
pansion and Automatic Audio Volume Con- This type of meter is also suitable for
trol to all existing amplifiers.
a "roll -your -own" ohmmeter (shown in
This new ACA Expressor can be connected Fig. A) , where the student will make
in a minute to any amplifier without mak- his own ohms scale. Such a scale, shown
ing any circuit changes. Self powered and in Fig. 1C, need not be of a high order
operates directly from 110 volts AC.
of accuracy and will still be practical
An entirely new series of ACA Amplifiers, de- for a first approximation of resistance.
signed by A. C. Shaney, are now offered at lower
prices than ever before.
Since the meter also has a great all Write or wire today for complete details.
around usefulness it will not have to
be discarded, if the experimenter should
AMPLIFIER CO. of AMERICA
New York, N. Y.
37 -47 West 20th Street
wish to build the more advanced type
of unit later.
The principle of the vane -type meter
is that of mutual repulsion between two
WANT TO (EARN RADIO? similarly- magnetized pieces of iron.
Reference to Fig. 1B shows that both
stationary and movable pieces of iron
are
in the same solenoid. When current
1T5
flows in the solenoid, the movable metal,
being similarly magnetized as the fixed
metal, swings on its pivot, carrying the
pointer across the face of the dial. A
hairspring brings it back to zero when
the current ceases to flow.
The other type of meter, called the
moving -coil type is the one most used
by experienced radio men. In this type
pHY5I[S
the swing of the needle is determined by
RADIO
the amount of attraction between a
VOLUME
pivoted coil through which the current
flows and a fixed permanent magnet.
It's as easy as A.B.C. to learn everything about RADIO,
ELECTRICITY, SOUND and TELEVISION from this
It is much more sensitive (and correone big, book. Ghirardi's many exclusive features and
plain, understandable language make everything perfectly
spondingly higher in cost) than. the
plain and clear, without any previous instruction. That's
why Ghirardi's RADIO PHYSICS
vane -type meter.
COURSE Is used by more students
The movingcoil -type meter (see Fig.
and schools than any other radio
text in the world. It's a bargain at
1A) is in reality a miniature electric
any price -but you get it for only
$4. It's a COMPLETE course
motor in which motion is derived from
the equal of at least 36 ordinary
radio books In one.
reaction between a magnetic field and
a coil of wire carrying electric current.
Here's What This Book Gives You
Sound, Speech and Music
ElecThe magnetic field is supplied by a
trons
Electric Current
ElecUnits and Circuits
Repermanent
magnet.
sistance
Ohm's Law
Batteries
.
Magnetism
Electromagnetism
Transformers
Inductance
type
This
of meter lends itself to comCondensers
Alternating Current
Circuits
Filters
Electrical
bining
many
different types of measureMeasuring Instruments
Radio
Waves and Radiations
. Broadcast
ments, such as volts and milliamperes in
Receiving Equipment
Stations
Vacuum Tubes
Radio and
addition to ohms in one general purpose
Audio Frequency Amplification
Loud Speakers
Battery-operated
instrument. It is .therefore suitable for
Supply Units
Electric Receivers
Automobile
Phonoand Aircraft Receivers
more experienced radio students and so
P.A. Systems
graph Pick-ups
PhotoShort -Wave Receivers
will here be called an advanced type of
Television
Cells
Testing
Antennas and Grounds
meter. Figure A shows this type meter
Sound
and Servicing Receivers .
Appendixes
Motion Pictures
with a factory-marked scale reading up
856 Review Questions for Selfand LOTS MORE:
Study
to 100,000 ohms. By selecting this meter
Mail Coupon Now!
Fill it out and mail this
in the standard range of 0 -1 ma. D.C.
now. It gets you
coupon
we will also be able to use it as a genstarted in what you've always wanted to do. Get
eral purpose meter. This idea will be
going. mister!
carried out in a later Experiment on the
972 Pages
508 Illustrations
general use of meters, and has been pro36 Chapters
vided for here by leaving room in the
Cloth sound
layout for the later additions.
RADIO 8 TECHNICAL
With either type of meter, provision
PUBLISHING CO.
is made for obtaining full -scale deflec45 ASTOR PLACE . NEW YORK
tion of the meter when the free ends of
the test leads are touched together. This
D Encl. find $4. Send my RADIO PHYSIC'S
COURSE at once, postpaid. (Foreign. $4.50)
is accomplished by the method shown
D Send me a free circular describing this book.
Name
in Fig. 2A and again in Fig. 2B, where
an adjustable resistor (or rheostat) is
St. & City
placed in series with the meter and the
State
RC -48
battery,
and adjusted so that the meter
MONEY -BACK GUARANTEE!
reads full -scale for the battery being
wltN
04.0444000
[
.
.
tric
electric
a4
MAKING THE SCALE

In Fig. 2B, this condition occurs when
the rheostat R2 is adjusted to about
1,500 ohms. (The exact value depends
upon the condition of the battery.) Let

us suppose that some part, having a
resistance of 1,500 ohms is now connected between the test leads. Since we
now have double the resistance in the
circuit (or 3,000 ohms), the meter will
read 1/2 of full -scale. This reading of
the meter can now be marked as 1,500
ohms. It will thus be seen that, by trying a number of accurate, known resistances, the scale of ohms can be built up.
The appearance of a completed homemade scale is shown in Fig. 1C. This
was made with a vane -type meter, having a normal range of 0 -6 volts, D.C.
This range is a very common one (having been widely used to measure filament voltages of battery tubes) . If desired, this printed scale can be used as
a specimen scale, and by employing the
same make of meter as specified, the
resulting "roll -your -own" combination
will be a very inexpensive volt-ohm,meter of the elementary type.
PART
B- RESISTANCE TESTING OF
RADIO PARTS
OBJECT: To test radio parts by
finding the resistance by means of a
meter :
(1) Making a "roll- your-own" ohmmeter with an inexpensive vane -type
meter.
(2) Alternative method: Using an
ohmmeter of the moving -coil type.
PROCEDURE AND RESULTS
(1) Making a "roll- your -own" ohmmeter with vane -type meter.
The parts are onnected as shown in
Fig. 2A. In series with the plus (+)
terminal of the meter, M1 (vane type;
0 -6 volts D.C.), are connected the fol-
lowing: resistor R1 (zero adjuster) ;

battery (41/2 V.), observing its polarity;
switch (Sw.) ; the two binding posts
for the test leads, and then back to the
minus (
terminal of the meter. Turn
switch on and connect the free ends of
the test leads together. ( Note these
may have spring clips attached to them
for convenience.) Adjust the resistor
so that the meter reads 41/2 volts (which
is zero ohms on the ohms scale). Separate the two test leads and the ohmmeter is now ready for operation.
(a) Making the Scale-Test a number of known resistances by connecting
each between the test leads and note
position of the meter needle. Make a
rough scale similar to Fig. 1C.
(b) High- and Low- Resistance Test
-Test the primary and secondary of
an audio transformer. Observe if the
secondary shows an appreciably higher
resistance than the primary.
(c) Condenser Test -Test a fixed
RADIO -CRAFT
for
APRIL,
condenser. ( This may be a mica or

paper condenser having a capacity
higher than 0.0005 -mf., or 500 mmf. )
Note the first movement of the needle
due to the current charging the condenser. Continue tapping the condenser and observe if the movements of
the needle disappear, showing a good
condenser. If a continuous circuit is
found in these types of condensers, they
are rejected as unsatisfactory.
(d) Testing Unknown Parts -Test
some part whose condition is unknown,
to determine whether it is open -circuited, short-circuited, or good, that is,
having approximately the desired resistance.
Suggestion applying to classes or club
groups:
Let the teacher select three parts as
unknowns; choosing, if possible, one
having an open- circuit, one having a
short -circuit and one good part. These
are labeled simply as Unknowns 1, 2
and 3. The student then records the results for each unknown by stating
whether it is open or shorted or stating
the value for the resistance obtained for
the good part.
(2) Alternative Method-Using an
Ohmmeter of the Moving -Coil Type.
The parts are mounted as shown in
Fig. A2 and connected as shown in
Fig. 2B.
The procedure is the same as given
for method (1). In this case, the meter
is adjusted to full -scale reading (which
is zero ohms) in order to place the ohmmeter in operation.
703
compared with a good part, will allow

(more current; less current; or no current) to flow.
4. The movingcoil-type meter, as compared with the vane -type meter, is
(more sensitive, or more rugged and
inexpensive).
5. The ohmmeter used here measures
(impedance; inductance; or D.C. resistance) .
*Answers to these questions appear
on Page 709.
Teachers of radio classes and club
groups are invited to write to the editors concerning the use of reprints of
parts of these Experiments in quantities
:
\iOskr/0/41
FROM
for school use.

LIST
OF PARTS
List for "Roll- Your -Own" Vane -Type
GIANT GUNS!
Ohmmeter
One
MI-Voltmeter
(0 -6 V. D.C.),
Readrite;
*One Ri- Variable resistor (rheostat)
loo ohms (a potentiometer may also
be used by connecting to 2 of its
terminals) ;
tOne Sw.- Switch, on -off;
tOne Pair Test Leads (a two color pair,
about 3 ft. long, with 2 spade lugs and
2 spring clips is convenient), Radiolab Service;
*i'One 4% V.- Battery (a "C" battery
may be used) ;
Two binding posts;
One case, with holes punched for
mounting parts, Radiolab Service;
tAlso parts to be tested.
Alternative List for Moving -coil Type
Ohmmeter
CONCLUSION
One M2- Volt- ohm -milliammeter
( 0-1
The resistance of a part may be
ma. D.C., 0- 100,000 ohms), Triplett
found by connecting it in series with a
model 326;
battery and a meter, and measuring the One Re- Current-limiting variable resiscurrent flowing. The scale of the meter
tor, 2,500 ohms tapered, Triplett, type
may be calibrated directly in ohms, in
64;
which case, it is known as an ohmmeter. *tone 1 %-V. drycell, intermediate
size;
One case for mounting 23/8-in. dia.
*QUESTIONS
Otk:f1004
meter;
When testing various resistances
with an ohmmeter, the part having a tOne switch (Sw.) , one pair test leads
higher resistance will allow: (more
and two binding posts as above.
current; less current; or no current) to
flow.
*Most Radio mail order houses can
2. A part having an open- circuit, as supply these items if properly identified
compared with a good part, will allow: as to title of article, issue (month) of
(more current; less current; or no cur- Radio -Craft and year.
rent) to flow.
Parts so marked were used in pre3. A part having a short -circuit, as vious experiments.
1.
CANADA'S "INTERFERENCE DETECTIVES"

The switch Sw.1 is closed on the "loop" side. proximity to power lines to compensate for the
The switch Sw.2 is closed either way.
relative difference in pick -up on the loop and
It is now necessary to adjust the two -gang aerial. For example, it will probably be found
condenser marked "Tuning" as well as the tuning that less resistance is required in the vertical
dial of the receiver.
circuit when the loop is under a power line
(C) "Sense," or "unidirectional" reception:
which has a closed grounded circuit consisting
For "sense" reception, first set switches as of a sky-line grounded at the
poles at either
for "Figure 8" reception and tune in signal side of the interference
car, as this closed
carefully. Turn loop to position of maximum ground circuit
increases loop reception.
signal. Close Sw.3 to "sense" side and resistor
The circuit is 'connected in such a way that
to zero (hard left), and adjust variometer first
with Sw.2 on "R" or "L ". Note signal decrease when switch (Sw.2) is closed on the 'eft" side,
at one point of variometer dial and increase the handle of the loop points to the direction
when Sw.2 is turned oppositely. Addition of from which the signal is received, for loudest
resistance may improve the sense. Log all con- signals. After the apparatus is installed in the
car, this may be checked by observing the retrols for sense at all frequencies.
It will be found in practice that an adjust- ception from a broadcast station whose locament of the resistance in the vertical circuit tion is known. If the sense indicator is reversed,
will be required when the loop is in close
BUT
RAyrifo
CAN "TAKE" IT.
The ear -splitting roar of giant
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guns
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That's because Raytheons are
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A fact known by engineers of
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aAV1H EON
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RAD 10 -CRAFT
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of Triplett instrument. Will also test for inter -element
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BOOK REVIEW
for
APRIL,
1938
BOOK REVIEWS
I
I I II
II
II
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THE LOW VOLTAGE CATHODE RAY TUBE

And Its Applications, by G. Parr. (1937) Published by Chapman & Hall, Ltd. Size, 5% a
81/2 ins., cloth covers, 177 pages, 76 illustrations,
Price 10s. 6d. (Exclusive American distributor,
Allen B. Du Mont Laboratories, Inc.; American
price $4.00.)
Mr. Parr, Radio Division, The Edison Swan
Electric Company, England, has done a firstrate job of presenting a complete cross- section
of cathode -ray tube construction and use. Treatment is both theoretical and practical and hence
the book becomes a valuable reference to every
man in all the fields of radio in which the low voltage cathode -ray tube familiar to most technicians may be used. There is 100 per cent
value in this book (which, incidentally, is very
moderately priced).
FUNDAMENTALS OF VACUUM TUBES, by

Austin V. Eastman. (1937) Published by McGraw -Hill Book Company, Inc. Size, 6 x 9 ins.,
cloth covers, 438 pages, illustrated. Price $4.00.
Discusses at length the principal types of
vacuum tubes -high vacuum tubes, mercury vapor tubes, photo tubes, and several special
varieties -and the laws underlying each with
engineering analyses of their more important
applications. Planned to give the reader a
thorough grounding in the laws governing the
operation of the vacuum tube upon which he
can readily familiarize himself with the details
of any special application.
This book has been prepared with infinite care
by the assistant professor of electrical engineering, University of Washington, and Radio -Craft
believes it to be the most complete modern work
of its kind. Anyone who takes radio seriously
will want to have this book available as an engineering reference. The book includes data on
the construction and use of all types of tubes
under various classifications as per the following
generalized grouping : Introduction, Electronic
Emission, Symbols and Notations, Diodes, Triodes,
Multi- Element Tubes, Photo-Sensitive Cells, Special Types of Tubes, Two Appendices on Fourier
Analyses, and Authors and a Subject Index.
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WHOLESALE RADIO SERVICE CO., INC"

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(Mail to nearest warehouse>
1
in Rush
general Catalog No. G9-3D8 (1 Reserve NEW'.

Catalog No.71.3080 Send FREE parts lists for... ...
FREE
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THE PHYSICS OF ELECTRON TUBES. by

L. R. Koller. Second Edition. (1937) Published
by McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. Size, 6% x
91/4 ins., cloth covers, 234 pages, 84 illustrations.
Price $3.00.
The author of "The Physics of Electron Tubes"
has tried to present the subject from the point
of view of a physicist in such a fashion that it
would be of interest to engineers and students
of physics who have no special training in
electronics.
In preparing the second edition of this book
the author has adhered to his original plan,
namely, to present the fundamental physical
phenomena involved in the operation of electron
tubes and to disregard external circuit conditions. The scope and the treatment remain essentially the same as in the first edition. Mistakes
have been corrected and obscure or ambiguous
sections have been clarified and rearranged. In
a field such as electronics in which progress has
been so rapid there have been many new developments in the past 3 years and it has been
necessary to add considerable new material. Sections have been added on topics such as electron
optics, secondary-emission multipliers, ignitrons,
and positive -ion emission. The discussions of
many subjects which were given briefer treatment in the first edition have also been considerably expanded
chapter headings give an idea of the
ground covered by this highly informative book :
Theory of Thermionic Emission. Thoriated
Tungsten Cathodes, Oxide -Coated Cathodes,
Thermionic Emission from Caesium, Secondary
Emission, Determination of Temperature, Getters
and Clean -Up of Gases, Gases in Metals, Space
Charge, Some Electron Tubs, Discharges in
Gases.
"PHONO PICKUPS ON PARADE"

Clifford E. Denton, well -known sound specialist, presents in the forthcoming May issue
special PUBLIC ADDRESS NUMBER-of Radio -Craft
heretofore unpublished information important to
the P.A. man. Be sure to read his "Phono
Pickups on Parade."
Please Say That You Saw
lt
in
RADIO -CRAFT
SHORT-WAVE DIATHERMY, by Tibor de

Cholnoky. (1937) Published by Columbia University Press. Size, 6 x 9% ins., cloth covers,
310 pages, 38 illustrations. Price $4.00.
Here is a book written not only for the specialist but also the general practitioner who may
use short-wave diathermy alone or in combination with other classical methods of treatment.
Although there are some 750 publications in the
field "Short-Wave Diathermy" is the first book
to furnish information from reliable sources on
technique and therapeutic indication of short
waves for the owners of the more than 10,000
machines estimated to be in use.
Five doctors have checked the contents of this
book and Dr. Francis Carter Wood made the
Crocker Research Laboratory available for
experimental work. Here is a book which takes
the ballyhoo out of S. -W. diathermy. The volume
is divided into parts as follows : Historical Outline of Short-Wave Diathermy, The Physical
Aspects of Short -Wave Diathermy, Experimentation with Short -Wave Diathermy, The Technique
of Short-Wave Diathermy, The Clinical Application of Short -Wave Diathermy, Conclusion.
TELEVISION CYCLOPAEDIA, by Alfred T.

Witts. (1937) Published by D. Van Nostrand
Company, Inc. Size, 51/2 x 8% ins., cloth covers,
151 pages, 97 illustrations. Price $2.25.
The alphabetical arrangement of this book
made it unnecessary to include an index. Regarding its contents we quote the author's preface as
follows :
"In the radio and electrical industries there

are a large number of people who are keenly
interested in television, yet who have not the
necessary time at their disposal to be able to
study the subject seriously. To these, and to
keen radio amateurs, this book will prove useful,
containing as it does an outline of the principles
involved in the science and practice of television,
presented in a manner that renders the information readily available and easily assimilated.
"The writer has endeavoured to make the
book as complete as possible."
for
RADIO -CRAFT
APRIL,
1938
THE Du MONT TELEVISION SYSTEM

(Continued from, page 675)
STEP INTO A GOOD

PAYING JOB in
the
provided so that it does not interfere with the such a simple, inexpensive arrangement all can
audio system. Satisfactory results can be ob- principles of a complete television system or
tained by transmitting the sawtooth sweep pulse be readily demonstrated. Either horizontal
of
itself or transmitting sine waves of the same vertical scanning of any desired number
be
can
arrangement
any
interlacing
and
sawtooth
lines
to
them
and
converting
frequency
used.
a
simple
means
of
waves at the receiver by
The Phasmajector Type 1 has the same operrectifier -filter arrangement. When the receivers
I Can
are to be used on the same power system as the ating voltages as the Du Mont 34 -XH 3 -inch
additional electransmitter, it is not necessary to send the frame cathode -ray tube. It has twocollector
electrode
sweep at all, as a rectifier-filter circuit at the trodes, however, namely the
is operated
receiver supplies the necessary frame deflection. and the image plate. The collector
to
This condition exists in well over 90% of the several hundred volts positive withof respect
the
amplithe
grid
into
feeds
and
anode,
the
probreceiver
the
simplifying
country, further
fier tube. The image plate is normally grounded $35.00
lem in most sections.
It is believed that the Du Mont System of to the anode.
to Per Week
The present Phasmajector available to demontelevision is a marked improvement over present
on
its
has
others
and
$75.00
systems and eliminates the major difficulties strators, experimenters
Abraham
which have been retarding the use of television plate an excellent line drawing of staged
at
recently
Lincoln. In demonstrations
receivers by the average citizen.
was first
Laboratory workers who specialize in tele- the writer's laboratories, the drawing
yet the
or
less,
lines
-dozen
a
half
with
and
scanned
time
inconvenient
it
too
find
vision research
idenconsuming to attempt to design and test equip- coarse image reproduced could be at least
ment where the image -subject is continually tified. Especially so by increasing the interlacing
to about
I Actually Set You Up For A
changing in position, lighting, etc., as would ratio. Stepping up the scanning pattern
be the case if live subjects are used. Hence the 100 lines and adjusting the intensity and focusing
Profitable Business
development of the following interesting tele- controls, an excellent image was obtained. The
the
Here's
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disto
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were
vision-transmission device which serves the dual individual luminous lines
cater the fast moving Radio Industry. Tremendous money
making possibilities exist for properly trained men. If
purpose of facilitating general television test appear as they overlapped and blended together.
you are an ambitious fellow. I can train you for a good
work and of demonstrating the capabilities of Interesting distortion could be produced at will,
paying full time or part time
the
image,
of
by
horizontal
expansion
such
as
system.
Job
with 1 big future ahead.
television
the new
My training is distinctly new and
whereupon Mr. Lincoln developed an overgrown
not only teaches all
It
different.
proboscis and an Ethiopian hair cut. Vertical
It equips
phases of Radio
THE "PHASMAJECTOR
effect,
humorous
a
produces
likewise
expansion
an actual start In
>nu
fully
for
NEW TELEVISION TERM (AND DEVICE)
your own Radio business.
intellectual
than
more
of
a
time
by
way
this
The demonstrator, experimenter, designer and forehead and a decidedly sour expression, let
Professional Outfit Given
tester are now entirely independent of the tem- alone a crop of hair that would bring joy to any
Positively the finest equipment
offered with any Radio l'ourse is
peramental television transmitters heretofore de- hair tonic manufacturer.
available to every Sprayberry stupended upon for video signals. Instead of
dent. Consists of All -Wave. .tliwaiting for days and even weeks to tune -in on
I'urpose Analyzer. Rider Manuals
figuring
alone
17,070 pages). Tool Kit. Electric
let
images,
television
the elusive
Eye Outfit, Experimental Apparout the veritable cross -word puzzles of signals
atus.
of unknown scanning techniques, the television
No Experience Needed
WEE"
"PEE
4
-TUBE
on
constantly
signals
worker now has his own
Earn While Yogi Learn
tap and of known technique. And this is of
Sprayberry lessons are InT.R.F. RECEIVER
tensely interesting and easy
incalculable value in accelerating further telethoroughly
to understand
cover all branches and phases
vision progress.
(Continued- front page 683)
of Radio. Right at the beA radically new development by the writer
ginning of your training. I
show you how to get profitand his associates, the "Phasmajector" Greek set to invalids; an under-pillow loudable apare time Radio service
work. Moreover, I show you
modified form of cathode - speaker or an earphone may be rigged
for Image Emitter)
how to do these Jobrraffirlent
test
television
uniform
a
-provides
tube
Thus you gain real prac
ray
per
for
-over
switch
a
change
with
up
tics) experience ahti a ,easy
associated
inexpensive
relatively
signal with
cash to your beak Woo. t
while you re !canting
apparatus. In place of the usual fluorescent screen sonalized reception. (Radio -Craft sugswept by the cathode -ray beam and glowing to gests that the manufacturer look into
THESE FELLOWS Made
weave an image, there is in the Phasmajector this idea of incorporating a switch for
7Tv
Good ... So Can You!
(see Fig. C) a metallic plate on which is
Cleared 5150 in Spare Time
printed the) desired picture or test pattern. Also, this purpose.) Of course this little set Don't "Wish" For
"Since enrolling I have
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the tube includes a collector electrode -as well as also recommends itself for use in the
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I am
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the conventional cathode -ray tube gun and de- office or as an auxiliary home set.
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not one -hal through the
Wouldn't you Ilke to
flecting electrodes.
course yet. Honestly. I
wide
5%
ins.
but
The set measures
be your own Bose
cannot understand how
When used with proper sweep circuits and
you can give so much
with a regular cash in'dope' for so little money
come? Why envy those
amplifiers, the picture printed on the metallic by 41/4 ins. high and is housed in a 1A. H. lanole, Northbridge,
good
have
who
fellows
to
and
transmitted
Mass.
plate can be readily scanned
cabinet with 2- paying jobs
plastic
who
moulded
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piece
a
building toward fuLame $25 Monthly ipan Tlme
a receiver for reproduction on a standard tele- tone trimmings. A glance at the chassis are
"I am now doing spare
ture security? They are
vision viewing tube. It is also possible to use
time service work as a
All
than
you.
no
smarter
result of your training.
that it takes is Initiative.
the standard oscilloscope cathode -ray tubes for shown in Fig. B shows how compactly
Make around $25
per
month Installing a u t o
viewing, as demonstrated by the photographic the components are mounted.
George
receivers.
Iron -Clad Money Radio
B.
Herrington,
C.,
Canreproduction, Fig. B, of the image received on
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Small as the set is,
ada.
Back Agreement
a Du Mont type 34 -XH or 3 -inch oscilloscope
be satisfied
Mahoney Otte Job With San
uses 4 standard metal tubes and a thatYoumymust
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"I found that after
tube.
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three months of study I
selective,
as represented .
or
It
it's
or
reproducer;
Phasmatube
dynamic
-transmitting
The new image
was able to service sets
will
cost
you
nothing.
In a much more profesOur Inforratiolt Bureau will gladly Why
not cash In now on
jector operates on the principle of varying
sional manner. Business
the spare time or full
certainly showed an insecondary emission from the image plate. In supply manufacturers' names and adwaiting
time
jobs
for
crease. I recently received
the
scans
beam
-ray
other words, as the cathode
an offer from Sears Roetrained
men?
any items mentioned in properly
buck which I could not
Hundreds of fellows have
image on the metallic plate, varying amounts of dresses for
without
have
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urge
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I
cannot
a
enclose
Please
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-CRAFT.
having had your traindepending
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secondary electrons are released
you too strongly to get
Joseph Mahoney,
ing."
speor
metal
started Immediately In
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stamped, self-addressed envelope.
Radio.
cial ink used to print the picture. A larger
ray
number of electrons are released when the
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. .
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The varying voltage output is picked up by
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The
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high- impedance coupling and can modulateanya
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for
APRIL,
1938
5U, RADIO -PHONOGRAPH
DATA SHEETS NOS. 223, 224 and 225

oscilloscope screen. Shift the oscilloscope "Tim- order that the
expanding function may take
ing" switch to "Ext." Place the frequency modu- place in the proper
manner. A screwdriver adlator sweep -range switch to its "Lo" position justment is accordingly
provided to regulate the
and insert plug of the frequency -modulator cable 6L7 control-grid
No. 3 bias to the correct operin test -oscillator jack. Turn test- oscillator modula- ating value.
Two methods of adjustment are
tion switch to "Off." Re -tune the test oscillator applicable. Either
(increase frequency) until the forward and re- voltage of 300 volts method requires a normal
across the filter output. The
verse waves show on the oscilloscope screen and simplest method
is as follows:
become coincident at their highest points. This
Turn power switch off. Place RCA Stock No.
will occur at a test -oscillator setting of approxi- 12353
-Plate Adapter under the 6L7 audio mately 1,680 kc. Adjust trimmers C16, C37, and volumeSplit
expander. Connect a suitable D.C. milliamC5 again, setting each to the point which prometer to the adapter. Turn both the "Phonograph
duces the best coincidence and maximum amplivolume" and the "Dynamic amplifier" controls
tude of the images.
to their extreme counter -clockwise positions.
(h) Remove the plug of the frequency-modula- Turn on power switch
and allow a few minutes
tor cable from the test- oscillator jack. Turn test - for the
to become stabilized. Adjust
oscillator modulation switch to "On." Set oscil- expanderinstrument
loscope "Timing" switch to "Int." Tune test amplifier bias control R46, on rear apron of
(see Fig, 3), to give 1.0 milliampere
oscillator to 200 kc. (200-400 -kc. range). Tune of plate current
receiver for maximum response to this signal at dynamic amplifier. with no signal input to the
a dial reading of approximately 600 kc. The 3rd harmonic of the 200 -kc. signal is used for this
adjustment. Shift oscilloscope "Timing" switch LOUDSPEAKER
Centering of the loudspeaker voice coil is
to "Ext." Insert the plug of the frequency modulator cable in test-oscillator jack. Turn test - made in the usual manner with 3 narrow paper
oscillator modulation switch to "Off." Re -tune .feelers after first removing the front paper dust
the test oscillator (increased frequency) until cover. This may be removed by softening its
the forward and reverse waves show on the cement with a very light application of acetone,
oscilloscope screen. This will occur at a test - using care not to allow the acetone to flow down
oscillator setting of approximately 230 kc. Dis- into the air gap. The dust cover should be
regarding the fact that the 2 images may or may cemented on with ambroid.
not come together, adjust the oscillator magnetite
AUTOMATIC RECORD EJECTOR
core screw L9 ( top of large oscillator coil can)
to produce maximum (peak) amplitude of the
It is important when servicing the automatic
images. Shift the oscilloscope "Timing" switch mechanism, to have it placed on a level support.
to "Int." Remove the plug of the f requency- It is also important to refrain from forcing
modulator cable from the test- oscillator
the mechanism if there is a tendency to bind
Turn the test -oscillator modulation switchjack.
or jam, since bent levers and possibly broken
to
"On." Repeat adjustments in (g) above to com- parts may result.
pensate for any changes caused by the adjustThe tip of the record ejector is adjustable in
ment of L9 core, tightening lock -nuts on C16, relation to the turntable spindle, the two being
C37, and C5, respectively, after each is adjusted,
exactly coaxial when properly adjusted. To
align the tip, remove the rubber silencer of the
"Long Wave" Band
assembly, loosen ejector tip retaining nut
(i) Shift the oscilloscope "Timing" switch to ejector
"Int." Remove the plug of the frequency-modu- and slide the tip assembly to the position where
lator cable from the test -oscillator jack. Turn it is in true -line with the axis of the turntable
the test -oscillator modulation switch to "On." spindle. This adjustment may be simplified by
Place receiver range selector to its "Long wave"

position. Set the receiver dial pointer to 175 kc.
Tune the test oscillator to 175 kc. and increase
its output until a deflection is noticeable
on the
oscilloscope screen. Adjust oscillator
core screw L10 (located on top of small magnetite
oscillator
coil can) so that maximum (peak) amplitude
of output is shown on the oscilloscope screen.
(j) Set receiver dial pointer to 350 kc. Tune
test oscillator to 350 kc. Adjust the oscillator,
detector, and antenna air -trimmers C18, C38, and
C6 to produce maximum ( peak) output as
shown
by the waves on the oscilloscope screen. Without
disturbing the connections, shift the oscilloscope
"Timing" switch to "Ext." Place the frequencymodulator sweep -range switch to its "Hi" position and insert plug of frequency-modulator cable
in test -oscillator jack. Turn test-oscillator modulation switch to "Off." Re -tune the test oscillator
(decrease frequency) until the forward and reverse waves show on the oscilloscope screen and
become coincident at thlr highest points. This
will occur at a test -oscillator setting of approximately 198 ke. This setting places the test oscillator frequency to 175 kc. The 2nd -harmonic
is now used for the 350 kc. adjustment. Adjust
air -trimmers C18, C38, and C6, again, to produce
maximum amplitude of the images and best
coincident throughout their lengths.
(k) Re -tune the receiver to approximately
175 kc. so that the forward and reverse
waves
appear on the oscilloscope screen. Adjust the
oscillator magnetite core screw L10 to produce
maximum (peak) amplitude of the waves, disregarding the fact that the 2 images may or may
not come together.
(1) Shift the receiver dial setting to 350 kc.
without altering any other adjustments (frequency modulator still in operation ) Adjust air trimmers C18, C38, and C6, respectively, to produce maximum amplitude and best coincidence
of the waves. These adjustments compensate for
any changes caused by the adjustment of the
magnetite core screw L10. Tighten lock -nuts on
C18, C38, and C6, respectively, after each is
adjusted.
placing several records on the turntable, depressing the spindle through the top record hole and
lining up the ejector tip in the spindle hole of
the record.
To insure that the ejector tip rotates freely,
apply a slight amount of oil to the shank of
the tip at the point where it is in contact with
the ball bearing.
Radlotron Cathode Cuvent Readings
Measured with Milliamtneter Connected at Tube
Socket
Cathode Terminal under Conditions Similar to
Those of Voltage Measurements
I) RCA6K7.-RF Amp,.,
2) RCA15L7-1st Det......
5.0
3.7
7.0
5.0
ma.
ma.
ma.
( 4) RCA6K7-Ist I -F Amp...,,,..,
ma.
( 5) RCA6K7 -2nd lF Amp..... , y 7.5 ma.
( 6) RCA-6H6-2nd Det.-A.V.C...
( 7) RCA-6C5-Audio Voltage Amp '2.5
ma.
( 8) RCA-6E5-Tuning Tube
,,
( 9) RCA-6L7-Audio Volume Exp. 1.2 ma.
7.5 ma.
(10) RCA6C5-Audio Driver
ma.
(LI) RCA-6C5-Expander Amplifier. 4.0
1.9 ma.
(12) RCA-6H6-Expander
(
( 3)
RCA6j7 -07
Rectifier.,
(13) RCA,2A3-Power Outpyr
(14) RCA-2A3-Power Output...,,,,,41.8 ma.
41.8 ma.
(15) RCA-5Z3- Rectifier.
165 Ma.*
( *Cannot be measured at socket)
DYNAMIC AMPLIFIER ADJUSTMENTS

It is essential that correct voltages and
rents exist at the 6L7 audio expander stagecurin
RADIO -CRAFT
2"E
I
SU
A01.
La
450 At.
f TAANY
z
',
SEC
Vr
I, A,re(
n01.
Yd
I F nUNSf
a(iMVC
L27
SEC AEU.
46011C
600.[.
I29
Fig. 5, Model I5U chassis showing

the tuning catacomb, tubes and the positions of
I.F. transformers
and trimmers. See pages 690, 691,
and 693 for
additional service diagrams.
RADIO -CRAFT
for
APRIL,
707
1938
IT'S EASY TO BUILD THIS

"BROWNING -83" 4-BAND
SUPERHET.
EQUIP Your SHOP

THE MODERN WAY...

is not the case, as the triple -tuned I.F. circuit
has the characteristic of having a very steepsided resonance curve and, consequently, gives
exceptionally good selectivity as far as adjacent channel response is concerned.
Diode detection has been employed as well as
... at almost no
cost to you
automatic volume control. The audio system is

resistance- capacity coupled and comprises a 6F5,
a 6C5 and two 6F6 tubes in push -pull. The.
6C5 acts as a phase-inverter. A great many
circuits of this type were tried out to determine
which was the most fool -proof from the standpoint of the experimenter. Many of these circuits
utilize a separate tube for phase -inversion. In
such cases, the resultant quality is dependent
upon the amplification of the tube as well as
upon the resistors and condensers used in the
circuit. The circuit shown has the advantage
of having only two (20,000 -ohm) resistors and
two (0.1 -mf.) condensers which are at all critical. When the values of these component parts
are within 2%, practically the same signal in
reversed phase is fed to each of the 6F6 power
tubes and, consequently, they are operated in a
true push -pull manner. Even half the power
delivered from this push -pull amplifier is sufficient for any home requirements. Should it be
desired to use the receiver for auditorium or
public- address systems, the 6F6's may be connected to drive 6L6's or 6V6's.
A special high -grade speaker will be available
for the receiver, especially designed for the
circuit requirements by Wright -DeCoster. A
suitable baffle or a sound labyrinth is most
desirable.
In a subsequent instalment, performance
curves of the various component systems, as
Well as sound pressure curves emanating from
the sound speaker due to a modulating radio frequency signal being fed into the antenna circuit, will be given.
The ARCTURUS EQUIPMENT DEAL is un-
questionably the easiest, fairest and MOST
PROFITABLE plan ever offered whereby you

can obtain almost any kind of shop or test
.
at almost no cost to you.
equipment
Get the facts. Send the coupon at once.
Let us tell how well modernize your shop
the MODERN way -how you can make your
purchases of Radio's finest tubes mean
greater shop efficiency and better profits
in all your work.
ARCTURUS BRINGS YOU

A "NEW DEAL" IN FREE EQUIPMENT DEALS
Since the beginning of Radio, Arcturus tubes
have been first choice of discriminating users. They
are better engineered -scientifically constructed for
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new Arcturus Equipment Deal offers you a- double
profit from every tube you sell by bringing you
the finest servicing equipment under the fairest,
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you need, surprisingly few tubes need be
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once! Moreover, you buy Arcturus tubes
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LOWEST
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at standard prices, less standard discounts.

Not one cent has been added!
RCTU I 2
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INDEPENDENT TUBES FOR DEALERS WHO

DO THEIR OWN INDEPENDENT THINKING
ARCTURUS RADIO TUBE CO.

Newark. N. .1.
Without cost or obligation on my
details of your new equipment deal.
part,
-4
I
send
Name
Street
city
am a
dealer
i'
convenience.
My .robber
Fer
TRIPLETT
DELUXE MODEL
_onc
I aut
servicemau
paste coupon nn penny postcard.
RADIO -CRAFT'S
INFORMATION BUREAU
were given as to how many turns to make the
induction coils. I want to make one coil for
long waves and two coils for short waves. Each
'coil has two windings. How many turns shall I
!make on each coil for each winding?
(A.) Your letter does not indicate which longwave band you wish to cover. However, here
are the coil values for the short-wave bands.
All are calculated for use with a 140 mmf.
variable tuning condenser. For 10 -20 meters, primary 4 turns No. 31 ; secondary, 4% turns No. 22
.spaced at the rate of .6 turns per inch. For
20 -40 meters, pri. 6 turns ; sec. 10% turns spaced
12 turns per inch. For 40 -80 meters, pri. 7
turns, sec. 51% turns spaced 16 turns per inch.
For 80 -200 meters, pri. 15 turns, sec. 51% turns
spaced 40 turns to the inch. All coils are wound
on 114-inch tubing ; the wire used may be either
double silk covered or enameled. Primaries are
separated from secondaries by 3/32 -inch. If you
wish to try the broadcast band, wind a 22 -turn
'primary with a 112 -turn secondary.
The diagram you show is of a very old model.
The one shown in Fig. Q2 -395 will afford more
satisfactory results. The coil data for the 5 coils,
in the same order as above, follows : primaries
4 turns, 8 turns, 15 turns, 31 turns, 64 turns;
secondaries 5 turns, it turns, 23 turns, 50 turns,
.105 turns. Space between secondary turns, 3/16 inch, 3/32 -inch, 5/64 -inch, 1/32 -inch, 0 inch.
No space between primary and secondary. Wire,
H.S.C. or enameled. Primary No. 32, all coils.
Secondary, Nos. 26, 26, 26, 30, 32, respectively.
On the same forms, on the other side of the
primary coils, wind tickler coils 5 turns No. 32,
7 turns No. 32, 8 turns No. 30, 16 turns No. 30,
30 turns No. 32. Spacing between primary and
tickler, 3/32 -inch, 3/16 -inch, 3/32 -inch, 5/32 inch, 5/32 -inch. No space between turns. Reverse
tickler (plate) coil leads, T, if circuit doesn't
regenerate. The simplest way of course is to reverse these connections right at the socket
usually, the directions accompanying the coils
give sufficient data regarding this item.
2&tn 71ce
in
Any Direction For Direct

Working View With This
OSCILLOSCOPE
Now Available With 3" Tube
Model 1691, with 3" Cathode Ray
Tube. Dealer Price
Model 1690 -with 2" Cathode Ray

Tube. Dealer Price
(in Metal Case)
$62.50
$47 00
O
or through amplifiers with amplitude

control. Can be used with any typo frequency modulated
Signal Generator. 60 Cycle A.C. operated.
This new Triplett Oscilloscope is complete. In addition to

radio servicing, it has invaluable applications in radio
transmitter, sound equipment, industrial and educational.
Linear sweep from 15 to 20.000 cycles. Sweep (either

internal, external or 60 cycle) may be used through
amplifier or direct with amplitude control. Positive lock.
All controls on panel. No interactional controls.
fields.
The cathode ray tube with exclusive Triplett turret type

mounting can be moved up or down or to either side for
adjustment of the screen to an angle always in direct
alignment with the user's line of vision. Adjustable shield
can be pulled out to project beyond the screen for easy
1691 has
brightest daylight
snap -on shield.)
amplitude control,
ADVANTAGES
reading in
Exclusive Turret Type Tube Mounting for

Adjusting Screen to Any Angle for Direct
View
Extremely Brilliant Pattern
Linear Sweep 15 to 20,000 Cycles
2" and 3" Cathode Ray Tubes
on
Model
1690.
The special instruction book furnished is a treatise on

the subject every serviceman should have. It has been
prepared by one of the leading experts without sparing
costs. Nothing like it lias before been furnished.
(Model
Model 1690 also is available in black

leatherette carrying case with removable
cover. Dealer Net Price
The Oscilloscope incorporates separately controlled resistance coupled vertical and horizontal amplifiers. Vertical
and horizontal plates can be either direct coupled with
ETHE
164
TRIPLETT ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT
Harmon Dr.. Bluffton, Ohio

Please send me Catalog
Deluxe Line.
Name
Address
RADIO -CRAFT
,c
$51.00
on
New
CO.
Triplett
708
RADIO -CRAFT
for
APRIL,
1938
TELEVISION STUDENTS LEARN BY MAKING
CATHODE -RAY TUBES

and performance. (While it would be proaches at an angle when it enters
the
ideal to have adjustable elements in the magnetic field and continues
electron gun, no good solution which can this corkscrew motion through to show
it. When
be joined with present vacuum technique it leaves the magnetic
field, it travels
has been forthcoming.)
in a straight path like a ball thrown
from a whirling wheel. Obviously, if
Now
A Brand -New RCA AC
ELECTRON EMISSION
the magnetic field is not adjusted so as
Our experiments on obtaining the to focus all of the electrons at one point
Oscillator At Lowest Price Ever
most suitable electron emitter included in their corkscrew motion, then, several
a simple, pure -nickel filament coated sections of the corkscrew will be visible
Stock No. r S3,'complete with RCA Metal Tubes
with barium and strontium carbonate on the screen as shown beyond the focus
mixture. This coating was applied with point.
Completely AC opGIANT DIAL!
a spray or by dipping in a solution. The
erased.
Wide
freThus, a magnetic coil may
ONE -VOLT OUTPUT!
used to
quency range-100
solution consisted of 90 parts amyl focus the electron stream, but be
RCA METAL TUBES! to 30,000 kcs. Harany
acetate and 10 parts of collodion with magnetic field not properly shapedstray
monics of last band
will
enough_ powder to form a fast-drying distort the path of the electrons,
may be used for ultra -high frequency testing.
6 bands. Dial scale length over 50 inches.
"white paint." When the coating was if an alternating current through and
Calibration accuracy of 2 %.
thick and pebbly, like the snow on a heater cathode element is permitted the
Three attenuator taps plus fine control
to
refrigerator pipe, the best results were develop a magnetic field it will distort
give continuous control of output from zero
obtained. If the coating was too thin, the path of the electrons at the start.
to 0.25 volts. Maximum output 1 volt
A
Internal modulation - 30% at approxiwhich we found was recommended by directly -heated filament is more difficult
mately 400 cycles. Jack provided for exsome workers, it would wear away in to properly design than the heater type
ternal amplitude modulation.
spots very quickly when in use; on the so that the magnetic field does not interExternal frequency modulation jack proother hand, if the coating was too thick, fere with the electron path. We were,
vided. 400 cycle output at approximately 8
volts provided for audio circuit testing.
it would chip off during formation when therefore, very pleased to observe
Attractive blue -gray wrinkle finish case
first heated up. We were unable to we obtained as much emission fromthat
the
with snap handle.
measure the thickness of a good coating heater -type emitter as from the directly
and simply resorted to using 3 spray heated type of filament.
coatings with a uniform mixture, letting the coating dry between each coat. FORMING THE FILAMENT (EMITTER)
The thickness of the coating affected the
The process of "forming the filament,"
PROFIT life
more than the original emission. is important. The gas must
RCA Manufacturing Co., Inc., Camden, N.J.
Very thin coatings emitted as well as exhausted from the vessel be totally
A Service of Radio Corporation of America
the thick ones during the first few possible before forming as well as
is started.
hours. (Emission, in this case, means When the emitter
is
formed,
the current between cathode and plate.) brought up to a temperature it is
higher
We found no difference in perform- than normal and then a potential difance between the direct -heater type of ference of 20 volts is applied between
coated filament and the indirect type the emitter and the nearest anode which
(described in the preceding install- is, of course, charged positively to dement), but the heater-type emitter was velop a small electron current. This
far more durable and less subject to electron current increases steadily startburn -out. The emitter end was flat while ing from zero, and chemical combina. . . THE FORBIDDEN
in the case of the direct-heater filament, tion between the mixture and the nickel
KNOWLEDGE OF TIBET
the shape was not quite so satisfactory. appears to take place. If any gas
is
The heater type also has the advantage present in the tube, or the voltage is
What strange secrets of nature are
locked within the mountain fastof having a smaller alternating current raised high enough to ionize the small
ness of Tibet? What control over
magnetic field to distort the cathode ray remaining gas which is usually present
the forces of the Universe do these
cloistered sages exercise? For cenor electrons leaving the surface. When until the pumping operation has been
turies the world has sought to know
electrons move from the surface of the entirely completed, then, the positive
the source of their power-to learn
their mastery of life, and their faculty
heated filament toward a positively- molecules will bombard the filament
for overcoming problems with which
charged anode and move through a surface and tear away large pieces of
the masses of mankind still
struggle. Have they selmagnetic
field, they will follow the 3- the emitter materials.
fishly deprived humanity
fingered "motor rule" for the motion of
of these rare teachings?
The life of the
is greatly
a conductor passing a current through reduced nd affected filament
WRITE FOR THIS
if
this
is
permitted.
a magnetic field (only, of course, using The longest life can
FREE BOOK
be
obtained
by
the right hand for electron direction forming the filament
Like the streams that
trickle from the Himinstead of the left). If the magnetic and with an absence at low potentials
alayan heights to the
of gas according
field is properly shaped, the electrons to our brief
plateaus below, the
and
incomplete
observagreat truths of these
will describe a cork -screw type of path tions. However,
these same cathodes,
brotherhoods have
and
converge
at
one
point called the once well formed,
descended through the
ages. One of the preservfocus, provided the magnetic field en- electronic currents can emit powerful
ers of this wisdom of the
in the presence of
circles the electron beam coaxially as gas up to 20 millimeters
sages is the Rosicrucian
or more in
Brotherhood (not a reshown in Fig. 4A. Here, the electron pressure and
such
ligious organization). They
emitters
are used in
assumes a path of least work and any our powerful
invite you to write today for
glow
-discharge
lamps.
their FREE Sealed Book,
work done by it is returned to the sys- The filament
is most badly taxed when
with its amazing revelatem.
That
is,
the
magnetic field simply the gas is at those extremely
tions about these myslow presteries of life. Address:
alters
the
motion
of the electron, and sures which are
Scribe C.N.Y.
low
enough
to
permit
both the magnetic field and the electron cathode rays
to be formed and still high
work
so
that
no energy is taken away enough
the ROSICRUCIANS
form a "glow discharge"
AMORC
from either the moving electron or the where theto velocity
SanJose,Colif,
of the positive molemagnetic field in order to bring about cules is very
U.S. A.
high.
Therefore, small
focusing
the
action. The electron spirals traces
in a cathode -ray tube
around any line of force which it ap- shorten ofthegas
filament life tremendously.
Please Say That You Saw It in. RADIO-CRAFT
...
FOR
RADIO -CRAFT
for
APRIL,
709
1938
using magnetic or electrostatic fields

to optical practice. We, therefore,
searched for a design which followed
the best procedure used in projection
systems, for it was evident that we were
dealing with a problem similar to a
projector. A good projection system
follows the design shown in Fig. 4D. A
reflector is placed immediately behind
thin collector lens
the source of light
is used immediately in front of it to
work as close as possible to the source
and then two other condensing lenses
are used to converge the light upon the
aperture that is to be projected. If this
were a motion picture projector or a
magic lantern, the film would be placed
at the aperture. A corrected lens is
then used to project the image at the
aperture on the screen. Thus, the function of the condenser lenses is to direct
as much light as possible through the
aperture. It is self -evident that equivalent electron gun design is desirable.
The RCA Projection Kinescope recently developed has an electric design
which follows the best optical procedure
in equivalent electric focusing systems.
The first aperture appars to act as a
reflector and the cathode is placed immediately in front of it. Thus, any electrons emitted are partially pushed
through the first hole. The holes in the
FOCUSING THE CATHODE RAY
discs become successively smaller as
the electrons are accelerated and finally
coil
We then tried placing a magnetic
about the neck of the tube and observed converge upon the final aperture and
then
that the beam focused to a small spot. cross and again diverge. They are magthe
of
a
combination
by
focused
The spot, however, had considerable
distortion and was far from what could netic coil and the aquadag coating to a
be very acceptable for a "television" point on the end of the screen as shown
in Fig. 4E.
cathode -ray tube.
In Fig. 4F we show a method tried
in
front
We then tried placing 2 discs
is entirely electrostatic. This has
that
the
in
holes
small
with
emitter
of the
of not requiring any outadvantage
center as shown in Fig. 4C. The disc the
The performance of
coil.
focusing
side
from
closest to the emitter was varied
satisfactory than all
more
was
this
gun
potennegative
to
a
or
zero to a positive
tial at will, while the disc on the outside other guns tried. It is capable of brilwas charged to a high positive poten- liant performance. At this point, we felt
tial. The magnetic coil was used to focus that we had obtained a brilliant and
the image of the aperture or the fila- bright enough spot and suitable focusment. When the first disc was charged ing means for any reasonable television
zero, we were able to see an image of tube. So our next steps had to consist
the emitter surface. It looked very much of investigating methods whereby the
like an astronomical photograph of the intensity of the beam could be varied
sun. It had small pits like volcanoes and uniformly from darkness to maximum
as the first disc was slightly varied brilliancy without obtaining a variation
in potential, huge streamers were seen in the size of the spot that was detrito project from it according to the mental in order to conclude our first
screen image. It was evident that we experiments with electron gun design.
were focusing an electron image with The results obtained concerning this
electric means very similarly to the way work will be published in our next issue.
This article has been prepared from
we focused light images with lenses.
supplied by courtesy of American
data
has
subject
on
the
literature
Various
compared electric focusing methods- Television Institute.
Even when the gas is at such a low

pressure and the potentials low enough
so that no visible glow takes place, the
"invisible bombardment" shortens the
life of the filament.
This can be demonstrated by comparing the life of identical filaments in
tubes that have been exhausted for various numbers of hours ranging from 4
hours up to 4 days on a good pump.
The tube that is exhausted for 4 days
will have better life and the filament
will emit at a lower temperature. We
can see from these tests why it pays to
pump tubes for a long time.
After we concluded a satisfactory
number of filament tests, we put a small
hole in the plate immediately in front
of the emitter and tested the emission.
Such a setup is shown in Fig. 4B.
We observed that after the gas was
removed the electron current was much
lower than one without the plate, and
it was evident that the remaining electrons were shooting straight through
the hole. By placing a fluorescent screen,
on the end of the tube immediately in
front of the aperture, we were pleased
to observe a uniform glow over the en-tire surface indicating the arrival of
cathode rays.
-a
11
RIDER'S.....
Out Front Again"

Says Service Manager of
Leading Set Manufacturer
That HOW IT WORKS section in RIDER MANUAL Volume VIII, certainly puts Rider out front
again! It makes clear the underlying theory you

must understand when working on complicated
1938 receivers."
In addition to 64 pages on HOW IT WORKS,
plus the 148 -page INDEX, Volume VIII includes
1650 pages on essential service data on 1715
models of over 100 manufacturers. Yet, the price
is the some as last year's Volume-510.001
RIDER BOOKS BANISH
&QwildQ1'J?tQnL
Radio Technicians get a sure grasp of
the underlying theory of modern sets by
using up -to -date Rider Books.
AUTOMATIC FREQUENCY
CONTROL SYSTEMS
With Automatic Frequency Control Circuits in
most new higher -priced models, knowledge of
"AFC" means money in your pocket) Learn
the practical facts, from these easy-to- understand explanations. Get your copy today.
Cash in on profitable "AFC" work. Hard
51.00.
.
covers. 144 pp.
.
THE CATHODE -RAY TUBE

Written especially so you can understand the
subject. With introduction of new, cheaper
Cathode -Ray Tubes, this book is even more
indispensable for its complete practical information on Oscillographs, etc. 336 pp. 450
S2 50
illustrations
SERVICING SUPERHETERODYNES
Changes, changes, changes) That .has been
the history of the superheterodyne circuit. Make
repairs quickly by analyzing the different parts
of the circuit quickly. Rider shows you how in
this revised edition which has 288 profusely
illustrated pages
S1
00
"AN HOUR A DAY WITH

RIDER" BOOKS -so
each
ON AUTOMATIC VOLUME CONTROL

will speed up your AVC work. 96 pp. 65 Illus.
ON RESONANCE 6 ALIGNMENT. You
"LEARN -BY- EXPERIMENTING" BEGINNERS'

PRACTICAL RADIO COURSE
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON PAGE 703
When testing various resistances compared with a good part, will allow:
with an ohmmeter, the part having a (more current) to flow.
higher resistance will allow: (less cur4. The movingcoil -type meter, as
rent) to flow.
with the vane -type meter, is
compared
2. A part having an open- circuit, as (more sensitive).
compared with a good part, will allow:
5. The ohmmeter used here measures
(tii current) to flow.
(D.C.
resistance).
a
shortcircuit,
as
3. A part having
1.
need thisl
96 pp.
48 Illus.
DISTRIBUTION IN
How d -c voltages are
led to tube elements, etc. 96 pp. 69 illus.
ON ALTERNATING CURRENTS IN RADIO
ON D -C VOLTAGE
RADIO RECEIVERS.
RECEIVERS-with drawings and diagrams.
JOHN F. RIDER, PUBLISHER

1440 Broadway, New York City
YOU NEED ALL
MANUALS
710
RADIO -CRAFT
for
APRIL,
1938
NEW! AUDIO "EXPRESSOR" FOR SOUND SYSTEMS
Have all the radio equipment you want when

you want itl A few dollars down will bring you
the latest and finest equipment. Everything for
the "Horn", Service Man and Experimenter. All at
rock -bottom prices -ALL sold on convenient Time
Payments. Send for your FREE copy of Wards 1938
Radio Catalog NOW.
MONTGOMERY WARD
Sound Systems, Inter -Office
Communication Systems, Radio -
Phonographs, Auto Radios, Etc.

Testing Instruments, "Ham" Transminers and Receivers, Kits, Parts,
Accessories, Tools, Etc.
MONTGOMERY WARD
Dept. RZ -8, CHICAGO
Please send me my FREE
copy of Wards 1938 Radio
Catalog. I have checked
Items above in which I am
especially interested.
NAME
ADDRESS_
CITY
FoR
"
II
EJ
components built
HAMMARLUND
into your receiver means greater "DX." The "MC" midget condensers together with the "SWK"
17.270 meter "XP -53" low -loss coil
set, and the type "S" Isolantite socket
are matched parts "built for `DX'."
Send coupon for 1938 catalog.
HAMMARLUND MFG. CO., Inc.
RC-4.38
424-438 W. 33 St., N. Y. City
(
) Please mall me new "38" catalog
Name
Address
City
State

If a well-monitored symphonic record
Figure 2 shows how the mutual conis played -back on any high -quality ductance of the 6S7G is increased
standard, or voice amplifier, it cannot lowering the control -grid bias and by
the
sound real, because the loud "peaks" effective suppressor-grid voltage.
have been depressed and the low "valleys" have been raised. In fact, all THE COMPRESSOR ACTION
OF THE
symphonic records are characteristically,
EXPRESSOR
devoid of their original dynamic volume
The reversing switch (S1) reverses
range, and therefore sound "fiat ". It is the rectifier output
this "fiat" effect that robs the finest the negative voltagevoltage and causes
to be applied to
symphonic recordings of their realism, both the controland
suppressor- grids.
and enables the layman to tell the dif- This effectively
reduces
the mutual conference between a recording and an ductance of
the
tube
lowers
and
actual rendition.
output voltage when high input siginals are present. Its action exactly complements the performance of the e
THE VOLUME EXPANDER
pander. In fact, reverse expansiol
Sound engineers have long known the actually
takes place. By proper adjustexistence of this defect and have labored
ment
of
the expressor control, a concontinuously to rectify this undesirable
output voltage can be maintained
condition. The problem finally evolved stant
the wide range of input signal
itself around the development of a cir- over
levels
cuit which would "expand" the dynamic volumeso that effective automatic audio
control will take place.
range of symphonic recordings so as to
neutralize the effect of compressive
monitoring. The volume expansion cir- UNUSUAL APPLICATIONS
The unit has been designed for concuit, as finally perfected, actually undoes the monitoring and enables the venient use with any and all existing
recorded version to be played back in type amplifiers. It will be noted (Fig.
exact conformity with the original A) that optional low- impedance input
and output transformers are available
rendition.
What the expander actually does is should it be necessary to match the imto raise the "peaks" (make the loud pedance of any pickup or amplifier inpassages louder). This condition pro- put circuit. By inserting the expressor
duces the effect of lowering the valleys into the microphone circuit -by plug(making the low passages lower), so ging mike into expressor, and expresthat rendition is restored to its original sor into amplifier- either expansion
fullness. To listen to a volume expander or compression can be applied to voice
amplifier for the first time is a revela- or musical pick -up. Ordinarily, the extion. In fact, it is only the absence of pander should not be applied to speech.
the orchestra itself that enables the The expressor (in the expander posilistener to tell the difference between tion) , however, will add some expresthe real and reproduced version of a sion to a monotoned orator.
A striking demonstration of the value
recorded selection. (Expansion circuits
as an integral part of an amplifier cir- of automatic audio volume control can
cuit have been described in past issues be shown by adjusting the maximum
of Radio- Craft. In this article, instead, output of the system to identical values
Mr. Shaney tells how to make up an in- with and without compression. The use
dependent or "add-on" expansion [and of the compressor will then result in
material increase of power output at
compression] unit. Editor)
reduced input signals. In other words,
should the orator turn away front the
EXPANDER ACTION OF THE EXPRESSOR
'microphone, the sensitivity of the sysA cursory examination of the sche- tem will automatically
so as
matic circuit in Fig. 1 will disclose how to mintain, within veryincrease,
narrow
limits,
the input signal is fed into both the a constant output. This extraordinary
6S7G remote plate current cut -off tube effect is highly desirable in
and the control amplifier section of the where performers resent installations
the idea of
6C8G.
burying their faces in the microphone.
The control section amplifies the
By inserting the expressor into the
input signal and rectifies it in the diode phono circuit, and
plugging the phono
section. The rectifier voltage which ap- pickup into the input
jack of the expears across its load resistor (I/2 -meg.) pressor, either expansion
or compresis applied through a time -delay circuit sion can be applied
to phono recordings.
to both the control -grid and the sup- If the maximum
level of the syspressor -grid of the 6S7G. A time delay tem be adjusted tooutput
identical values with
circuit is inserted into the control -grid and without expansion,
circuit so as to produce a pleasing rate expander will appear the use of the
to materially reof expansion. The suppressor -grid, duce scratch.
however, acts more rapidly (although under actual In fact, it can be shown
demonstration that scratch
not as effectively) to preserve expan- can be completely
eliminated from recsion of staccato passages. It will be ords ordinarily
characterized
by objecnoted that, during expansion, a posi- tionable scratch.
tive voltage is developed across the sages are adjustedIf the low -level pasto provide equivalent
rectifier section. This lowers the effec- output with
and
without
expansion, it
tive bias on the 6S7G and raises its will be noted
that high -level passages
mutual conductance.
will greatly increase the power output
-
.;
for
RADIO -CRAFT
APRIL,
NEVER BEFORE
the small sum of 10e
brought you so much as we
offer in our 1938 edition 64
has
300
TESTED
FAKERS
In this book you will find all
the real money makers which
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64 PAGES
;::-.T")' . .,-,,t..
711
1938
over the normal high -level output of the

system, and thereby produce a much
desired realistic playback performance.
It is of course taken for granted that
the power amplifier will handle this
higher output without introducing undue distortion.
On the other hand, should phono recordings be used for dance purposes in
large dance halls where a constant
power output is desired, compression
may be applied to the phono circuit
so as to provide a more uniform output
regardless of fluctuations in recording.
spare time.
UNUSUAL FEATURES OF THE EXPRESSOR
WE ONLY ASK
It will be noted that the unit employs

a 6115 cathode-ray indicator to visually
YOU TO DEPOSIT THE SMALL SUM OF

TEN CENTS WITH US. IF
RETHREE
DAYS AFTER
CEIPT OF THE BOOK YOU
DO NOT THINK IT WORTH
indicate the degree of compression or

expansion present. A number of new
design principles have been used in proNew
Do not fail to send for this important book -the postIt's sent
Edition has just been published.
ducing the power transformer, chokes,
ostare
genuine,
plans
of
these
paid. Remember all
plan has been tried out
JUST IDEAS, but every
and input and output transformers. A
successfully. Send coin or U. S. postage stamps.
dual coil hum -bucking construction is
NATIONAL PLANS INSTITUTE
used throughout, so as to avoid undue
New York City
246R Fifth Avenue
magnetic or inductive pick -up. A 3 -stage
filter system is employed to completely
eliminate the plate- circuit hum.
-OHMETER
VOLT
801
Hum usually produced from heater MODEL
to- cathode and heater -to -plate emission
The Serviceman's Favorite!
A sensationally low priced instruhas been completely eliminated by
ment that will prove itself to be the
raising the heater 200 volts above
busiest meter in your shop. Its
accuracy plus its compactness makes
it indispensable to the servicemen ground so that the heater potential is
for general test purposes.
higher than any other element in the
The D'Arsonval type moving coil
meter is accurate within 2 %. The
6S7G, thereby effectively preventing
low resistance scale is calibrated
from 0 -500 ohms with 50 ohms at
emission to the screen -grid, cathode, and
the center of the scale, thus perplate circuits. This high "bias" potential
readings
resistance
accurate
mitting
down to 1 ohm. The high resistance
does not affect the performance of the
scale is calibrated from 0- 500,000
ohms. No external batteries are
other tubes in the unit.
required for either scale.
DC voltage up to 1000 can be deterThe addition of this expressor to any
mined. Individual jacks provide for
0 -5, 0 -50, 0 -500 and 0 -1000 volt
microphone or phono circuit will not
temp'
and
battery
with
complete
price,
only add considerable flexibility to the
dealers
Net
Not
prods
reproducing ability of the amplifier
MODEL 801A AC-DC Volt- Ohm -Milliameter
system, but will also add approximately
Contains the same characteristics as Model 801 Volt20
db.to any input circuit (when volume
Ohmeter, with these additional features.
Reading Available:
control is on full). This will enable the
0-5-50-500 and 1000
and
use of low -level microphones with
ohms; 5-50-500
volts 0..;
D.C.
mills.
1000
$9.95 amplifiers designed for high-level inStock No. 801A. Specially priced
puts. In other words, the unit may
also be used as a preamplifier when
TRY -MO RADIO CO, Inc.
NEW YORK. N. Y.
85 CORTLANDT STREET
additional gain is desired.
The entire unit when completed
Correspondence Courses In
measures 14 ins. long, 6 ins. wide, and
81/2 ins. tall. It weighs approximately
RADIO dfld LFCTRICAL f NGINOERING
Get good grasp
12 lbs. and can be readily attached to
ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL
Low Cost, for secure fufie d. Prepare yourself, at can
any existing amplifier. Questions will
understand ouicklyModern,
radio. pub.
Extra
finn course in radio,
yr
be gladly answered by the author. AdRADIO
lic address, photo -electric work.
tube
Trains you to be super -service man, real onvacuum
completion.
him care of Radio -Craft.
technician. Exper. kits furnished. Diploma
plani dress
TEN TIMES THE AMOUNT.
WE WILL CHEERFULLY REFUND YOUR MONEY.
$25,
Deferred payment NOW!

SE st
of
zin
magazines, complete details. El1D NOW!
either course.
Bot 931
-73. LINCOLN, NEBR.
CANADA'S "INTERFERENCE
DETECTIVES"
$500,000 GENUINE
MAJESTIC -GRIGSBY GRU
REFRIGERATOR a
RADIO PARTS.
FOR MODELS
PRIOR TO
O1N
UNITS
GUARANTEED 18 MONTHS.
SEND FOR PRICE LIST.
G d G GENUINE MAJESTIC RE-
1936
FRIGERATOR a RADIO PARTS SERVICE

5801 W. DICKENS AVE. CHICAGO, ILL.
A. C. plants. furnish same current sa city

lines, 110 toit, 1.0 t'ycle. For farms, campe,
construction Jobs. Operato adios, water eye.
teal-, .11 appliances. New models. 350 to 5000
watts. 0, 12,32 and 110 volt D.C. Models $57.50
and lip. AI-0 combination A. C. - D.C. units,
Shipped complete, ready to rue.
Write for details.
D. W. ONAN 8 SONS
Ave.. Minneapolis, Mlnnesete
Royalston
064
Onan
COST

it may be corrected by reversing the outside loop
leads.
MORE
NO
UTAH Vibrators are TOUGH!

Impartial tests prove it. But
UTAH research still goes on.

That's why the UTAH factory
is responsible for practically
every major improvement in
vibrator design. And the 1938
UTAH Vibrator is the finest
and toughest ever made! Give
your customers the vibrator
that "can take it." Just say
UTAH to your jobber.
V,
J
J
J
J
FREEGet
LINCOLN ENGINEERING SCHOOL,
4/
LAST LONGER
WORK BETTER
Corrosion -free contacts because of patented rubber liner.

Longer reed life because bending strains are evenly distributed.
Shorter leads reduce interference. Held steady with clamps.
Breakage is practically impos"
sible.
Tungsten contact points. Self cleaning.

Lower rubber liner accurately
molded to firmly support
mechanism.
Rubber liner consists of two
parts beveled to make a closer
fit and suppress noise.
Patented
UTAH
features
make this the finest vibrator

ever made.
(D) Probe Reception:
The probe antenna is connected to the terminals PP and reception is obtained by closing the
switch (SW.1) on the "probe" side and the switch
(SW.2) on "R ", leaving the switch (SW.3) on
the "loop" side. The probe transformer secondary
is now tuned by one -half the gang condenser
marked "Tuning ".
Once the source of interference has been
located, steps must be taken to overcome it. This
is done by repairing or replacing defective parts,
repairing poor contacts, removing causes of leakage, etc. However the procedure for remedying
various sources of noise constitutes the subject
matter of subsequent instalments.
RADIO -CRAFT
Your jobber has UTAH vibrators for all auto and farm radios.
Get the best. Always say "Utah!"
UTAH RADIO PRODUCTS CO.

CHICAGO, U. S. A.
IBUENOS AIRES -UCOA RADIO PRODUCTS CO.
712
RADIO -CRAFT
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN
...
is your answer
if you get
FREE
EQUIPMENT the
EASY NATIONAL UNION WAY

No need to wish you might have the fine
modern equipment you see advertised .
you can have it. National Union will give it
to you with purchases of National Union
radio tubes and condensers. It's easier now
than ever with both tubes and condensers to
apply against your purchase agreement. Find
out . . . . Ask your distributor.
If you don't
know who your nearest N.U. distributor
is,
send coupon
or write-right now!
N. U. TUBES and CONDENSERS
are
QUALITY PRODUCTS
Thousands
of top notchers in the Radio Service

Engineering profession are depending
on National
Union quality. Its the kind of precision
and value
that makes good friends for you. National
Union
quality will never let you down
The
National
Union guarantee is your assurance.
..
NATIONAL UNION RADIO CORPORATION
570 Lexington Avenue

New York City
Who is the nearest N.U.
RC -438
distributor?
Name
Address
LCity-
---
State
vtua
JOBBER
/04 the NEW
ST4CoR
"FIAMAN UAL"
New Tubes
New Circuits
16 NEW TRANSMITTERS
5
WATTS TO
1000
WATTS
STANDARD TRANSFORMER
CORPORATION
850
BLACK HAWK STREET, CHICAGO
2(Grt4. atrOtte,4ee
Cornell- Dubilier type
BR
dry electrolytics
(illustrated here actual size) are the last

word in efficient compact filter capacitors.
Hermetically sealed aluminum case gives
absolute protection against heat and humidity. Write for catalog flyer No. 154A, TODAY!
CORNELL - DUBILIER ELECTRIC CORP.
1014 Hamilton Blvd., So. Plainfield, N. J.
THE ELECTRONIC PIANO

The newest instruments to be introduced commercially are electronic pianos which use conventional piano cases, strings, keys and hammer
actions, pedals, etc. However, they : have no
sound boards. Opposite the strings for each
note is a pick -up screw near the bridge ends.
These screws all connect together, carry polarizing voltage, and feed into the first amplifier
tube grid through a blocking condenser, just as
in the case of the guitar. The strings and plate
are grounded to the amplifier chassis. The inside of the piano case is painted with aquadag
(colloidal graphite) to shield out external electrostatic hum fields, as before.
Since each note frequency has an adjustment
of pick -up output voltage, by its distance adjustment from its strings, it is here possible
to tone regulate, or "voice ", the sound ,level
output separately for each note of the scale,
and thus compensate for any irregularities, at
particular frequencies, in the amplifier or
speaker frequency characteristic. These pick -ups
respond in no way to air -borne sound waves, so
they offer no means for acoustic feedback. Indeed, 50 -watt power .amplifiers and 18 -inch,
high -efficiency reproducers are being installed
right in the piano case. These produce output
sound levels as high as 110 db. at 10 feet, or
more than 5 times those of the largest concert
grand pianos of conventional types using mechanical sound boards for tone production.
Near the string ends the high overtones are
strong ; near the middle these are weak and the
lower ones are strong ; at the string middle only
the odd -numbered partials are present ; at other
positions there is no 2nd or 3rd, or 4th or other
partials.
Once pick -up position is determined and fixed
in the design, there is still plenty of tone quality
variation possible by low -pass, high -pass, or
band -pass filters. A volume control attached to
a swell pedal enables the electronic pianist to do
APRIL,
1938
Westinghouse
Power Generator
ELECTRONIC MUSIC
and magnetic pick -up units for translating the
string vibrations into magnetic field fluctuations,
then into electric voltages, and finally into
sound, by amplifier and loudspeaker.
A better type of pick -up involves substitution
of electrostatic for magnetic pick -up ; an adjustable metallic screw is placed near each string.
These electrodes are connected together, and
shielded from external electrostatic hum fields by
a small metal housing. The housing shield is
connected to' the strings, to the shield of a 1wire shielded cable and to amplifier ground.
The central wire is connected to the pick -up
electrodes. Well -filtered polarizing voltage is
taken from the amplifier and applied to this
wire at the amplifier end through a 10- megohm
charging resistance to polarize the pick -up electrodes with respect to the grounded strings of
the instrument. Such polarizing voltage is kept
off the amplifier grid by a blocking condenser.
The amplifier needs more gain than is necessary for the magnetic pick -up but this presents
no difficulty whatever. Properly shielded electrostatically, this pick -up will not respond to
any stray electrostatic or electromagnetic hum
fields. The magnetic pick -up responds to both
types and it is very difficult to shield it from
the latter.
The electrostatic pick -up is much more linear
in its operation than the magnetic, since the
capacity change is a function of the first power
of distance the magnetic type operates more
nearly on a square law principle and thus itself
causes distortion of the waveform of the string
vibration as translated into electrical alternating voltage.
Another advantage of the electrostatic pick -up
is that it may be used even with gut strings as
on violins, violoncello, double basses, etc. The
strings, from a conducting bridge to the pick -up
electrodes, need only be slightly conducting for
perfect operation. This conductivity may be
given them ,by penciling them with
lead
(graphite) pencil, by liquid aquadag, or any
other method. With properly arranged pick -ups,
such as two electrodes for each string between
and out of which the string vibrates, the string
need not even be conducting, as it is a dielectric
of different dielectric constant than air, and
its motion in the electrostatic field between the
two electrodes sets up an alternating voltage,
just As in the case of the conducting string.
for
200
Manufactured for U. S. Signal Corp.
Watt.
A. C. ELECTRICAL POWER
from
Windmill, from
a
available Waterpower, from your
Automobile, from your Motorcycle, from
your Bicycle. Foot.
pedals or Handcrank (for transportable Radio
Strong Floodlights, Advertising Signs); do Transmitters,
you want to
operate AC Radio sets from 32 V. DC farm
systems;
operate two generators in series to get 200 V.light
AC; obtain
two phase and three phase AC, etc., etc.
There Are Over 25 Applications

Some of which are :
A.C. Dynamo lighting from eight to ten 20

Watt 110
Volt lamps. Short Wave Transmitter
110 Volte
AC for operating "Ham" transmitter.supplying
Operating
AC 60 Cycle Radio Receiver in DC districts. Motor110 V.
Oen.erator. Publio Address Systems.
Electric Sirens on motor
boats, yachts, etc. Camp Lighting.
Short Wave artificial
fever" apparatus. Television. Pelton
for
lighting or other purposes. Airplane: for Waterwheel
lighting strong
search lights or electric signs. Laboratory work,
etc., etc.
14 to
% H.P. needed to run generator.
BLUE -PRINT 22 x 28 in. and Four -Page
8t/z x 12 in. INSTRUCTION SHEETS
FREE with Generator.

Generator, as described, including tour rePlacement carbon brushes. Blue -print and
instructions
9
_
Send $2.00 deposit balance C.O.D.

Shipping weight 18 lbs.
offourr..eSet of Instructionsboughtesepa
separate
MONEY -BACg OUARANTEE
pset
WELLWORTH TRADING COMPANY

560
West Washington Blvd.,
Dept. RC -4 -38,
Chicago, Illinois
SWAP & SELL
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RADIO -CRAFT
APRIL,
WANTED ..
713
9 38
what the organist has long done with control

of dynamic nuances. These instruments represent the first important improvement in the
piano in hundreds of years and extend immeasurably the horizons for pianistic literature
and musicians. ( See "Latest Tone-Controlled
Electronic Piano," Jan. 1937 Radio-Craft. Also
the book, "A Fugue in Cycles and Bels," by John
Mills, [Part III -An Electrical Future for Music].
-Editor)
MISCELLANEOUS NEW INSTRUMENTS

What of other new developments? In addition to these organs, pianos, guitars, and
violins, we have developed numerous other electronic instruments. ( See illustrations.)
Among these is a small Swiss music box
whose plucked reeds (producing barely audible
tones themselves) are provided with an electrostatic pick -up which, with a powerful ampliTRANSMITTING
fier produce the tones of a huge bell carillon.
This was used, in one town, for audio broadcasting of carols on last Christmas eve.
They'll stand the overloads.
Another is a bass viol with very big and
fine tones ; no viol body is necessary and only
No breakdowns, "opens" or
a long, narrow wood board is used to support
coating cracks. No damage
the strings, bridge, pick -up and tuning pins.
by moisture.
Another instrument is a battery of 13 kettleyears,
For more than five
drum -tone producers consisting only of bass
IRC Cement Coated Power
viol gut strings about 2 feet long and fitted
Wire Wounds have been
with electrostatic pick -ups, amplifier and reproving their superiority.
producer!
Another of our developments is an electronic
Today you'll find them specharmonica which produces tones as powerful
ified for the most difficult
as those of a large organ, and of beautiful
industrial, aircraft, naval
quality. We have made this with both electrostatic
appliand communications
and magnetic pick -ups for the brass reeds.
where there
cations
We have also developed electronic reed instrumust be no resistor failures.
ments like clarinets and saxophones. In these
Write for IRC Catalog No.42.
a tiny, very thin sliver of magnetic iron alloy
is cemented to the bamboo reed, near the tip
on its inner side. Inside the mouthpiece is
mounted a very small, slender, magnetic pick -up
well insulated against the moisture of condensed breath, having its pole tip opposite the
iron armature on the vibrating reed. Since the
reed has reflected into its motion all the
RESISTANCE COMPANY
harmonics of the instrument's enclosed and vi401 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, Pa.
brating air column, this pick -up develops alternating voltage waveforms just like those of
the instrument's output sound waves, and the
amplifier produces the sounds of the instrument.
However, since these are solo -type instruments
playing only one note at a time, various types
of distortions may be introduced in the amplifier
to alter the output tone quality without in the
least developing bad musical effects. In fact a
by extreme amplifier overloading, may
For the Technician and Craftsman clarinet,
be made to sound as blatant and brassy as a
trumpet. It is even possible, by use of a balanced
CONTENTS OF BOOK
full-wave rectifier, to jump the whole pitch
DiviAddition,
Multiplication,
1. ARITHMETIC:
range an octave by the resultant frequency
sion. II. Factoring and Cancellation, Fractions,
doubling. We have also developed instruments
Decimals, Percentages, Ratio, and Proportions.
based on beat-frequency-oscillator principles, on
III. The Metric System, IV. How to' Measure
photoelectric types of generators, and on elecSurfaces and Capacity (Geometry). V. POWERS:
Involution- ROOTS: Evolution. VI. Mathematics trostatic scanning of conducting waveforms.
for the Manual and Technical Craftsman. Thermometer Conversions, Graphs or Curve -Plotting,
THE "ELECTRONIC ORCHESTRA" OF
Logarithms, Use of the Slide -Rule. VII. Special
THE FUTURE
Mathematics for the Radio Technician.
PRICE
VIII. Commercial Calculations, ShortI can visualize the orchestra of the future
cut Arithmetic. Interest, Discounts.
(and a very near future it is, too, with several
IX. Weights and Measures, Useful
already in process of formation) as composed
POSTPAID
Tables.
of a great variety of these modern electronic
instruments for the creation of music surpassing
anything ever before heard in the greatest
orchestras of today, not only in power, but
Division RC -438
chiefly in sheer color, beauty, and intricacy of
Chicago. Illinois
558 W. Washington Blvd.
musical design.
Very likely the conductor will have a much
more effective control over his ensemble than
FOR PRICE AND PERFORMANCE
he now has with waving baton. His desk will,
of course, have the musical score, but it will have
MODEL 407
much more besides. For every instrument he
will have tone quality and power controls so
that he can regulate every instrument the better
AC -DC Multitester
to merge them all into the musical design
created in the score and unrolled into a living,
The lowest priced AC -DC tester on the
market, yet incorporating all these features:
moving tapestry of sound through his direction.
31/7, bakelite D Arsonval meter
Multi What is the purpose of all these developments?
4 range AC voltmeter
colored dial
There
is just one object. This is to provide inohmmeter
3 range
4 d.b. ranges
2 curof unlimited musical versatility ; instruments
4
output
ranges
ranges
rent
Measures
less
than
struments
with which all known, and a great
.05
ohms.
resistance
many hitherto unknown, musically useful and
Write for Catalog C.
beautiful sounds may be produced; to give to
the performer and to the composer before him
new and better tools to enrich his art; to unleash them from the bonds of their traditional
RADIO CITY) PAODUCTS CO.
implements ; to extend the horizons of music
as plACf .i _1
which have been almost fixed since the beginr PARK
HN
i i NCW YORK CITY
_,._l.
nings of recorded history.
N.
RpCO
WI TH
CRASHES
NEW S-W
a_
.y
THROUGH
V. VES
a
.s
You fans who want real DX must have a

RACO SHORT -WAVE RECEIVER. Any
one of the many RACO sets pulls in stations from far corners of the globe.
WIRE WOUNDS
-jobs
INTERNATIONAL
ELEMENTARY
Uses the new 25L6 low

power
beam
voltage
tube which makes possible high power output
with an inexpensive A.C. -D.C. power supply.
operating from any type of 110 -volt current.
Here is the famous CLIPPEP. circuit. The same
smooth, non -critical tuning; combined regeneration and super -regeneration; separate bandspread
and ultra -high frequency tuning condenser; 5
inch dynamic speaker; 3 to 555 meter tuning
range; automatic earphone lack; in fart. all of
the splendid features which make the CLIPPER
circuit a tremendous success.
ASK THE MAN WHO OWNS A CLIPPER
LOOK AT HIS LOG!
COMPLETE KIT WITH ALL PARTS
ASSEMBLED and wiring diagram; less $' 2.40
only tubes and cabinet, unwired
1.80
Black crackle finish cabinet
3.20
Matched set of five tubes
2.90
Wiring
COMPLETE, with
UNIVERSAL CLIPPER
black crackle cabinet (20" x 10" x 9 ") five tubes;
6E7, 2-6J5G, 25E6, 25Z6G; ready to operate,
and one -year guarantee.
$19.50
Special Complete Price
3 -TUBE
UNIVERSAL A.C. -D.C.
MATHEMATICS
50c
N,IF'AX
TF_t;
Breaking all Records
9.95
,A,
w.a.<,,
AMAZING
VALUE
IN THIS SPLENDID ALL -WAVE SET! You will be astounded at

the way it brings foreigners rolling in. Yes,
and separates them, too! Uses supersensitive
electron coupled regenerative circuit giving
smooth tuning and perfect regeneration control
over its entire wavelength range. Tunes from
15 to 550 meters with positively no skips.
RANGER 3 -TUBE UNIVERSAL A.C. D.C.-- complete kit, assembled but not $4.50
wired, including wiring diagram and
broadcast coil but less cabinet and tubes
.60
3 additional coils (15 to 200 meters)
.90
Crystallized metal cabinet
1.35
tubes
(2
-6J5G;
1
-dA7)
of
time
Set
1.40
Wired and te,;ted
SPECIAL COMPLETE PRICE with all coils,
cabinet and tubes, wired and tested, with one8.25
year guarantee
FREE C&d4!
con
Kits, receivers
nnvsh,ahl
verters,
information
tenna
expect
everything you'd
complete
in
a
to find
short -wave catalog-at
prices astoundingly low.
Write today for RACO'S
-
LATEST SHORT -WAVE

Illustrating
CATALOG
and technically describing RACO'S complete
line of long distance
receivers.
ADDRESS DEPT. RC-438
RADIOLABORATORIES
NEW YORK, N.Y,
136 LIBERTY ST.,
714
RADIO -CRAFT
I BUILD A QUALITY RECEIVER
II
THE BROWNING LABORATORIES, INC., ANNOUNCES

THE BROWNING 83 -THE TEN TUBE, FOUR BAND KIT RECEIVER
HIGH SIGNAL-TO -NOISE RATIO FOR DX RECEPTION

EXPERIMENTATION - INSTALLATION IN YOUR PRESENTADAPTABLE TO
FINE CONSOLE
ASSEMBLE THE BROWNING 83. Browning Model No.

completely wired, aligned and tracked
at the Laboratory. Complete final alignment of receiverTuner
may be made without a signal generator,
A WORTHY SUCCESSOR TO THE BROWNING-DRAKE
AND THE BROWNING 35
WRITE FOR DETAILED INFORMATION AND
I
BROWNING LABORATORIES, INC.,
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
750.MAIN ST., WINCHESTER, MASS.
for
APRIL,
1938
OPERATING NOTES
circuited or leaky 6B7 cathode bypass
condenser. This is a 4 mf, electrolytic
unit mounted on the terminal strip under the power transformer. In some
cases, reproduction will not be choked
but only badly distorted, the degree of
distortion depending upon the leakage
in the electrolytic bypass condenser,
which reduces the cathode voltage.
Measurements made with a good ohmmeter connected between the cathode of
the 6B7 socket and chassis with the
positive terminal of the ohmmeter connected to the cathode, should produce a
reading of approximately 5,000 ohms.
Inoperation of these models is often
due to an open- circuited or burned-out
30,000 -ohm oscillator plate series resistor, a carbon unit. Where the paint
on the resistor is blistered or burned,
check immediately the 4 mf. electrolytic
condenser bypassing this resistor, for
a short -circuited condition. This condenser is one section of a dual block
mounted to the left of the wave -band
switch upon the front of chassis.
RADIO INTERFERENCE NOW

INTERNATIONAL PROBLEM
Radio -Craft magazine takes pleasure

in endorsing a truly worthwhile activity
inaugurated by Frank L. Carter, of
East Rockaway, Long Island, N. Y.
Writing in the February, 1937, issue
of this magazine, Mr. Carter detailed
some of the causes of man -made static.
Even at that time he had organized his
National Association for Prevention of
Radio Interference ( N.A.P.R.I.) and
Quiet Your Razor

to Quiet Your Radio!
Filternoys
FOIDH, list price $1.00, offers

radio servicemen a handy profitable item to sell on many service
calls. Carry a few in your kit. Any
CONTINENTAL CARBON distributor can supply you.
CC0NTINERTAL CARBON Inc.

13914
LORAIN
AVE.,
Cleveland,
interference.
Ohio
of Carbon
bloToronto,
Resistors,
PCondensers,
aperdMakers
and
Noise Suppression Filters
Enclosed find 10c In coin or stamps for my copy
of
Handy
Pocket Data on Radio Interference Elimination.
Name
Address
City
State
SERVICEMEN AND SET BUILDERS

DON'T BUY RADIO PARTS OR
SETS UNTIL
YOU RECEIVE OUR WHOLESALE CONFIDENTIAL CATALOGUE. SENT FREE UPON
The purpose of this association is solely to

work for improvement of radio reception through.
out the entire spectrum, through elimination by
The membership
law and in other ways, unreasonable, preventable,
and unnecessary electrical disturbances which below,
may be
are knowingly and wilfully created and which r/ N.A.P.R.I."
58 -M
MARKET STREET
NEWARK, N. Y.
FRANK L. CARTER,
President.
application, printed
sent directly to
National Association for Prevention of Radio Interference,

East Rockaway, Long Island, N. Y.
Dear Sirs:
Please enroll me as an associate member of the N.A.P.R.I. I agree to
do all in my power to
further the purpose of the association
in securing passage of adequate legislation for control of
preventable radio interference. I also agree
that wherever possible I will avoid the use of any
electrical apparatus which causes such interference.
Name
REQUEST.
UNITED RADIO COMPANY
ference.
Inasmuch as it has only been very recently

had aroused national interest therein.
radio interference has come to be recognized
When publishing his article, Radio- that
both as a public nuisance and a menace to public
Craft called attention to the N.A.P.R.I., safety, very few communities as yet have suitable
and suggested that listeners might ad- legislation providing for control of interference dress it in care of the magazine. Now causing apparatus. One of the primary purposes
this association is to devise and bring about
the editors go a step farther. They reof
the passage and enforcement of such legislation.
produce herewith the N.A.P.R.I.'s stateRadio interference is an international as well
ment of its purposes and principles, to- as a local problem, and
should be governed both
gether with a coupon for the use of by local and international law.
readers who may wish to share in the Associate membership in this association entails no responsibility upon the member for the
good work being done.
actions of
or its financial obligaThe statement, which the N.A.P.R.I. tions; theretheareassociation
no dues or other expenses deis anxious to have reprinted and dis- veloping upon the member. In becoming an assomember your only obligation is your pledge
tributed in as many localities as pos- tociate
support
local and international legissible, in order to secure the large mem- lation for suitable
control
interference and where
bership which is necessary if action is possible to use only of
such electrical equipment as
has been so designed and constructed that it will
to be secured, reads as follows:not cause
Filternoys Suppressor FO1DH is an

approved plug-in device to be attached to any electric razor and
plugged into the electric fixture. It
takes the noise of an electric
razor's motor out of your radio
programs.
CONTINENTAL
distort radio signals to the detriment not only

of listeners' enjoyment of their radio receivers,
but also constitute serious menaces to efficient
operation of military, police, aviation and general
commercial point -to -point radio communication.
Achievement of this purpose will be brought
about chiefly through cooperation of manufacturers and users of electrical apparatus which
causes radio interference. This cooperation eventually will result in improvement of such devices so that they no longer will radiate inter-
Address
City
&
State
RADIO -CRAFT
for
RADIO -CRAFT
715
APRIL,
9 3
CIRCUIT FEATURES OF 1937

AND '38 INSTRUMENTS
64-PAGE BOOI(S!
added to The famous
(Conflicted from page 669)

RADIO -CRAFT
while the tube is hot will light up and
LIBRARY SERIES
give a visual indication on leakage resistance up to 500,000 ohms. The circuit
UeBIBI.'
RADIO CIRCUITS
pDKK
arrangement employed is shown in Fig.
t
1B. The flexible connectors are removed
from the neutral jacks and placed into

SERVICING WITH
ANALYZERS
the plate bus, one at a time. A permaINT-TO-POINT
nent glow in the neon tube when this is
POINT
-POINT RESISTANCE ANALYSIS
done with any of the connectors indicates
ESISTANCE
leakage (or a short) in the tube. This
HERE are- three
ANALYSIS
inter. -_,.,,.,...,.
NEW TITLES set -up is satisfactory for testing
an
having
a
tube
..n.rw...,.,.,...
for
the
just added to
leakages,
RADIO - element
popular
500,000
under
leakage
-element
;;,
CRAFT LIBRARY inter
SERIES. Radio men ohms will not ordinarily operate satiswill want to read these
factorily.
new books . . and refer
q.Atifoceb,.. r'
to them often for referIf the same set -up were used for
ence. Each volume conhot-cathode leakage it would retesting
flexible
tains 64 pages, bound between stiff,
covers, and measures 6 x 9 inches to conform ject almost all "good" tubes, because
with others in the series. Dozens of illustrations
a permissible
of the con- all satisfactory tubes have
appear in each volume. A resume
extent. In
this
of
below.
leakage
appears
cathode
hottents of each book
many tube testers this problem is atNo. 16
tacked by reducing the sensitivity of
PRACTICAL RADIO CIRCUITS
the neon lamp so that good tubes will
By David Bellare
not be rejected on the hot -cathode leakINTRODUCTION * BROADCAST RECEIVERS
"I paid 25c. for a tube
Circuits; age test. The resultant disadvantage is,
-Crystal Receivers Regenerative
test
RECEIVERS
sensitive
-WAVE
less
*
ALL
etc.
the
that
Circuits;
T.R.F.
complement book that has already
and Colorama of course,
-Superhet with Phase InverterSystem
etc.
set -up will pass as OK some faulty repaid its cost many times!"
Tuning Circuit with AFC
SHORT -WAVE SETS, CONVERTERS AND tubes which have a higher inter -element
ADAPTERS * AUTOMOBILE RECEIVERS
leakage than is permissible but which
The Sylvania Tube Complement
Superhets with AVC Custom-built Battery
Variety is yet not quite low enough to show up
operated etc. * PUBLC ADDRESS -A
Book can save you money, too. For
of P.A. Systems Are Described Anto-howl;
-lamp
neon
-sensitivity
reduced
the
POWER
on
etc.
*
Magic -Eye: Volume Expansion;
this manual tells before you leave
PACKS * TELEVISION RECEIVERS * SIM- type set -up.
TRANSMITTERS
POWERED
LOWto service a set, just what tubes you
PLE
In the "306" tester no compromise is
TEST EQUIPMENT * MISCELLANEOUS APneed to take. That means no return
PARATUS for many needs.
made. Two separate test arrangements
OVER 100 ILLUSTRATIONS
neon
-sensitivity
trips to the shop . . . no wasted
are employed. The high
is
described
just
No. 17
no loss of time.
tube arrangement
gasoline
tests,
leakage
element
interall
for
used
SERVICING WITH SET
Servicemen like this tube complement
and the meter test arrangement shown
ANALYZERS
book. It gives the tube complements
in Fig. 10 is employed for the hotBy H. G. McEntee
contains
of 10,386 radio models
cathode leakage test. With the plate
INTRODUCTION * FUNDAMENTAL ANALYbus
of
plate
ZER PRINCIPLES-Various Types and Uses
the most complete compilation of i -f
connector placed in one of the
one
Switches Elementary Set Analyzer Circuits
in
connector
jacks and the cathode
peaks available . . . names and adTROUBLE SHOOTING WITH SET ANALYZER
bus
cathode
under
the
jacks,
Tubes
bus
Testing
Checking
cathode
-Preliminary
of the
dresses of all active radio receiver
Operating Conditions Point-to -Point Testing
is normally disconnected from the transChecking Individual Components * ASSOCIATE
manufacturers . . . helpful articles
TESTING EQUIPMENT Vacuum Tube Voltformer. Then, if the tube has cathode
OscilloMeter
dealing with tube selling, etc.
meter Test Oscillator ; Output
the leakage between cathode
scope * COMMERCIAL TESTING EQUIPMENT leakage,
cirS RMA SOCKET NUMBERING SYSTEM.
and heater will provide the return
And there are lots of other features
OVER 80 ILLUSTRATIONS
cuit for the plate current of the tube to
too all designed to be of help to
flow back to the transformer, and the
No. 18
servicemen. Send 25c and the coupon
meter pointer will show a deflection.
POINT-TO-POINT
below for your copy of the Sylvania
Its magnitude depends upon the amount
RESISTANCE ANALYSIS
Tube Complement Book. Or get it
of cathode -heater leakage.
By Bertram M. Freed
from your local jobber.
* Basic
Value of Resistance Method of Servicing
COMPENSA- Hygrade Sylvania Corporation also manufactures
TEMPERATURE
(5)
Principles Involved in Point -to-Point inAnalysis
Resist* Methods and Instruments Employed
Testing TION CIRCUIT FOR RECTIFIER
the famous Hygrade Lamp Bulbs
ance Measurements * Point -to -Point
-Range
Multi
METERS
Constructed
TYPE
Easily
Equipment *
in Radio Receivers
Volt-Ohmmeter * Resistance
of a Modern
Clough -Brengle Model 120 Rectifier
* Typical Point -to -Point Analysis
Resistance
that,
Receiver * Combination Voltage and
Prob- Circuit. It is generally well known
features
compensating
ILLUSTRATIONS
special
*65
unless
OVER
x.
lems *oAppend
Set -Tested Radio Tubes
are built into rectifier -type A.C. meters,
RADCRAFT PUBLICATIONS, Inc.
cause
may
Y.
temperature
N.
in
changes
99 Hudson Street, New York,
- - --I
relatively large errors in their indicaCORPORATION
To Order Any of These Books
SYLVANIA
HYGRADE
tions. As the temperature increases,
RC -43
Emporium, Pa.
CLIP AND MAIL COUPON BELOW!
and
sensitive
more
becomes
the meter
me
25c.
Send
Enclosed please find
RC-438 therefore gives higher readings, while
Inc.
RADCRAFT PUBLICATIONS
any copy of your new Tube Complethe input resistance to the rectifier de99 Hudson St., New York, N.Y.
ment Book right away.
find my remittance of
increase.
a
temperature
Gentlemen: Enclosed you will
with
the
creases
POSTPAID,
me,
send
please
s
for which
Cents (JOc) per copy
Name
The result of these various changes is
books checked below, at Fifty
D No. I6- PRACTICAL RADIO CIRCUITS
to give higher meter readings with a
Address
SET ANALYZERS
No. I7-SERVICING WITH
in temperature.
ANALYSIS rise
D No. 111- POINT -TO -POINT RESISTANCE
"temperfor
these
To compensate
State
City
Name
ature" characteristics the "120" rectiService Man
Dealer
Experimenter
fier meter circuit is arranged as shown
Amateur
Address
in Fig. 2C. It consists of a D.C. meter,
State
City
you send
(Continued on following page)
money;
(Remit by check
or unused U. S. Postage eStamps.
RAF
pAB1MBAft
PRACTICAL
v11
r..i
LIBRAR)
SET
-TOI
...
...
SYLVANIA
me ow
716
6
RADIO -CRAFT
-VOLT
At
UNIVERSAL
POWER
PACK
Lesa Than Price 6 -Prong Synchronous Vibrator Alone!

LISTS 515.0G
Operates 2 volt set finto 6 volt storage
27 S. Jefferson St.
RADIO ENGINEERING
Institutes offer an intensive course of
high standard embracing all phases of Radio
and Television. Practical training with modern
equipment at New York and Chicago schools.
RCA
battery, also operates G Volt house

sets, auto sets. S.W. transmitters and
receivers. Output, 180 Volts at 50
M.A. On 4 Volt cell supplies 120
Volts at 30 M.A. Housed in case
$3à95
:.-'._Iii. "x67". ShipONLY VNET
ping Wt. G lbs.
ARROW SALES COMPANY
Chicago,
ill.
Also
serres the trade ..ith e.err need
tionall, kno n radio recerr
ares, parts, supplies
der
of
75
N1012-14
St., New York
1154 Merchandise Mart, Chicago
ANALYZER with "PRECISION"

Write for details.
Mention
of
your old
number
COMPLETE CATALOG AVAILABLE
BURSTEIN-APPLEBEE CO a
RCA INSTITUTES, Inc.
TUBE CHECKER OR SET
IAl'
6 l9iî
shipped same der received.
Study
Catalog
MODERNIZE YOUR OBSOLETE

r rf:
Or
Houle
Radio Corporation of America Service

Varick
.1
In
public ad
and equipment.
and
courses
Dept. RT -38.
RADIO IN IT'S ENTIRETY!

radon-complete I60.page catalog
specialized
Courses under "No obligation" plan.
McGE
CITY, EMO.
make
and
model
instrument.
PRECISION APPARATUS CORP.
1821
EAST NEW YORK AVE.. BROOKLYN, N. Y.
for
APRIL,
1938
(Continued from preceding page)

a copper -oxide rectifier and resistors
arranged as shown. The negative tern perature coefficient of the meter and
rectifier is counteracted by inserting
resistor R1 in the circuit. To accomplish this result its value is judiciously
chosen and its construction is such that
it will have a positive temperature coefficient of just the right value to
balance the rectifier and meter circuit.
Proper selection of the "swamping"
resistors, R2 and R3, tends to minimize
.the temperature coefficient of the rectifier. However, great care must be exercised to maintain a good frequency characteristic for the entire meter circuit
so that for ordinary low frequencies
the indications will be independent of
the frequency of the A.C. circuit to
which the meter is connected during
measurements.
(6) LINE -OPERATED OHMMETER

Triplett Model 1601 Ohm- MilliamCOMPLETE-8
ALL WAVE SETS T.R.F..
meter.
The circuit arrangement of the
Y
6 tube
Elmira, N.
D oit
C- tube super, Also
5 tube battery films,
ohmmeter
section of this A.C. line A.C.-D.C.
WANTED. MILLER PRESEE
exchange
equipment,
in
required,
Want movie
20 RowJig able. etc.
tor, no tubes
operated
'500" Series good
L. B. McCullough,
instrument
possesses several
cash,
for Walker Turner
Ohio.
accessories,
land A}o.. Mansfield,
Saw, no motor, many
interesting features. The power supply
TURNER DRIVor
WALKER
HAVE
Bloomfield,
Ave.,
and Bandsaw
Yates, 3 Weaver
system for it comprises a conventional
er bench saw andAllLathe
are less than one be t Elatric c Eye set with 52
.14 J.
and microscope.
SYSused. Watt
nd Xtal, or
slightly
CANDLER
very
110 -volt A.C. line -fed power transf
fairy( good HamWILL TRADE:
year old and
er,
Bec)
rece
nneth
Utcourses.itter. Barr good liallicrafters
d tallomittingd tu
code an ty
Bialy
r
Pittsburg'
former. The output of its secondary is
trade: 2
d other appar31
/ i
r
eiv
rectified by an 80 -type tube and filtered
tier
.o
s
tcor
ya
atus.
/4.7471i cot stating of tubes, cond., cabine)
.
oQ1S
by
a 30 -henry choke coil and two 8 -mf.
po
an
sp
f.r late or trac
l
bin
to 200 meters,condition.
chokes, coils, et
What
filter
condensers. The filtered output
Clrrt Guest, ES
e
FERENT STAMPS 13
g
anew
Very
era
1,011 I
e
supply.
RI
Palmer
countries, several
am, Oh
offered? W
from more than 0rplane
voltage
feeds into the voltage divider
construction
met
06
d., Parma U' 1
unused mod
'Tr
fo simple 1 tube
00
ABC
-D
-E -G shown in Fig. 2D. The
kits. Will
'OR. S
ell
25.00.
en
transmitter
It ` ce receiver
d
mot..
nod
a new
wi
"zero
adjuster"
consists of a variable
you. Geor
for S 75.
elawa
(Super) for
skas, 419 N.
Street.
Philmore crystal set Terren snest
resistor
G in series with the voltage
MA
SWAP
,.ISO
you.
AddressOR
SELL
WILL
GRA
also A Elimina
GOO
divider, permitting adjustment of cirB Eli
`^ rt Lawn, S. C. UBE
u. Also will sell
a good ter
o
what
o:.`.
with t
+,
Write
cuit resistance so that the correct volttu
a 116
me
swap)
r
Bu
os
send swap i
Mou
a
tapes an
W e n. uescriPtlon,
ages will appear across the divider
Pa.
Co
49th
South
Id
o finish pane
1515
242
rae
Vilkas,
J.
rim).
John
u:
ca ,net
inf
terminals
L\\ OU.' "11 DUE r eat for Dlctur and further
ro, Illinois.
under different line -voltage
ONE
VsAN-NHIIIIt 2L
Ralph Mt elson, 2360
erator 110 volts watts 650ocycles
conditions.
sel as a47
1800 r.D.m. A. C. trade. WhatlamfitI Detro
cited. Will sell or
The 0 -1 ma. milliammeter used in
offered? R. I. Gardner
San Diego, Calif.
the instrument is connected to the volt -'
STROMBERG
age divider through a tap -switch, as
set. Six tube
PACE in this department is not sold. It is intended solely for
Steering whee
shown, so the correct voltage drop
Make cash
the benefit of our readers, who wish to exchange radios, parts,
Box 224. En
across
the divider may be selected for
phonographs, cameras, bicycles, sporting goods, books, magazines,
SELL, SW
each
range.
etc.
without
profit.
For the 0-20,000 ohm range,
man
Rave
lectors a
for
for
Since
we
no
money
announcements,
example,
receive
these
we
cannot
aca potential of 0.45 -volt is
yo
know
cept responsibility for any statements made by the readers.
Swap
required
for
proper operation. ThereFeigen
Use these columns freely. Only one advertisement will be accepted
fore, the instrument has been so deNew
from any reader for any one issue. All transactions MUST be above
signed, that with resistor G adjusted in
parts,
board. Remember you are using the U. S. mail in all these transthe center of its rotation, a potential
by
S.
Postal
actions
are
bound
the
U.
Laws.
and
you
therefore
ment.
Describe everything you offer accurately and without exaggeration.
of 0.45 -volt (or 450 millivolts) appears
A S.
St.,
Treat your fellow men the way you wish to be treated.
across resistor D -E. For this range,
AM
NO ADVERTISEMENT TO EXCEED 35 WORDS, INCLUDING NAME AND ADDRESS
Instruct
contact arm H must be set at the
other
position shown. Now some means
We welcome suggestions that will help to make this department
treasur
ing. G
interesting and profitable to RADIO -C AFT readers.
must
be provided to prevent the
w1
Copy should reach us not later than the 5th of the month for the
new 193
meter from deflecting to full -scale
for good
second following month's issue.
and possibly becoming damaged if
Roy Barr.
output jacks 4 and 5 are "shorted."
D59
Model
nt issues
The meter has a 0 -1 milliampere range
rheostat con
wha
So
etc.
r,
col
Ins,
also Eastma
41-13--74ts
3rd..
les.
Mules.
and requires 100 millivolts to read fullcamera
Ing
ee
Heights, N. Y.
camera. Write
lox Jackson
Therefore, 350 -ohm resistor 7,
scale.
Ni
Avenue,
FIRST
Morris
SWAP NEW
aies, British \est
Correspondence O
has
put into this circuit. A drop
FOR SALE: DO Ver
been
you
have
)on
what
In
receiver.
eeol
517
allwavo
Italy,
oDDar
of 350 millivolts will occur across it,'
from Russia. England,
rad
Czechs
S
I.
leearn
w
to
German
al,
,
America, Pt
1 tube
Mathews
leaving 100 millivolts for deflecting the
L w.
slovakia, S r
A6 -6A
v'
.
o
many othe
1Y.
a
OR SWAP VOlD
meter
-ELL
over full -scale if jacks 4 -5 are
Price $9.
ider Manuals for 16mm f
s
d
"shorted."
Likewise, the operating voltor Hallicrafters
and
ctor
HAVEma..CAR
to
nod
t...Turn -tab'
1 -6 b
Also GE
on. WI
250 V 50
t.
ipm
for
the
ages
other higher resistance
"Super-11(
for
..e
shortwave
case
used aerate
er 8" withaejac
4 Marshall
ell
made
, Atwater -K
field
offe
Ma.:
trade for_
ranges
are
4.5
volts, 45 volts and 450
15
Scholia,
e
m.
St..
i
of good
n ng Mich.
respectively.
volts,
Ferndale Av
Each resistor, 7 -8ELL 4 T
ncluding ell apratory, not a set,
9-10, has been designed to give proper
reedy
slightly us.d
co
send mt
'send
orth about
operation of the particular range it is
or transe ver In good
rd and I'll Sind YOU t
e t
econdition
/frank98
Sheehan
M.
used for.
) D.
To use the instrument for any of the
high ranges, the unknown resistor is
or
Mi1
FOR
SWAP -14 TUBE SUPERIIET Radic
Harley Davidson motorcycle.
of
Consista
brain.
built around RCAstandby
B
crystal D tlrg mee
and- chant
Ello
switch, beat oscillator. John Wis.
3677 E. Squire Ave., Cudahy.
ELEC.
WILL SWAP WESTERN
GiE
Richardson,
!3i
v:
r,4#
l'a.
111
:11
sell
,.
,Dpal
f,
.11
NVaflemitter
717
RADIO -CRAFT
for
APRIL,
1938
connected across jacks 4 and 5. Switch

H is now set at the proper range -tap.
PYRO
This simply puts the unknown resistor
in series with the meter.
To use the instrument for the low
H
5 are
0 -2,000 ohm range, jacks 4 and
adis
G
first "shorted" and resistor
the
Now
justed for full-scale deflection. across
connected
is
unknown resistor
jacks 1 -2. This shunts the meter and
the
Size of Box :
reduces the deflection, indicating
instru1212
x 8%
the
on
ohms
exact reading in
inches
ment scale. This is the familiar "backup" type of ohmmeter circuit.
All Service Jobs made
PLUG
you use "Ghirard i '
OSCILLATOR WITH
Into
Shipping wt. albs (7) TEST
Let A. A. Gh yard conic
YOOY
HERE'S WHAT
your shop and help you with
IN COILS
Just
work!
for
service
radio
your
FOR
designed
DO
HE'LL
at your
electrical outfit is especially on materials
like having constantly greatest
Readrite- Ranger Model 557 Test Oscilthe
YOU!
elbow one of authorities
THIS
in
burning designs permanently
what
from
servicing
radio
etc.
radically
Bakelite,
Departing
A TEST INSTRUMENTS
you get Ghithe world-whenservicing
such as Leather, Wood, Cork, in any 110 volt lator .
books
II explain everything
He'
2
great
rardi's
practice
almost standard
in your
about the construction
Plug the Pyro -electric ispencil
and start using them
operation of all
ready to be used. Plug has become
so practical
work. They're point
inthis 2 -tube and
AC or DC outlet and it
well
design,
-so
types of servicing
the
to
and
oscillator
test
in
diawith
and easy to
struments, construction
illustrated clear they'll
and cord furnished.
special
make
uses
the
grams,
in
-that
oscillator
understand
included
battery-operated
quickdata, etc. -even how to
every repair fob easier,
By the use of the Pantograph
either in
your own!
er, more profitable to handle.
coils to achieve high accuracy build
outfit, any design may be reproduced
-in
plug
-SHOOTING
TROUBLE
Radio
form.
of
The whole science
in a low -cost He'll
give you latest
original, reduced or enlarged
servicing clearly explained
troublePencil ; one and wide frequency range
testing and -ruts,
exa
short
Outfit consists of : one Pyro -electric
coils,
shooting
RADIO SERV-in
plug
In his MODERNGhirnrdi
5
bottle
; one
employing
By
servicing of
plaques
the
unit.
plain
hardwood
gives
three
ICING book.
Pantograph
CiracAVC and QAVC
obtip and
is
the most completeavailtracing
kc.
you
one
20,000
to
Brush
;
110
one
from
etc.
of
cuits,
of Varnish
range
cumulated knowledge
servicing
-day
sheet.
on
all
METHODS
able
present
on
REPAIR
instruction
-page
four
-test
methods and practices
_how you latest
tained. The unit is direct-reading
He'
-shooting.
for parts
instruments. trouble
repair methods
Size of box : 12% x 8% inches.
etc. It explains exhow to align
repairing.
sets,
and
bands.
waveif
eliminate
actly WHAT TO DO and HOW.
by Express Collect
superhetsinterference,
Outfit will be forwarded
of the oscillator electrical
diagram
order.
circuit
your
DATA BOOK, too!
The
with
Handy
included
postage
etc.
not sufficient
FIELD
view
The loose -leaf RADIO is
-away
cut
A
1D.
SERVFig.
in
SPECIALIZED
full
is shown
SERVICE DATA book
ICING
of receiver
kind
the
coils
of
Just
-in
plug
whole
n
CO.
the
in
of
throw
in
He'll
needing
interior
TRADING
the
always
you're
data
showing
-Radio
WELLWORTH
course on Autoservicservice Job
a hurry on every out.
and
A reginset in Fig. 1D. It will installation
-in
the shop and
the
in
shown
is
RC - 4, Chicago, III.
A to Z, servDept.
from
ing
Service
Blvd.,
Sheet
ular Supplement
558 W. Washington
sets,
grid icing
All -Wave
up to date.
keeps it always means
be seen that for 4 of the coils, the
more
High -Fidelity seta. etc.
saved
Time
by
mmf.
Ete.
265
HISTORIES,
money, so save your money
two
CASE
ex2
these
winding is tuned by
"Case
today
the
you
ordering
give
He'll
your
in
1500
of
over
hands"
Histories"
connected
owl
ht
coupon
F.'s of
Mail
variable tuning condensers
receivers. I. superhets,
You don't risk a single penny!
over 8.000
and over 25 invaluable
parallel, in addition to a small trimmer
to
charts
and
inside the tables
MODERN RADIO
speed up your service
NEW REMINGTON NOISELESS PORTABLE! condenser which is located
more
work-and keepregularSERVICING
facthe
at
you
to
coming
adjusted
coil and which is
Supplement
ly in his
& RADIO FIELD
of
one
band,
Sheet Service.'
-wave
short
the
tory. On
SERVICE DATA BOOK
is
1800 PAGES 813 ILLUS.
these 265 mmf. tuning condensers
(TOTAL)
$6
automatically cut out of the circuit. at
Both Books for
calibrated
individually
Each coil is
Sent Postpaid Anywhere!
by peaking with the trimfactory
the
Remington
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Noiseless Portable that
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a
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speaks in a whisper, only 10e
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coil.
OPERATING NOTES

Strong oscillation with weak, choked
by
signals sometimes accompaniedto an
traced
been
has
motor -boating
bypass
open-circuited oscillator plate
mentioned
unit
mf.
condenser, the 4
Dept. 189 -4
Remington Rand Inc.,Buffalo.
above. It is meant by "an open-circuited
Y.
N.
lost
465 Washington St.,
condition" that the condenser has temobligation,
Tell
Course
excessive
of
lus Free Typing
l
capacity as a result
i gon Noiseless
Catalogue.
and Carrying Case, for 10e a day. Send
perature, overload or other causes.
Naine
Fading and intermittent reception,
Address
wherein the volume level drops appreState.
City
and signals may be received with
Serv- ciably,
Profitable
More
degree of station or resonance
Quicker
fair
a
Better
CRADLE
CHASSIS
RADIO
in some cases has been found to
icing with
the hiss,
Service shops need
(chassis
GIMBLE
RADIO
be caused by open -circuiting or open
serviccradle) for efficient
repairoscillaand
ing of testing
circuited 0.05 -mf. 1st- detector- The
or ampliing of receivers clamps
to
fiers. Equipment
ad.
be
can
tor and I.F. grid filter condensers. inwhich
cradle to any angle. Acjusted
to
up
chassis
commodatesx 23 inches. Exfailure may be attributed to poor to
13 x 12
displaying recellent for
ternal contact of the pigtail leads
Write for Illustrated
ceivers. RC!
circular
the foil.
The complaint frequently encountered
WM. A.THOMAS CO.321 CAROLINE ST., NEENAH,WISCONSIN
with these models is that of a slipping
dial. The drive arrangement operates
satisfactorily when the tuning knob is
pulled out for vernier or slow -speed
ENGINEERING,
marine
servicing,
tuning, but will slip badly when the
radio,
broadcasting, aviation and policeMorse telegraphy and .railtelephony,
and
telegraphy
radio
course of
tuning knob is pushed in for fast tunway accounting taught thoroughly. Engineering
of college
years
onths'
nine
ing. This condition is caused by the
School
radiom work. All expenses lolv.to Catalog free.
1874.
(Continued on following page)
established
Juda
Dodge's institute, Hudson St., Valparaiso,
sb
TO:
Radio &
Technical
Publ. Co..
Dept. RC -48
45 Astor Place,
New York
O Here's $8 for my
copies of MODERN
RADIO SERVICING
and RADIO FIELD SERVICE DATA (including the
Jan. and June '37 Supplements to the Data Book) Postpaid. ($8.50 foreign).
O Send free descriptive literature about these 2 servicing books.
NAME
STREET
CITY
'
RADIO
oo
e
fc o
5pEEP
...ten... -.
Your Service Work
with GHIRARDI'S GADGETS

amazing
these
a flash
In
Shooters
Pocket
set troublesd
over e 00'diff
S
you
One each for
REMEDIES. AUTO
5radios.-no
HOME and
day Trial. Free Circular
45
,
PUBL. CO.,
N
TECHIICAL
Dept. RC -48.
..:
Astor PI..
TO SERVICEMEN
FREE RADIO PROFITS

1icat pli
k1
ROS'IFy
PHILCO
BUY Qpf]OLESALE
dala TODAY! 9a
Bond for
tacit,.
XC>sf
ti6yeiv fillers
SELL RETAIL
adv,ll..d
1938
nallooaY
ACT AT ONCE! WAR
bla
COMPANYc. lumen
RADIO DISTRIBUTING
=c..
atom
iO6Deo.,A
111
HALTED
COMPLETE
DISCOUNT
SALES PLAN
SENT
718
RAD IO -CRAFT
BRINGS YOU ANY ONE OF
THESE 4- FAMOUS RADIO BOOKS
RADIO BANS! Help yourselves to a radio education for the price of 10o per book. These
books give you a good foundation towards the study of radio. You'll be amazed at
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useful review and reference books for all.
Each book contains 32 pages, profusely illustrated with clear, self -explanatory diagrams. They
contain over 15,000 words of clear legible type. They are an education in themselves and lay the
groundwork for a complete study of radio and electricity.
HOW TO BUILD FOUR
OOERLE SHORT -WAVE

SETS
Due to a special arrange-
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we present in this book
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an excellent power pack
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HOW TO BUILD
HOW TO MAKE THE MOST

POPULAR ALL -WAVE 1- AND
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This book contains a number
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will give you an idea. The
Megadyne
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Megadyne-How to Make a 1Tube Loudspeaker set, by W.
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How To Build A Four -in -Two
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Please send immediately POSTPAID the books checked:

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POSITIVELY THE GREATEST 10e
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CLASSIFIED
ADVERTISEMENTS
Advertisements in this section are inserted
at the
cut of fifteen cents per word for each insertion
name, initials and address each count as one word.
Cash should accompany all classified advertisements unless placed by a recognized advertising
Advising t
aMn
for
1938,dissuee
dtobe
received not later than Monday, Marchshou
7, 1938.
RADIO PUBLICATIONS
99A Hudson St., New York. N. Y.
To Readers of
PATE NT S -TRADE MARKS

All
cases
submitted
given personal
members of the firm.
attention by
Form "Evidence of Conception and

mets-ur nB
"Hotu to Establish Your Rights" -Free
LANCASTER, ALLWINE & ROMMEL
RADIO -CRAFT
Washington, D.
PATENT LAW OFFICES
436 Bowen Bldg.
C.
APRIL,
1938
(Continued from preceding page)

failure of the 3 copper spring clips on
the dial drive shaft which are not properly engaging the saw -toothed gear of
the reduction drive assembly. Bending
each of these spring clips in, slightly, to
increase their tension and make more
positive engagement with the gear possible, is sufficient to effect a repair.
RADIO WAVES USED TO

COMPLETELY CONTROL
REMOTE RECEIVER
a separate tuning circuit, and every circuit tuned to another frequency, a great
number of tricks may be performed.
It may be of interest to notice that
only 1 type 313A tube is employed in
the modern system (which has been developed by RCA License Laboratory) ;
and 2 other tubes* (see note) of standard and cheaper design. Instead of 10
frequencies (Fig. 1B) only 2 are used in
actuality, namely 200 and 300 kc., but
despite the fact that the number of
tubes and frequencies has been reduced
considerably one can hardly say that
the function of the radio remote tuning system has become simpler.
The contrary is the case because we
now must send so-called "A "- and "B "phased, modulated-radio impulses over
the powerline to the remote radio receiver. Radio Service Men of the
future in all probability will have to
acquire an engineering degree from an
institute of technology in order to understand how to service such a set.
A simplified outline as to how the
new system operates is shown in Fig.
1D,. A small box containing 2 small
oscillator tubes and 10 pushbuttons is
plugged into the nearest wall outlet
of the house powerline. One of the buttons is pressed and an impulse of
either 200 or 300 kc. and with A- or Bphased modulation is sent to the remote
radio receiver. If one does not care
for the station thus tuned -in, another
bt}tton is pressed. This causes the set
to tune to the preferred station. And
finally, if the loudspeaker volume is too
low or too high, a 3rd button accomplishes the necessary alterations. (See
j
Note, below. Editor)

NOTE : -This story of RCA Lab's.
remote control system has been divided
into two major classifications, (1) the
gas-switch tube circuit for turning the
remote radio set off or on; and, (2) the
Post cards make it easy to answer advertisements
highly
ingenious selection system for
which appear in RADIO- CRAFT, without cutting
valuable data which you may wish to save.
tuning
and
volume control. Due to the
Many times manufacturers request you to "clip the
complexity of the complete system only
coupon" when answering their ads. Often this means
destroying part of an article on the reverse page you
the off -on operation has been described
may need later for reference. Save your RADIO
CRAFT issues complete. If you should ever want to
in any considerable detail inasmuch as
sell bound volumes, or certain copies of RADIO
CRAFT, the resale value of uncut issues is very much
this, from the consumer's standpoint,
higher than that of mutilated ones. So send for a
supply of these free post cards and use them in anin the long run will perhaps be found
swering all RADIO -CRAFT advertisements.
to be the most important element. Due
to this brevity in the treatment of the
Vest Pocket Adding Machine story we add the following few words
Sturdy Steel Construction. Lifetime
which may serve to clarify several
Pocket Companion. Adds. Subtracts,
Multipl les, Divides. Capacity, 990,points in connection with the second
999.99. A real machine -guaranteed
?I: .I_
5 years. Send name and address. We
portion of this remote control system,
sh p immediately. On delivery, pay
postman $2.50 (plus few cents post!10000000
age). (Foreign countries send cash.)
*The 2 tubes mentioned are a 6N7
Your money back aft50
Free `
er 10 days trial if not
a 6R7. They are located in the main
and
.50
satletled.
Thousands
JiIUJi Trial
f
satisfied
radio receiver. The R.F. signals from
Send no
for.e Specials OfSend
Cost
money
fer to agents.
TAVELLA SALES CO., 21 West Broadway.
the remote control'box are fed into tuned
New York, N. Y.
-
RADIO BOOKS
FOUR NEW RADIO BOOKS- LATEST SERVICING
methods. Complete technical reference
Servicing
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analysis.
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CO., Box 323 -AI, Lincoln, Nebr.
for
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RADIO -CRAFT
APRIL,
for
RADIO -CRAFT
circuits that feed both these tubes independently; the rectifier sections of the
6R7 develop bias voltages for the amplifier sections of both tubes.
Inside the control box at the remote
station are placed not only the control
buttons but also a twin -triode tube, a
6N7, with 2 independent oscillating circuits. One circuit operates at 200 kc. and
the other one at 300 kc., both triodes
being fed with raw 60 -cycle A.C.
Now we arrive at the subject of
"A" and "B" phasing mentioned by
the author. These designations refer to
operation of the oscillators on either
half -cycle of the A.C. supply. (The idea
may be clarified by considering theoretically that the A.C. modulation for "A"
phasing is derived with the plug in the
wall outlet in one position; "B" phasing
would then result if the plug position
in the socket were to be reversed.)
With this as a starting point we then
find that by sending currents modulated
in "A "- or "B" -phase at either 200 or
300 kc., and either individually or
together, over the powerline to the radio
receiver it is possible to produce 10 different phase and frequency combinations. Selective circuits at the receiver
are then designed to operate the 6N7
and the 6R7 input tubes so that these
relay -control tubes properly actuate 3
control relays. These relays then perform the previously-mentioned 8 operations of tuning -in either of 6 different
stations, and varying the volume to
any desired level; the remaining 2 operations are achieved by means of the gas
tube and involve turning the set on or
ADVERTISERS' INDEX
A
697
699
Allied Radio Corporation

American Microphone Co
American Television Institute
Amplifier Co. of America
Arcturus Radio Tube Co
Arrow Sales Company
Automatic Devices Manufacturers
Back Cover
702
707
716
719
714
Browning Laboratories, Inc

Brush Development Company
Burstein- Applebee Company
716
c
Capitol Radio Engineering Inst
701
718
714
712
659, 696
Central Radio Laboratories
Classified Section
Continental Carbon, Inc
Cornell -Dubilier Corp
Coyne Electrical School
n7
Dodges' Institute
Allen B. Du Mont Labs., Inc
717
720
Electric -Eye Devices Co

G
G &G Genuine
Majestic Refrigerator
and Radio- Parts Service

Goldentone Radio Company
Grenpark Company
711
712
713
I3ammarlund Mfg. Company

Hygrade Sylvania Corp
710
L
718
711
Lancaster, Allwine & Rommel

Lincoln Engineering School
M
700
720
720
Meissner Mfg. Company

Million Radio & Tel. Labs
Modell's
N
711
657
720
712
National Plans Institute

National Radio Institute
National Schools
National Union Radio Corp
700
New York YMCA Schools
Every customer you
have is
prospect
fora push button

installation. This
device makes ANY
radio a modern, upto- the -minute push

button set. nstal led
in a few minutes.
Increase your profits by selling this
compact, fool -proof
Model B6 for 2 Gang Var.

Cond. Receivers
Serviceman's Net Price
$395
unitlWritetodayfor
complete details!
Only3 leads to connect.

6 Push Buttons.
Compact51/4'wide,
11/2" high,21/z "deep.
Adaptable for remote control.
Manualcontrol of re-
Model B6JA for 3 and 4

GangVar.Cond. Receivers
LIST
$725
Serviceman's
Net Price
$425
ceiveraswell as push
button control.
Completely shielded
by metal container.
Unit complete with
instructions, es-
cutcheon, station
tabs, hardware, etc.
AUTOMATIC DEVICE MANUFACTURERS

Dept. 4R, 4243 West Ogden Ave.. Chicago, U. S. A.
off. -Editor
o
711
D. W. Onan & Sons
READERS' DEPARTMENT
720
716
Par -Metal Products Corp
Precision Apparatus Corp
(Continued front page 692)

selector switch allows the circuit to be
switched through the milliammeter. This allows
a good test on electrolytics. A second selector
allows selection of different load voltages. If one
wished an even more complete tester it would be
quite practical to use a very low -range meter
and rectifier and thereby obtain a means of
measuring capacity.
I realize that this tester is nothing new in
principle but thought my little improvements
might be useful to the Service Industry.
A
Radio Circular Company

Radio City Products Company
Radio Distributing Company
Radio Publications
Radio & Technical Publ. Co
Radio Training Assoc. of America
Radolek Company
Raytheon Production Corp
RCA Institutes, Inc
R.C.A. Manufacturing Co., Inc
Readrite Meter Works
Remington Rand, Inc
John F. Rider
Rosicrucian Order
Radio Constructors Labs
706
713
717
718
702, 717
719
703
716
708, 699
717
7109
7
705
712
71
695
701
712
718
Tavella Sales Company
713
Technifax
700
Teleplex Company
Cover
Back
....Inside
Test Equipment Co. of America
Co
Thomas
A.
illiam
701
Transducer Corporation
Triplett Elect. lnstr. Co
711
Try -Mo Radio Co., Inc
U
714
711
United Radio Company

Utah Radio Products Co
w
710
Montgomery Ward & Co
712, 717
Wellworth Trading Company
Weston Elect. Instrument Corp....Inside Front Cover
Wholesale Radio Service Co.,
A. J. CHAPMAN
713
6W-
E. H. Scott Radio Labs

McMurdo Silver Radio Corp
Solar Mfg. Company
Sprayberry Academy of Radio
Standard Transformer Corp
Superior Instrument Company
Supreme Instruments Corp
Swap & Sell Magazine
Wright- DeCoster, Inc
719"
1938
Inc
720
(While every precaution is taken to insure

accuracy, we cannot guarantee against the
possibility of an occasional change or omission in the preparation of this index.)
BRITISH SERVICE HARDER

Dover, England:
We have a lot of service work to do in this
country on American seta, and we usually find
that they are simpler jobs than on our own
makes. Your valves (tubes) last longer than
British -made types and are much simpler in
their markings. Do you know that there are over
200 different types of British valves, and every
maker has his own way of marking? Thus, in
your country, air 80 rectifier is known as an 80
in every make, but here, gosh, in Mullard, it's
DW2 ; Marconi, UR1 ; Mazda, 150/500 ; and so
on. Nearly every new model of set brings new
types of valves.
I have often wished I could come to America
to study your methods of servicing, but I expect
your Service Men have to put up with just as
much as we do ; perhaps more. Service Men in
Britain are not so well organized as they seem
to be in your country, and therefore, we get a
lot of competition from outsiders, such as bus
and truck drivers. however, sets are getting

more complicated, and set repairing is getting
more specialized.
Personally, I like American stuff. It is so much
better finished off than our own, and lasts better,
too. I have just recently serviced a Majestic which
is 8 years old and works better than most of its
modern English counterparts.
THOMAS SMITH, JR.
RADIO -CRAFT
Everything you need in radio. It's all in this

new RADOLEK RADIO PROFIT GUIDE.
Every repair part for every receiver. Newest radio receivers. New 1938 model public
address amplifiers, outputs for 5 to 100 watts.
New model ublic address speakers. Test
instruments. Technical books. Special equipment. Leading standard brands. Every item
guaranteed. It must be right or we make it
right.
And everything under one roof. You get
what you want promptly, and exactly what
you want. Radolek's immense stock plus
Radolek's efficient organization insures you
fastest service. 25,000 service men depend
on this service and benefit by Radolek's lowest prices. Send now for your copy of
Radolek's Radio Profit Guide. It will help
you make more money.
-----RADOLEK----Randolph,
Chicago, Dept. C -16
601 W.
Send me the 1968 Radolek Radio Profit Guide FREE.
Name
Address
Serviceman?
Dealer 7
Experimenter
RADIO -CRAFT
Model TBU
7700
,size 61/2" diameter, 3" high
The Tremendous Increase

in sales on our Talk -Balc4 Units proves they
have the lasting wear, perfect operation and
attractive appearance we have been claim-
ing for them.
Write for Tallc -Bak* literature

-include your distributor's name.and catalog
Wright -DeCoster Distributors are always

anxious to cooperate.
WRIGHT -DECOSTER,
2251
University Ave.,
Inc.
St. Paul, Minnesota
Dept. -M. Simons & Son Co., New York

Cable Address: "Slmontrice"
Canadian Representatives:
Wm. F. Kelly Co.. 1207 Bay St.. Toronto. Ontario
Taylor & Pearson, Ltd., Edmonton, Alberta
Export
*Copyrighted
SERVICING Q & A
of the 2nd R.F. tube, some reception
may be heard. There is no plate voltage
on the 1st R.F. tube and but 2 volts on
the 2nd R.F. tube. Both plate bypass
condensers are OK. Where may the
trouble be?
(A.) With the receiver set up for
operation, check the field coil of the
reproducer by testing the magnetic
"pull" of the field "pot" with a screw driver, or other iron or steel object. A
section of the field coil is probably open circuited, or the tapped lead of the field
coil has been ripped off. Plate voltage
for the 1st and 2nd R.F. tubes is obtained through this tap on the field coil.
for
APRIL,
1938
PRICES REDUCED
on two Brush microphones

BR2S and
B -1.
If your jobber
can't supply you, write

US.
THE BRUSH DEVELOPMENT CO.

3312 Perkins Ave.,
Cleveland, Ohio
MILLION:
MODEL
"INTERMITTENT" OSCILLATOR
(47) A. A. Guntrum, Rimersburg,
Pa.
(Q.) I -have an Apex model 7A receiver which has been causing trouble
for 6 years. The oscillator ceases to
function. At times, reception will cut
off after 3 hours of operation. Almost
every part but the oscillator coil assembly has been replaced in an effort to
clear the condition. What do you advise
Pocket Volt- Ohmmeter;
volts
0 -5 -50 -500-1000
1000 ohms per volt.
0 -1000 ohms
0- 500,000 ohms.
s7.95
Cash Price
Dealers Net
Write for literature on full line.
MILLION RADIO & TELEVISION

towards remedying the defect?
559
N. Union
Chicago
(A.) The receiver in question emTYPE 1B
ploys a type 24A tube as an autodyne
QUALITYrecommends
PRE- AMPLIFIER -MIXER or composite detector- oscillator, connected in a circuit shown in Fig. Q.47.
The I.F. coil and oscillator coil are a
composite unit. Failure of the oscillator
EXTREMELY
portion of the receiver, such as you
COMPACT AND
mention, may be due to any one of
several causes. Should the upper porPORTABLE!
WET ... DRY
tion of the tank coil, designated as L4
PAPER
in the diagram, open- circuit, then oscilMICA .. TRIMMER
Only 7"
Plec. Write for Detcdb
lations would cease. No operating voltlong, 6" high and 31/2
ages
would
be
disturbed in this case.
SOLAR MFG. CORP. 599-61
,Yorkadw 5
deep, the 1B is a universal a.c. -d.c. self A voltage analysis at the 24A socket
powered two channel pre - amplifier
would disclose normal readings. This is
and electronic mixer. High gain chanEYE Control Unit KitEalso true of the cathode bypass con- -*ELECTRIC
Complete kit with wiring instructions, $5.98. ,Comnel, 53 db gain. Low gain channel,
denser. An open- circuited condition of
pletely wired ready for installation, $8.98. Operates
on 110 V. A.C. -D.C. (Not a toy but proven
15 db gain ... both may be mixed and
the 0.01 -mf. condenser would produce
ment). Used for light controls, alarms, signals, equipfaded as desired.
openers, and many other electronic applications. door the symptoms described without affectTerms: 1/3 cash with order. balance C.O.D.
Frequency response
Consult us on your electronic needs -we build to
ing voltage reading. In some instances,
$1750
Sour: specifications.
is flat 2 db from 30
failure of the bypass condenser results
ELECTRIC - EYE DEVICES CO.
to 10,000 cycles. A
Complete with
51 East 125th Street
in uncontrollable oscillation, only a
New York, N. Y.
neat and business- one each tested
whistle being heard "over the entire
like unit finished in
dial" as the receiver is tuned.
Raytheon 617
the new British "post
The fact that voltages are present at
6F8, 615
the tube socket proves that L1, the I.F.
office gray."
How would you like to save up to 507E on
Nationally advertised Radios, such as Strom.
primary, the oscillator coil primary L3,
berg Carbon Philco, RCA. Zenith. G E
etc etc for home. farm and auto. over
and
the
lower tapped portion of L4, are
MCMURDO SILVER CORPORATION
4U0 models to choose from Also hundreds of
electric appliance items for the home. Write
2900 -G South Michigan Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois intact. Consequently, the intermittent
today for the new
giant catalog FREE.
open- circuiting of the upper portion of
MODELL'S ow. 51 Cordon* St., N.V.C.
the oscillator tank coil L4, or cathode
bypass condenser, is probably the cause
If you want to know em
DYDUL/LCE
ployment opportunities
of your troubles.
and requirements in radio
and related industries, get
Should the composite I.F. -oscillator
NOW
National's book of facts.
coil assembly and cathode bypass conmagnet let YOUR
FREE COPY TODAY
FOR THE SERVICE ENGINEERS! denser be found intact, substitute a
Dept RC-4. 4000 Rpm*
2,000 -ohm resistor for the 3,200 -ohm
The Type 164 three -Inch Service OscilloNATIONAL
unit now in the cathode circuit of the
graph designed for the service engineer and
built with the same care that has made
SCHOOLS
24A detector -oscillator tube. Try, also,
Du Mont instruments the choice of the
tE011%11ON
Los Angeles
leading Industrial and Educational
a 0.005 -mf. cathode bypass.
tories of the world at a New Low LaboraPrice.
.
193M
DU MONT
Only $54.50 Dealers Net
You need our 1938 Catalog
Public Address Number
Ask Four Jobber

ALLEN B. DU MONT LABORATORIES,
542
VALLEY ROAD
UPPER MONTCLAIR,
S.
forthcoming (May) issue of Radio -Craft

will be of special interest to the Public
Address
specialist. Order your copy today.
The
INC.
N.
J.
RADIO -CRAFT
It illustrates and describes our complete

line of
RACKS
PANELS
CABINETS
Write for your Free Copy Today!
PAR -METAL, PRODUCTS CORP:3527

41st St., Lon
Island CIt
N. Y.
SMASHING
GUARANTEE
Stands Behind These
INSTRUMENTS 1,
behind it! That
No line of test equipment is better than the company
first time
is why TECO is the choice of so many servicemen! Now for the
MANUFACTURER
YOU can buy TECO equipment DIRECT FROM THE
the
ability.
AT PRICES THAT SAVE YOU 50 %. Our years of engineering
experience of our trained technicians, our factory-to-you method of selling-
TECO MULTIMETER
T -15
The New TECO T -25
d'Arsonval output meter built in.
rapid, accu-
Radio and intermediate frequencies, 100Mc to

60Mc in G bands. All on fundamentals (no
harmonics used).
type
Audio frequencies in G bands: 60 cycle sine

wave, with percentage modulation control:
100, 400, 1000, 5000 and '7500 cycles, saw -tooth
modulation.
R.F. and A.F. independently accessible. Switch
selection of all R.F., I.F. and A.F. and all
direct reading on panel and dial.
measure-
rate
ments. A 1,000
ohms per volt
type instrument
featuring d'Ar-
sonval
movement
Accuracy
M
0.1
2 , /o;
Iliammeter.
attractive
and
metal
etched
panel. For use
on
110
V.
60
cycle A.C.
3
0
RESISTANCE RANGES
0- 50,000
-500 ohms,
HIGH
0111118,
.005
-1
and
mf.
.03-
0 -5
megohms
SCALES
AND LOW CAPACITY
mf.
200
COMPLETE AC and DC VOLTAGE and CURRENT

DC
AC
Voltage:
Voltage:
-15.
0 -1,
0
0-750
0 -750
-150.
0 -750
0 -150,
volts DC
0 -15(1,
0 -1:10,
Ions
\('
-750 Ala., DC
Ala., DC
0 -15.
RANGES
DECIBEL
THREE
-- 10 to 38 1)b., -I-20 to 58 Db.
to 18 Db.,
DC.Current:
AC Current:
-10
RANGES
0 -15,
0 -15.
INDUCTANCE: .5-1000
TECO Multimeter comes complete In carrying caso with
test prods and instructions.
Sloe 11tjtx91/2x51.
Shpg. wgt. 8 lbs.
Our net price
SPECIFICATIONS
for
need
SIGNAL GENERATOR
A new R.F. and A.F. Signal Generator with
Here's the unit

you
you
all combine to make TECO the best "buy" on the market. Remember,
10 days! If you
may buy the TECO Instruments you need and try them for MAY
RETURN
find one does not meet your specific requirements, YOU
IT TO US FOR FULL CREDIT ON ANY OTHER TECO EQUIPMENT
WHICH WE MAKE! Could anything be more fair?
Henries
s1360
Built-in output meter of exclusive design, .5 -2

volts r.m.s. in newest molded square Bakelite
case. Flat characteristics: 20-7500 cycles down
from
2 db. at 10,000 cycles. Operates directly
voice coil of set or may be used generally as
2 volt AC meter. Accuracy 2 %.
;
Attenuator for R.F. and I.F. works on all

bands. Leakage is extremely lo w.
Sine wave
Operates on 90 -130 volts AC or DC.
Generator is
modulation not present when modulation
is
worked on DC but saw tooth
present in both instances.
TESTER
TECO T-10 TUBE
A
Black shielded cabinet trimmed with crystalline

panel featuring German silver escutcheon
plates ; test leads. Uses 1 -6J5G R.F. Oscillator,
1 neon modulator tube.
1 -25Z6 Rectifier and
Latest Crowe 10" oblong vernier dial with full

vision and six indications of calibrations.
Model T -25, complete with
tubes, test leads, handle, instructions. Size:
9x11x51/2". Shpg. wgt. 18
lbs. Our net price . , . .
3
TECO T -20 SET TESTER
genuine achievement! For

accurate and rapid work. lias
d'Arsonval moving coil meter.
Tests all tyPes of receiving
tubes. For use mn 110v. 60
cycle AC.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
milliam meter
that includes
AC measurements and is
the lowest
priced, full inservice
strument ever
octal base tubes.

Tests all Diodes, Triodes,
Pentodes an(l Tetrodo receiving tubes. as well as many
transmitting types.
Separate Neon Test for leakage or shorts between elements.
English reading meter, with
clency or accuracy of test.

foolproof construction. Built for a lifetime of tlso.
Attractively designed etched panel, metal carrying caso and cover.
field
Compact and lightweight. Ideal for service laboratory or
servicing.
Supplied with complete instructions and tabular
data for every known receiving type of tubo,
Including many transmitting types.
Size: 11%x91/2x51/2. Shpg. wgt. 9 lbs. Our
net Price
Rugged,
TECO POCK- 0 -METER

A new pocket
size volt -ohm
FEATURES
Tests all 4, 5, 6, 7s -7L and
-BAD- I- GOOD" scale.

Minimum number of adjustments, without Impairing ctll-
offered!
3"
39
CEDAR
Has
d'Ar-
ment
move0 -1
Comes
with
sonval
milliammeter
attractive
etched panel.
A whole testing laboratory all in one unit.

Combines TECO Model 'l' -111 Tube 'rester and
TECO Model T -15 Multimeter. Specifications
are exactly the same as on both of the
models mentioned. Never before such a sensational value! Comes complete with unusually
large 4" d'Arsonval type meter and attractive
etched panel; instructions.
For use on 110v. 60 cycles,
A.C.
Size: 14x91/2 "xS34".
Shpg.
wgt. 20 lbs. Our
net price
$2145
SPECIFICATIONS
Linear DC voltage ranges:
Resistance ranges:
0/1.5/15/25/75/500 volts
s Linear AC voltage ranges:
0/1/l0/100/5002,500 volts
4 DC Current ranges:
0/1/10/100/500 nia.
0/500/500,000 ohms. (low ohms read
to 1 ohm).
Pork -o -meter supplied complete with
teries,
test leads and
9t.
tnsuacja";
wgt.
lbs.
Our net
TEST EQUIPMENT COMPANY

1
$1745
STREET
RC-4
NEW
pri ce
o,6
bat-
$845
4nQtl'ca
YORK, N.
Y.
Read W.4a1
TRI -TOWN RADIO AMATEUR CLUB
Sa.0 44cI %ea A.T.I. TELEVISION
OUTFIT
...
t!
He ,t is an actual photo of five

leading Chicago amateurs with
standard student A. T. I. Television Apparatus furnished with
each course of training. This
apparatus is identical with the
regular A. T. I. Equipment TriTown now uses on the air, for
their experimental Television
Broadcasts.
Dr. Norman F. Ellemeir

says, As an optical expert.
I find the A.T.I. equipment
in line with the finest precision standards.
It produces an exceptionally
image. The sensitivitygood
is
Edward Gibbons, W9TAK,

says, "I have worked
Lith A.T.I. equipment. It
nds itself perfectly to
xperimental
work and
hundreds of tests which
plevtscaaon."knowledgeo
h f
racln
remarkable."
We Invite All Men to Write to Us
The Tri -Town Radio Amateur Club, W9MWJ, of

Ridge Park, Chicago, is the only Amateur Club, we
)elieve, that has its o n Television Experimental
machine and training.
A.T.I. Equipment Includes:
TELEVISION - RADIO
TRAINING
IS
AMAZINGLY
Mr. A. G.
W9VMF, says,
"I favor
A.T.I. television equipment because it is
thoroughly mod e r n.
Every part is as good
as any experimenter
would want.'
G.
L.
Dos land,
W9TSM, says, This

equipment is Praical and lends itself
admirably to experimental uses and the
study of television."
'
Complete television transmitter and receiver,

cathode ray tube with large '7" screen, sweep circuits, photo electric cells, gas arcs, 50 watt radio
Laboratories. Their te evision test broadcasts on transmitter, superheterodyne
receiver, hi -gain
;he air will mark the eginning of local amateur
transmission amplifier, projector, Mazdas, lenses,
ooperation dedicated to the progress and perfect- :. loud speaker, meters, phones, and
RCA
ng of Television. The enthusiasm these "hams" tubes. Large five foot steel rack andcomplete
panels
with
show over their A.T.I. Television Equipment, and: separate television receiver. Complete text books
;heir appreciation of the cooperation A.T.I. En- and technical manuals. This equipment is sent
;ineers have extended to them is well reiected in to you at home, and is yours to keep, and is worth
;heir statements. We have hundreds of letters $1,000 to anyone taking this training. You learn
'rom A.T.I. men throughout the nation, express - by actually doing television work with your own
ng their enthusiasm about A.T.I. Equipment and equipment at home under our direction. Television
new method of learning Television at can not be properly learned from texts alone,
tome, with practical equipment. The American that's why we give you all this equipment in addition
Television Institute cordially invites all men who to a full engineering course in Radio. Television and
with final training in our laboratory in
Ire interested in Television to write for complete Electronics
under the direction of internationally famous
nformation on the A.T.I. New Method of Tele- Chicago
television engineers. Employment service given to
'ision -Radio Training.
graduates.
A. T. L
Roberts,
F. Wiechmann, W9RLA,
says, "I am tremendously
impressed by the size and
quality of your equipment.
The cathode ray tube and
four photo electric cells alone
are worth the entire price
complete
E.
You Can Make 350 Experiments
With this A.T.I. Equipment, you can make over

350 amazing, interesting Television and Electronic
experiments right in your own home. You can
produce your own Television program for a local
audience . . . . transmitting and receiving the
faces of your friends. You can build a complete
Television Receiver that picks up any modern 441
line signal
. . Television Transmission and Reception Systems, Television Amplifiers, Radio
Transmitters, Television Pick -ups, Photo -Electric
Relays, Light Beam Telephone, Magic Lantern,
Grid -Glow Alarms, Sound Amplifiers, Photo -Electi'ic Photometers. You can make hundreds of comparison tests that show you Television and Radio
in a quick, simple way . . . much easier to understand than just mere words in a book. It costs
you nothing to thoroughly investigate this opportunity. You cannot afford to pass it up. Send
Coupon Now.
LOW - PRICED ON
EASY
TERMS
TO
SUIT
YOU
AMERICAN TELEVISION INSTITUTE

433 E. Erie Sf., Dept. RC 438, Chicago, III.
I am interested in your special offer of 4 free lessons in Television. Please send literature and complete detaila. No obligation.
Age
Name
Address
City
.,......State
4 44ee LESSONS in TELEVISION
THIS OFFER GOOD FOR A LIMITED TIME ONLY!

DON'T DELAY! SEND THE COUPON NOW!

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RADIO'S LIVEST MAGAZINE

it, United Suttee

Developments in Electronic Music

Circuit Features of New Test Units

MEN READ RADIO-CRAFT MONTHLY

THAI NOLDS ITS ACCURACY

signal free from

design, thorshielding, and

4 features, heretofore available only in

additional features and refinements. In addition, it has

Weston Electrical Instrument Corp.,

Send data on Model 776 Oscillator.

I WILL TRAIN YOU

RADIO SERVICE BUSINESS

i TRAiN MY MEN TO MAKE

months I have been in

'OVER $1.000 BEFORE GRADUATING

good pay. see the world besides. Automobile,

EARNINGS TRIPLED BY N.R.I.

"For the last

Do you want to make more money? The world-

wide use of Radio has made many opportunities

OF THE KIND OF MONEY

Here it the Instrument

in Spare Time While Learning

Satre Money -Learn At Home

Institute, Dept. SOX,

particularly interested in the branch of Radio checked below..

Spare,Time Radio Service Work

Loud Speaker Systems. Installations and Servir,.

Please Say That You Saw It in

HUGO GERNSBACK, Editor -in -Chief

4 -Tube "Pee -Wee" T. R. F. Receiver

Editorial: Electronic Wonders

The Radio Month in Review

American Technique in the Television Studio

Recent Developments in Electronic Music

Television Students Learn by Making Cathode -Ray

Radio -Craft's Information Bureau

Build This Simplified, Neon -Type Test Unit

Canada's "Interference Detectives"-Part

"Learn -by- Experimenting" Beginners' Practical Radio

The Latest Radio Equipment

RADIO SERVICE DATA SHEETS:

Outstanding Circuit Features of 1937 and '38 Service

A "Handy" P.A. Amplifier

India's New Network of Radio Broadcasting

New "Amplified" D.C. Meter

Radio Interference Now International Problem

Easy to Build This

"Browning -83" 4 -Band Superhet

New! The Du Mont Television System

New! Audio "Expressor" for Sound Systems

International Radio Review

New developments in public address, sound recording,

Short -Cuts in Radio

Servicing Questions & Answers

Ask your newsdealer to reserve for you a copy of the

Radcreft Publications, Inc.

Radcreft Publications, Inc.