2015 [EEE [nternational Conference on Technological Advancements in Power & Energy

Power Quality Enhancement using Distributed

Generation Inverters with Active Power Control
Jayanand B.
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.
Govt. Engineering College,
Thrissur, Kerala, India

Preetha K.P.
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.
Govt. Engineering College,
Thrissur, Kerala, India

Abstract-Renewable Energy Sources (RES) based Distributed

Power Generation use Power Electronic Converters for grid
interfacing.
strategy

for

This
a

paper
current

deals

with

controlled

multiobjective

three

phase

control

Distributed

Generation (DG) inverter. The DG inverter incorporates active

filter functionality in forward and reverse power flow modes
when connected to a nonlinear load. The multifunctional grid
connected inverter (MFGCI) can compensate for load current
harmonics, load unbalance and load reactive power demand with
closed loop active power control. The proposed closed loop power
control scheme achieves accurate power tracking with zero
steady state errors under ideal and non-ideal supply conditions.
A hysteresis band current controller is used to generate the
switching pulses for the interfaced inverter. Extensive simulation
studies are done in MATLAB/Simulink software to validate the
effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

Index Terms-Renewable Energy Sources (RES), Distributed

Generation

(DG),

Multifunctional

grid

connected

inverter

(MFGCI), Power quality, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD).

I. INTRODUCTION
[n recent years Distributed Generation (DG) based on
Renewable Energy Sources (RES) has undergone tremendous
development globally. Due to the increasing energy demand,
reducing fossil fuels and clean energy concepts more and more
DG units are connected to the grid at the distribution level [1].
Microgrids which integrates RESs, energy storage devices and
local loads are a solution to the present day energy crisis [2].
Power quality is a major issue in a conventional distribution
system in the presence of increased usage of nonlinear loads
and power electronic based equipments. Poor power quality is
a big challenge for the stable, effective and economic operation
of an inverter dominated microgrid [1,3,4,8]. [n the near future
electricity will be a commodity marketed by judging its quality
in a competitive environment [8]. A number of active power
filtering techniques have been developed to mitigate the
traditional distribution system harmonic issues [6]. The basic
structure of an active filter is similar to that of a DG inverter
and the primary function of these grid interfacing inverters is to
inject active power to the grid. The DG inverter may not
operate at its full capacity at all the time due to the stochastic
nature of the renewable energy sources like solar andlor wind
[7]. If controlled properly the unused capacity of DG inverters
can be effectively used for providing ancillary services like
harmonic, reactive power compensation and unbalance

978-1-4799-8280-6115/$31.00 2015 IEEE

Reji P.
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.
Govt. Engineering College,
Thrissur, Kerala, India

mitigation of the power distribution system [2,7,8,9]. Such an

inverter can be called as a multifunctional grid connected
inverter (MFGCI). With the recent developments in microgrid
technology power quality enhancement using flexible control
of MFGCI is an interesting research topic [10]. Use of MFGCI
eliminates the necessity of additional compensating devices
and results in a cost effective system [7-9].
Voltage Source inverters are used as the interfacing
converters in most of the DG systems. Normally these inverters
operate in current controlled mode (CCM) during grid
connected operation due to its superior harmonic compensation
capability when compared to the voltage controlled mode
(VCM). Various control strategies and techniques for enhanced
power quality in a grid connected system have been reported
recently [8-[4]. During harmonic compensation of the
nonlinear load current, the fundamental DG current supplied by
the interfacing inverter has to be calculated based on the active
and reactive power reference. A control technique with power
quality improvement features for the integration of DG systems
to the grid is discussed in [12]. In this strategy generation of
fundamental DG current component assumes a stiff voltage
source at the grid side and does not consider non ideal supply
conditions. An open loop power control strategy for optimal
power
quality
compensation
in
Microgrids
using
multifunctional grid connected inverters is proposed in [13].
An electrical distribution system is subjected to power
fluctuations and uncertainties which causes the voltage at the
point of common coupling (PCC) to be unbalanced. The
interaction between the DG inverter nonlinear current and
distorted PCC voltages may contribute power control errors in
the steady state [14-16]. Hence a closed loop power control
strategy is necessary for accurate power tracking in the case of
distorted voltages at the PCC. In [14], a closed loop power
control strategy for single phase inverters with active harmonic
filtering in stationary frame is proposed for harmonic
compensation.
The objective of this paper is to develop a control strategy
for harmonic current filtering in a three phase grid connected
DG system without using extra compensating device. The
proposed closed loop control is able to track the active power
reference and improve the power quality in the presence of
unbalanced and distorted supply voltages. The effectiveness of
the control scheme is validated by elaborate simulation studies

205

2015 IEEE International Conference on Technological Advancements in Power & Energy

for different operating modes of the DG inverter under ideal
and non-ideal supply conditions.
The rest of the paper is organized into four sections.
Section II gives a schematic representation of the system under
consideration. Generation of the reference currents for the
proposed method is dealt in section III. Section IV relates to
the simulation results for different operating modes of the DG
inverter under various load and supply conditions. Conclusion
is given in section V.

generate the fundamental current components, the PCC

voltages are filtered in dq frame [13].

II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

A schematic representation of the proposed system is given
in Fig.I. Rg and Lg represents the grid resistance and
inductance up to the point of common coupling; Rig and Ldg
represents the equivalent resistance and inductance of the
inverter filter, coupling transformer and connecting cables; Ls
represents the smoothing inductance inserted in series with the
load to reduce the spikes in the grid current due to switching
transients; v'" Vh. Vc represents the voltages at the PCC and if",
hb, he represents the load currents,
III. REFERENCE CURRENT GENERATION PRINCIPLE
The control technique employed is based on the analysis of
load voltage, load current and inverter currents in the dq
synchronous rotating frame. Independent control of active and
reactive power can be achieved with more effectiveness in dq
frame. The instantaneous angle of the voltage at PCC is
obtained by using a phase locked loop (PLL).

A) Calculation of d-axis and q-axis reference currents to

supply load active and reactive power

The active and reactive power injected from the DG

link to the grid at the fundamental frequency is
3
(1)
Pdg = "2 vd1dg d +v/dg

q)

(2)
Qdg = "2 ( V/dgd -vdldgq )
where Idgd and Idg and are the dq- components of DG inverter
q

current at fundamental frequency to manage the active power

and reactive power exchange between the grid and RES. Vd and
Vq are the the PCC voltages in dq frame.
The currents at fundamental frequency required to deliver
the active and reactive power from the RES has to be supplied
by the DG inverter. The corresponding reference currents at
fundamental frequency are 1*dgd and 1* dg , which can be
q
calculated using the open loop and the proposed closed loop
power control strategy as explained below,
1) Open loop power control
In a practical case, the PCC voltages may contain ripple due
to the unexpected power fluctuations and excessive use of
harmonic polluted loads connected to the system. Hence to

{enewable
Energy
Source

'

AClDe
"
DC'lDe
Converter

Fig.I. Schematic of the proposed distribution generation

system connected to the electrical network

Using equations (1) and (2) ,

(3)

Vd and Vq are the voltages after passing through a low

filter. P
and Q* are the active and reactive power

where

pass
references.

2) Proposed closed loop power control

In the proposed closed loop control strategy, the calculated
DG active and reactive power are filtered through a low pass
fi Iter and compared with the reference powers to get the error
signal. The dq - components of inverter reference current at
fundamental frequency can be generated by passing the error
signal through a PI controller and can be expressed as
-

idgd = ( P - Pd
*

)(k

pI

ki))

+
k

;2)
*-Qdg )(kp2+Idgq=(Q
.
s
-

where

Pd

and

Qd

(4)
(5)

represent the filtered real and reactive

power of the DG inverter, kPI .kil, kP2 and kil are the
proportional and integral gains for minimizing the real and
reactive power control errors,
As per IEEE 1547 the inverters in a distributed
generation system are not permitted to inject reactive power to
the grid [5]. As such, the total q-axis reference current for the
inverter is limited to meet only the reactive power demand of
*
the load so that ld = O. Hence only active power control IS
gq

done in both open loop and closed loop control schemes.

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2015 [EEE [nternational Conference on Technological Advancements in Power & Energy

In rotating synchronous frame the quadrature component of
load current i1q is perpendicular to the direct component of
voltage CIq vd ) [[2]. Accordingly the q-axis reference current
of the DO inverter can be expressed as
(6)
B.

Calculation of total d-axis reference current

The d-axis component of the load current can be expressed

as [[2]
(7)
where in1d is the oscillating component of the load current
and hdl is the fundamental component of load current. [n dq
frame the fundamental frequency component of the load
current appears as a dc component. The harmonic components
of the load current can be obtained by using a high pass filter.
But due to the excessive phase lag associated with the high
pass filter, a second order low pass filter having a cut off
frequency of 25 Hz is used to extract the harmonic component
of the load current.
iU1d can be expressed as
-

i1d

=
= L i1d
n

(8)

n=2

I i Z dn
n=2

iZd (1

U'//)

(9)

The DO inverter has to supply the d-axis component of

harmonic load current given by equation (8) and the d-axis
component of current at fundamental frequency given by
equation (3) or (4) depending upon the type of the power
control scheme. Hence the total d-axis reference current for the
DO inverter can be expressed as
([0)
C.

DC link voltage control

When the power from the RES is equal to zero, the inverter
operates in shunt active filter mode. The DO inverter draws an
active power component of current ide for maintaining the dc
bus voltage constant and to meet the losses in the inverter. The
DC link voltage error can be expressed as
*

Vde err = Vde

Vde

([1)

The current ide can be obtained by passing the error through

a P[ controller and is given by
(12)
where kp and k; are the proportional and integral gain constants.
D. Hysteresis Current Control Scheme

A Hysteresis band current controller is used to generate the

switching pulses for the DO inverter. The reference currents
generated in dq frame are transformed to natural abc frame and

978-1-4799-8280-6/15/$31.00 2015 IEEE

compared with the inverter currents to generate the error

signals.
[fi a - id a > h ' then upper switch is switched ON and
:x x
h
lower switch is switched OFF in the inverter leg of phase 'a'.
If i;ga - idga

<

hb ,then upper switch is switched OFF and

lower switch is switched ON in the inverter leg of phase 'a',

where hb is the assigned hysteresis band. Using the same
principle switching pulses for the other switches in phase 'b'&
'c' are produced. The hysteresis band directly controls the
amount of ripples in the current injected into the grid. The main
advantages of hysteresis current controller are ease of
implementation,
extremely
good
dynamic
response,
outstanding robustness and independence of load parameter
changes [17]. The switching frequency depends on the width of
hysteresis band, the size of interfacing inductor Ldg to the grid,
and the DC voltage. As per [18], the relation between
switching frequency and the filter inductance can be expressed
as
2_V-",cd ,-, _

= _

dg

(13)

9hbi;,"1},maX

where Vde is the DC link voltage, hh is the hysteresis band and

f'swmax is the maximum switching frequency.

[v. SIMULATION RESULTS
To verify the effectiveness and validity of the proposed
technique, detailed simulations are done for various load
conditions in MATAB ISimulink environment using Power
System Blockset. The schematic of the control block diagram
is given in Fig.2. The inverter has got a power rating of 20
KVA and the maximum available active power from the DO is
8KW [[8]. The active power reference is taken as 8KW in
simulation and is assumed to be constant for all load
conditions. The capability of the DO inverter to function as an
active power filter is examined fIrst by putting the reference
active power as zero. Next the performance of the DO inverter
in the forward and reverse power flow modes in the ideal
supply voltage conditions are analyzed using the closed loop
active power control. The effectiveness of the proposed closed
loop control strategy is compared with open loop control under
the non-ideal supply conditions at the end. The parameters used
for simulations are given in Table 1.
TABLE 1.
Simulation Parameters
Parameter
Value
Grid voltage
400V
0.01 n
Grid resistance
0.15 mH
Grid inductance
800V
DC linl( voltage set point
3000llF
DC link capacitance
0.15 n
Interfacing resistance
5.5mH
Interfacing inductance
250150n,10mH
Nonlinear load
ImH
Smoothing filter inductance

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2015 [EEE [nternational Conference on Technological Advancements in Power & Energy

Switch S at I APF alone

S\olitch S at 2APF",ith
DG

the grid currents are well maintained within the IEEE limits as
given in Table. II.
In all the three modes of operation, the reactive power
demand of the load is met by the DG inverter and the reactive
power supplied by the grid becomes zero as shown in Fig. 4
(c).

.,.

.
>

500 ------_.__-__.___----

-500

0.01

I
0.02

I
0.03

I
0.04

I
9.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

:::
400

0.01

0.02

0.01

0.03

0.02

0.04

0.03

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

1
0.1

Time(s)

Fig. 2. Control block diagram for generation of switching

pulses for the DG inverter.

Fig. 3. Grid voltage, Grid currents and DC link voltage

during shunt active filter mode of the DG inverter.

TABLE II
THD of grid currents under ideal supply conditions.

A. Shunt active filter mode (Pref=O).

When there is no power from the RES the DG inverter
operates in shunt active filter mode. The performance of the
system with an unbalanced nonlinear load is shown in Fig.3.
After the connection of DG at t =0.02 second, the grid currents
are balanced and sinusoidal with a total harmonic distortion
(THD) of 0.9, 0.89 &0.91 in phases a, b and c. The DC voltage
is maintained at the reference value of 800V as shown in Fig.
3.
B.

Before Compensation
iga
ig b
igc

After Compensation
iga
igb
igc

30.[8

30.[8

30.18

2.4

2.4

2.4

3l.57

3l.57

31.57

3.55

3.55

3.55

Forward Power flow mode (Pret< PJ

The DG link DC voltage is assumed constant in this mode

in order to evaluate the capability of the proposed control
strategy for accurate power tracking. A three phase diode
rectifier feeding a load of resistance of 25 n and an inductance
of 15mH is connected to the PCC. The nonlinear load currents
make the grid currents highly polluted. The DG inverter is
connected to the grid at t=0.06 second. The nonlinear part of
the load current is supplied by the DG inverter and the grid
currents become sinusoidal. Since the load power is greater
than the maximum power capacity Pre! of the inverter, the grid
also supplies positive power to the load as shown in Fig.4
(a).The grid voltage which is exactly in phase with the grid
current is shown in Fig.5 (a), which indicates an improvement
in the input power factor.
C.

Mode of
operation
Forward
Power
flow
Reverse
Power
flow

Reverse Power flow mode (Pret>PJ

The resistance of the nonlinear load is increased to 50 n in

order to reduce the load power than the reference active power
of the DG. Figure 4(b) indicates negative grid power, which
means that the excess power from the DG is fed back to the
grid during this mode. The grid currents are exactly out of
phase with the grid voltage as shown in Fig. 5 (b). The THD of

978-1-4799-8280-6/15/$31.00 2015 IEEE

D. Unbalanced and Distorted Supply

An unbalanced three phase supply can be represented using

positive and negative sequence components. The presence of
negative sequence components in the voltage causes power
control errors which cannot be addressed in an open loop
power control. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed
method, the supply voltages are modified by introducing 10%
unbalance with 3% third and fifth harmonics.
The performance of the inverter is analyzed using the
open loop and proposed closed loop power control strategy.
The supply voltage is made unbalanced and distorted at t=0.02
sec. The grid currents are balanced and sinusoidal as shown in
Fig.6. Figure 7 shows that the closed loop power control
strategy is able to track the active power reference with zero
steady state errors. With closed loop control, the ripples in the
injected fundamental current of DG inverter is reduced as
shown in Fig. 8. The distortion in the grid currents is also less
than that of open loop control and a comparative analysis of
THD is given in Table III.

208

2015 IEEE International Conference on Technological Advancements in Power & Energy

15000

-------------------I

10000

5000

(0)

0.05

10000

5000- -

-5000

I
0.15

0.1

400,---,----,------------------------=

Load

;;..

-200

'"
-' -::-0.19

----

I
I
I
0.25

0.2

200

DG
Grid

0.3

:
0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.2

0.21

0.22

0.23

I
0.2

0.21

I
0.22

I
0.23
Timc(s)

0.25

0.24

0.25

0.26

0.27

0.28

0.26

0.27

0.28

___

L _____________

8000
0.1

(c)

0.15

Time (s)

0.2

0.25

0.26

I
0.27

0.28

9000

Grid

....
..
1-....-0.05

0.24

Fig.6. Grid voltage, load and grid currents under

unbalanced and distorted supply voltages with closed loop
power control.

Load. DG

1000

0.25

Grid, DG and Load Active Power in a) Forward power

flow mode, b) Reverse power flow mode and c) Reactive
Power in both modes.
40

7000

0.3

Fig. 4.

6000- ------

...
"
"

5000- ------

4000
-;;
"

---

Closed loop Power Control

---

Open Loop Power Control

3000

(..)

2000
1000-----O

------- ' ---- T ---- r ---- r --- ----

--,-----------------L----

__

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

Time (s)

0.25

0.3

0.4

0.35

Fig. 7. DG Real power under non ideal supply conditions

using open loop and closed loop control.

40 L---------L------L--
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2

(a)

I
I
I
I

0.24

Grid

2000

0.23

Load

3000

0.22

I
I
I
I

(b)

[
J

0.21

I
I
I

DG

0.2

20

16.5

(a)
--
--
--
-- --
--
--
--
----
20 Lo
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2

:
I

- -------I

16 I
0.15

I
0.2

I
0.3

0.25

I
0.35

0.4

17 ----,---,

'ill

16.5

----------_J

16
0.15

0.2

0.25

(b)

nme (s)

0.3

I
0.35

0.4

Fig. 8.
(b)

40

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

Fundamental current tracking in a) Open loop and

b) Closed loop control.

0.2

8000

20

[ 6000

20 L------L------Lo
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2

Time(s)
Fig. 5.

Grid voltage, Grid current and DG current in phase

under a) forward b) reverse power flow modes.

978-1-4799-8280-6115/$3l.00 2015 IEEE

4000
2000

r---t'i""'--'T'"---t"
1
I

________

J ___
I

---- Reference Power

---- DG Real Power

-.--------

o L_____________L___________________
o
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
TiIlle (s)

'a'

Fig. 9. Dynamic performance of the proposed closed loop

power control.

209

2015 IEEE International Conference on Technological Advancements in Power & Energy

[4]

TABLE III
THO of grid currents under unbalanced and distorted
supply conditions

F. Blaabjerg, Z. Chen,and S. Kjaer, "Power Electronics as

efficient interface in dispersed power generation systems," IEEE
Trans. Power Electron.,vol. 19,no. 5, pp. 1184-1194, Sep. 2004.

[5]

IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with

[6]

S.Rahmani, N. Mendalek, K. AI-Haddad, "Experimental design

Electric Power Systems, IEEE Std. 1547, 2003.

Mode of
operation
Forward
Power
flow
Reverse
Power
flow

Open Loop Power

Control
iga
i.b
i.e

Closed Loop Power

Control
i.a
i.b
i.e

2.54

2.25

of a nonlinear control technique for three phase shunt active

power filter," IEEE trans. Ind. Electron, voI.57,no.lO,oct 2010.
[7]

4.46

4.24

4.17

N. Pogaku and T.C.Green, "Harmonic mitigation throughout a

distribution system- A distributed generator based solution,"

4.1

lEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib, vol.I 53, No.3, pp. 350-358,
May 2006.

3.99

4.00

3.99

3.72

3.65

3.75

[8]

Z. Zeng, H.Yang, R. Zhao and C. Cheng, " Topologies and

control strategies of multifunctional grid connected inverters for
power

quality

enhancement:

comprehensive

review,

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,24, pp 223-270,

E.

Dynamic performance of the proposed strategy.

The capability of the OG inverter to track the changes in

active power of the RES is analyzed by giving a step increase
of reference power from 4000W to 6000W under the non-ideal
supply conditions. Figure 9 indicates that the closed loop
power control strategy is able to follow the changes in the
power smoothly which shows the effectiveness of the proposed
scheme.
V. CONCLUSION
This paper discusses the capabilities of a MFGCI for
enhancing the power quality in a grid connected distributed
generation system. It has been shown that the DG inverter can
be effectively utilized to inject real power from the RES in the
forward and reverse power flow modes and/or operate as a
shunt active power filter. The proposed closed loop active
power control strategy achieves accurate power tracking with
zero steady state errors under ideal and non-ideal supply
conditions and can be used as a control technique for
integration of DG inverters to the utility grid. The method
eliminates the need of extra power conditioning devices to
improve the power quality. The effectiveness of the control
scheme is verified under balanced and unbalanced nonlinear
load conditions. With the proposed method the combination of
nonlinear loads and the DG inverter is seen as a resistive load
at the PCC and the grid currents are maintained sinusoidal.
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