IMS 100 Intro To Incident Management

IMS-100: Introduction to IMS
IMS-100
Introduction to the
Incident Management System (IMS) for
Ontario
December 2008
IMS-100
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Intentionally left blank
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Contents
Preface..................................................................................................................................... 4
Purpose of this Course ........................................................................................................ 7
General ................................................................................................................................. 7
Vision .................................................................................................................................... 7
Goal....................................................................................................................................... 7
Course Objectives............................................................................................................... 8
Using this course ................................................................................................................ 8
What is the Incident Management System (IMS)? .................................................... 10
How did IMS develop? ..................................................................................................... 12
Scenario, Stage I Simple incident, verbal Incident Action Plan ......................... 15
Key Concepts and Principles of IMS illustrated in Scenario I ............................... 23
Map of the incident in scenario I .................................................................................... 25
Organization Chart of IMS Structure in scenario I. .................................................. 26
Self-directed Test One ...................................................................................................... 27
Scenario, Stage II Complex incident, verbal Incident Action Plan.................... 30
Key Concepts and Principles of IMS illustrated in Scenario II.............................. 42
Map of the incident in scenario II .................................................................................. 44
Organization Chart of the IMS structure used in scenario II. ................................. 45
Self-directed Test Two...................................................................................................... 47
Scenario, Stage III Complex incident, written Incident Action Plan ................ 50
Key Concepts and Principles of IMS illustrated in Scenario III ............................ 63
Map of the incident in scenario III................................................................................. 65
Organization Chart of IMS Structure in scenario III. ............................................... 66
Self-directed Test Three ................................................................................................... 67
Where to go from here ...................................................................................................... 71
Self-Test Answers .............................................................................................................. 73
Answers - Test One.......................................................................................................... 74
Answers - Test Two.......................................................................................................... 76
Answers - Test Three....................................................................................................... 78
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Preface
Welcome to IMS-100: Introduction to IMS in Ontario. This Self-Directed course
is designed to teach you the basic functions, concepts, and principles of the Incident
Management System (IMS). At the end of this course you will be aware of the major
functions within IMS, and be able to assume limited roles within an incident
management team for simple incidents. This course is the first in the series of
training courses on IMS in Ontario. It comprises a downloadable reading package
with self-tests and an online exam.
The training strategy for IMS was developed by a Working Group established in
support of the development of the IMS doctrine for Ontario. The training strategy
includes four levels of IMS training:
IMS-200: Basic IMS
IMS-300: Intermediate IMS
IMS-400: Advanced IMS
The training curriculum for these courses is shown on the next page. Other details
are shown in the section Where to go from here. An IMS Instructor course (IMS910) will be run to provide instructions on how to teach the IMS-200.
The training strategy supports the implementation of the IMS doctrine for Ontario.
The IMS doctrine for Ontario was developed by a multi-stakeholder Steering
Committee, chaired by Emergency Management Ontario. This doctrine was
developed to provide a single, province-wide IMS that is capable of ensuring the
effective, coordinated response to all incidents by Ontarios various response
organizations. Lessons from previous emergencies demonstrated the need for such
a standardized IMS to avoid confusion and enhance response.
The doctrine is recommended reading in conjunction with this training
package. It may be found at www.ontario.ca/emo.
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Outcomes
Crses
IMS Training Curriculum Overview: This curriculum overview is applicable to all

emergency response organizations and teaches the general principles of IMS. It
does not replace the need for organization-specific IMS training.
IMS-100:
Introduction
IMS-200: Basic
IMS-300: Intermediate
IMS-400: Advanced
Function
within the
Ontario IMS
Initiate IMS
structures and
concepts for simple
incidents or during
the early phases of a
complex incident
Individuals
potentially involved
in implementing IMS
at simple incidents or
during the early
phases of a complex
incident
IMS-100
Perform leadership roles

within an expanded IMS
structure during a
complex incident
involving multiple
organization response
Individuals potentially
performing leadership
roles within an expanded
IMS structure during a
complex incident
involving multipleorganization response
IMS-200 and knowledge
of the operations of
represented organization
and may be assigned to
a Command or General
Staff position during an
incident
3-4 days
Command complex
incidents
Audience
All
Evaluation
Delivery
Duration
Prerequisite
Nil
4 hours (self- 8-16 hours

directed); 48 hours
(classroom)
Individuals
potentially
performing the
command function
at complex
incidents.
IMS-300 and may
be designated to
perform the
Command function
during a complex
incident
2-4 days
Self-Directed
or Classroom
Classroom (modular)
Classroom
Classroom
Multiple
choice Test
Written Test
Written and
Performance-based
Testing
Written and
Performance-based
Testing
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Emergency Management Ontario (EMO) wishes to recognize and thank the
members and organizations on the Training Working Group for their service on
this project. They are listed below:
Allen, Harmon - Durham Region: [email protected]

Bassirullah, Hafeeza - Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (MOHLTC):
[email protected]
Beauregard, Andre - Region of Peel: [email protected]
Bigrigg, Brad - Ontario Association of Fire Chiefs (OAFC):
http://www.oafc.on.ca/home.asp
Charlebois, Tim - Ontario Provincial Police (OPP): www.opp.ca
Crang, Larry - Office of the Fire Marshal (OFM):
http://www.ofm.gov.on.ca/english/feedback.asp
Geoffrion, Philippe - Emergency Management Ontario (EMO):
http://www.ontario.ca/emo
Kontra, Tom - EMO: http://www.ontario.ca/emo
Lazarus, Ray - EMO: http://www.ontario.ca/emo
Martin, Glenn - The Township of Tarbutt & Tarbutt Additional:
www.tarbutttownship.com
McIsaac, Wayne - Ontario Fire College (OFC):
http://www.ofm.gov.on.ca/english/Education/Firecollege/default.asp
McLean, Jim - Toronto Police Service: http://www.torontopolice.on.ca/
Montgomery, James - City of Ottawa: [email protected]
Morton, Michael J. - EMO: http://www.ontario.ca/emo
Noel, Jeff - Salvation Army - Ontario Central Divisional Headquarters:
[email protected]
Outtrim, Doug - OFC:
http://www.ofm.gov.on.ca/english/Education/Firecollege/default.asp
Rajgopalan, Kalpana - EMO: http://www.ontario.ca/emo
Stasyna, Greg - City of Toronto: [email protected]
Taylor, Brad - Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services (MCSCS):
[email protected]
Welch, Fred - Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR):
[email protected]
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Purpose of this Course

General
The purpose of this module is to familiarize you with the structure, key
functions and terminology used in the Incident Management System (IMS).
Upon completion of this course you will be able to function as a responder
within Ontarios IMS. Although IMS can be used for planned events, such as
concerts or parades, the explanations and examples in this module are focused
on incidents, i.e. occurrences or events that require an emergency response to
protect life, property, and/or the environment.
This course is based on the Ontario IMS doctrine developed by the IMS
Steering Committee. Committee membership includes approximately 30
organizations representing municipalities, responder and emergency services
associations, provincial ministries, NGOs, the private sector, and federal
departments. The IMS Steering Committee established the vision and goals for
IMS.
Vision
Ontario will have a standardized incident management system that provides
functional interoperability at all levels of emergency management.
Goal
The goal of the Incident Management System is to provide an efficacious,
flexible, and consistent structure and process that is scalable to manage
incidents by all levels of government, emergency response organizations,
communities, ministries, non-government organizations (NGOs), and the private
sector.
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Course Objectives
Upon completion of the entire course package you will be able to:
Give an outline summary of the history of IMS in North America, and the
development of the IMS doctrine for Ontario.
Define the purpose and scope of IMS, including what led to the current
vision for IMS in Ontario.
Explain the core concepts & principles of IMS in Ontario.
Explain how IMS is implemented in simple and complex incidents.
Explain the key terms, acronyms and symbols used in IMS.
Explain the structure and key functions within IMS, including being able to
name and define the basic organizational terms and titles used in IMS.
Describe the basic incident facilities used in IMS.
Explain how resources are managed in IMS.
Describe how information is managed and the different audiences that must
be served.
Explain the types of command models and why, where and how each may
be utilized.
Explain the differences between command and support.
Explain some common accountability responsibilities of individuals deployed

to incidents.
Using this course

This course is based on the Ontario IMS doctrine that should be read and
consulted as a reference tool for further clarification of the concepts in this
course.
There is one scenario with three stages in this course, and the stages evolve
from a simple to a complex incident. The scenarios are entirely fictitious. They
are provided for training purposes to help explain the basic concepts, terms and
functions of IMS to people who may be unfamiliar with how emergency
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management operates in practice or how the system as a whole operates in
both simple and complex incidents. The scenarios are not based on any reallife incident, location or personnel.
Terminologies, responsibilities and important concepts of IMS are explained in
text boxes throughout the narrative. Key principles of IMS are implicit
throughout; explicit summaries are provided at the end of each section. In
addition, a map using IMS symbols and an organization chart showing how IMS
is organized at each stage of the fictional incident are included with each
section.
You are encouraged to fully grasp the concepts from each scenario prior to
moving on to the next. The focus should be placed on the concepts. The
scenarios, fictitious as they are, are used only as a tool to highlight IMS
concepts.
At the end of each scenario there is a self-directed test. Each test is based on
the IMS concepts embedded in each scenario, and not on the scenario itself.
The self-directed tests are intended not only to allow you to check your
knowledge of IMS but also to stimulate you to think how IMS could be
implemented in other types of incidents. Answers to each test are provided in
the back of the course.
There is an overall IMS glossary that is available to support the course package
as a reference for the concepts & principles, terminologies and acronyms used,
not only in this course, but also for IMS in general. You are encouraged to use
the glossary as an additional learning tool to reinforce your familiarity and
understanding of IMS.
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What is the Incident Management System (IMS)?

The Incident Management System (IMS) is a standardized approach to
emergency management encompassing personnel, facilities, equipment,
procedures, and communications operating within a common organizational
structure. IMS is predicated on the understanding that in any and every
incident, there are certain management functions that must be carried out
regardless of the number of persons who are available or involved in the
emergency response. Although this course is concerned with incident
response, IMS may also be used for managing planned events, such as a
concert or parade.
An incident is an occurrence or event that requires an emergency response to
protect life, property or the environment.
A simple incident may involve few resources, be located within a small
geographical area and last for only a short period of time. For example, a
single house fire, a water main break, a call for medical assistance, or nonroutine snow clearance.
A complex incident may involve the coordination of vast resources from many
organizations and from municipal, provincial and federal governments, for
example in the event of a major nuclear incident. The geographic location may
be diffuse as, for example, in a major computer virus alert wherein vulnerable
equipment may be located throughout the province. A complex incident may
persist for weeks, for example, in extensive flooding; or even months, for
example, in a medical epidemic.
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Organizations with vast resources may nevertheless be able to handle some
complex incidents single-handedly.
Some complex incidents may be declared as emergencies under Ontarios
Emergency Management and Civil Protection Act. Ontario defines an

emergency as a situation or impending situation that constitutes a danger of
major proportions that could result in serious harm to persons or substantial
damage to property and that is caused by the forces of nature, a disease or
other health risk, an accident or an act whether intentional or otherwise. The
Head of Council of a municipality, the Premier, or the Lieutenant Governor in
Council (Cabinet), may declare emergencies.
First Nations Chiefs may also declare emergencies within their communities.
IMS is highly flexible and adaptable because it provides a standardized
approach to the management of personnel, equipment and other resources,
procedures, and communications within a common organizational structure.
IMS can be quickly expanded or contracted according to changing
circumstances and needs. It is predicated on the understanding that in any and
every incident there are certain management functions - command, operations,
planning, logistics and finance/administration - that must be carried out,
regardless of the scale or complexity of the incident.
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How did IMS develop?

The Incident Management System developed out of the need for the
emergency services and other government and non-government resources to
work together to tackle large-scale incidents.
In the early 1970's, southern California experienced devastating wildland fires
that destroyed many hundreds of square kilometres of forest, over 800 homes
and killed eight people. The fires cost more than $18 million per day in total
expenses and damages. Many services and levels of government were involved
in tackling the fires and this created an impetus for the development of an
improved inter-agency management system. The result was the development
of the Incident Command System (ICS), based on command and control
procedures developed by the military.
Because ICS is flexible and highly adaptable, the system was introduced to
tackle other types of emergencies and by jurisdictions outside the United
States. In Canada, ICS was adopted in the management of forest fires. Since
then, it has been modified to incorporate common business principles and has
gradually developed into a mature system for incident management.
Most emergency situations are handled
locally using ICS. However, managing a
major incident may require assistance
from other jurisdictions and disciplines.
The Incident Management System (IMS)
was developed so responders from
different jurisdictions and disciplines can
ICS is primarily a command and control

system delineating job responsibilities
and organizational structure for the
purpose of managing day-to-day
operations for all types of emergency
incidents.
IMS incorporates ICS, and provides a
more comprehensive system for
multiple jurisdictions to work together.
work together better to respond to incidents. While ICS, with its standardized
command structures remains the platform of Ontarios IMS, other benefits of
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IMS include a unified approach to incident management, emphasis on
preparedness including standardized training, mutual aid, information, and
resource management.
In 1998, the Ice Storm prompted a revised approach to emergency
management in Ontario after the collapse of 1,000 steel pylons and 35,000
wooden utility poles that left more than 700,000 people in Ontario and Quebec
without electrical power for more than three weeks. Damage totalled more
than $4 billion in all affected regions. The immense social and economic
dislocation caused by the storm emphasized the need for an incident
management system in which the many government and non-government
organizations that might be involved in a complex emergency could work
together effectively.
Since the Ice Storm, the development and improvement of emergency
management capabilities within Ontario has been an ongoing process.
Significant amendments to legislation have been made. A Deputy Minister for
Emergency Planning and Management now has overall responsibility for
Emergency Management throughout the province. Ontarios Emergency
Management and Civil Protection Act reflects some of the strongest pieces of
emergency management legislation in North America and sets out formal
program standards as contained in Ontario Regulation 380/04.
In the aftermath of the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks, the strategic
aim has been to ensure that Ontario has a proactive, coordinated and
comprehensive approach to managing emergencies to reduce the risks faced by
communities whether from fires, diseases, terrorism, toxic materials, weatherrelated or other threats to people, property, economic stability or critical
infrastructure. Within emergency management, the tragedy of 9/11 clearly
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demonstrated the need for common tools to manage large-scale/complex
incidents.
Other major public emergencies in North America have reinforced the need for
effective planning, procedures and preparedness.
Other major incidents include:
The 2003 outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

that killed 43 people in the Greater Toronto Area and had a widespread
impact on tourism and travel.
The failure of electrical power on August 14th, 2003 which knocked

out supplies to more than 50 million people in eastern Canada and the
USA, including 10 million people in Ontario.
The 2003 summer of fires in British Columbia burned over 260,000

hectares of forest, and destroyed 334 homes and many businesses at
an overall estimated cost of 700 million dollars. More than 45,000
people had to be evacuated. At its height, more than 7,000 personnel
were deployed daily on the fires, requiring multi-organizational
coordination.
Hurricane Katrina that devastated New Orleans in August 2005 and

led to the largest evacuation of people in the history of North America.
A total of 1,836 people lost their lives and the hurricane caused more
than $81.2 billion worth of damage.
Although not all of these incidents occurred within Ontario, the lessons learned
from them emphasized the need for Ontario to have a robust and standardized
system of emergency response applicable to all levels of government and at
every scale of response. The current Incident Management System (IMS) is a
new tool to help us meet these challenges.
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Scenario, Stage I Simple incident, verbal Incident Action Plan

Learning objectives:
o Functions/structures: Command; Support; Emergency Control Group (ECG);
Strike Teams
o The planning process: The Incident Action Plan
o Concepts and principles: Unity of Command; Modular & Scalable; Simplicity
& Flexibility; Accountability
o Facilities: Incident Command Post (ICP); Staging Area
Scenario:
The summer has been hot and dry across much of North America, including
Ontario. Major forest fires in Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, the Yukon and
the western United States have stretched fire-fighting resources to the limit.
On a hot Saturday afternoon in August, two hikers see thick smoke drifting
through the trees. When they investigate, they discover a wild fire inside a
small clearing. They immediately call the local Fire Department on their cellphone and return to the road to await the arrival of the fire trucks. As thick
smoke begins to drift between the trees, carried by the breeze, they decide to
retreat down the road towards the town.
Three pumpers soon arrive. A fire captain establishes Incident Command
What is Command? Command is the act of directing, ordering or controlling by
virtue of explicit statutory, regulatory or delegated authority.
Incident Command is responsible for managing all responses to an incident. It
may consist of a single person or a team. It is the first and primary organizational
component of IMS, to which all other functions report. Responsibility for
establishing Incident Command is not restricted to any organization or jurisdiction
and may include emergency services, First Nations, municipal, provincial or federal
governments, or the private sector. Generally, the first organization to respond
establishes Incident Command. However, responsibility for Incident Command may
change from one organization or jurisdiction to another, based on required
expertise or the scale of the incident.
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immediately and directs the crews into position. The Fire Captain orders the
hikers to leave the area.
Aided by the dry condition of the undergrowth and the breeze, the fire spreads
beyond the clearing. The fire captain, now called the Incident Commander
(IC), decides to call for additional support.
Responsibilities of the
Incident Commander
include:
* establish communications
* ensuring the safety of all
responders,
* assessing and reassessing
the situation,
* determining objectives,
strategies, tactics and
priorities appropriate to the
level of response,
* establishing an appropriate
command structure and
necessary facilities,
* approving an Incident
Action Plan (see later),
* coordinating all activities to
manage an incident,
* authorizing the release of
information to the public,
* authorizing demobilization
(see later).
Evolving Organizational
structure:
Incident Commander
Pumper
Pumper
Pumper
From personal knowledge of the area, the IC

knows two isolated cottages stand by the
lake at the top of the road. The IC quickly
determines objectives, strategy and a tactical
plan to safeguard the properties and the
people who may be in them and to contain
the fire. The IC verbally explains this course of action, called the Incident
Action Plan to the fire crews.
Incident Action Plan (IAP)
Every incident must have an IAP that may be spoken or written. It provides all
incident supervisory personnel with objectives and the strategies, tactics, and
directions for achieving them. It may also include (among others) resources,
structures, as well as safety, medical and telecommunications instructions.
The IC takes a moment to reflect on the potential IMS organizational structure

based on the doctrine. At this stage of the incident there is not enough to
suggest the need to establish a Command and General Staff.
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Incident Command
Please see the doctrine

for a full description of
the IMS Command and
General Staff structure
Emergency Information
Command
Staff
Safety Officer
Liaison Officer
The General Staff

Operations
Section Chief
Planning
Section Chief
Logistics
Section Chief
Finance/
Administration
Section Chief
Nor are there enough indicators to suggest that any of the Sections (for
example the Operations Section) would need to be staffed from a small to a
full-blown structure (Please see Chapter 2 of the doctrine for a full description
of the structure of IMS Sections).
Operations Section
Staging Area(s)
Branch
Group
Division
Task Force
Sector
Strike Team
Task Force
Single
Resource
Air Operations Branch
Branch
Air Support
Group
Helibase
Air
Base
Air Tactical
Group
Helicopter
Fixed
Wing
Strike Team
Single
Resource
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Knowing that only those components that are required for the task at hand
need be established
(Modular & Scalable),
and knowing that the
structure should be kept
as simple as possible, yet
Modular and Scalable Organization

The IMS framework is modular and scalable in terms
of structure and processes, with discrete but
interrelated functional components. Components may
expand or contract without losing their distinct
functions. This makes it scalable to match the size
and complexity of any incident.
able to react to a
changing scenario (Simplicity
& Flexibility), the IC decides
Simplicity and Flexibility
to follow IMS doctrine and
The simplicity and flexibility of the IMS structure

make it suitable to expand and contract. This
flexibility means that only the required
components need be activated to provide the
functions needed as the situation unfolds. This
keeps the IMS structure as uncomplicated and
minimalist as possible.
build the incident

management structure from
the bottom up.
To get operations underway, two of the pumpers are designated as the

Cottage Strike Team to move up the road to
A Strike Team is a functional

component within Operations,
composed of the same kind
and type of resources,
assembled to accomplish a
particular purpose. A Strike
Team is headed by a Leader.
try to get ahead of the fire. The third pumper

stays in position adjacent to the small clearing.
Two members of the Cottage Strike Team
check to see if the cottages are inhabited and
to evacuate anyone who might be in them.
structure:
As the smoke rises in the clear

sky, people arrive to gaze at the
Incident Commander
flames shooting above the

trees. The IC requests
Cottage Strike Team
3rd Pumper
emergency medical services

(EMS) to stand by in case of
responder or civilian injuries. The IC also notifies Ontario's Ministry of Natural

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Resources (MNR) through an MNR Representative in the town about the extent
of the fire and its location adjacent to Crown Lands. Thinking about the
incidents logistics requirements, the IC fears that people will block the only
access road and that they will be in danger if the fire changed direction. Police
assistance is requested to direct onlookers away from the area and to close the
road and a section of the highway.
With the arrival of the police, and recognizing that incident response is quickly
expanding, the Incident Commander decides to move the Incident Command
Post from the cab of his fire truck, where he has been directing operations, to
an unused office
Incident Command Post (ICP)
Location from which the Incident Commander oversees
incident management. It is the headquarters of Incident
Command only.
in a small strip
mall at the
junction of the
There is only one ICP per incident.
dirt road and the
A vehicle, trailer, tent or a building may serve as the ICP,

according to what is available and appropriate.
local highway.
It is located
away from the immediate dangers of the flames and smoke but close enough
to the area to maintain contact with all personnel and resources.
Four police officers, in two vehicles, check-in to the ICP and, after a short
briefing, are assigned to
control traffic and the
crowd of onlookers.
Check-In
All operational resources must check in on
arrival at an incident. This may be as
simple as announcing a units arrival by
radio, approaching the Incident
Commander or completing a sign-in sheet.
At complex incidents, check-in staff may be
assigned and a variety of check-in locations
may be established.
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They are designated as the Law Enforcement Strike Team.
structure:
Incident Commander
Cottage Strike Team
3rd Pumper
Law Enforcement
Strike Team
Even with the arrival of the police, the Incident Commander is able to handle
the decision-making by himself and so continues to maintain the Single
Command model. (Note: For a fuller discussion on command models, see
Chapter 3 of the doctrine)
Single Command
This is the most common model of command. It exists when incident
decision-making in relation to directing, ordering or controlling the response
to an incident is straightforward and independent. A Single Command model
is usually followed when:
a) only one organization or jurisdiction is involved,
b) multiple jurisdictions or organizations involved in decision-making agree to
follow this model
c) if the responsibility is legally that of one jurisdiction or organization.
When two additional fire trucks arrive, they check in with Incident Command
and wait at a Staging Area at the junction of the dirt road and highway, ready
to be deployed.
Staging Area
The Leader of the Cottage

Strike Team reports that the
fire is fanning out as it moves
up the hill, aided by the wind.
IMS-100
A temporary location where available

personnel and equipment wait to be assigned. It
avoids "freelancing". A Staging Area may
include feeding, fuelling and sanitation services.
More than one Staging Area can be set up to
meet specific functions, such as for EMS, fire,
public works, etc. Each Staging Area should have
a Manager.
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structure:
Incident Commander
Staging Area
Cottage Strike
Team
Forest Strike
Team
Law Enforcement
Strike Team
The Incident Commander directs the newly arrived fire crews to move from the
Staging Area to join the single pumper truck near the clearing. He designates
these three units as the Forest Strike Team.
Before the Cottage Strike Team can contain the fire, it reaches the isolated
cottages by the lake. The old buildings, their roofs covered in dry pine needles,
are soon ablaze. Minutes later a propane tank inside a secluded locker at the
back of one of the cottages, explodes. Three fire fighters are injured. Flames
are blown through the air in a dozen fireballs setting spot fires in all directions.
The cottages are destroyed. Two residents escape unharmed. The IC
immediately calls for paramedics and additional crews and apparatus. The Fire
Chief arrives and Incident Command is transferred to the Fire Chief, as the
more experienced and senior officer. The outgoing IC fully briefs the new IC
on the situation and on the current Incident Action Plan.
Incident Command may be transferred for several reasons:
The type or scale of an incident has expanded beyond the authority or training of
the in-place person, team or level.
The type or scale of an incident has contracted within the capability of another
person, team or level.
On direction from a senior person with the requisite organizational, municipal,
provincial or federal authority.
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Crews are able to extinguish most of the new fires before they can catch hold,
but two of the spot fires are farther away in an inaccessible ravine. By the time
crews reach them, the fires are well established in the crowns of trees and
spreading rapidly. The Leader of the Forest Strike Team reports the situation
to the IC by radio and estimates the Teams position as less than 1 KM from a
small, light industrial facility on the edge of the town.
The incident is escalating into a more complicated one. Police and EMS, and
the fire service of the neighbouring municipalities are now being involved
through existing Mutual-Aid/Assistance Agreements (see Glossary).
structure:
Incident Commander
Staging Area
Cottage
Strike Team
Forest Strike
Team
Law Enforcement
Strike Team
EMS
The new IC wants to get ahead of the incident and ensure that additional
resources, which take time to arrive, will be available when needed. The IC
decides to brief the Community Emergency Management Coordinator (CEMC),
and Head of Council (by phone) on the situation and to suggest alerting the
towns Emergency Control Group (ECG).
Emergency Control Group (ECG)
The ECG directs a communitys overall strategic response to an emergency. Each
municipality and many First Nations communities have an ECG.
The ECG does not typically exercise Command functions and instead oversees this
delegated authority and acts to support Incident Command from its own Emergency
Operations Centre (EOC). The coordinating and supporting roles of an ECG is
critical when there are multiple, related incidents, or when an incident is diffuse.
IMS-100
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Key Concepts and Principles of IMS illustrated in Scenario I

This scenario illustrates several key concepts and principles of IMS. Because of
the tool box approach to utilizing IMS, some of the examples are dependent
on the nature of an incident. There are also standardized concepts that are
always applied, whether an incident is of short or long duration and involves
only one service (such as EMS or public works) or many jurisdictions (such as
municipalities, First Nations, and/or the province).
In this scenario:
o Incident Command
o The Single Command model
o Unity of Command
o Incident Management Functions
o Incident Action Plan
o The use of standardized Terminology
o IMS is Modular and Scalable
o Simplicity and Flexibility
Incident Command is the first and primary organizational component of the
IMS structure. Only one person, the Incident Commander (IC), will exercise
that function at any one time, for a given incident. The IC has overall authority
and responsibility for conducting incident operations.
Single Command - exists when incident decision-making in relation to directing,
ordering or controlling the response to an incident is straightforward and
independent.
Unity of Command Each person, at every level, reports to only one clearly
designated supervisor, who may or may not come from the same service or
IMS-100
December 2008
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jurisdiction. This provides orderly lines of command and accountability from
individual responders up through supervisory personnel to the Incident
Commander
Incident Management Functions -- A key principle of IMS is that the five key
management functions - Command, Operations, Planning, Logistics and
Finance/Administration - always must be addressed at any incident. In a simple
incident, such as this one, or in the very early stages of a complex incident, one
person, e.g. the Incident Commander, may carry out all five functions. In a
complex incident, four separate sections (Operations, Planning, Logistics, and
Finance/Administration) may be set up to support the Incident Commander.
Functions not specifically delegated remain the direct responsibility of the
Incident Commander.
Incident Action Plan (IAP) Incident Command always works from a verbal or
written plan based on specific objectives to be achieved. In a simple incident,
such as this scenario, the plan may remain verbal. An IAP is for a specified
time period and may be modified within an operational period as necessary.
Modular and Scalable
The IMS framework is modular and scalable in terms of structure and
processes. It may be established to match the size and complexity of any
incident.
Simplicity and Flexibility
The simplicity and flexibility of the IMS structure make it suitable to expand and
contract. This flexibility means that only the required components need be
activated to provide the functions needed as the situation unfolds. This keeps
the IMS structure as uncomplicated and minimalist as possible.
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Map of the incident in scenario, stage I

999
Lake
ICP
Fires
S
19
12
888
Symbols incorporated:
Staging Area (S)
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Organization Chart of IMS Structure in scenario, stage I.
Incident
Command
Staging Area
Cottage Strike
Team
Forest Strike
Team
EMS
Law
Enforcement
Strike Team
Incident Management:
Function
Person currently responsible
1. Command
Incident Commander
2. Operations
Incident Commander
Cottage Strike Team
Leader
Forest Strike Team
Leader
Law Enforcement Strike Team
Leader
Emergency Medical Service (EMS)
Leader
Staging Area
Incident Commander
3. Planning
Incident Commander
4. Logistics
Incident Commander
5. Finance/Administration
Incident Commander
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Self-directed Test One

Select the best answer to each question. An explanation is given with each
answer towards the end of this manual.
1. Which statement is TRUE?
A. The Incident Command System (ICS) was first developed to tackle fires
and was designed based on command and control procedures developed
by the military.
B. The 1998 ice storm prompted the need to revise Ontarios approach to
emergency management.
C. The Incident Management System can be used to manage a planned
event such as a concert or parade.
D. All of the above.
2. The five functions in IMS are:
A. Command; Operations; Logistics; Planning/Administration; Finance.
B. Incident Commander, Operations, Logistics, Liaison;
Finance/Administration.
C. Command, Operations, Planning, Logistics and Finance/Administration.
D. Command, Operations, Finance, Administration, Liaison.
3. How many Incident Commanders are there per incident?
A. Depends on the number of agencies and jurisdictions involved.
B. It depends on whether it is a complex or a simple emergency.
C. It depends on how geographically dispersed the incident is.
D. There is only one Incident Commander per incident.
4. What is an incident?
A. A natural disaster.
B. An event that requires an emergency response to protect life, property
or the environment.
C. A threat to emergency management.
D. One of the pillars of emergency management.
5. Simple Incidents typically differ from Complex Incidents in terms of:
A. The type of incident.
B. The number of emergency management functions.
IMS-100
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C. The number of responders and resources involved, and the length of
time (duration) of the incident.
D. The type of equipment.
6. Unity of Command means:
A. There is only one Incident Command per agency involved.
B. Each person reports to only one clearly designated supervisor, who may
or may not come from the same service or jurisdiction.
C. In cases where a person must do more than one function, he/she may
have to report to more than one designated supervisor.
D. Jurisdiction, organization and rank determine unity of command.
7. Functions not specifically delegated remain the direct responsibility of:
A. Incoming responders.
B. Back-ups must be called to take on the management functions because
one person is not physically able to carry out all five functions.
C. Other than Command, other functions not specifically delegated need
not be done.
D. The Incident Commander.
8. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. The Incident Command Post is the location from which the Incident
Commander oversees incident management.
B. In a complex incident there may be more than one Incident Command
Post.
C. The Incident Command Post can be a tent.
D. An Incident Command Post may change location during an incident.
9. Choose the most correct definition for Command.
A. Coordinating every task and activity to manage an incident.
B. Directing, ordering or controlling by virtue of explicit authority.
C. The role maintained by the first organization to arrive on the scene of an
emergency.
D. The person or group that creates the Incident Action Plan.
10. Which of the following is FALSE?
A. Every incident must have an Incident Action Plan.
B. An Incident Action Plan provides all incident supervisory personnel with
objectives for actions to be implemented.
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C. An Incident Action Plan must always be in writing.
D. An Incident Action Plan can be modified.
11. Single Command exists when:
A. Incident decision-making is straightforward and independent.
B. The responsibility for decision-making is legally that of one jurisdiction.
C. Multiple jurisdictions involved in decision-making agree to allow one
jurisdiction to undertake decision-making in relation to directing,
ordering or controlling the response to an incident.
12. In general, the role of a municipalitys Emergency Control Group (ECG) is
to:
A. Take over the functional management role of Incident Command.
B. Listen to recommendations and provide strategic advice and support as
needed.
C. Send the most senior municipal official (usually the Head of council) to
the Incident Command Post.
D. Prepare an Incident Action Plan.
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Scenario, Stage II Complex incident, verbal Incident Action Plan

o Unified Command
o The Planning Process including the Operational Period
o Operations, Planning, Logistics, and Finance & Administration
o Span of Control
o Command and General Staff
o IMS Facilities
o Emergency Operations Centre (EOC)
o Task Force
Scenario:
The spread of the fires endangers people along several sections of the local
highways and threatens to jump the roads into thousands of acres of Crown
Lands that spread into adjoining communities. Alerted to the threat by the
Incident Commander, an MNR representative responsible for fire fighting on
Crown Land arrives to join Incident Command. In addition, the Incident
Commander wants to close all the roads and to be prepared in case widespread
evacuations of residents become necessary. Unsure of the best way to do this,
and also considering the potential impact on adjoining communities, he calls for
additional planning resources and works with two senior police officers, one
from an adjoining community, to decide how best to divert traffic and relocate
evacuees, if necessary. With these changes, Command switches from Single
Characteristics of a Unified Command
Unified Command enables decisions to be made
jointly by two or more jurisdictions that have legal
responsibilities regarding an incident.
The members of the Unified Command team are the
designated representatives of the jurisdictions
involved in the unified decision-making.
IMS-100
December 2008
Command to Unified
Command. Incident
Command does not
automatically switch
because of the
Page 30 of 80

involvement of more than one jurisdiction. Rather, the distinction between
Single and Unified Command is made when incident management requires
decision-making to come from more than one jurisdiction. Once joint decisions
have been made, one member is identified to speak for the Unified Command
team.
After consulting with the Head of Council and Emergency Medical Services, the
Unified Command team devises a new Incident Action Plan based on key
objectives to be achieved and sets a new Operational Period for the IAP.
Fire crews will focus on bringing the
fires under control and creating
additional firebreaks to prevent the
fires reaching the Crown Lands. All
of the towns Public Works road
graders will be deployed to work
with fire crews to create firebreaks
near the light industrial facility.
The Operational Period is the period

of time assigned to achieve the
objectives of an Incident Action Plan.
It can be of varied length, though
usually would not be longer than 24
hours.
An Operational Period may be modified
or revised if the IAP is altered as
circumstances change.
Through the regional fire coordinator and the Ontario Fire Marshal, additional
fire crews will be mobilized from adjacent municipalities. In addition, an MNR
initial attack crew will arrive by helicopter. Police will close the highway and
connected roads in the area of the fires and advise people inside the closed
area to evacuate immediately. Having taken the injured fire fighters to the
local hospital, available Emergency Medical Service (EMS) resources will return
to Staging Area 1 (S1) to be available in case of further casualties.
The duty officer at the Provincial Emergency Operations Centre (PEOC) (having
Provincial Emergency Operations Centre (PEOC)
The PEOC is managed by Emergency Management Ontario (EMO) and actively
monitors the level of emergencies and incidents throughout Ontario 24 hours a
day, 7 days a week.
The PEOC alerts ministries and senior levels of government and coordinates
provincial responses to incidents
IMS-100
December 2008
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been alerted, in this case by MNR) calls to check on the status of the incident
and to enquire about what additional resources may be required.
The MNR representative confirms that more crews and bombers will arrive as
soon as they can, but that several fires are raging in the hot, dry conditions
across the province and that the Emergency Operations Centre of the Ministry
of Natural Resources in Sault Ste. Marie is working with the PEOC to prioritize
resources based on risk to life and property.
An Incident Action Plan (IAP) may also require supporting plans. Two common
supporting plans are the Incident Medical Plan, ensuring adequate medical
arrangements for responders, and the Incident Telecommunications Plan,
detailing the methods to be used for telecommunications (e.g. specific radio
channels and phone numbers). In simple incidents these plans may be verbal.
In this more complex situation, involving many more resources, the Unified
Command decides to delegate responsibility for Operations to an Operations
Section Chief responsible for coordinating the deployment of the personnel and
other resources to tackle the emergency, according to the objectives in the IAP.
Operations Section Chief

The Operations Section implements the Incident Action Plan (IAP).
Responsibilities of the Operations Section Chief include:
- developing and managing the Operations Section to achieve the incident
objectives set out by Command,
- organizing, assigning and supervising all resources assigned to an
incident, including air operations and those resources in staging areas.
This allows the Unified Command team and the Operations Section Chief to
maintain proper span of control over personnel and equipment for which they
are responsible.
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Span of Control
Experience shows that one person can effectively supervise between 3 and
7 components, with 5 being the optimal number. One component might
be a single individual (such as technical specialist) or a complex resource
(such as a helicopter with several crew members).
When an incident either expands or contracts, span of control must be
maintained by either combining resources within larger components (such
as a Strike Team or Group) or by eliminating such components.
The Head of Council and other members of the Emergency Control Group (ECG)
participate in a conference call
to be fully briefed on the
situation by the Fire Chief,
acting as the spokesperson
for the Unified Command
team in the Incident
A full briefing may include the following:

-
present status of the incident,

latest Incident Action Plan,
progress towards objectives,
resources already committed,
resources requested,
forecasts,
recommendations.
Command Post. Members of

the ECG include the senior community officials, in this case the Head of Council,
chief administrative officer, medical officer of health, emergency social services
director, public works director, OPP detachment commander, regional EMS
director, the deputy fire chief and the municipal solicitor.
Members of the Emergency Control Group decide to activate their Emergency
Operations Centre (EOC) in the town offices. This facility has a back-up
generator, multiple phone lines, high-speed Internet, and meeting and officespace. From the EOC, the Head of Council and the ECG will be able to plan and
coordinate resources to support Incident Command at the ICP.
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What is an Emergency Operations Centre (EOC)?
An EOC is the facility from which management support to Incident Command is
organized and coordinated.
An EOC may be established at various levels of response and by various levels of
government, including: municipal or First Nations governments or their
departments (including emergency response departments/organizations), nongovernment organizations, private sector entities, hospitals, provincial ministries
and the provincial and federal governments overall.
An EOC must have appropriate technological and telecommunications systems to
ensure effective communications in an emergency.
The Operations Section Chief reports the strong breeze is fanning the flames.
Two spot fires are converging and moving towards the light industrial area on
the edge of the town. The Operations Section Chief reorganizes the Forest
Strike Team into the Firebreak Task Force
by adding the towns two road graders to
help firefighters create firebreaks along the
side road in an attempt to stop the blaze.
The two police vehicles are put into a Law
Enforcement Group. In this way, the
Task Force
An organizational component of
mixed resources assembled for a
particular purpose under the
supervision of a Leader. All
resources within a Task Force must
have common communications (i.e.
be able to use the same radio
frequencies).
Operation Section Chief maintains span of control by supervising the actions of

only four units (Cottage Strike Team,
Firebreak Task Force, Law Enforcement Group
and an EMS Strike Team).
Sensing the situation is going to get more
Group
An organizational component
within the Operations Section
organized by function under the
leadership of a Supervisor.
complex before the fires are under control, the Unified Command team now
decides to appoint Command Staff to assist them.
IMS-100
December 2008
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Command Staff
The Command Staff usually consists of an Emergency Information Officer, Safety
Officer and Liaison Officer.
Other experts or subject specialists may be appointed as required.
If no Command Staff are appointed, these responsibilities remain with the Incident
Commander.
They ask for a member of the towns

Clerks Department to become the
site Emergency Information Officer,
the fire chief from an adjoining
municipality to become the Safety
Officer, and a senior police officer to
become the Liaison Officer.
In this scenario, with the activation
of the towns Emergency Control
Group, an Emergency Information
Officer also works at the Emergency
Operations Centre. Approval for all
releases of information come either
from Incident Command or, when an
EOC is set up, from the Head of
Council or the Clerk/Chief
Administrative Officer/City Manager.
Coordination between the site and
Emergency Information Officer (EIO)

The EIO is responsible for the development
and release of emergency information to the
public and the media regarding an incident.
Approval for all releases of information come
either from Incident Command or, when an
EOC is set up, from the Head of Council or
chief administrative officer.
Responsibilities of the EIO include:
- advising Command about media/public
emergency information and media
relations,
- ensuring people who want information
about the incident can get it,
- consulting with Command and Planning
regarding any restraints on the release of
information,
- providing information to Command about
the emergency from the public and
media,
- establishing key messages and media
products for spokespersons,
- broadcasting emergency instructions
(such as evacuations) to the public via
the media,
- establishing a public inquiry hotline,
- arranging media tours of incident sites.
EOC about the release of Emergency Information is crucial to ensure

consistency. The existence of a pre-written Emergency Information Plan (or
Communications Plan) helps the EIO organize and provide information about
the emergency as well as background information to the media and to the
public. This may include generic templates of news releases and fact sheets
IMS-100
December 2008
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about the town that have been prepared in advance as part of the Emergency
Information Plan.
Safety Officer (SO)
The local radio station already

has a reporter broadcasting
live from beside the Staging
Area and the station manager
is asking for a phone number
to give out for people wanting
more information about the
fires and road closures. The
EIO assigns personnel to staff
a local inquiry hotline. In
addition, the local newspaper
The Safety Officer is tasked with creating

systems and procedures for the overall health
and safety of all responders.
Specific responsibilities include:
- monitoring safety conditions and
developing safety measures,
- working closely with Operations to ensure
responders are as safe as possible, wear
appropriate safety equipment and
implement the safest operational options,
- advising Command on safety issues,
- conducting risk analysis, normally through
the planning process,
- assisting in the review of the Incident
Action Plan,
- assisting with writing the Incident Medical
Plan.
has called out a freelance

photographer who wants to be escorted to the hotspots.
The Safety Officer is
concerned that fire crews
may become surrounded
and trapped by the fires
in the unpredictable wind
conditions; he wants a
person designated at
each location specifically
to monitor the safety of
crews who are focused
on fighting the fire.
Liaison Officer (LO)

The Liaison Officer serves as the primary contact for
organizations cooperating with or supporting the
incident response. The LO advises Incident Command
related to outside assistance, including current or
potential inter-organization needs.
Specific responsibilities include:
- gathering information about organizations involved
in the incident. This includes information about
representatives, standards and specialized
resources or special support they might need,
- serving as a coordinator for organizations not
represented in Incident Command,
- providing briefings to organization representatives
about the operation,
- maintaining a list of supporting and cooperating
organizations, and keeping it updated as the
incident evolves.
Although the closest fire

is still some distance away, he is also concerned with trying to ascertain which
IMS-100
December 2008
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chemicals may be in storage in the towns light industrial area. He arranges for
the municipality's Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) to be
brought to the ICP for him to review so that he can alert the Unified Command
team to potential dangers.
The Liaison Officer acts as the link between organizations, such as local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and private industry groups and Command.
Several local NGOs, including St. John Ambulance, Red Cross and Salvation
Army call offering to help. The Liaison Officer notes what equipment and
personnel each organization can provide on short notice on a summer weekend
when many members are unreachable. He asks two organizations to be ready
to provide volunteers, if necessary.
The Operations Section Chief reports that the fire breaks along the side road
have been finished. Underbrush has been
cleared from the adjacent forest. The crews
Base
who were first on the scene have been working
The location from which primary

logistical and administrative
functions are coordinated. This
may include essential auxiliary
support, such as food, sleeping
and repair facilities.
intensely and continuously for several hours

and need relieving. The Operations Section
Chief wants to designate the hall of a local
church as the Base where crews can eat and
relax. The Unified Command team is still
handling logistics and calls the Liaison Officer
There is only one Base per

incident. Personnel and
equipment at the Base are
always Out of Service and
unavailable for assignment.
to make arrangements with church officials,

food companies, and NGOs (Red Cross, Salvation Army, St John Ambulance).
The local weather forecast calls for continued hot weather with possible
moderate to strong NW winds. No rain is forecast. Families are enjoying an
idyllic summer weekend without a care in the world. For the Unified Command
team, the hot dry wind and the presence of many visitors are two factors
IMS-100
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already complicating a serious situation; the team decides to staff all the
remaining functions of Incident Command and to create a full General Staff for
the incident.
General Staff
The General Staff supports Incident Command by overseeing and carrying out the
key management functions of Operations, Planning, Logistics and Finance &
Administration.
Each of these key functions is organized into a Section, each headed by a Chief.
The Section Chiefs comprise the General Staff.
The function of each Section is to coordinate and carry out the incident objectives
as set out in the current Incident Action Plan.
Anticipating a major evacuation, the Unified Command team appoints a senior

police officer as Planning
Section Chief, assigned to
coordinate the drafting of a
Planning Section Chief
new IAP for the next
The Planning Section coordinates the

development of each Incident Action Plan and
ensures information is shared effectively with
all Incident Command and General Staff in an
efficient planning process.
operational period, based on

the incident lasting more than
12 hours. The new Planning
Section Chief begins drafting a
new IAP to take account of
the additional resources now
deployed, the additional sites
(Base and EOC) and the
possible future contingencies
of the incident. One key
question is, what actions and
Major responsibilities of the Planning Section

Chief include:
- collecting, collating, evaluating, analyzing
and disseminating incident information,
- managing the planning process, including
preparing and documenting the IAP for each
operational period,
- conducting long range and/or contingency
planning,
- maintaining incident documentation,
- tracking resources assigned to the incident,
- managing the activities of technical
specialists,
- developing plans for demobilization.
resources might be necessary

if the wind does not die down?
IMS-100
December 2008
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A Public Works official is appointed Logistics Section Chief. The Logistics

Section Chief works closely with the Planning chief to prepare the next Incident
Action Plan. Though the Planning Section is responsible for tracking all
resources, the Logistics Section Chiefs particular concern is to ensure resources
are ordered, arrive when expected, and are fed, housed or fuelled as required,
and to anticipate likely future needs to support Operations. He or she is also
responsible for setting up the Base in the church hall, ordering food from local
vendors and organizing volunteers from the NGOs. In addition, the Emergency
Information Officer is requesting transportation for a TV camera crew and two
reporters to interview resting firefighters.
Logistics Section Chief
The Logistics Section provides all supporting resources, except aviation, to
implement the IAP. These may include facilities, transportation, supplies, fuel,
maintenance equipment, food service, communications, medical services for
responders and support personnel.
Logistics and Finance/Administration Sections work together closely to contract for
and purchase required goods and services. The Logistics Section also develops
several portions of the written IAP and forwards them to the Planning Section.
Major activities include:
- ordering, obtaining, maintaining, distributing and accounting for essential
personnel, equipment and supplies, beyond those immediately accessible to
Operations,
- developing the telecommunications plan,
- providing telecommunications/IT services and resources,
- setting up food services,
- setting up and maintaining incident facilities,
- providing support transportation,
- providing medical services to incident personnel.
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December 2008
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A member of the towns Treasury Department is appointed Finance &
Administration Section Chief. Immediate priorities for the
Finance/Administration Section Chief include paying for food to be supplied to
the ICP, EOC, Staging Rea and Base, and ensuring time sheets are being kept
for all the personnel and equipment involved in the incident.
Finance/Administration Section Chief
This Section provides the financial and cost analysis support to an incident. In
smaller incidents, a specialist within the Planning Section may perform this
function.
Major activities of the Finance/Administration Section include:
- tracking timesheets for incident personnel and equipment,
- contract negotiation and monitoring,
- reimbursing expenses (individual and organization/department),
- making cost estimates for alternative response strategies,
- monitoring sources of funding,
- tracking and reporting of the financial usage rate.
All five functions of IMS command, operations, planning, logistics and

finance/administration - are now under the responsibility of individual Section
Chiefs.
The Unified Command team calls for a written IAP
so that at the next Operational Briefing the
operational heads of the organizational components
(such as Group, Task Force etc.) can be given a
printed copy of the IAP in which their specific tasks
Operational Briefing
A meeting attended by
all supervisory
personnel, at which the
IAP is distributed, tasks
are formally assigned,
and questions are
answered.
are detailed for the next operational period.

The Safety Officer reviews the municipality's Hazard Identification and Risk
Assessment and is concerned with how many potentially dangerous chemicals
are listed as being on site in the towns industrial/commercial area. He informs
the Unified Command team and the Operations Section Chief that the light
IMS-100
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industrial facility is a medical supplies company with a quantity of ethylene
oxide stored on site.
The Emergency Information Officer recommends holding a news conference in
the gym of the local high school. She calls the Incident Commander to be
updated on the latest situation, numbers of personnel involved and what key
messages need to be communicated to the public. The Incident Commander
agrees to attend the news conference as the spokesperson for the Unified
Command team.
Soon after the Incident Commander gets off the phone with the EIO, the
Operations Section Chief radios to report that, carried by strong gusts of wind,
the fire has jumped the fire breaks on the side road and set light to storage
containers inside the compound of the small medical supplies facility. Thick and
potentially toxic smoke is billowing into the sky.
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Key Concepts and Principles of IMS illustrated in Scenario II

This scenario illustrates several important concepts and principles of IMS that
are fundamental to its rationale and structure.
In this scenario:
o Unified Command
o Interoperability
o Designated Incident Facilities
o Accountability
o The toolbox approach
Unified Command - Enables decisions to be made jointly by two or more
jurisdictions that each has legal responsibilities regarding an incident. Incident
Command does not automatically become Unified because of the involvement
of more than one jurisdiction. Rather, Unified Command is required when
incident management requires decision-making to come from more than one
jurisdiction. Once joint decisions have been made, one member is identified to
speak for the Unified Command team.
Interoperability The ability of responders from different organizations and
jurisdictions to interact and work well together. For example in this scenario,
public works employees, fire, police, EMS, and NGO volunteers are all working
together. Interoperability is accomplished through two separate but related
initiatives:
o Functional standardized terms, structures and procedures used by
responders allow people in different organizations and jurisdictions to
understand each others jobs and requirements and to cooperate and
work well together.
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o Technological the equipment used must enable people from different
organizations to be able to easily communicate and share data together.
Designated Incident Facilities IMS requires certain facilities to accommodate
the carrying out of its various functions. Those illustrated in this scenario
include the Incident Command Post (ICP), Emergency Operations Centre (EOC),
Emergency Information Centre (EIC), Staging Area and Base. Using specific
and standard terms, with standard symbols on maps, ensures that all personnel
involved in an incident immediately understand the functions of each facility
and thereby aid interoperability and collaboration between all parties.
Accountability Incident Command needs to know at all times how resources
are being deployed and that they are being used effectively. Accountability
helps ensure safety and security; promotes effective resource management,
including personnel, equipment, information and finances; and aids prompt and
effective decision-making and tactical operations.
Personal responsibility is also an important aspect of accountability. Individuals
need to know what they are assigned to do, carry out their tasks as effectively
as possible and report back for a new assignment. They should report to only
one person and they always need to know who that person is.
The toolbox approach The toolbox approach enables responders to choose
from a variety of options according to what is most appropriate in varying
situations. In this scenario, the Incident Commander at first only establishes a
separate Operations Section. Sections chiefs for Planning, Logistics and
Finance/Administration were added only as they became necessary. The
command structure can be easily scaled up or down according to the size
and/or complexity of an incident.
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Map of the incident in scenario, stage II

EOC
999
Base
Lake
ICP
Fires
S
19
12
888
Symbols incorporated:
Emergency Operations Centre (EOC)
Staging Area (S)
Base
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December 2008
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Organization Chart of the IMS structure used in scenario, stage II.
Telecommunications
Links
Towns EOC
PEOC
Incident
Command
MNR EOC
- EIO
Liaison Officer - LO
Safety Officer - SO
Emergency Information Officer
Operations
Section
Planning
Section
Logistics
Section
Fin/Admin
Section
Staging Area
Cottage
Strike Team
Firebreak
Task Force
Law
Enforcement
Group
EMS
Strike
Team
MNR
Task
Force
Incident Management:
Function
Person responsible
1. Command
Incident Commander within Unified Command
Command Staff:
- Emergency Information Officer (EIO)

- Safety Officer
- Liaison Officer
2. Operations
Operations Section Chief
Law Enforcement Group
Supervisor
EMS Strike Team
Leader
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Firebreak Task Force
Leader
Cottage Strike Team
Leader
MNR Task Force
Leader
Staging Area
Manager
Base
Manager
3. Planning
Planning Section Chief
4. Logistics
Logistics Section Chief
5. Finance & Administration
Finance & Administration Section Chief
EOC Operating in support

1. Towns EOC:
- Emergency Control Group (ECG):
Head of Council
Municipal officials
Municipal employees
2. MNR EOC
3. PEOC
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Self-directed Test Two

1. Unified Command is required when:
A. There are several Incident Commanders (as many as there are services
or jurisdictions involved in the decision making).
B. The Incident Commander will be the Head of council.
C. In a specific scenario, incident management requires joint, interdependent decision-making from more than one jurisdiction.
D. There will be several Incident Action Plans (as many as there are
services or jurisdictions involved in the decision-making).
2. The Operational Period refers to:
A. From the beginning of the emergency until de-mobilization.
B. The period of time in which the Operations Section is involved.
C. The period of time assigned to achieve the objectives of the Incident
Action Plan.
D. The time at end of operations, period.
3. Experience shows that the appropriate span of control is:
A. 24 - 36 hours.
B. 1 supervisor to between 3 and 7 components (5 being optimal), where a
component might be an individual or a complex resource (e.g. helicopter
with crew)
C. A function of whether the incident is expanding or contracting.
D. 1 - 2 IMS functions.
4. When resources from public works, police, fire are put together as a team
for a specific task, and communicating on the same radio frequency, this is an
example of an organizational component known as:
A. A Strike Team.
B. A Task Force.
C. Liaison.
D. Unified Command.
5. Who writes AND approves the Incident Action Plan?
A. Command.
B. Operations.
C. Planning.
D. All of the above may be involved in writing it; Command approves it.
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6. Which of these statements is TRUE? Designated Incident Facilities:

A. Have standard symbols for use on maps.
B. Have standard names that assist all personnel to understand the
functions of each facility.
C. Different incidents may require different facilities.
7. General Staff refers to:
A. The Section Chiefs who oversee and carry out the four key management
functions of Operations, Planning, Logistics, and Finance &
Administration.
B. Those who carry out the five management functions including
Command.
C. Those who report directly to the Incident Commander in matters of
safety, liaison and emergency information.
D. The whole of Operations including Strike Teams, Task Forces and
Groups.
8. Command Staff include:
A. Section Chiefs of the four management functions plus the Incident
Commander.
B. Those who report directly to the Incident Commander in matters of
safety, liaison and emergency information and other subject specialists
who are appointed as required.
C. Members of the Unified Command Team.
D. The Head of council, the Town Clerk and the towns Emergency
Information Officer (if there is one).
9. The general responsibilities of an Emergency Information Officer (site and
EOC) are:
A. Providing information to Incident Command about the emergency from
the public and the media.
B. Developing and releasing emergency information to the Section Chiefs.
C. Developing and releasing information to the public and the media.
D. A and C.
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10. A Safety Officer is responsible for:
A. Creating systems and procedures for the overall health and safety of all
responders.
B. Advising the Incident Commanders on safety issues.
C. A and B.
D. Assuring the safety of the public and issuing orders for evacuations.
11. Who is responsible for accountability?
A. Every responder is responsible to check-in at an incident.
B. The Planning Section shares responsibility for accountability because it
tracks resources assigned to the incident, and develops plans for
demobilization of resources.
C. The Logistics Section because it obtains, and accounts for essential
resources beyond those immediately accessible to Operations.
12. What is an EOC?
A. The facility from which management support to Incident Command is
organized and coordinated.
B. An EOC manages impacts that are off-site/outside the scope of the IC.
C. An EOC must have appropriate technological and telecommunications
systems to ensure effective communications in an emergency.
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Scenario, Stage III Complex incident, written Incident Action Plan

o Structure and functions - Division; Branch
o Command vs. support - Ministry Action Groups (MAG)
o Internal Information Management
o Incident facilities - Airbase, Heli-base; Heli-spot
o Emergency (Public) Information management
o Resource Management
o Demobilization
Scenario:
Word that the fire has jumped the fire breaks and is now inside the compound
of the medical supplies company is passed up the chain of command; from the
Leader of the Fire Break Task Force to the Operations Section Chief and the
Unified Command who then informs the EOC of this major development. Each
level of response quickly takes the actions appropriate to their level within IMS.
The Leader of the Firebreak Task Force checks that there are no casualties
before repositioning his resources to tackle the blaze and to make new
firebreaks. He also warns the Operations Section Chief that the fire is
approaching a building where warning placards indicate ethylene oxide is being
stored.
Based on information in the Emergency Response Guidebook, the Operations
Section Chief quickly decides to evacuate all civilians within 250 metres of the
facility because of the danger of the fire spreading and the possibility of toxic
fumes. He reassigns the task to three units of police and public works officials
within a South Division to handle all operations with their area. They work
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separately from the officers in the
Law Enforcement Group who are
supervising road closures and crowd
control. The Operations Section Chief
Division
An organizational component assigned to
a specific geographical area. The head of
a Division is called a Supervisor.
also requests the Logistics Section to provide more personnel, apparatus and
equipment to increase the firefighting effort and to relieve exhausted crews.
After being briefed by the Operations Section Chief and by the Safety Officer,
the Unified Command team reports on the situation to the Emergency Control
Group at the EOC and alerts them to the possibility that various hazardous
materials may be stored in buildings close to the fire.
Based on information from the Planning and Operations Section Chiefs, the
Unified Command soon realizes that many more outside resources will be
required to deal with the expanded incident and the new potential threat to the
town. The Head of Council decides to declare an emergency and directs the
ECG to do everything possible to support the Unified Command in obtaining the
required resources.
Ministry Action Group (MAG)
The duty officer at the Provincial

Emergency Operations Centre (PEOC)
notifies the Ministry Emergency
Management Coordinators (MEMC) of
both the Ministry of Health and LongTerm Care and the Ministry of the
Environment of the developing situation.
Each is a member of their respective
Every Ontario ministry is required

to have a MAG that operates from a
ministry EOC to manage that
ministrys response to an incident.
Normally, a MAG will operate in
support of the responses to a
municipal emergency.
In rare instances, the MAG may
assume Incident Command. For
example, in a province-wide health
emergency, the Ministry of Health
might assume Incident Command.
Ministry Action Groups (MAG). They will be able to provide appropriate

resources, such as specially trained personnel or equipment and specialized
knowledge, to support Incident Command through the municipal EOC.
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The PEOC duty officer maintains close contact with MNR and is updated when
additional MNR crews are enroute into the municipal airport. The PEOC
dispatches a Field Officer together with a small provincial liaison team to the
EOC to coordinate the provincial response to the municipality and to provide
the Head of Council and ECG with any needed advice.
The Unified Command team adapts the objectives of the current IAP to take
into account the changed situation and calls for the Planning Section to prepare
a new IAP to include the contingency of a general evacuation, in consultation
with the Medical Officer of Health, and Social Services Department. In a
complex incident, such as this one, the development of the IAP may follow a
formal process involving pre-planning meetings between Unified Command, the
Command Staff and General Staff to establish various tactics that could meet
the strategic objectives. These tactics would take into account such factors as
personnel and equipment resources, logistical constraints and implications, and
known and possible hazards.
At every level of command, accurate, timely and relevant information is key to
good decision-making and effective execution of the Incident Action Plan.
The task of Internal Information Management (collecting, collating and
Internal Information Management
The two main purposes of information management within IMS are to:
1) enable incident personnel to share a common operating picture,
2) ensure people have access to the information necessary for good
decision-making.
A common operating picture among incident personnel allows a common and
shared:
- understanding of the status of the incident, including past, current and
likely evolution,
- understanding of the status of resources, current and future,
- understanding of the plan of action about the existing incident, past
achievements, current and future goals and objectives.
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disseminating information to responders involved in an incident) is broadly the
responsibility of the Planning Section. Information may come from many
sources and be about many different aspects of an incident.
Where there is a lot of information about many different aspects of the
emergency, the Planning Section may be expanded into several Units, such as
the Resources Unit, responsible for maintaining the status of all assigned
resources, and the Documentation Unit responsible for maintaining incident
files that may be used for legal, analytical and historical purposes.
The manager of the medical supplies company is contacted by the Operations
Section Chief and confirms the presence of ethylene oxide on the premises.
This hazardous chemical is extremely flammable, highly reactive and toxic. It
must be handled with the greatest caution at all times. At the medical supplies
company, the ethylene oxide is housed in a pressure tank in a specially built
storage building at the rear of the facility. The company uses the chemical to
sterilize medical supplies. The company has an Emergency Response Plan and
some employees with basic emergency response training. The manager agrees
to place these resources under the direction of Incident Command. The
Operations Section Chief is able to incorporate these resources to work
alongside public officials.
The immediate danger is that the blazing storage containers in the compound
will heat up the nearby pressure tank of ethylene oxide. The chemical could
ignite spontaneously, or be released from the safety valve and explode in the
air. If released into the air, the ethylene oxide could also react with the
moisture on peoples skin to cause chemical burns.
Concerned about the potential danger to responders and civilians, the Unified
Command team makes a request through the EOC for support from the Ontario
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Fire Marshal (OFM) to be deployed (provincial CBRNE1 teams). These
specialized teams have the equipment and training to deal with chemicals and
other hazardous materials. However, the Logistics Section Chief reports that
the nearest provincial team is located 150 kilometers away and that summer
traffic and a major traffic accident are blocking highways into the area. It may
take more than two hours for the team to arrive. The Logistics Section Chief
advises that the rail company has a smaller hazardous materials team at its
regional depot, as part of their own emergency response preparedness. It can
be on the scene within 25 minutes. Unified Command authorizes the calling in
of the rail team and also the hiring of a helicopter to bring in key personnel
from the OFMs provincial team. The Logistics Section Chief organizes the flight
in consultation with the helicopter company and designates the local airstrip as
the Airbase for the incident, where the helicopter can land and refuel.
Airbase
Location from which both fixed wing and rotary wing aircraft operate. Airbases are
usually permanent facilities (airports or aerodromes) that already operate for
normal air traffic purposes. These may be required to provide air operations and
air operations support to an incident, including fuelling and maintenance services.
Helibase
Location where helicopter-centred operations are conducted. Though temporary,
helibases may be used for refueling and maintenance.
Helispots
Temporary land and take-off facilities for loading and unloading personnel and
cargo.
In the event that air support is needed

as part of the response to an incident,
a separate Air Operations Branch could
be set up and would report directly to
the Operations Section Chief.
Branch
immediately below the level of
Section, comprising Groups within
Operations or Units within Logistics.
Branches can be organized according
to either function or geography.
CBRNE Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives.
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With the involvement of members of the Emergency Control Groups for the
town and the neighbouring townships, the Regional Chair (Upper Tier) activated
its Emergency Control Group (ECG). A meeting is called with the members of
the lower tier communities involved to assess the overall situation. They decide
that the priority of incident management has shifted from fighting the fires to
making sure people in the Region are safe and that damage to property is
minimized. Putting out the fires without an explosion or leak is still the main
objective but until this is achieved, the main strategic focus should be to ensure
public health and safety. They also acknowledged that the Unified Command
team is functioning well, and no interference is warranted, save for the issuing
of strategic directions, as necessary.
After being briefed on the strategic directions decided on by the Regional ECG,
the Unified Command team calls for a planning meeting with all the Command
Staff and the General Staff to decide the tactical objectives of a new Incident
Action Plan for the next operational period, based on a draft IAP prepared by
the Planning Section.
Reminder:
General Staff consists of:
Operations Section Chief,
Logistics Section Chief,
Planning Section Chief,
Finance/Administration Section Chief.
Command Staff consists of:

Safety Officer,
Emergency Information Officer,
Liaison Officer.
The Safety Officer and the Planning and Logistics Section Chiefs propose
pumping out the storage tank and removing the ethylene oxide to a safe
location in case the fire in the storage containers cannot be contained.
However, to pump out and transport the hazardous material will require
specialized equipment that may take several hours to arrive.
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The Unified Command team agrees and makes this a key objective of the new
IAP. The team also decides to plan for an expanded evacuation of the town to
a one-kilometre radius around the facility. Based on evaluation that the
Planning Section, in consultation with the OFM has made about the hazards
associated with ethylene oxide, the Unified Command team, in consultation
with the Medical Officer of Health, decides that the risk of contamination for
people outside the 1 kilometre radius is very low but that people should be
advised to close windows and stay indoors.
The Incident Command Post, the Staging Areas, and the Emergency Operations
Centre all will have to be relocated outside the evacuation area. The Logistics
Section Chief establishes a Facilities Unit to accomplish this in co-operation with
the Operations Section, responsible for the Staging Area, and with local officials
at the Regional EOC.
At the end of the Planning Meeting, the Incident Action Plan and the
Operational Period for the plan are agreed. The new, written IAP is then
distributed to Command, all Command Staff, all Chiefs and Supervisors and
Leaders at an Operational Briefing and assignments are formally given to those
who will implement the plan.
An ongoing evaluation of the effectiveness of the IAP starts as soon as the
operational period begins and resources are deployed. This may lead to the
plan being altered if circumstances change or if initial tactics are not sufficiently
effective. Once an IAP is adopted, the planning cycle begins again to develop a
new IAP if another operational period is contemplated.
The decision to evacuate heightens media interest in the incident and the
Emergency Information Officer (EIO) and the Unified Command team decide to
establish an Emergency Information Centre in the nearest town outside the
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evacuation area where facilities for the
numerous reporters and camera
people can be properly provided.
Health concerns are paramount and
when Emergency Information
personnel arrive, sent by the Ministry
Emergency Information Centre

(EIC)
Activities at an EIC may include:
- media check-in and accreditation,
- handling media inquiries,
- news conferences,
- monitoring of what the media is
reporting to ensure inaccurate or
misleading information is corrected,
- arranging site and facility tours,
- updating website information.
of Health MAG in consultation with the

Medical Officer of Health, the EIO decides to make the EIC a joint centre to
make use of the advantages
it offers.
The Emergency Information
Officer (EIO) and the Unified
Command team agree that
two key and distinct
Advantages of a joint EIC include:

-
central facility makes coordination easier,

access to pooled resources,
opportunity to apportion and focus on areas of
expertise, rather than one person trying to do
it all,
greater authenticity than speaking with one
voice,
media representatives are located in one place.
messages need to be communicated to the public: People inside the one

kilometre radius of the evacuation area need to leave their homes as a
precaution. People outside the evacuation zone should stay in-doors with the
Emergency Information Tools
There are many different ways to disseminate information to the public and to the
media.
Information may be provided directly to the public through an easily updated
website, a public inquiry phone line and special information sessions intended for
people with special needs, such as family and friends of the missing or dead. A
public information briefing provides information and instructions primarily to people
who turn up at or near an incident.
Some information may be intended to inform the media directly; for example, a
media advisory gives details of an upcoming news conference, and a fact sheet
may outline the background information and important statistics relevant to an
incident.
A news conference is a formal, moderated meeting between key
officials/spokespersons and the media. There is usually a question and answer
period. A media scrum is an informal opportunity for the media to question key
spokespersons.
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doors and windows closed (shelter in-place).
Accurate and straightforward information about an emergency is important
during any incident. Without trust and confidence in what they are being told,
people are unable to make informed choices about what they should do and are
unlikely to follow instructions issued for their safety and protection.
Tackling the fires and evacuating a part of the town and areas of the
neighbouring townships requires many varied resources to be ordered,
deployed and coordinated.
Having the right resources in the
right place at the right time is key
to effective incident
management. IMS provides
principles and processes for the
efficient management of
resources to ensure that enough
resources are made available to
manage an incident and that
money is not wasted by ordering
too many or the wrong types of
resources.
In addition to tracking resources,
it is also important to maintain
What are Resources?

Resources include: personnel, equipment,
apparatus, supplies and facilities available
or potentially available for assignment to
incident tasks.
Resources are defined by:
Kind refers to the nature of the resource,
e.g. generator, ambulance, decontamination
tent, etc.
Type describes the capacity or
performance capability of the resource.
Type 1 has the greatest capacity. Higher
numbers, e.g. Type 4, represent a lower
capability.
All resources will have one of three possible
status indicators:
Assigned already being used,
Available ready to be assigned,
Out of Service not available.
The Resources Unit of the Planning Section
tracks the status of all resources involved in
an incident.
accurate paperwork and financial accounts for resources used and monies
spent. The Finance and Administration Section does this work. This helps to
reduce unnecessary expenses and allows different services and jurisdictions to
account for equipment and personnel on loan.
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Finance and Administration Section Units
Procurement Unit responsible for the financial side of
contracts, lease and fiscal agreements. The Unit also
manages all rental agreements.
Time Unit ensures accuracy of daily personnel time and
managing commissary operations if established.
Cost Unit provides all incident cost analyses, records
cost data and prepares estimates of incident costs and
maintains records of costs.
Compensation/Claims Unit processes Compensation-forInjury on behalf of responders and manages all claimsrelated activities (other than injury) for an incident.
The Incident
Command Post,
Emergency
Operations Centre,
Staging Area, and
the Base, all
within the
evacuation zone,
need to be
removed to
suitable facilities outside the area with the minimum of delay. In addition,
evacuation centres need to be opened outside the affected area.
Personnel from several local non-governmental organizations, with expertise in
evacuations and shelter operations, and who have prior agreements with the
Regions Social Services, join with the Operations and Logistics Sections to
discuss activating five evacuation centres (using selected community centres
and sports arenas). The Operations Section will coordinate the evacuation, but
the ECG will coordinate the activation of the evacuation centres.
Facilities are also required in order to provide services for the personnel and
equipment involved in the incident response, including public works and social
service employees, members of NGOs, drivers of the evacuation buses, and
police, medical and fire crews. Initially, these services have been provided at
the incident Base, but as the size
of incident response expands
beyond the capability of the Base,
Camps are established in the two
neighbouring townships, under the
Camp
A temporary facility where food, sanitation
and rest facilities and other services are
provided to responders. Located away
from the Base, it may also have limited
equipment maintenance and repair
capability.
Personnel and equipment maintain the
status of out of service while in a camp.
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municipalities Mutual Assistance Agreements, to provide this support to
responders. The Logistics Section organizes camps.
An Evacuation Branch is established within the Operations Section to handle the
aspects of the evacuation dealing
with the coordination of traffic into
and out of the area, assisting with
the transportation of people who
require it, and law enforcement to
Branch
immediately below the level of
Section, comprising Groups within
Operations or Units within Logistics.
Branches can be organized according
to either function or geography.
ensure evacuated homes and

businesses are secure. To maintain span of control within the Branch, it is
divided geographically into two Divisions with identical functions.
In order to maintain
appropriate span of
control for the
Operations Section Chief;
in addition to the
Evacuation Branch, all
resources tackling the
blaze and potential leak
at the medical supplies
facility are organized into
a Hazmat Branch, with
the OFM designating its
Director; all the
How may the Operations Section be

subdivided?
To maintain span of control, the Operations Section
may be expanded into several organizational levels
as resources are added:
Single Resource one person or one piece of
equipment with crew. Strike Team resources of
the same kind and type, under a Leader.
Task Force combination of mixed resources
assembled for a particular purpose, under a Leader.
Sector below Group or Division, established in
large incidents to maintain span of control.
Division organized according to geography.
Reports to Branch Director, if appointed, or to
Incident Commander.
Group organized according to function. Reports to
Branch Director, if appointed, or to Incident
Commander.
Branch reports to Section Chief (if appointed) or
to Incident Commander and may be based on
function or geography.
resources tackling the

forest fires are organized into a Forest Branch.
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After tackling the forest fires throughout the afternoon and early evening, the
fire crews who first responded to the blazes are now being replaced by fresh
teams from two regional towns.
The outgoing personnel are
debriefed and demobilized and
the incoming resources are
checked-in. This allows the
availability of personnel and
equipment to be properly
tracked so that resources can
be fully utilized. And it ensures
that, when necessary, Incident
Command can sustain the
functions of incident response
Demobilization
Demobilization of personnel, equipment or
facilities includes the return of resources to
their condition prior to service in an incident.
A Demobilization Unit may be set up, within
the Planning Section, to accomplish this.
The sequence of demobilization may involve
releasing resources in the order in which they
came to the incident, ensuring exhausted
personnel are demobilized first, and giving
priority to releasing the most expensive
resources.
Timely demobilization of resources from one
incident may enable the same resources to be
available for other incidents.
for many hours or days.

As darkness falls, the Forest Branch manages to extinguish the two forest fires
outside the town. The fire crews who replaced the earlier crews are no longer
required and they can be debriefed and demobilized. And, because the
function of the Cottage Strike Team is no longer required, the organizational
unit is eliminated. This brings a contraction of the IMS structure.
Crews are still tackling the blaze at the medical
supplies facility and are fighting to prevent
excess heat building up inside the storage
building that might cause the ethylene oxide to
ignite or escape from the safety vent. The
special equipment needed to safely pump out
Contraction
When an organizational unit
is no longer required, it is
eliminated from the
organizational structure.
Contraction refers to function
within an incident response.
Demobilization refers to
personnel and equipment.
the chemical from the storage tank arrives

during the evening and the Hazmat Branch makes final preparations.
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The two Group Supervisors coordinating the evacuation confirm to the Director
of the Evacuation Branch that all the residents have left the affected areas of
the town and neighbouring townships. Before pumping begins, law
enforcement patrols are withdrawn from the area as a precaution. Two hours
later, the Director of the Hazmat Branch reports to the Operations Section Chief
that the ethylene oxide has been removed without leakage and is being
transported to a safe site.
The Hazmat Team is debriefed and demobilized. After discussion between the
police, Head of Council and senior officials, the Unified Command team lifts the
evacuation order and people are allowed to return to their homes. Transport is
provided from the evacuation centres.
The Emergency Information Officer at the Joint Information Center puts out a
news release announcing the successful removal of the hazardous chemical and
the terminating of the evacuation order. A news conference is scheduled for
the morning. During the night, the fire in the storage containers is
extinguished. Members of the Forest Branch are demobilized and this Branch is
eliminated. After the news conference, the joint EIC is closed and the staff
debriefed and demobilized.
The last action, before the final termination of the
incident, is a full debriefing and evaluation by the
Unified Command team. From this, the Incident
Command drafts a formal After-Action Report. Then,
with the agreement of members of the Emergency
Control Group, the Unified Command team formally
terminates incident response.
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December 2008
The After-Action
Report (AAR)
documents the
performance of
tasks and might
recommendations
for improvements
and lessons
learned. It is
completed as part
of demobilization.
Page 62 of 80
Key Concepts and Principles of IMS illustrated in Scenario III

This scenario illustrates several additional key concepts and principles of IMS.
In this scenario:
o Standardization
o Simplicity and Flexibility
o Sustainability
o Resource Management
o Information Management
Standardization Standardized management structures and terminology allow
different organizations and jurisdictions to use a common approach when
working together. In this scenario, everyone from the drivers of the road
graders to those at the Provincial Emergency Operations Centre PEOC)
understands their assigned responsibilities and capabilities.
Simplicity and Flexibility IMS is flexible enough to respond quickly and
appropriately to all emergencies. The aim is to keep the IMS structure as
uncomplicated and minimalist as possible, while remaining fully effective. In
this scenario, local officials who know the area and local organizations fill key
roles.
Sustainability Incident management must be able to sustain response
activities until either a pre-determined end point or the end of the incident.
The level of sustainability will depend on the capacity of each organization or
jurisdiction to provide the appropriate amounts and types of resources required.
This may involve maintaining 24/7 staffing and conducting 24/7 operations.
Measures to ensure sustainability include deliberately maintaining excess
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capacity or designating alternates who possess the same level of authority and
qualifications as those whom they will replace or relieve.
Resource Management Having the right resources in the right place at the
right time is key to effective incident management. IMS provides a detailed
process for categorizing, ordering, dispatching, tracking and recovering
resources. In order to ensure readiness, there should be in place, prior to an
incident, a standardized, comprehensive resource database as well as protocols
to access, utilize and demobilize such resources.
Information Management Accurate, relevant and timely information is
important to both internal and external audiences. Internal information is
needed in order to maintain a common operational picture and to formulate
broad incident strategies, incident action plans and field decisions. External
audiences, such as the media and the public, also need information about an
emergency. IMS requires that there should be processes to acquire, analyze
and disseminate information in a timely manner at all levels.
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Map of the incident in scenario, stage III

Marine base
EOC
999
Evacuation Area
Base
Lake
Regional
EOC
ICP
Fires
S1
12
19
Camp
Evacuation Zone
EIC/
Joint EIC
Evac Centres
S2
888
Airbase
Map markings and symbols incorporated:

Emergency Operations Centre (EOC)
Emergency Information Centre (EIC) / Joint EIC
Staging Areas (S1, S2)
Base
Camp
Evacuation Centre
Airbase
Marine base
Location of fires
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Organization Chart of IMS Structure in scenario, stage III.
Regional EOC
Towns EOC
Towns EOC
Towns EOC
PEOC
Telecommunications
Links
Optional
Telecommunications
Link
Incident
Command
EIO
LO
SO
Operations
Section
Planning
Section
MNR
EOC
MOHLTC
EOC
Logistics
Section
MOE
EOC
Fin/Admin
Section
Staging Area
Forest
Branch
North
Division
IMS-100
Evacuation
Branch
South
Division
Hazmat
Branch
Law
Enforcement
Group
December 2008
EMS
Group
Facilities
Unit
Page 66 of 80
Self-directed Test Three

1. In a complex incident, the task of collecting, collating and disseminating
information to responders involved in an incident is the responsibility of:
A. Planning.
B. Operations.
C. Emergency Information.
D. The Unified Command Team.
2. In addition to tracking resources, it is also important to maintain accurate
paperwork and financial accounts for resources used and monies spent. This is
the work of:
A. The Finance and Administration Section.
B. That part of the General Staff responsible for developing the Incident
Action Plan.
C. That part of the Command Team responsible for Liaison.
D. Operations.
3. In IMS, how are resources described?
A. Kind (e.g. generator); and Type (e.g. Type 2)
B. Human Resources, Physical Resources and Other.
C. Time and Cost.
D. Internal Resources and External Resources.
4. In order to maintain span of control, Operations may be organized into
several components. The Operations Section may be organized:
A. Into Divisions based on geography.
B. Into Branches based on functions or geography.
C. Based on the application of resources.
D. A and B above.
5. Interoperability denotes:
A. The ability of different organizations and jurisdictions to interact and
work together.
B. Technological compatibility allowing organizations to communicate and
share data.
C. Functional standardization of terms structures and procedures.
IMS-100
December 2008
Page 67 of 80

6. Which of the following is TRUE?
A. When one team replaces another team, the outgoing team is
demobilized.
B. Demobilization of equipment includes cleaning and servicing them so
they are returned to their condition prior to service in the incident.
C. When an incident involves many resources, it may be necessary to set
up a Demobilization Unit within the Planning Section.
7. In a municipal emergency, the normal role of a Ministry Action Group (MAG)
would be to:
A. Activate its EOC and take over.
B. Activate its EOC to provide support to Incident Command through the
municipal EOC.
C. Tell the Provincial Emergency Operations Centre (PEOC) to activate
itself.
D. A and B.
8. The main differences between a Heli-spot and an Airbase are:
A. A Heli-spot is for helicopters only and has maintenance facilities, while
an Airbase is for all aircraft but does not offer maintenance facilities.
B. A Heli-spot is for helicopters only and provides fuel, while an Airbase is
for all kinds of aircraft but does not offer fuel.
C. A Heli-spot is for helicopters use only but has no maintenance or fuel
facilities, while an Airbase is for all kinds of aircraft and offers
maintenance and fuel services.
9. Emergency Information about an incident may be provided in many ways,
such as:
A. By establishing an Emergency Information Centre (EIC).
B. By providing information to the public via electronic, hard copy, or verbal
briefings.
C. By having special information sessions for those with special needs.
IMS-100
December 2008
Page 68 of 80

10. IMS resources will have a status indicator of:
A. Assigned, Available, or Out-of-Service.
B. Signed, Available, or Out-of-Order.
C. Assessed, Acceptable, or Out-of-gas.
D. None of the above
11. If operational resources threaten to exceed the appropriate span of control,
the Operations Section Chief:
A. Should demobilize those unmanageable ones.
B. Should organize the Operations Section into an appropriate IMS
structure, e.g. with Strike Teams, Task Forces, Groups, etc. each under
an appropriate lead.
C. Should continue to manage all resources directly.
D. Should ask the IC to take back some resources.
12. The last action by an IC before final termination of the incident response is
to organize:
A. A Hog wash.
B. An instigation of work-to-rule.
C. A full debriefing and evaluation.
D. Extra work to try and accumulate over-time.
IMS-100
December 2008
Page 69 of 80
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IMS-100
December 2008
Page 70 of 80
Where to go from here

Additional modules teaching the practical implementation of IMS in Ontario are
being developed. These will cover (subject to modifications):
IMS 200: Basic IMS
Training to initiate and establish appropriate IMS structures for simple incidents
or during the early phases of a complex incident.
The module is intended for individuals potentially involved in implementing IMS
at simple incidents or during the early phases of a complex incident.
Training is classroom-based for 8-16 hours; the prerequisite to participate is
successful completion of IMS 100. Evaluation is by written test.
IMS 910: Instructor
Training to prepare participants to deliver and administer the IMS 200 course in
their jurisdiction/organization.
This module is intended for potential instructors for the IMS 200. Those
completing the program will be registered as provincial IMS 200 instructors and
be eligible to receive course training aides and booklets free of charge through
Emergency Management Ontario.
Training is classroom-based for 8-16 hours. Evaluation is by written test. There
are two prerequisite:
1) Successful completion of IMS 200 (Note - IMS 200 will be bundled with
IMS 910 during at least the first year of its offering to allow this prerequisite to be easily met), and
2) Previous successful instructor training.
IMS-100
December 2008
Page 71 of 80
IMS 300: Intermediate IMS

Leadership training within expanded IMS structures during complex incidents
involving multi-organizational responses.
The module is intended for individuals potentially performing leadership roles
within an expanded IMS structure during a complex incident involving multipleorganization response.
Training is classroom-based for 2-4 days; the prerequisite to participate is
successful completion of IMS 200, a working knowledge of the operations of
the organization represented, and a potential candidate to assume a Command
or General Staff position during an incident. Evaluation is by written and
performance-based testing.
IMS 400: Advanced IMS
Training to assume Command of complex incidents
The module is intended for experienced individuals potentially performing the
command function at complex incidents.
Training is classroom-based for 2-4 days; the prerequisite to participate is
successful completion of IMS 300 and be designated to assume the Command
function during complex incidents. Evaluation is by written and performancebased testing.
Additional Information:
You may look for updates from your respective organization, associated
stakeholders, or via the website of Emergency Management Ontario:
www.ontario.ca/emo
IMS-100
December 2008
Page 72 of 80
Self-Test Answers
IMS-100
December 2008
Page 73 of 80

Answers - Test One
1. Which statement is TRUE?
Answer: D. All of the above.
2. The five functions in IMS are:
Answer: C. Command, Operations, Planning, Logistics and
Finance/Administration.
3. How many Incident Commanders are there per incident?
Answer: D. There is only ever one Incident Commander per incident.
4. What is an incident I?
Answer: B. An event that requires an emergency response to protect life,
property or the environment.
5. Simple Incidents typically differ from Complex Incidents in terms of:
Answer: C. The number of responders and resources involved, and the length
of time (duration) of the incident.
6. Unity of Command means:
Answer: B. Each person reports to only one clearly designated supervisor, who
may or may not come from the same service or jurisdiction.
7. Functions not specifically delegated remain the direct responsibility of:
Answer: D. The Incident Commander.
8. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Answer: B.
Note: There is only one Incident Commander, and hence one Incident
Command Post per incident.
9. Choose the most correct definition for Command.
IMS-100
December 2008
Page 74 of 80

Answer: B. Incident Command directs, orders and controls all aspects of an
incident response; this may involve delegating many tasks and activities,
including creating the Incident Action Plan.
10. Which of the following is FALSE?
Answer: C.
Note: In a simple incident the IAP is likely to be verbal.
11. Single Incident Command exists when:
Answer: D. These are all situations in which Single Incident Command is the
appropriate command structure.
12. In general, the role of a municipalitys Emergency Control Group (ECG) is
to:
Answer: B. Listen to recommendations and provide strategic advice and support
as needed.
IMS-100
December 2008
Page 75 of 80

Answers - Test Two
1. Unified Command is required when:
Answer: C. In a specific scenario, incident management requires joint, interdependent decision-making from more than one jurisdiction.
2. The Operational Period refers to:
Answer: C. The period of time assigned to achieve the objectives of the
Incident Action Plan.
However, note that the Incident Action Plan remains flexible, even after
adoption, and the Operational Period may also be changed if circumstances
change.
3. Experience shows that the appropriate span of control is:
Answer: B. 1 supervisor to between 3 and 7 components (5 being optimal),
where a component might be an individual or a complex resource (e.g.
helicopter with crew).
Note that an appropriate span of control must be maintained at all times,
matching, as necessary, an incident response structure that expands or
contracts.
4. When resources from public works, police, fire are put together as a team
for a specific task, and communicating on the same radio frequency, this is an
example of an organizational component known as:
Answer: B. A Task Force. This is composed of the mixed resources assembled
for a particular purpose, in contrast to a Strike Team that is composed of the
same kind and type of resources.
5. Who writes AND approves the Incident Action Plan?
Answer: D. All sections of Incident Management team may have input into the
IAP. The plan must be approved by the Incident Commander.
6. Designated Incident Facilities. Which of these statements is TRUE?
Answer: D. Standard names and symbols assist all personnel to understand
the functions of each facility. Note: Different incidents may require different
facilities.
IMS-100
December 2008
Page 76 of 80

7. General Staff refers to:
Answer: A. The Section Chiefs who oversee and carry out the four key
management functions of Operations, Planning, Logistics, and Finance &
Administration.
8. Command Staff include:
Answer: B. The Command Staff, if appointed, is composed of subject
specialists such as safety, liaison, emergency information or technical
specialists depending on the type of incident.
9. The general responsibilities of an Emergency Information Officer (site and
EOC) are:
Answer: D. In any incident there is a two-way flow of information about the
incident: to the media and the public and from the media and the public to
Incident Command.
10. A Safety Officer is responsible for:
Answer: C.
Note: If a Safety Officer is not appointed, responsibility for the overall health
and safety of all persons involved in the incident remains with the Incident
Commander.
11. Who is responsible for accountability?
12. What is an EOC?
IMS-100
December 2008
Page 77 of 80

Answers - Test Three
1. In a complex incident, the task of collecting, collating and disseminating
information to responders involved in an incident is the responsibility of:
Answer: A. Planning
Note: Relevant, reliable and timely information is essential to good planning,
and effective decision-making and incident management.
2. In addition to tracking resources, it is also important to maintain accurate
paperwork and financial accounts for resources used and monies spent. This is
the work of:
Answer: A. The Finance and Administration Section.
3. In IMS, how are resources described?
Answer: A. Kind (e.g. generator); and Type (e.g. Type 2).
4. In order to maintain span of control, Operations may be organized into
several components. The Operations Section may be organized:
Answer: D. A and B above - Into Divisions based on geography, as well as into
Branches based on functions or geography.
5. Interoperability denotes:
Answer: D.
Note: Interaction between organizations and jurisdictions, technological
compatibility and functional standardization are all aspects of interoperability.
6. Which of the following is TRUE?
Note: Demobilization is a key aspect of managing incidents, and planning for it
begins as soon as the first deployments are being planned.
7. In a municipal emergency, the normal role of a Ministry Action Group (MAG)
would be to:
Answer: B.
Note: A MAG would not take over from a municipality. The MAGs main role
would be to provide support to the municipality.
IMS-100
December 2008
Page 78 of 80

8. The main differences between a Heli-spot and an Airbase are:
Answer: C.
Note: Although air resources are not common in many incidents, it is important
to be aware of the roles these resources can perform.
9. Emergency Information about an incident may be provided in many ways,
such as:
Answer: D.
Note: The important point is that Emergency Information should be provided
via any and all available means in order to publicize the most accurate
information as quickly as possible.
10. IMS resources will have a status indicator of:
Answer: A.
Note: A resource will have only one status at any one time.
11. If operational resources threaten to exceed the appropriate span of control,
the Operations Section Chief:
Answer: B.
Note: IMS is scalable and modular to allow an organization that best suits the
situation.
12. The last action by an IC before final termination of the incident response is
to organize:
Answer: C.
Note: The importance of a full debriefing and evaluation cannot be overemphasized.
IMS-100
December 2008
Page 79 of 80
END OF COURSE
IMS-100
December 2008
Page 80 of 80

IMS 100 Intro To Incident Management

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IMS-100: Introduction to IMS

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IMS-100: Introduction to IMS

IMS-100: Introduction to IMS

IMS-100: Introduction to IMS

IMS Training Curriculum Overview: This curriculum overview is applicable to all

Perform leadership roles

4 hours (self- 8-16 hours

IMS-100: Introduction to IMS

Allen, Harmon - Durham Region: [email protected]

IMS-100: Introduction to IMS

Purpose of this Course

IMS-100: Introduction to IMS

Explain the core concepts & principles of IMS in Ontario.

Explain how IMS is implemented in simple and complex incidents.

Explain the key terms, acronyms and symbols used in IMS.

Describe the basic incident facilities used in IMS.

Explain how resources are managed in IMS.

Explain the differences between command and support.

Explain some common accountability responsibilities of individuals deployed

Using this course

IMS-100: Introduction to IMS

IMS-100: Introduction to IMS

What is the Incident Management System (IMS)?

IMS-100: Introduction to IMS

Emergency Management and Civil Protection Act. Ontario defines an

IMS-100: Introduction to IMS

How did IMS develop?

ICS is primarily a command and control

IMS-100: Introduction to IMS

IMS-100: Introduction to IMS

The 2003 outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

The failure of electrical power on August 14th, 2003 which knocked

The 2003 summer of fires in British Columbia burned over 260,000

Hurricane Katrina that devastated New Orleans in August 2005 and

IMS-100: Introduction to IMS

Scenario, Stage I Simple incident, verbal Incident Action Plan

IMS-100: Introduction to IMS

From personal knowledge of the area, the IC

The IC takes a moment to reflect on the potential IMS organizational structure

IMS-100: Introduction to IMS

Please see the doctrine

The General Staff

Air Operations Branch

IMS-100: Introduction to IMS

Modular and Scalable Organization

Simplicity and Flexibility

to follow IMS doctrine and

The simplicity and flexibility of the IMS structure

build the incident

To get operations underway, two of the pumpers are designated as the

A Strike Team is a functional

try to get ahead of the fire. The third pumper

As the smoke rises in the clear

flames shooting above the

Cottage Strike Team

emergency medical services