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Equivalent Norms

The document discusses several theorems related to open mappings and closed operators between Banach spaces, including the open mapping theorem, bounded inverse theorem, and closed graph theorem. It provides proofs of these theorems and relates them to establish the uniform boundedness principle.

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MorvaridYi
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170 views3 pages

Equivalent Norms

The document discusses several theorems related to open mappings and closed operators between Banach spaces, including the open mapping theorem, bounded inverse theorem, and closed graph theorem. It provides proofs of these theorems and relates them to establish the uniform boundedness principle.

Uploaded by

MorvaridYi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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THE OPEN MAPPING THEOREM AND RELATED THEOREMS

ANTON. R SCHEP

We start with a lemma, whose proof contains the most ingenious part of Banachs open
mapping theorem. Given a norm k ki we denote by Bi (x, r) the open ball {y X :
ky xki < r}.
Lemma 1. Let X be a vector space with two norms k k1 , k k2 such that (X, k k1 ) is a
Banach space and assume that the identity map I : (X, k k1 ) (X, k k2 ) is continuous.
If B2 (0, 1) B1 (0, r)

kk2

, then B2 (0, 1) B1 (0, 2r) and the two norms are equivalent.

Proof. From the hypothesis we get B2 (0, 1) B1 (0, r) + B2 (0, 21 ), so by scaling we get that
1
B2 (0, 21n ) B1 (0, 2rn ) + B2 (0, 2n+1
) for all n 1. let now kyk2 < 1. Then we can write
y = x1 + y1 , where kx1 k1 < r and ky1 k2 < 12 . Assume we have kyn k2 < 21n we can write
1
yn = xn+1 + yn+1 , where kxn+1 k1 P
< 2rn and kyn+1 k2 < 2n+1
. By completeness of (X, k k1 )

there exists x X such that x = n=1 xn , where the series converges with respect to the
norm k k1 . By continuity of the identity map I : (X, k k1 ) (X, k k2 ) it follows that
the same series also converges to x with respect to k k2 . On the other hand the equation
P
P
y = n+1
n=1 xn converges to y with respect to k k2 .
k=1 xk + yn+1 shows that the series
P
Hence y = x and thus kyk1 = kxk1 n=1 kxn k1 < 2r. It follows thatB2 (0, 1) B1 (0, 2r)
and thus kyk1 2rkyk2 for all y X. As the continuity of I gives that there exists C such
that kyk2 Ckyk1 for all y X, we get that the two norms are equivalent.

Theorem 2. Let X be a vector space with two norms k k1 , k k2 such that (X, k k1 ) and
(X, k k2 ) are Banach spaces. Assume that the identity map I : (X, k k1 ) (X, k k2 ) is
continuous. Then the norms k k1 and k k2 are equivalent.
Proof. Applying the Baire Category theorem in (X, k k2 ) to X =
n=1 B1 (0, n) we can
kk2

find n0 , x0 and r0 > 0 such that B2 (x0 , r0 ) B1 (0, n0 )


kk2

that B2 (0, r0 ) B1 (x0 , n0 )


B1 (0, n0 + kx0 k1 )

kk2

. Translating over x0 we get

. Now by the triangle inequality we get that B2 (0, r0 )

. By the above lemma the two norms are equivalent.

Theorem 3 (Bounded Inverse Theorem). Let X, Y be Banach spaces and assume T : X


Y is an one-to-one, onto continuous linear operator. Then T 1 : Y X is continuous.
Proof. Define kykT = kT 1 yk. Then k kT is a norm on Y and
P kyk kT kkykT for
y Y , so I : (Y, k kT ) (Y, k k) is continuous. Moreover, if
n=1 kyn kT < , then
P
PN
P
1
1 y k 0 as
x0 =
yn exists in X and kT x0 n=1 yn kT = kx0 N
n
n=1 T
n=1 T
N . Hence (Y, k kT ) is also a Banach space. By the above Theorem the two norms
1

ANTON. R SCHEP

on Y are equivalent, so there exists C such that kT 1 (y)k Ckyk for all y Y , i.e. T 1
is continuous.

We recall now that a linear map T : X Y is called open if T (O) is open for all open
O X. It is easy to see that an open linear map is surjective. The Open Mapping theorem
gives a converse to that statement. Before stating and proving that theorem, we recall a few
basic facts about quotient maps. Let X be a Banach space and M X a closed subspace.
Then X/M is a Banach space with respect to the quotient norm k[x]k = inf{kyk; y [x]}.
Denote by Q the quotient map Q(x) = [x]. Then Q is open. In fact, it is easy to see from
the definition of the quotient norm that Q({x : kxk < 1}) = {[x] : k[x]k < 1}.
Theorem 4 (Open Mapping Theorem). Let X, Y be Banach spaces and assume T : X
Y is an onto continuous linear operator. Then T is an open map.
Proof. Let Q : X X/ker(T ) be the quotient map. Then by the above remarks Q is an
open mapping. Let T : X/ker(T ) Y be the induced map such that T = T Q. Then T
is one to one and onto, so by the above Theorem T1 is continuous, so T is open and thus
T is open.

Let now A : D(A) Y be a linear operator, where D(A) is a (not necessarily closed)
linear subspace of the Banach space X. The subspace D(A) is called the domain of A.
Given a linear operator A : D(A) Y we define the graph
(A) = (x, Ax) : x D(A),
It is clear that (A) is linear subspace of X Y . We can equip X Y with the product
norm k(x, y)k = kxk+kyk. Then we say that A has a closed graph (or is a closed operator),
if (A) is a closed subspace of X Y .
Example 5. Let X = Y = C[0, 1] with the supremum norm. Let D(A) = C 0 [0, 1] the
subspace of X consisting of continuously differentiable functions and define A : D(A) Y
by Af = f 0 . One can can see that A is not bounded, by taking fn (t) = tn , and noting
that kfn k = 1 and kAfn k = n. On the other hand A has a closed graph. To see that A
has a closed graph, let (fn , fn0 ) (f, g) in X Y . Then by the Fundamental Theorem of
Rt
Rs
Rt
Calculus fn (t) fn (0) = 0 fn0 (s) ds 0 g(s) ds. It follows that f (t) = f (0) + 0 g(s) ds.
Hence f D(A) and f 0 = g, i.e., (f, g) (A).
The following proposition is immediate from the definition.
Proposition 6. Let X and Y be Banach spaces and assume A : D(A) Y is a linear
operator, where D(A) is a subspace of X. Then the following are equivalent.
(1) A has a closed graph.
(2) If xn D(A), xn x X, and Axn y Y , then x D(A) and Ax = y.
(3) D(A) is a Banach space with respect to the graph norm kxkA = kxk + kAxk.
Theorem 7 (Closed Graph Theorem). et X and Y be Banach spaces and assume A :
X Y is a closed linear operator. Then A is bounded.

THE OPEN MAPPING THEOREM AND RELATED THEOREMS

Proof. Define P : (A) X by P (x, Ax) = x. Then P is clearly a bounded, one-to-one,


onto linear operator, so by the Bounded Inverse Theorem the inverse operator P 1 : X
(A) is bounded. Hence there exists a constant C such that kxk + kAxk Ckxk, i.e.,
kAxk (C 1)kxk for all x X.

We now present a proof of the Uniform Boundedness Principle, based on the Closed
Graph Theorem.
Theorem 8 (Banach-Steinhaus). Let X and Y be Banach spaces and assume A
L(X, Y ) ( F) is a pointwise bounded family of bounded operators, i.e., for all x X
there exists a constant Cx such that kA xk Cx for all F. Then there exists a
constant C such that kA || C for all F.
Proof. Define the space Y = {(y ) : y Y, sup ky k < } with norm k(y )k =
sup ky k. It is straightforward to verify that Y is also a Banach space. Now define
T : X Y by T x = (A x). Note T x Y , since the collection A is pointwise
bounded. Clearly T is linear and we claim that T is closed. To see this, let xn 0
and T xn (y ). Then A xn y for all F, but also A xn 0 for all . Hence
(y ) = (0) and T is closed. By the Closed Graph Theorem T is bounded, i.e., there exists
a constant C such that for all kxk 1 we have sup kA xk C. Hence kA k C for all
F.


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