Chapter 4 Short-circuit current calculations 4.1 Introduction Even the best designed electric systems occasionally experience short circuits resulting in abnormally high currents. Overcurrent protective devices, such as circuit breakers and Fuses, should isolate faults ata given location safely with minimal circuit and equipment damage and minimal disruption ofthe plant's operation. Other parts of the system, such as cables, bbusways, and disconnecting switches, shall be able to withstand the mechanical and thermal stresses resulting from maximum flow of short-iecuit current through them. The magnitudes of short-circuit currents are usually estimated by calculation, and equipment is selected using the calculation results, “The current flow during a short citeuit at any point i a system is limited by the impedance of Circuits and equipment from the source or sources to the point of fault. It is not directly related to the size of the load onthe system, However, additions tothe system that increase its capacity to handle a growing load, such as more or larger incoming transformers from a uil- ity, while not affecting the normal load at some existing locations in the system, may érast cally increase the short-circuit currents at those locations, Whether an existing system is ‘expanded or a new system is installed, available short-circuit currents should be determined for pcoper application of overcurrent protective devices, Calculated maximum short-circuit currents are neatly always required. In some cases, the minimum sustained values are also needed to check the sensitivity requirements of the current-responsive protective devices. ‘This chapter has three purposes: 8) To present some fundamental considerations of short-circuit current calculations; b) _Toillustrate some commonly used methods of making these calculations with typical examples: ©) To furnish typical data that can be used in making short-circuit current calculations, ‘The size and complexity of many modern industrial systems may make longhand short- cireuit current calculations impractcally time-consuming. Computers are generally used for major short-circuit studies. Whether or not computers are available, a knowledge of the nature of short-circuit currents and calculating procedures is essential to conduct such studies. 4,2 Sources of fault current Fundamental frequency currents that low during a short circuit come from rotating electric machinery. (Charged power capacitors can also produce extremely high transient short. 109lec Sia 141-1989 HAPTER 4 circuit discharge currents, but they are of natural frequeney much higher than power fre- quency and usually of such short duration thatthe calculated power frequency short-circuit duty current is not significantly increased by adding the capacitor discharge, Discharge cur rents are calculated as described for RLC circuits in many electrical engineering texts and an Appropriate RLC circuit can be based on power system data) Rotating machinery in indus- ‘ial plant short-circuit calculations may be analyzed in five categories: 8) Synchronous generators b) Synchronous motors and condensers ©) Induction machines 4) Electric utility systems ©) Adjustable speed ac induction or de motors with solid-state ac power supply ‘equipments ‘The fault current from each rotating machinery source is limited by the impedance of the ‘machine and the impedance between the machine and the short circuit, Fault curents gener. ally are not dependent upon the pre-fault loading ofthe machine. The impedance ofa rotating ‘machine isnot a simple value but is complex and variable with time. 4.2.1 Synchronous generators Ifa short circuit is applied to the terminals ofa synchronous generator, the short-circuit cur- sent stats out at a high value and decays to a steady-state value some time after the inception of the short circuit. Since a synchronous generator continues to be driven by its prime mover and to have its field externally excited, the steady-state value of short-circuit current will per- sist unless interrupted by some switching means. An equivalent circuit consisting of a con- stant driving voltage in series with an impedance that varies with time (igure 4-1) is used to represent this characteristic. The varying impedance consists primarily of reactance ———e neurmas Figure 4-1—Equivatent circuit for generators and motors E = (driving voltage, X varies with time) noeee SSHORT.CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS. Sed 141-1985 For purposes of short-circuit current calculations, industry standards have established three specific names for values ofthis variable reactance, called subtransient reactance, transient reactance, and synchronous reactance, X,"= subtransient reactance: determines current during first eycle afer fault occurs. In about (11s reactance increases to X,(= transient reactance: assumed to determine current after several eyeles at 60 Hz. In about (05 102 reactance increases to X,= synchronous reactance; this isthe value that determines the current flow after a steady- State condition is reached, ‘Because most short-circuit interrupting devices, such as circuit Breakers and fuses, operate well before steady-state conditions are reached, generator synchronous reactance is seldom, used in calculating fault currents for application ofthese devices, Synchronous generator data available from some manufacturers includes 1wo values for direct axis subtransient reactance—for example, subtransientreactances X,,”(at rated volt- age, saturated, smaller) and X,j” (at rated curtent, unsaturated, larger). Because a short- Cireuited generator may be saturated, and for conservatism, the Xj,” value is used for 2.2 Synchronous motors and condensers ‘Synchronous motors supply current toa fault much as synchronous generators do, When a {fault causes system voltage to drop, the synchronous motor receives less power from the sys tem for rotating its load. At the same time, tbe internal voltage causes current to flow to the system fault. The inertia ofthe motor and its load aets asa prime mover and, with field exci- {ation maintained, the motor acis as a generator to supply fault current. This fault eurent diminishes as the magnetic field in the machine decays. ‘The generator equivalent circuit is used for synchronous motors. Again, a constant driving voltage and the same three reactances, X,”, Xy/,and Xy, are used to establish values of current at three point i time, ‘Synchronous condensers are treated in the same manner 28 synchronous motors 4.2.3 Induction machines. [A squitrel-cage induction motor will contribute current to a power system short circuit, Tis, is generated by inertia driving the motor in the presence of afield flux produced by induction from the stator rather than from a de field winding. Since this flux decays on loss of source voltage caused by a fault at the motor terminals, the current contibution of an induction ‘motor to a terminal fault reduces and disappears completely after a few cycles. Because field excitation is not maintained, there is no steady-state value of fault current as for synchronous ‘machines. mieee Std 141-1098, CHAPTER 4 Again, the same equivalent circuit is used, but the values of transient and synchronous reac tance approach infinity. As @ consequence, induction motors are assigned only a subtransient value of reactance Xj” This value varies upward from the locked rotor reactance to account for the decay of the motor current contribution to the shor circuit For short-circuit current calculations, an induction generator can be treated the same as an mnotor, Wound-rotor induction motors normally operating with their rotor rings ireuited will contribute short-circuit current in the same manner as a squirel-cage induction motor. Occasionally, large wound-rotor motors operated with some external resis- lance maintained in their rotor circuits may have sufficiently low short-circuit time constants, ‘hat their short-circuit curreat contribution isnot significant and may be neglected. A specific investigation should be made to determine whether to neglect the contribution from a wound rotor motor. 4.2.4 Electric utility systems ‘The remote generators of an electric utility system are a source of short-circuit current often elivered through a supply transformer. The generator-equivalent circuit can be used to repre sent the utility system. The utility generators are usually remote from the industrial plant. The current contributed to a short circuit in the emote plant appears to be merely a small inerease in load current to the very large central station generators, and this curtent contribution tends ‘o remain constant, Therefore, the electric utility system is usually represented atthe plant by 4 single valued equivalent impedance referred to the point of connection, 4.2.5 Adjustable speed ac induction or de motors with solid-state ac power supply equipments ‘Some adjustable speed ac induction or de motors, speed controlled by adjusting the fre= {quency or de voltage of solid-state ac power supply equipments, can, under certain condi tions, contribute current from the motors toa short circuit onthe incoming ae electric power system. The design of the power supply equipment determines whether a current can o¢ can- ‘ot be “backfed” from the motors. When it can, the power supply operating mode at the time ‘of the power system short circuit usually determines the magnitude and duration of the backfed current. For some motors, the duration is limited by power supply equipment protec~ tive functions 10 less than one eycle of ac power frequency. The adjustable frequeney or de voltage power supply manufacturer should be consulted for information on whether adjust- able speed ac induction oF de motors ean contribute backfeed current to ac power system Shot circuits, and if so, under what operating conditions and how much, 4.3 Fundamentals of short-circuit current calculations (Ohm's law. / = £72 isthe basic relationship used in determining /, the short-circuit current, where E isthe driving voliage ofthe source, and Z is the impedance from the source to the short circuit including the impedance of the source, m2vece 'SHORT-CIRCUTT CURRENT CALCULATIONS sie 141-1965 “Most industrial systems have multiple sources supplying current to a shor circuit since each motor can contribute. One step in short-circuit current calculation is the simplification of the rultiple-source system tothe condition where the basic relationship applies 4.3.1 Purpose of calculations System and equipment complexity and the lack of accurate parameters make precise calcul tions of short-circuit currents exceedingly dificult, but extreme precision is unnecessary: The calculations described provide reasonable accuracy forthe maximum and minimum limits of short-circuit currents. These satisfy the usual reasons for making calculations, ‘The maximum calculated short-circuit current values are used for selecting interrupting devices of adequate short-circuit rating, to check the ability of components of the system f0 withstand mechanical and thermal stresses, and to determine the time-cutrent coordination of protective elays. The minimum values are used o establish the required sensitivity of protec tive relays. Minimum short-circuit values are sometimes estimated as fractions of the maxi ‘mum values. If so, it is omly necessary to calculate the maximum values of short-circuit For calculating the maximam short-circuit current, the industrial electric power system should have the largest expected number of connected rotating machines (usually with the system at full future load. 4.3.2 Type of short circuit In an industrial system, the three-phase short circuit is frequently the only one considered, since this type of shor circuit generally results in maximum short-circuit current Line-to-line shor-crcuit currents are approximately 87% of three-phase short-circuit cur. rents. Lineto-ground short-cireit currents can range in lity systems from a few percent to possibly 125% of the three-phase value. In industrial systems, line-to-ground short-circuit currents higher than three phase are rare except when bolted short circuits are near the wye windings with a solidly grounded neutral of either generators or two winding, delta-wye, core-type transformers. Assuming a three-phase short-circuit condition also simplifies calculations. The system, including the short circuit, remains symmetrical about the neutral point, whether or not the neutral point is grounded and regardless of wye or delta transformer connections, The bal- anced three-phase short-circuit current can be calculated using a single-phase equivalent ci cult that has only line-to-neutral voltage and impedance. In calculating the maximum short-cireuit current, i is assumed that the short-circuit connec- tion hus zero impedance (is “bolted") with no current-limiting effect due to the short circuit itself. It should be recognized, however, that actual short circuits often involve arcing, and variable are impedance can reduce low-voltage short-circuit current magnitudes appreciably. 3lee Sie 141-1000 CHAPTER 4 In low-voltage systems, the minimum values of short-circuit current are sometimes caleu- lated from known effects of arcing. Analytical studies indicate thatthe sustained arcing short- cireuit currents, in per unit of bolted fault values, may be typically as low as 8) 0,89 at 480 V and 0,12 at 208 V for three-phase arcing 1) 0.74 a 480 V and 0.02 at 208 V for line-to-tine single-phase arcing ©) 0.38 at 277 V and 0.01 at 120 V for line-to-neuteal single-phase azcing 4.3.3 Basic equivalent circuit ‘The basic equation finds the current of a simple ciruit having one voltage source and one impedance. In the basic equation, the voltage E represents a single overall system driving voltage, which replaces the array of individual unequal generated voltages acting within, separate rotaing machines. This voltage is equal to the prefault voltage atthe point of short- cirewit connection. The impedance Z is a network teduction ofthe impedances representing all significant elements of the power system connected to the short-circuit point including source internal impedances, ‘This equivalent circuit of the power system isa valid circuit transformation in accordance with Thevenin’s theorem. It permits a determination of short-circuit current coresponding to the values of system impedances used. Ordinarily the prefault voltage is taken as the system nominal voltage atthe point of short circuit because this is lose to the maximum operating voltage under fully loaded system con- ditions, and therefore the short-circuit currents will approach maximum. Higher than nominal voltage might be used in an unusual case when full load system voltage is observed to be above nominal ‘The single-phase representation ofa three-phase balanced system uses per-phase impedances and the line-o-neutral system driving voltage. Line-to-neutral voltage is line-to-line voltage divided by Calculations may use impedances in ohms and voltages in volts, or both in per unit, Per unit calculations simplify short-circuit studies for industrial systems that involve voltages of several levels, When using the per unit system, the driving voltage is equal to 1.0 per unit if voltage bases are equal t system nominal voltages. ‘The major elements of impedance must always be included ina short-circuit current ealeula- tion. These are impedances of transformers, busways, cables, conductors, and rotating ‘machines. There are other circuit impedances, such as those associated with circuit breakers, ‘wound or bar-type cutrent transformers, bus structures, and bus connections, that are usually small enough to be neglected in medium. or high-vollage-system short-circuit calculations, because the accuracy of the calculation is not generally affected. Omitting them provides slightly more conservative (higher) short-circuit currents. However, in low-voltage systems, and particularly at 208 V, there are cases where impedance of these elements is appreciable and inclusion can significantly reduce the calculated short-circuit current. lstec. ‘SHORT.CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS. sia 141-1998 Also, the usual practice is to disregard the presence of static loads (such as lighting and elec- tric heating) in the network, despite the fact that their associated impedance is actually con nected in shunt with other network branches. This approach is considered valid since usually the relatively high power factor static load impedances are large and approximately 90° out- ‘of-phase compared to the impedances of the other highly reactive parallel branches of the network. In ac circuits the impedance Z's the vector sum of resistance R and reactance X. It is always, acceptable to calculate shor-cireuit currents using vector impedances in the equivalent cit- cuit. For most short-circuit current magnitude calculations at medium or high voltage, nd for afew at low voltage, when the reactances are much larger than the resistances, itis sulli- ciently accurate, conservative, and simpler to ignore resistances and use reactances only. For many low-voltage calculations, however, resistances should not be ignored because the calculated currents would be overconservative. Resistances are definitely needed for calculations of X/R ratios when applying high- and medium-voltage circuit breakers, but they are analyzed in a network separate from the reac- tance network, 4.4 Restraints of simplified calculations ‘The short-circuit calculations described in this chapter are a simple E/Z evaluation of exten- sive electric power system networks, Before describing the step-by-step procedures in mak- ing these calculations, it is appropriate to review some of the restraints imposed by the simplification. 4.4.1 Impedance elements When an ac electric power circuit contains resistance R, inductance L, and capacitance C, such asthe series connection shown in figure 4-2, the expression relating curtent to voltage includes the terms shown in figure 4-2. A textbook determination of the current magnitude requires the Solution of a differentia equation ] tq et to sat, mr + Se 6 6g nfo a Figure 4-2—Series ALC circuit useee Sts 141-1990 (CHAPTER « If two important restraints are applied to this series circuit, the following simple equation using vector impedances (XL a and XC= MaxC) is vali rf 3) These restraints are that, first, the electric driving force be a sine wave and, second, the impedance coefficients R, L, and C be constants. Unfortunatly, in short-circuit calculations these restraints may be invalidated. A major reason for this is switching transients, 4.4.2 Switching transients ‘The vector impedance analysis recognizes only the steady-state sine wave electrical quanti- lies and does not include the effects of abrupt switching, Fortunately, te effects of switching transients can be analyzed separately and added, (An independent solution can be obtained from a solution ofthe formal differential equations ) In the case of only resistance R (figure 4-3), the closure of switch SW causes the current t0 immediately assume the value that would exist in the steady state. No transient adder is needed. ‘sm Figure 4-3—Swit ing Transient In the case of all inductance L (figure 4-4), an understanding of the switching transient can best be acquired using the following expression dt dt _é ad Lk ‘This expression tells us that the application of a driving voltage to an inductance will ereate & lime rate of change in the current magnitude. The slope of the current-time curve in the inductance will be equal tothe quantity £/L teeee SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS sta 141-1998, fi wg * Oe cotton Figure 4-4—Switching transient L ‘The steady-state current curve is displayed at the right hand side ofthe graph of figure 4-4, It Jags the voltage wave by 90° and is rising a the maximum cate inthe positive direction when, the voltage is at the maximum positive value, It holds ata fixed value when the driving volt- age is zero, This curve is projected back tothe time of cireuit switching (dashed curve). Note ‘that atthe instant the switch is closed, the steady-state cutrent would have been ata negative value of about 90% of crest value. Since the switch was previously open, the rue circuit cur rent must be zero. After closing the switch, the current wave will display the same slope as the steady-state wave, This is the solid line current curve beginning atthe instant of switch closing, Note that the difference between this curve und the steady state isa positive de com Ponent of the same magnitude that the steady-state wave would have had at the instant of switch closing, in the negative direction. Thus the switching transient takes the form of a de component whose value may be anything between zero and the steady-state crest value, depending on the angle of switch closing, If the circuit contained no resistance, the current would continue forever in the displaced form. The presence of resistance causes the de component to be dissipated exponentially. The ‘complete expression for the current would take the following form 1= = sincon +e" jol : ‘The presence of de components may introduce unigue problems in selective coordination between some types of overcurrent devices. Its particulaely important to bear in mind that these transitory currents are not disclosed by the vector impedance circuit solution, but must be introduced artificially by the analyst or by the guide rules followed 4.4.3 Decrement factor The value at any time of a decaying quantity, expressed in per unit of is initial magnitude, is the decrement factor for that time. Refer to figure 45 for decrement factors ofan exponential decay. u‘eee Sie 141-1999 CHAPTER 4 go 8 oes 1 = LITE CONSTANT) Figure 4-5—Decrement factor ‘The significance of the decrement factor can be better understood if the exponential is ‘expressed in terms of the time constant. If, as indicated in figure 4-5, the exponent is ‘expressed as -r’with the time variable ¢ in the numerator and the rest combined as a single constant (called the time constant) in the denominator, the transitory quantity begins its decay ata rate that would cause it to vanish in one time constant. The exponential character ‘of the decay results in remnant of 36.8% remaining after an elapsed time equal to one time constant, Any value ofthe transitory term selected at, say, time ¢ will be reduced to 0.368 of that value afier a subsequent clapsed time equal to one lime constant A transitory quantity of magnitude 1.0 at time zero would be reduced to a value of 0.368 after an elapsed time equal to one time constant, toa value of 0.135 after an elapsed time equal to two time constants, and 10 a value 0F 0.05 after an elapsed time equal to three time constants 4.4.4 Multiple switching transients The analyst usually assumes that the switching transient will occur only once during one excursion of short-circuit current flow. An examination of representative oscillograms of short-circuit currents will often display repeated instances of momentary current interrup- tions. At times, an entire half eycle of current will be missing. In other cases, especially in low-voltage cireuits, there may be a whole series of chops and jumps inthe current pattern. A switching interrupter, especially when switching a capacitive cirevit, may be observed to restrike two or perhaps three times before final interruption. The restrike generally occurs When the voltage across the switching contacts is high. It is entirely possible that switching. transients, both simple de and ac transitory oscillations, may be reinserted in the circuit cur rent a numberof times during a single incident of short-cireuit current flow and interruption ‘The analyst should remain mindful of possible trouble 4.4.5 Practical impedance network synthesis ‘One approach to an adequate procedure for computing the phase A cusrent of a three-phase system is indicated in figure 46. For each physical conducting citeuit, the voltage drop is represented as the sum of the sel-impedance drops in the circuit and the complete array of us‘eee SHORT.CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS Sia 141-1965 mutually coupled voltage drops caused by current flow in other coupled circuits. The proce: dure is complex even in those instances where the current in both the neutral and ground con- ductors is ze, Zan Mea Men ue Mga TZ TaMaa* FeMen* IyMun * FoMon Figure 4-6—Three-phase, four-wire circuit, unbalanced loading ‘The simplified analytical approach fo this problem assumes balanced symmetrical loading of a symmetrical polyphase system, With a symmetrical system operating with a symmettical loading, the effects of all mutual couplings are similarly balanced, What is happening in phase A in the way of self- and mutually coupled voltages is also taking place in phase B with exacly the same patter, except displaced 120°, and itis also taking place in phase C withthe same pattem, except displaced another 120°. The key tothe simplification is the fact thatthe ratio of the total voltage drop in one phase circuit to the current in that phase circuit is the same in all three phases of the system. Thus it appears that each phase possesses a firm impedance value common with the other phases. This unigue impedance quantity is identified asthe single phase Tine-to-neutral impedance value. Any one line-to-neutra single phase seg- ‘ment ofthe system may be sliced out for the analysis, since all are operating with the same load patter, ‘The impedance diagram of the simplified concept appears in figure 4-7, The need to deal wi ‘mutual coupling has vanished. Since each phase circuit presents identically the same infor- ‘mation, its common to show only a single phase segment of the system ina one line diagram as illustrated simply by figure 4-1, The expressions below the sketch in figure 4-7 contain some unfamiliar terms, Their meaning willbe discussed in succeeding paragraphs. One restraint associated with this simple analytical method is that all phases of the system, share symmetrical loading. While a three-phase short circuit would satisfy this restraint, some short-circuit problems that must be solved are not balanced. For these unbalanced short-circuit problems, the concept of symmetrical components is used for solution, This con- cept discloses that any conceivable condition of unbalanced loading can be correctly syathe- sized by the use of appropriate magnitudes and phasing of several systems of symmetrical Joading, Ina three-phase system, witha normal phase separation of 120°, there are just theee 19eee Sig 141-1980 CHAPTER Impedance dent for each symmetrical pater Positive sequence Ze Negativesequence Ze Zero sequence Zon Mon* = Based on zero curent in conductor Eq Ex= ta Ze bean lu Zon * Son) Figure 4-7—Three-phas tour-wire circuit, balanced symmetrical loading possible symmetrical loading pattems. These can be quickly identified withthe aid of figure 4-8. Loadings ofthe three-phase windings A, B, and C must follow each other in sequence, separated by some multiple of 120°, In figure 4-8(a) they follow each other with a 120° sepa ration, in figure 4-8(b) with a 240° separation, and in figure 4-8(c) with a 360° separation, [Note that separation angles of any other mukiples of 120° will duplicate one of the theee already shown. These loading patterns satisfy the restraints demanded by the analytical method to be used, Note that igure 4-8(a, identified as the positive sequence, represents the normal balanced ‘operating mode. Thus there are only two sequence networks that differ from the normal, Fig- ture 4.8(b), called the negative sequence, identifies a loading pattern very similar tothe posi tive sequence, except thatthe electrical quantities come up with the opposite sequence, A. ‘current ofthis pattern flowing in a motor stator winding would create a normal speed rotating field, but with backward rotation. The pattern of igure 4-8(c), called the zero sequence, rep- resents the case in which the equal currents in each phase are in phase. Each phase current reaches its maximum in the same direction atthe same instant. Itis understandable that machine interwinding mutual coupling and other mutual coupling, effects willbe different inthe different sequence systems. Hence itis likely thatthe per phase impedance of the negative and zero sequence systems will differ from that of the positive sequence. Currents of zer0 sequence, being in phase, do not add up to zero at the end terminal a do both the positive and negative sequence currents. They add arithmeticelly and return to 120tece ‘SHOFT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS. ‘Sta 141-1885 oN So oe (os$ 20" seo. BF © osive neoanve 2R0 (0) ‘a ry ‘e nase quantities A, B, and C follow exch other with an angular spacing of ive sequence 120" tive sequence 210) Zero sequence 360 Figure 4-8—Three-phase symmetrical load patterns applicable to a three-phase system the source via an additional circuit conductor. The zero-sequence voltage drop of this return conductor is accounted for in the 2ero-sequence impedance value. With this understanding of the three symmetrical loading patterns, the significance of the notes below the sketch in figure 4-7 becomes clear. ‘The simplifications in analytical procedures accomplished by the per-phase line-to-neutra ‘balanced system concepts carry with them some important restraints a) The electric power system components shall be of symmetrical design pattern 'b) The electric loading imposed on the system shall be balanced and symmetrical ‘Wherever these restraints are violated, itis necessary 10 construct substantially hybrid net- work interconnections that bridge the zones of unbalanced conditions. In the field of short- cireuit current calculations, the necessary hybrid interconnections of the sequence networks to accommodate the various unbalanced fault connections can be found in a variety of pub- lished references. It is harder to find the necessary hybrid interconnections to accommodate a lack of symmetry in the cituit geometry, as needed for an open delta transformer bank, an ‘open line conductor, ete 4.4.6 Other analytical tools A large numberof valid network theorems can be used effectively to simplify certain kinds of problems encountered in short-circuit analysis, These are described and illustrated in many standard texts on ac circuit analysis; see Chapter 8 of IEEE Std C37.13-1990!, OF excey tional importance are Thevenin’s theorem and the superposition theorem. ‘Thevenin’s theorem allows an extensive complex single-phase network to be reduced to a single driving voltage in series with a single impedance, referred to the particular bus under study. Thevece Sta 141-1989 CHAPTER + superposition theorem allows the local effect of a remote voltage change in one source machine to be evaluated by impressing the magnitude of the voltage change, at its point of origin, on the complete impedance network; the current reading in an individual circuit branch is treated as an adder to the prior current magnitude in that branch. These analytical tools, lke the others, have specific restraints that must be observed to obtain valid result 4.8.7 Respecting the imposed restraints ‘Throughout this discussion, emphasis has been placed on the importance of respecting the restraints imposed by the analytical procedure in order to obtain valid results. Mention has been made of numerous instances in short-circuit analysis where it is necessary to artificially introduce appropriate corrections when analytical restraints have been violated. One remain- ing area associated with short-circuit analysis involves variable impedance coefficients ‘When an are becomes a series component of the circuit impedance, the Rit represents is not constant. If it is 100 at a current of 1 A, it might be 0.1 at a current of 1000 A. During cach half-cycle of current flow, the arc sistance might traverse this range. Iti dificult to determine a proper value to insert in the 60 Hz network. Correctly setting this value of R does not compensate for the violation of the restraint that demands that R be a constant. The varia tion in & lessens the impedance to high-magnitude current, which results in a wave shape of current that is much more peaked than a sine wave. The current now contains harmonic terms. Since they result from a violation of analytical restraints they will not appear in the calculated results. Their character and magnitude can be determined by other means and the result artificially introduced into the solution for short-circuit current. A similar type of non- linearity may be encountered in electromagnetic elements in which iron plays a pat in setting the value of L, Ifthe feric pats are subject ro large excursions of magnetic density, the value ‘of £ may be found to drop substantially when the flux density is driven into the saturation region. As with variable R the effect ofthis restraint violation will esult in the appearance of harmonic components inthe true circuit current, .8 Conclusions ‘The purpose of this review of fundamentals is to obtain a better understanding of the basic ‘complexities involved in ac system short-iscuit current calculations. In desling with the day- to-day practical problems, the analyst should adopt the following goals: 8) Select the optimum location and type of fault to satisty the purpose of the calculation, bb) Establish the simplest electric circuit model of the problem that will both accomplish this purpose and minimize the complexity of the solution, ©) Recognize the presence of system conditions that violate the restraints imposed by the analytical methods in use. 4) Antfcially inject corections in compoted results to compensate if these conditions ate large enough to be significant ‘Some conclusions ofthe preceding section apply to the simplified procedures ofthis chapter A balanced three-phase fault has been assumed and a simple equivalent circuit has been ‘described. The current £7Z calculated with the equivalent circuit is an alternating syramettial rms current, because E is the rms voltage, Within specific constraints to be discussed, this 12eee ‘SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS. ‘sd 141-1989 symmetrical current may be directly compared with equipment ratings, capabilities, or per- formance characteristics that are expressed as symmetrical rms curcents| ‘The preceding analysis of inductive circuit switching transients indicates that simplified pro- cedures should recognize and account for asymmetry asa system condition, The correction 0 ‘compensate for asymmetry considers the asymmetrical short-circuit current wave to be com posed of two components. One is the ac symmetrical component E/Z. The other isa de com- pponeat initially of maximum possible magnitude, equal to the peak of the initial ac symmetrical component, of, alternatively, of the magnitude corresponding tothe highest peak (eres), assuming thatthe fault occurs at the point nthe voltage wave where it creates this, condition. At any instant after the fault occurs, the total current is equal to the sum of the ac and de components (igure 4-9) ‘oral ASYMMETRICAL CURRENT i hit aureanarings Ifa SEES consent Int 1 Figure 4-9—Typical system fault current Since resistance is always present in an actual system, the de component decays 0 zero as the stored energy it represents is expended in PR lass. The decay is assumed to be an exponen= al, and its time constant is assumed to be proportional to the ratio of reactance to resistance (COR ratio) ofthe system from source to fault. As the de component decays, the current grad ually changes from asymmetrical to symmetrical (Figure 4-9) Asymmetty is accounted for in simplified calculating procedures by applying multiplying factors to the alternating symmetsical current. A multiplying factor is selected that oblains a resulting estimate of the total (asymmetrical) ams current or the peak (crest) current, 3s appropriate for comparison with equipment ratings, capabilities, or performance characteris ties that are expressed as foal (asymmetrical) ms currents or peak (crest) curents 123eee Sia 141-1968 CHAPTER 4 ‘The alternating symmetrical current may also decay with time, as indicated in the discussion of sources of short-circuit current. Changing the impedance representing the machine prop- erly accounts for ae decay of the current toa short circuit at rotating- machine terminals. The same impedance changes are assumed to be applicable when representing rotating machines in extensive power systems, d procedure AA significant part ofthe preparation for a short-cicuit current calculation is establishing the impedance of each cireuit element and converting impedances to be consistent with each ‘other for combination in series and parallel. Sources of impedance values for circuit elements, are nameplates, handbooks, manufacturers’ catalogs, tables included in this chapter, and direct contact withthe manufacturer. ‘Two established consistent forms for expressing impedances are ohms and per unit (per unit differs from percent by a factor of 100). Individual equipment impedances are often given in Percent, which makes comparisons easy, but percent impedances are rarely used without con- version in system calculations. In tis chapter, the per unit form of impedance is used because itis more convenient than the ohmic form when the system contains several voltage levels, Impedances expressed as per unit on a defined base can be combined directly, regardless of how many voltage levels exist from source (o fault. To obtain this convenience, the base vot age at each voltage level must be related according to the tens ratios of the interconnecting twansformers In the per-unit system, there are four base quantities: base apparent power in voltamperes, base voltage, base current, and base impedance. The relationship of base, per unit, and actual ‘quantities is as follows: per-unit quantity (voltage, curent, ete) = tual awantity base quantity Usually a convenient value is selected for base apparent power in voltamperes, and a base voltage at one level is selected to match the transformer rated voltage at that level. Base volt- ages at other levels ate then established by transformer turns ratios. Base current and base impedance at each level are then obtained by standard relationships. The following formulas apply to three-phase systems, where the base voltage is the line-tortine voltage in volts or kilovolts and the base apparent power is the three-phase apparent power in kilovoltamperes ‘or megavoltamperes base KVA (1000) __ base kVA base current (amperes) = A JB (baseV) —/3 (base kV) _ base MVA 10° _ base MVA (1000) © T3 (ease Vy 53 (base kV) 124SSHORT-CIROUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS base V (base V)? base impedance (ohms) = —PSEY _ (ast * ee B chase A) base VA (1000) __ (base KV)"(1000) __ (base kV)? Tae kVA base MVA Impedances of individual power system elements are usually obtained in forms that require conversion to the related bases for a per-unit calculation. Cable impedances are generally expressed in ohms. Converting to per unit using the indicated relationships leads to the fol lowing simplified formulas, where the per-unit impedance is Zp, _|_ tetual impedance in ohms ((base MVA) (base kV)? Z) sctual impedance in ohms (base kVA) (base kV)"(1000) ‘Transformer impedances are in percent of self-cooled transformer ratings and are converted using the following: Kilovoliamperes percent impednce (base kVA) a EVA rating (100) percent impedance (10) (base MVA) VA rating ‘Motor reactance may be obtained from tables providing per unit reactances on element rat- ‘ngs in kilovoltamperes and are converted using the following: nit reactance (base KVA) ™ KVA rating, ‘The procedure for calculating industrial system short-circuit currents consists of the follow= ing steps: 18) Step 1: Prepare system diagrams 'b) Step 2: Collect and convert impedance data ) Step 3: Combine impedances 4) Step 4: Calculate short-circuit current Each step will be discussed in further deal in the following subclauseseee ‘Si 141-1989 CHAPTER + 4.5.1 Step 1: Prepare system diagrams ‘A one-line diagram of the system should be prepared to show all sources of short-circuit rent and all significant circuit elements. Figure 4-10, used for a subsequent example, is a one~ line diagram of hypothetical industrial system, Impedance information may be entered on the one-line diagram after initial data collection and after conversion, Sometimes it is desirable to prepare a separate diagram showing only the impedances alter conversion. Ifthe original circuit is complex and several steps of simpli fication are required, each may be recorded on additional impedance diagrams as the calcula- tion progresses. ‘The impedance diagram might show reactances only or it might show both reaetances and resistances if a vector calculation is to be made. For calculation of a system X/R ratio, as described later for high-voltage circuit breaker duties, a resistance diagram showing only the resistances of all circuit elements shall be prepared. 4.5.2 Step 2: Collect and convert impedance data Impedance data, including both reactance and resistance, should be collected For important elements and converted to per-unit on bases selected forthe study: See annex 4 atthe end of this chapter for typical values Since resistance is not constant but varies with temperature, consideration should be given to the choice of resistance values for study purposes. For calculations of maximum short-circuit currents to select electric power system equip ‘ment, fully loaded industrial power system is recommended because it has the largest ing to short-circuit current, Consequently, “hot” of ‘ated load resistance Values are usually accepted for these calculations. The collected data in annex 4A reflect this acceptance; for example, machine X/R ratios are at rated load, overhead. line resistances are at $0 °C, and cable resistances ae at 75 °C and 90 °C. ‘These “hot” resistance values are also acceptable as conservative impedance data for load flows and similar calculations where probable maximum voltage drops and losses are desired results. This multipfe usage provides a simplification of data preparation. ‘There is a concer that system operations at less than full load could reduce equipment and ‘component temperatures, thus lowering resistances and increasing maximum short-circuit ‘currents calculated using impedances. This does not happen in most eases for industrial sys- tems because the reduction in connected motors, atthe reduced load and thus in motor contri- bution to the calculated short-circuit current, more than offsets the possible increase due 10 reduced resistance and increased X/R ratio, [mn addition, for industrial systems where relatively high values of short-circuit current are expected, the short-circuit point reactance is generally much larger than the resistance and, 126eee Sta 141-1999, ‘CHAPTER « due to the quadrature relationship of X and R, a possibly justifiable reduction in “hot” resis- tance values usually makes no significant difference in Fault point impedance. ‘The effect of reduced resistance at reduced temperature should be examined in particular ‘eases not covered by the general procedures ofthis chapter. For example, the calculation of the short-circuit current of an individual generator just being energized, before it takes load, should use ambient temperature resistance and X/R ratios for a conservative result, For indus- trial plant office buildings, and for other facilites with largely non-motor loads, full load might be applied without delay at start-up and calculations should account for pre-start-up {temperatures of components and their resistances. For a low-voliage short circuit atthe end of a feeder from a substation to & non-motor load, where the resistance ofthe feeder circuit is significant in determining short-circuit current magnitude, it may be appropriate to assume a ‘no-load feeder conciuctor temperature and resistance to caleulate a maximum curtent 4.5.3 Step 3: Combine impedances The third step is to combine reactances or vector impedances, and resistances where applica ble, to the point of faull into a single equivalent impedance, reactance, or resistance. The equivalent impedance of separate impedances in series isthe sum ofthe separate impedances, The equivalent impedance of separate impedances in parallel i the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals ofthe separate impedances. Three impedances forming a wye or delta config tration can be converted by the following formulas for futher reduction figure 4-11). a) Wye to delta (igure 4-11(a) As“ ab4e B=" Sh ase ‘ cut ate b) Delta to wye [figure 4-110) _ Be OS aeBee po ae A+B4C AB AtBHC 4.8.4 Step 4: Calculate short-circuit current ‘The final step is to calculate the short-circuit current. Calculation details ae influenced by the system nominal voltage or voltages and the results desired 128eee ‘SHORT.CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS sg 141-1098 Ms 2 b) Delta to wye Figure 4-11—Wye and delta configurations I should be noted that nominal system voltages according to ANSI C84.1-1989 are as follows: 2) Low voltage—tess than 1000 V b) Medium vottage—equal to or greater than 1000 V and less than 100000 V ©) High voltage—equal to or greater than 100000 V and equal to or less than 230000 V IEEE high-voltage circuit breaker standards, IEEE Std C37.010-1979 and IEEE Std C37.5- 1979, define high-voltage circuit breakers as those rated above 1000 V, so these standards cover calculating short-circuit currents for circuit breaker applications in both medium. and high-voltage systems. The results of these calculations are also usable when applying medium and high-voltage fuses. ‘This chapter examines three basic networks of selected impedances used forthe results most ‘commonly desire: 4) First-eycle duties for fuses und circuit breakers b) Contact-parting (interupting) duties for medium. and high-voltage circuit breakers ©) Short-crcuit currents at operating times for time-delayed relaying devices The three networks have the same basic elements except for the impedances of rotating ‘machines. These depend on the purpose of the study. Where interrupting equipment applica 129(eee ‘Sid 141-1989 (CHAPTER 4 tions are the purpose ofthe calculation, the differing impedances are based on standard appli- cation guides. 4.5.4.1 First-cycle duties for fuses and circuit breakers: For calculations of short-circuit duties to be compared withthe interrupting ratings of low, ‘medium, or high-voltage fuses or of only low-voltage circuit breakers (according to ANST 97.1-1972, IEEE Std C37.13-1981, IEBE Sid C37.41-1981, NEMA AB 1-1975, and NEMA SG 3-1981), unmodified or modified subtransient impedances are used to represent all rotating machines in the equivalent network. Low-voltage duties. The standards for interrupting equipment allow a modified subtransient reactance for a group of Tow-voltage induction and synchronous motors fed from a low= ‘voltage substation. Ifthe total of motor horsepower ratings at 480 or 600 V is approximately {equal to (or less than) the transformer sef-cooled rating in kilovoltamperes, a reactance of (025 per unit based on the transformer self-cooled rating may be used as a single impedance to represent the group of motors, ‘Medium- and high-voltage short-circuit duties calculated with these impedances are used ‘when applying medium- or high-voltage fuses and when finding medium- or high-voltage system available short-circuit duties for use as factors in subsequent low-voltage calculations. Medium- and high-voltage duties. For calculations of short-circuit duties to be compared with only medium- or high-voltage circuit breaker closing and latching capabilities according to IEEE Std C37.010-1979 (post-1964 rating basis) or momentary ratings according to the withdrawn standard, IEEE Sid C37-5-1979 (pre-1964 rating basis), multiplying factors shown in the first eycle column of Table 4-1 ate applied to rotating machine eactances (oF impedances). For motors, this approximates the ae decay during the fist cycle of motor short- ‘circu current contribution, ‘The preceding description indicates that the different treatments of induction motors might tuneconomically necessitate two first-cycle calculations for comprehensive industrial system short-circuit studies covering both low and high (including medium) voltages, if procedures ‘of applicable standards are followed without interpretation, The high- (including medium-) voltage circuit breaker application procedure described in IEEE Std C37.010-1979 and IEEE, ‘Std C37.5-1979 defines three induction motor size groups, recommends omitting the group of ‘motors each less than $0 hp, and applies multiplying factors of 1.2 or 1,0 to subiransient impedances of motors inthe groups of larger and larger sizes. The low-voltage circuit breaker application guide, IBEE Std C37.13-1981, recommends subvransient impedances (typically 0.16 t0 0.20 per unit) for all motors and allows estimates of typical symmetrical frst-cycle contributions from connected low-voltage motors to substation bus short ciecuits at 4 times rated current (the equivalent of 0.25 per unit impedance), ‘The 4 times rated current short-circuit contribution estimate is determined approximately in the low-voltage circuit breaker application guide, IEEE Std C37.13-1981, by assuming a typical connected group having 75% induction motors at 3.6 times rated current and 25% synchronous motors at 48 times rated. Other typical group assumptions could be made; for 10ieee SSHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS Sid 141-1993 ‘Table 4-1—Rotating-machine reactance (or impedance) multipliers “ype of rtating machine Fiteycle |] Interrupting Allure generators al hyogeneratr wih dont windings al onde 10x" Lox” Hdmgewrais wihoutamorissur windings | O75," o7sx/" Allsyetronus mors tom | aK | Induction matcr | : ove 1000 pt 10D snin ores xe | tsKe eT | | ee 15K)" " Alloiers,Dpandatove 12K nox" All smaller than hp i neglect ‘Sours: Buedon IEEE St C37. 0101979 and IEEE Su C3751979, example, many groups now have larger size low-voltage induction motors instead of syn. cchronous motors, but these larger motors also have higher and longer lasting short-circuit current contributions. Accordingly, a 4 times rated current approximation continues to be accepted practice when the load is all induction motors of unspecified sizes. Combination first-cycle network, To simplify comprehensive industrial system calculations, a single combination firstcycle network is recommended to replace the two diferent networks {just described, It is based on the following interpretation of IEBE Std C37.010-1979, IEEE Sid C37.5-1979, and IEEE Std C37,13-1990, Because the initial symmetrical rms magnitude ‘of the curent contributed toa terminal short circuit might be 6 times rated for a typical induc- tion motor, using a 4.8 times rated current first-cycle estimate for the large low-voltage induction motors (described as all others, 50 hp and above in Table 4-1) is effectively the same as multiplying subtransient impedance by approximately 1.2. For this motor group, there is reasonable correspondence of low- and high-voltage procedures. For smaller induc tion motors (all smaller than 50 kp in Table 4-1) a conservative estimate isthe 3.6 rimes rared current (equivalent of 0.28 per unit impedance) first-eycle assumption of low-voltage stan dards, and ths is effectively the same as multiplying subiransient impedance by 1.67 ‘With this interpretation as a basis, the following induction motor treatment is recommended to obiain a single-combination first-cycle short-circuit calculation for multivolage industiat systems: BI(eee Sia 141-1988 CHAPTER 4 4) Include connected motors, each less than 50 hp, using either a 1.67 multiplying factor for subtransient impedances, if available, or an estimated first-eycle impedance of (0.28 based on motor rating b) Include larger motors using the impedance multiplying factors of Table 4-1. Most Tow-voltage motors 50 hp and larger are in the 1.2 times subtransient reactance group. An appropriate estimate for this group is first-cycle impedance of 0.20 per unit based on motor rating, ‘The last two lines of Table 4-1 are replaced by Table 4-2 forthe recommended combination network. ‘The single-combination fist-cycle network adds conservatism to both low and high-voltage standard calculations. It increases calculated frs-cycle short-circuit currents at high voltage by the contributions from small induction motors and at low voltage, when many motors are 50 hp or larger, by the inereased contribution of larger low-vollage induction motors, Table 4-2—Combined network rotating machine reactance (or impedance) multipliers (changes to table 4-1 for comprehensive multivoltage system calculations) Type of ota machine epee | Interoping Tndton mats Allotien, sompandatove =| nz" | 0x | Allama han SO mp Lory"! eet “Or estimate the fis-eycle network X = 0.20 per uni based on motor rating. “Or estimate the interrupting network X = 0.80 per unit based on motor ting. “Or estimate the firs-, and Fs, one at atime. When F, is the short circuit where current is being calculated, bus | is called the fault bus. All fault buses are at primary distribution voltages of 13.8 or 4.16 KY. Interrupting-duty eal- culations for their eieuit breakers are based on IEEE Std C37.010-1979 and IEEE Std C37.5- 1979, which cover applications of high-voltage circuit breakers (over 1000 V, including medium voltage). First-cycle duties are calculated withthe previously described single-com= 138lee 'SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS Sid 141-1905 bination network also satisfying requirements for low-voltage circuit breaker applications in IEEE Std C37.13-1981 and for low- and high-voltage fuses. Note that the connected motor load assumed for the low-voltage unit substations of this, ‘example is lower than that observed for many actual substations, Experience has shown that the rated KVA summation for connected motors often greatly exceeds substation transformer VA. This is a factor to be considered in studies intended to account for future growth, 4.6.2 Utility system data In-plant generators operating in parallel with wlity system tes are the main sources both at ‘bus 1 and at bus 2. The representation of remote ullity generators for plant short-circuit cal- culations is often based on the uty available short-circuit current, of short-circuit apparent power in MVA, delivered by the uty ata specified voltage from all sources outside the plant not including contributions from in-plant sources, This wility short-circuit contribution should be the highest applicable magnitude, probably future rather than present for conserva tive equipment selection, and should also specify the X/R ratio. These data are converted to an equivalent impedance. Obtaining corresponding equivalent impedance data directly from, the utility is equally useful 4.6.3 Per-unit calculations and base quantities This example uses per-unit quantities for calculations. The base for all per-unit power quanti ties throughout the system is 10 MVA (any other value could have been selected). Voltage bases are different for different system voltage levels, but itis necessary for ll of them to be related by the turns ratios of interconnecting transformers, as specified in KV at each num- bred busin figure 4-10. Any actual quantity isthe perunit magnitude ofthat quantity multi- plied by the applicable base. For example, 1.1 per-unit voltage at bus 1 is actually 11 times the 13.8 KV base voltage at bus 1 = 15.18 KY, Per-unit system bases and actual quantities hhave identical physical relationships. For example, in three-phase systems the relationship shown in the following equation applies both to actual quantities and to bases of per-unit, quantities: tot MVA = BCE, inkY) (gg kA) (Other useful base quantities for this example, derived using the 10 MVA base and the base voltages of figure 4-10 inthe equations of 45, are listed as follows; Base line-to-Hine voltage Ey 1B8kV 416KV Baseline curent (kA) ates 1388 Bas line-to-neutral impedance (2) 908 13 19ieee Sid 141-1995, (CHAPTER 4 ‘This example calculates at each fault point a balanced per-unit three-phase short-circuit cur rent duty using one of three identical per-unitline-to-neutral positive-sequence circuits, enet- ized by per-unit line-to-neutral voltage. Only line-to-line base voltages are listed. For balanced three-phase circuits line-10-ine voltages in per unit ofthese bases are identical to Jine-to-neutral voltages in per unit of their corresponding line-to-neutral base voltages. 4.6.4 impedances represented by reactances ‘The usual calculation of short-circuit duties at voltages over 1000 V involves circuits in ‘which resistance is small with respect to reactance, so manual cornputations are simplified by ‘omitting resistances from the circuit. The slight error introduced makes the solution conser- vative. This example employs this simplification by using only the reactances of elements ‘when finding the magnitudes of short-circuit duties. However, element resistance data are ssary to determine X/R ratios as described later inthis example. 4.6.5 Equivalent circuit variations based on time and standards Calculations of high-voltage circuit breaker short-circuit current duties may make use of sev- eral equivalent circuits for the power system, depending on the time after short-circuit incep- tion when duties are calculated and on the procedure described in the standard used as a basis The circuit used for calculating first-cyele short-circuit current duties uses subtransientreac~ tance, sometimes modified as shown in tables 4-1 and 4-2, forall rotating machine sources of short-circuit current. Synchronous machines and large induction motors (over 250 hp at 3600 c/min or 1000 hp at 0-1800 cimin) are represented with unmodified subiransientresc~ lance. Medium induction motors (all other induction motors 50 hp and above) have subtran- sient reactance multiplied by 1.2 (or firsueycle X is estimated at 0.20 per unit). Small, induction motors (less than 50 hp each) have subtransient reactance multiplied by 1.67 (or firsteycle X i estimated at 0.28 per unit), The circuit used for calculating short-circuit (interrupting) duties, at citcuit-breaker mini- ‘mum-contact parting times of 1.5 104 eycles after the short-circuit starts, retains synchronous generator subiransient reactance unchanged. It also represents synchronous motors and large induction motors with subtransient reactance multiplied by 1.5, as well as medium induction motors with subiransient reactance multiplied by 3.0 (or interrupting X is estimated at 0,50 ‘per unit; it neglects induction motors with less than 50 hp, Passive element reactances are the same in all equivalent citcuis Resistances are necessary to find fault point X/R ratios used in short-circuit (interrupting) duty calculations based on IEEE Std C37.010-1979 and IEBE Std C37.5-1979. The fault point X/R rato is the fault point X divided by the fault point R. A fault point X is found by ‘reducing the reactance circuit described in preceding paragraphs to a single equivalent X at the fault point. fault point & is found by reducing a related resistance-only circuit, Ths is, derived fom the reactance circuit by substituting the resistance in place of the reactance of cach element, obtaining the resistance value by dividing the element reactance by the element 140(eee 'SHORT-CIROUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS: ‘ia 141-1068 AUR ratio. For motors whose subtransient reactance is increased by a multiplying facto, the same factor must be applied to the resistance in order to preserve the X/ ratio for the motor. “The K/R data for power system elements of this example, shown in figure 410, ae medium typical data obtained in most cases from tables and graphs that ae included inthe applicable standards and are reproduced in annex 4A atthe end ofthis chapter. The approximately 30-cycle network often is a minimum source representation intended to investigate whether minimum short-circuit currents are suflicient to operate current actuated relays. Minimum source circuits might apply at night or when production lines are down for any reason. Some of the soutce ciruit breakers may be open and all motor circuits may be off. In-plant generators ae represented with transient reactance or a larger reactance related to the magnitude of decaying generator short-circuit current atthe desired calculation time, for this example assumed at 1.5 times subtransient reactance in the absence of better information 4.6.6 Impedance data and conversions to per unit, Reactances of passive elements, obtained from figure 4-10, ae listed in table 4-4, along with the conversion of each reactance to per unit on the 10 MVA base, Table 4-4—Passive element reactances in per unit, 10 MVA base Transformer Ty, X-=007 (1020) = D035 per unit, Transformer Ts, X=0055 (10/5) =0.110 per unt Transformer Ts, X=0.065 (10/5) =0.130 per unit Translormer Py, X= 0055 (105) 0.110 per unit Transformer Ty, X= 0055 (1077.5) = 0.0734 per unit Transformer Ts, 367 per unit ReactorX), X= 0.08 (10/75) =0.107 perunit Cable C), from tables 44.3 and 44:6 fr 250 keri at {i spacing, = 00922-00571 = 0.0351 Q/1000 f (There are no reactance corections as this thee-condictor cable in nonmagaetic duet) For 3500 fof eable, the conversion oper unit ona 10 MVA 13.8 kV base is 1X (3500/1000) (010351/19.08) = 00064 per unit. (Cable C300 kemil a 1 in spacing, X= 0:0902-0.0871 = 0.0331 Q/1000 f For 2500 fof to cables in parallel a 4.16 KV, 1 = (2500/1000) (172) (00331/.73) 10239 per nit M4eee Sid 141-1999, CHAPTER 4 ‘Most ofthe data given in figure 4-10 are per unit, based on the equipment nameplate rating, Any original percent impedance data is divided by 100 o obtain a per-unit impedance for fg ure 4-10. Conversions are changes of MVA base: multiplication by the ratio of the new MVA, base (10 MVA for the example) to the old MVA base (rated MA). Whea the equipments rated voltage isnot the same as the base voltage. itis also necessary to make voliage base ‘conversions using the square ofthe rato of rated voltage to example base voltage as the mul- liplier (see 4). This isnot ilusrated in this example. Physical descriptions of cables are used to establish their reactances in ohms based on data in tables 44-3 and 44-6, Dividing an impedance in ohms by the base impedance in ohms con- vert it to per unit 4.6.7 Subtransient reactances of rotating machines, and reactances for the cir- cuit to calculate first-cycle short-circuit current duties Subtransient reactances of rotating machine sources of short-circuit current modified for the combination firs-cycle network based on interpretation of reference low- and high-voltage standards—IBEE Std C37.010-1979, IBEE Std C37.5-1979, and IEEE Std C37.13-1990— are listed in table 4-5 together with conversions to per unit on the study base. Table 4-5—Subtransient reactances of rotating machines, modified for first-cycle (momentary) duty calculations in per unit, 10 MVA base ORV system, X= 1010/1000) = 00 per unit Genertor |, X J'= 009 (1025) = 0036 pecunit SERV system, X= 101800) = 00125 per unit Generator,” X,/=0.09(10/5)=0.18 per unit Large synchronous motor Musing the assumption that the horsepower rang of un 0.8 power factor machine is is VA rating 20 (106) =0.333 pe unit, each motor using the assumption that hp = kVA, 17 (10/175) =0971 per unit, Low-voltage motor group, 0.4 MVA, fom S010 150 hp fisteyele X= 1.2X "= 0.20 (100.4) = $0 per unit Low-voltage motor group, 112 MVA, less than SO hp each, frsieyele X= 1.67 X j"=0.28 (101.13) = 2.5 per unit ‘The reactance representing the rotating machines of a utility system is found by observing that the available short-circuit apparent power (MVA) is LO per unit of a base equal to itself, and that 1,0 pet-unit short-circuit apparent power (MVA) corresponds to 1.0 per-unit reac: tance (X) at 1.0 per-unit voltage (V), then converting this reactance tothe study base. ‘The circuit development and impedance simplifications are described subsequently 142tee ‘SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS. ‘sed 141-1988 6.8 Reactances and resistances for the circuit to calculate short (interrupting) current duties Reactances, and resistances derived from them as described previously, are detailed in table 46, Table 4-6—X/F ratios and resistances for ac high-voltage circuit breaker ‘contact-parting time (interrupting) short-circuit duties Transformer, XA (035721 = 0.001 667 per wnt Hon Transformer Ty ‘Transformer Ts ‘Transformer Ts Transformer Ts, “Transformer Ty 003 67 per unit 107/50 = 0.002 14 per unit Cable Cae resistance a 30°C rom table 44.3 is 0.0487 411000 ft coereston foe 75 For 3800 fof cable converted 10 per wit on a 10 MVA 13.8 RV base, 35001000) (1.087) (0.0883/19.08) = 0,008 72 per unit Cable Cy, a resistance from table 4.3 is 0.0407 211000 ft For 2500 of two cables in parallel on a 10 MVA 4.16 KV base at 75 °C, ‘Re (25001000) (1087/2) (0.040711.73) = 0.0320 per unit Reactor 69 kV system, 1/22 = 0.000 44 per unit Geneeatorly 0365 = 0.0008 per unit 46RV system, WR =9,— R=00012579 = 0.001 389 per unit Geneealor2, — XR=29,_&. 0.0062 per unt Large synchronous motor Mi, sing ‘R= 0520 =001667 pernit 1.5 (0.333) =05 per unit, R= 30, Lage induction motor My, using X. 57 por unit, IR = 30, ‘R= LAST = 0.088 $7 per unit [Low-voltage motor group 50-150 np, using X= 30.X J" = (3/12) (5.0) = 125 per unit WR =9, "Re 12.59 = 1.389 per unit [Low-voltage motor group Below 50 hp is omited 'NOTE—See ables 4-4 and-45 for reacances of pasive cements, ily spstems, and generators 4.6.9 Reactances for the circuit to calculate approximately 30-cycle minimum short-circuit currents Minimum generation for this problem (defined by system operators) occurs with Generator 1 down, the 46 kV utility system connection open, and all motors disconnected. Reactance details are given in table 4-7 143vec Sia 143-1096 HAPTER 4 Table 4-7—Reactances for approximately 30-cycle short-circuit currents Usilty sytem S, reactance is unchanged Generator 2, Sy i epresented with eactance lager than subiransen, assumed at LS g°= 1.50.18 = 0.27 per unit, Alber sources, S2, 5 Ss-Si. are disconnected 4.6.10 Circuit and calculation of first-cycle short-circuit current duties The circuit used for calculating the symmetrical alternating currents of the fist-cycle short- circuit duties based on a combination of current circuit breaker and fuse standards is shown in figure 4-16(a). Source ciruits Ss through So have been simplified using the series and paral- Jel combinations indicated in table 4-8, based on the per-unit element impedances obtained sirectly from table 4-4 and table 4-5. The identities of buses and sources are retained in figure 4-6(a) even after the individual element impedances from figure 4-10 lose identification ‘when reactances are combined. le 4-8—Reactances for figure 4-16(a) Sto bus {two citcits in parallel, each with My motor X," and Ts wansformer X, Xgl =(172) (033333 + D073) = 0.2034 per unit ‘Sto bus I (after combining al the motors of one substation fran equivalent low-voltage motor Xj"=2.5 (5.5 + 5) = 1.67, four cruisin parallel, each with tn equivalent motor X, in series wih aT transformer, X= (118) (1.667 +0367) = (14) (2.088) = 0.5085 per unit Sto bus 4 two My induction motors, (2) (0971) = 0.4855 per nit $410 bus 2, three circuits, each as forthe Sto bus I calculation, 3) (2034) = 0678 per unit, Sy to bus 3, wo My induction motors, Xj" = (U2) 971) = 0.4855 per unit Sot bus 3, two circuits, each as forthe S10 bus 1 calculation, Xj’ =(12) 2.034) = 1.017 per anit. The connection of an ac source, the voltage magnitude of which isthe prefault voltage atthe fault bus, between the dotted common connection and the fault atthe fault bus causes the flow of per-unit alterating short-circuit current that is being calculated 144eee 'SHORT:CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS ‘ia 141-1865 ‘The reactances of figure 4-16(a) are further simplified as shown in Fig 4-16(b), without losing track of the three fault locations The reactance simplifications are summarized in table 49. The table contains columns of reectances and reciprocals. Arrows are used to indicate the calculation ofa reciprocal. Sums of reciprocals are used to combine reactances in parallel. A ‘dashed line in the reactance column indicates that reactances above the line have been com bined in parallel common connecrion EBairnevenn EBuvaleent ehecu (©) Simplified reactance diagram Figure 4-16—Circuits of power system reactances for calculation of first-cycle (momentary) short-circuit current duties for fuses and low-voltage circuit breakers ‘The final simplification of reactances to obtain one fault point X for each fault location is detailed in table 4-10. The results forthe specified fault buses are the lat entries in the reac- tance columas 14seee Sis 141-1999, CHAPTER 4 Table 4-9—Reactance combinations for figure 4-16(a) vBrSoS | Syne S489 ‘im | x Wet) fa cos > mz [ows > tm > 2060 tos 3 he foe” 3 ie 3s on 5 41 fos > 196 ea 0508 = > = 1.97 | 0.678 > 1AaT ees avis < 36as foams — ine Table 4-10—Reactance combinations for fault-point X ‘at each faut bus of figure 4-16(0) Fula Fault Fy Fauttat Fy x wm |x mx ue oa286 ore cio 736 auton outes cons 1390 ons > 20 [om > 746 |G0u8 © Ras cons 390 | our | asm w= —— | sas Guy beehtd Euces el | 0.1538 > = 6.502 autes owss > 20 [ome Sons Oo ne ees es sors 3 sem loan 8 es | coe wae Alternating shor-circuit curtens are calculated from the circuit reactance reductions X with a prefaul voltage £ of 1.0 per unit, and alternating rms cureatis, ofcourse, EX per uit. Mul- Uplying by base current converts to real units, The resulting symmetrical (alternating only) firsveyel short-circuit ms currents ae as follows AUF y= (0.000016) (04184) =26.15 KA ACF. yu = (1.000 0423) (1388) = 32.81 KA ACF, yu = (10001088) (1388) = 13.25 KA [Note that these currents may be useful as primary available symmetrical short-circuit current data for calculations of short-circuit duties at low-voltage buses of future unit substations ‘connected to these medium-voltage buses. Total (asymmetrical) rms shor-circuit current duties for comparison with ac high-voltage (over 1000 ¥, including medium-voltage) circuit breaker closing and latching capabilities preferred before 1987 (or momentary ratings forthe pre-1964 rating basis) are found using a(eee ‘SHORT: CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS 1a 141-1985 1.6 multiplying factor according 10 IEEE Std C37,010-1979 and IEEE Std C37.5-1979, These first-cycle short-circuit total (asymmetrical) rms currents areas follows: ALF, gg = 1.6 26.15) =41.8 kA at Ea fat = 1.6 32.81) = 52.5 kA al Py gy = 1.6 (13.25)= 21.2 KA Crest short-circuit current duties for comparison with ac high-voltage (over 1000 V. including medium-voltage) circuit breaker closing and latching capabilities preferred in 1987 and after are found using a 2.7 multiplying factor according to IEEE Std C37.010-1979. These first- cycle short-circuit crest currents are a follows: at 1126.15) =70.6 kA at Fo, Ios = 2.72.81) = 88.6 KA at F5, Feat = 2.7(13.25) = 35.8 kA, Asymmetrical short-circuit duties are necessary for comparison with total rms current ratings fof ac high-voltage (and medium-voltage) fuses, such as those in the fused motor control equipment connected to buses 3 and 4. These are found using multiplying factors from IEEE Sid C37.41-1981. The applicable standard for the circuit of figure 4-16 suggests a general cease multiplying factor of 1.55, but a special case multiplier of 1.2 may be substituted if the ‘voltage is less than 15 kV and ifthe X/R ratio is less than 4. The circuit ofthis example will nt have X/R ratios as low as 4. The first-eycle short-circuit asymmetrical (total) ms currents For fuse applications are as follows: at. oy = 1.55(26.15) = 40.73 kA ALF, fy = 1.55(32.81) = $0.86 kA at Fy, fy = 1.55(13.25) = 20.54 kA. 4.6.11 Circuit and calculation of contact parting time (interrupting) short-circuit current duties for high-voltage circuit breakers. In addition to a circuit of power system reactances for calculating altemating currents (Igy = £/%),aresistance-only circuit is needed to establish fault point X/R ratios. Duties are caleu- lated by applying multiplying factors to E/X. The multiplying factors depend on the fault- point X/R and also on other factors defined subsequently, ‘The circuits used for calculating X, E/X, and fault point R are shown in figures 4-17) and 4-18(a), respectively. The rotating-machine reactances for the circuit of figure 4-17(a), if wanged from subtransient, are showin in table 4-6, Table 4-11 details how these changes affect the table 4-8 simplifications of source cieuits Ss through So, Table 4-1! also includes, resistance simplifications of source circuits for figure 4-18(a). Figures 4-17(b) and 4-18(b) show the lat steps of reactance and resistance simplifications, respectively, before the several fault locaton identities are lost. Tables 4-12 and 4-13 detail the reactance and resistance simplifications starting from figures 4-17) and 4-18(a), respec tively. The final simplifications of reactances and resistances to obtain one fault point X and ‘one fault point & for each fault location are detailed in tables 4-14 and 4-15, respectively. 17eee Sid 141-1995, CHAPTER + | | | | yo | | | | | LL a (b) Simpitied reactance diagram Figure 4-17—Circuits of power system reactances for calculation of E/X and fault-point X for contact-parting-time (interrupting) ‘short-circuit current duties for high-voltage circuit breakers Values of per-unit E/X for each fault bus are readily obtained from table 4-14 when E = 1.0, (as for this example); they are the final entries inthe L/X columns, opposite the fault point X entries. Values converted to actual currents are as follows: at F, EX = 59.03(04184) = 24.70 kA ALF, EA = 20.75(1.388) = 28,80 KA ALF, FX =7.841(1.388) = 10.88 KA Values of X/R for each fault bus are obtained from the fault point X and R entties of tables, 4-14 and 4-15 as follows: at F,, X/R = 0.0169/0,000837 = 31.47 148ieee ‘SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS. 1a 14-1098, 00886 (#) Reactance diagram (©) Simplified reactance diagram Figure 4-18—Circuits of power system resistance for calculation of fault-point for contact-parting-time (interrupting) ‘short-circuit current duties for high-voltage circuit breakers The reference standards contain graphs of multiplying factors that determine calculated short-circuit current duties when applied to E/K values. The proper graph is selected with the following information: 8) Three-phase or single-phase short-circuit current (three-phase for this example) 'b) Rating basis of the circuit breaker being applied (present symmetrical current short- circuit ratings or previous total current short-circuit ratings) ©) Rated interrupting time ofthe circuit breaker being applied 46) Fault point X/ ratio ©) Proximity of generators 149eee Sig 141-1993 CHAPTER 4 Table 4-11—Reactances for figure 4-17(a) and resistances for figure 4-18(a) ‘Ssto bus T, two circuits in parallel, each with 5X," of synchronous Motor M, and wansformer Ts, 12) (08 + 0.0734) =0.2867 per unit 12) (0.016 67 + 0.005 31) = (12) (0021 98) = 001099 per uit 5, ous four cruisin pare motor group ad ansfomerT. tig (123.0360 =l/ (a oTee 3217 prune 14) 3890087) =) OBS = Oop ‘Sto bus 4, wo motors Ma, 3) (1.457) = 0.7285 pec unit = (1/2) (0.088 $7) = 0.028 29 pec unit ‘So bus 2, tree circuits, each as forthe Sto bus I calculation, 113) (12.867) = 4289 per unit 13) (14257) = 0.475 per unit ‘Sy tobus 3, wo mots Ma, X= (12) (1457) = 0.7285 pec unit 12) (0.048 $7) = 0024 29 per unit Sq Bas 3 tw circuits, each as forthe So bus I ealculaton, 112) (12.867) = 6.434 per uit = (1/2) (14957) = 0.713 per unit Table 4-12—Reactance combinations for figure 4-17(a) SiS 85S Sy So Sp Sp | x ‘ux | ox ux ous me | otes = lat 00% = S78 029 3 ols 0267 349 | ors + EZ 327 oat | 42a <8 dors = 5380 | Ons Table 4-13—Resistance combinations for figure 4-18(a) SuSn S58 Su8uSn% | SHS k ue |e mek ue 0002122 > 4713 | 00n9s09 > 1052 | 00229 > 41.17 00008 > 12500 | oo1s%e 3 @s10 [ors 3 1403 001099 + 9099 | 005629 > an | = 03% BEI 44s zn [0084 © 4257 0.000551 Le 1815 9.00526 «1903 | 150ieee ‘SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS. Std 141-1895 Table 4-14—Reactance combinations for fault-point X at each fault bus of figure 4-17(b) aut at Fy Fault at Fy Fault at Fy x mx fag ux 0.885 0186 ons > 7407 107 oss oss! 1203 07615 > 1313 |orss = r407 oosia 19a oot = S 1203 | ores 1313 | 0107 or oe |e o.1t68 oom ¢ anrs | 0685 > 1528 O11 5.205 os + Tan 0018s 53.90 0010 3908 Table 4-15—Reactance combinations for fault-point at each fault bus of figure 4-18(b) Fault at Fy Paul at F; Fault at Fy R um | oR ue | ok UR 002349 ‘0.000 351 1 o0171s > SRat ‘0002 1 00166 000526 3 1903 oors6s + 3902 | oorrts + 5831 | oon © 2aR6 0.00526 1903 | 00026 > 1903 | oon t4 Coors - 22932 [O06 > 390 | Ooeig + 1623 00166 Ooms 576 002349 42.57 002096 + 4771 0.00888 2049 (0.000.581 1 1815, | 0.000537 «1863, The proximity of generators determines the choice between graphs (a) for faults fed predom- inantly from generators through not more than one transformation ot with external imped= ein Series that is less than 1.5 times generator X,”(local inthis example) and (b) for faults fed predominantly through two or more transformers or wi ‘extemal impedance in series that is equal to or exceeds 1.S times generator X4” remote in this example), The locel and remote multiplying factor graphs of IEEE Std C37.010-1979 and IEEE Std C37.5-1979 are sven in figures 4-12 10 4-15. The local multiplying factors are smaller because they include the effects of generator ac (symmetrical current) decay. Remote multiplying factors are based. 1steee ‘Si 141-1999 CHAPTER « ‘on no decay of the remote generator ac (symmetrical current) up to circuit breaker contact parting time. Utility contributions are considered tobe from remote generators in most indus- tral system duty calculations or many systems having only remote sources and no in-plant generators, it is clea thatthe remote multiplying factor is the only choice, For the few systems that have in-plant generator primary power sources, both multiplying factors may be necessary, as explained subse- ‘quently. In this example, short-circuit duties are calculated for (SYM) symmetrical current short- circuit rated (present basis) circuit breakers with S.cyele rated interrupting times (SYM 5) and (TOT) total-current short-circuit rated (previous basi) circuit breakers with 8-cyele and S-cyele rated interrupting times (TOT 8 and TOT 5), Multiplying factors obtained from both the local and remote graphs of Figures 4-12 to 4-15 are shown in table 4-16 for the other conditions previously established inthis example. ‘Table 4-16—Three-phase short-circuit current multiplying factors, for E/X for example conditions Fault Cireuit location | AX/R ratio’ | breaker type rR a7 119 127 15 ry as 10" 1.06 | Lo" - - t } F 213 | has | | 121 Ho “IEEE Std C37.010-1979 and IEEE Std C37.5-1979 indicate hat a 10 mulipiying factor applies without futher checking when X/R = 15 o less for SYM cicut breakers ofall ated iterruping times and for TOT 8 circuit breaker In this example, with each of two main buses connected to both utility (remote) source and an in-plant generator (local for nearby faults) source, it is not immediately apparent which ‘multiplying factor applies. One technique that perhaps provides an extra margin of conservs tism is to use only the larger remote multiplying factors as described in the next paragraphs. An altemative and also conservative procedure that interpolates between multiplying factors requires additional calculations (see 4.6.13). 132eee ‘SHORT.CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS 16 141-1988 ‘The caleulated interrupting duty short-circuit rms currents for three-phase faults at bus 1, using remote multiplying factors, ae as follows for SYM 5 circuit breakers, 1.15(24,70) = 28.41 KA-S for TOT 8 circuit breakers, 1.19(24.70) = 29.39 kA-T for TOT 5 circuit breskers, 1.27(24.70) = 31.37 KAT The kA-T designation denotes an rms current duty in kiloamperes to be compared with the total current short-circuit (interrupting) capability of a ttal-rated circuit breaker. Ths is a total (asymmetrical) rms current duty. “The kA-S designation denotes an rms current duty in kiloamperes to be compared with the symmettical-current short-circuit (interrupting) capability of a symmetricaltated circuit breaker. Ths isa symmetrical rms current duty only ifthe multiplying factor for EAC is 1.0; otherwise, tis neither symmetrical nor asymmetrical, but partway in between. “The Fp fault calculation for a TOT 5 ciccuit breaker is not detailed in this example. SYM 5 and TOT 8 duties at bus 2 are already available, since 1.0 multiplying factors apply, as follows: for SYM 5 circuit breakers, .0(28.80) = 28.80 KAS for TOT 8 circuit breakers, ,0(28,80) = 28.80 kA-T. The calculated short-circuit (interrupting) duty sms currents for three-phase Faults at bus 3, using remote multiplying factors, are as follows: {or SYM ' circuit breakers, 1.10(10.88) = 11.97 kA-S for TOT 8 circuit breakers, 114(10.88) = 12.40 kA-T for TOT 5 circuit breakers, 1.21(10.88) = 13.16 kA-T 48.12 Circuit-breaker short-circuit capabilities compared with calculated remote multiplying-factor short-circuit current duties. Short-circuit ratings, or capabilities derived from them, for circuit breakers that might be ‘applied inthe example system are listed in table 4-17. The headings of the table also show in parentheses the type of calculated short-circuit duties to be compared with listed equipment capabilites or ratings. The capabilities derived from symmetrical short-circuit ratings using a ratio of rated maximum voltage to operating voltage are computed using the example operat ing voltages listed inthe table. Circuit breakers for bus 1 application, both SYM 5 and TOT 8 types, having short-ireuitrat- ings or capabilities equal to or greater than the corresponding calculated duties at bus 1, are listed in table 4-18 with the calculated duties for comparison. Cieuit breakers for bus 2 and 3 applications are listed in tables 4-19 and 4-20, respectively, with short-circuit ratings or eapa bilities and calculated duties. 133,‘eee Sts 14-1900 CHAPTER + Table 4-17—AC high-voltage circuit-breaker short-circuit ratings or capabilities, in kiloamperes. rors syMs Seydetoiabrated cre | Seyctesymnetia-ated reakers, ‘reskers Interrupting | Closing | Closing | Short-circuit Example rating | “and | “and | “capsbity Gigwit|amaximam| MOMENT] gatrms | aching | thing | ymmetreal reales | Myaem | Gg rMtOE,, | current at | capability | capability | rms crrent renal | operating | tC | Yesete |betre1967| 98 and | “at excl iden ion | votage’ | 231M | contact | irarset | ane it-| coma | “aw Parting otaiem|eyteert time) current) | current) sicts | aie wos » | 2 | 1 1620 se | oo | m2 416-350 ~ | om 138-500 ” | @ 18750 5 | | ma wa | one | 0 | 2 7 we ma 46.13 Contact parting time (interrupting) duties for high-voltage circuit breakers using weighted interpolation between multiplying factors For a system with several sources, including in-plant generators that might be classified local ‘or remote depending on fault location, logical calculations make use of both remote and local ‘multiplying factors in a weighting process. The weighting consists of applying the remote ‘multiplying factor to the part of the E/X symmetsical short-circuit current contributed by emote sources and the local multiplying factor to the remainder of E/K. The application of either a local or a remote multiplying factor to the motor contribution past of EZX is permitted by IEEE Std C37.010-1979 (5.4.1, note 5 of the table), The remote sources’ part of EX includes the contribution of an in-plant generator if itis less than Ost times the generator cur- rent to a short circuit at its terminals; any larger generator current corresponds to a reactance in series that is less than 1.5 times generator X," and supports the use ofa local raultipier for the generator contribution, according to IEEE Std C37.010-1979 and IEEE Std C37.5-1979, Additional calculations are necessary to find the short-circuit currents contributed by each utility and in-plant generator source tothe short-circuit duties being investigated, The magni- 54ieee ‘SHORT-CIRCUMT CURRENT CALCULATIONS. std 141-1995 ‘Table 4-18 Calculated bus 1 short-circuit duties compared with ratings or capabilites of ac high-voltage circuit breakers Torseaa | Husa ‘Type of crcl breaker ors axe mma First-ycle ay, before 1987, otal ms curent wista | aUBKA I ‘irst-cycle duty, 1987 and after, crest current — TO.6kA | storie nepting dy, rms cute parat | 28aKA CGrcut breaker nominal size 138-750 Momentary rns current rating, o closing and GORA Taching ems capability before 1987 ‘Closing and latching crest capability, 1987 and after Interrupting rating or shor-ciruit eure capability 3iska | 0SKA Table 4-19-—Calculated bus 2 short-circuit duties compared with ratings or capabilities of ac high-voltage clrcult breakers TOTS Beye | SYMSS-eycle ‘Type of circuit breaker symmetrical total rated) rea Firsteycle duty, before 1987 oa es current S25KA 525kA Siti a Firsvyele duty, 1987 and aftr, crest current | BEGKA Shor cuit tmp) By ms cet 28KAS cic ear mom ize 416-280 416250 | Morena ms coment ing. closing and ah won| SRA Inge copbiy, eee 1983 Closing and ching rest copay, 1987 and ater ok [tering sang. rst caren cpatity | 39KA naa | 13sieee Sts 141-1990, CHAPTER 4 ‘Table 4-20—Calculated bus 3 short-circuit duties compared with ratings or capabilities of ac high-voltage circuit breakers Tors ete | SYMS(Seycte total rated) eee See are en gle se re aes eee er soca ing rms capil, before 1987 Closing and latching ces capability, 1987 snd after Tnmeruping eating, or short-cut current capability 35 kA, 32 kA tude of an in-plant generator contribution for each short circuit determines whether it is, {Included with utility sources in the remote part of EX. The additional calculation of currents inthe source branches ofthe equivalent circuit during a short circuit ata specified location is a multistep process not illustrated here (and greatly facilitated by available computer programs) The results ofthe necessary calculations for this, ‘example are given in table 4-21. Also shown are remote or local classifications for the in- plant generators contsbuting to shor circuits at Fy, F and Fy ‘The weighted interpolation has significance only for the short circuit at F,, For the short circuit at F, the local and remote multiplying factors are both 1.0 (for SYM 5 and TOT 8 daties) and interpolation has no effect. For the shor circuit at P, since all sources including in-plant generators are classified as remote, the remote multiplying factor applies For the short circuit at Fy, the remote part of E/K = 22.22 + 2.95 + 1.35 = 26.32 per unt, and the remainder of EX = $9.03 ~ 26.32 = 32.71 per unit, The calculated short-circuit interrupt ing-duty rms curents for three-phase short circuits at bus | (F;), using weighted interpolation ‘of multiplying factors, areas follows: for SYM 5 circuit breakers, 1.15 (26.32) + 1.03 (32.71 26.8KA-S 64.0 per unit or 640 (0.4184 for TOT 8 circuit breakers, 1.19 (26.32) + 1.05 (32.71 21SkA-T 65.67 per unit or 65.67 (0.4184) 156ieee ‘SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS Sid 141-1885 ‘Table 4-21—Current contributions of separate sources (generators) to EX symmetrical short-circuit (interrupting) duties, with sources classified remote or local (currents are in per unit on the 10 MVA base of this example) Fault contributions and ctassications’ | Fault at Fy Fa Ful point £2 symmetical shortcut caren soos | 207s | 788 ae | ___ 51-69 KV uit comtbution nn | 306 099 Chassicaion remote | remote remote 5 MVA generator contribution 278 383 124 Clasitieaton! leeal remoe | remote S48 KV ull contribution | 275 102 228 Cassitcaion| emote remote | remote Sy-5 MVA generator contribution Las 343 Liz Classitiaton! remote local remote “Uiiy is always remote, in-plant generator is remote if contribution is less than 0.4 BIX” EX" (for thse phase shor cicuit a terminals) = 27.78 pr nit E/N" for tee: phase shor eicut at terminals) = 5.86 per unit, ‘Comparison of these results with previously calculated bus 1 results, table 4-18, shows that the previous use of only remote multiplying factors gives an extra margin of conservatism of 601 7% in this example, 4.6.14 Circuit and calculation of approximately 30-cycle minimum short-circuit currents. ‘The circuit used is shown in figure 4-19. The rotating-machine reactances are show in table 47. Table 4-22 details the reactance simplifications starting from figure 4-19(b). A prefaull voltage of 1.0 per unit is assumed, / is calculated at E/X per unit, and the conver- sion is made to real units, There is no de component remaining 10 cause asymmetry. The resulting, symmetrical, approximately 30-cyele, short-circuit currents ate as follows: at F),1=(1.000.0413) (0.4184) = 10.14 kA al Fp, = (1.000.1133) (1.388) = 12.25 kA, Aa Fy, = (1.0/0.2203) (1-388) = 6.30 KA, 1357ieee Sis 141-1990 CHAPTER «| (b) Simplified reactance: Figure 4-19—Circuits of power system reactances for calculation of ‘approximately 30-cycle minimum short-circuit currents. 4.7 Example of short-circuit current calculation for a low-voltage system (under 1000 V) As in portions of a power system with voltage over 1000 V, calculation of shor-ctcuit eur- rents at various locations in a low-voltage system (voltage under 1000 V) is essential for proper application of circuit breakers, fuses, buses, and cables. All should withstand the ther: ‘mal and magnetic stresses imposed by the maximum possible short-circuit currents until the currents are interrupted. In addition, circuit breakers and fuses should safely interrupt these ‘maximum short-circuit currents 158lee ‘SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS. 16 141-1985 Table 4-22—Reactance combinations for fault-point X at each fault bus of figure 4-19(b) Fault at Fy FaoltatF, | Faultat Fy x a x ‘ue x 038 0085 ons ont6s ots out dasa + 20s | ons > 6u9se | 02203 dos = 222m | ose 2o3i6 Dos2s © 22367 oss © BRT For the three-phase system, the three-phase short circuit will usually produce the maximum fault current. On a balanced three-phase system, the line-o-line fault current will never exceed 875 of the three-phase value, With a system neutral solidly grounded, the line-1o- ‘ground fault current could exceed the three-phase short-circuit current by a small percentage; however, this is apt to occur only when there is litle or no motor load andthe primary system fault contribution is smal. ‘The calculation of symmetrical short-circuit current duties is normally sufficient for the application of circuit breakers and fuses under 1000 V because they have published symmet- rical-current-interrupting ratings. The ratings are based on the fistcycle symmetrical rms current, calculated using results at 1/2 cycle after short-ircuit-current inception, and incorpo- rate an asymmetrical capability as necessary fora circuit X/R ratio of 6.6 oF less (short-circuit power factor of 15% or greater). A typical system served by a transformer rated 1000 or 1500 KVA will usually have a short-circuit X/R ratio within these limits. For larger or multi- transformer systems, its advisable to check the X/R rato; if tis greater than 6.6, the circuit breaker or fuse application should be based on asymmetrical current limitations (See IEEE ‘Std C37.13-1990), “The low-voltage short-circuit current calculation procedure differs very little from that used for finding fist-cycle short-circuit duties in higher voltage systems. All connected motor rat- ings are included as fault contributing sources, and this contribution is based on the subtran- sient reactance of the machines. The contribution from the primary system should be ‘equivalent to that calculated fr its firtcycle short-circuit duty. Due tothe quantity and small ratings of motors usually encountered in low-voliage systems, it is customary to use an ‘assumed typical value for their equivalent reactance in the low-voltage short-circuit network This typical reactance value is 25% (0.25 per unit) based on the individual motor rating or the total rating of a group of motors, bath in kilovoltamperes (see 4.5.4), “The example fault calculation presented here is for a 480 V three-phase system, illustrated by the single line diagram of figure 4-20. The system data shown are typical of those required to perform the calculations. 159eee Sto 141-1998 CHAPTER Ty 1000 vA, 3 ASE atten > Be trac cose VRE rece conere ken | 20hem 1 SNe te a7O COPTER GABLE BSBCER tamues | EEPRER cames | lteaeie coer! Bfowuacnete buen | fetenenie euch t ee at NOTE: The motor horsepower indicated at MCC | and 2 represents a lumped total of small indution theee-phase machines ranging i size fon 10-150 bp. Figure 4-20—Low-voltage system Bolted three-phase short circuits Fy and F) are assumed at each ofthe bus locations, and zero impedance (bolted) line-o-line short circuits F3 and F, are assumed atthe 120/240 V single- phase locations. Both resistance and reactance components of the circuit element impedances are used in order to ilustrate a more precise procedure and to obtain X/R ratios, Resistances are usually significant in low-voltage short-circuit current calculations. Their effect may be evaluated either by a complex impedance reduction or by separate X and R reductions. The complex reduction leads to the most accurate short-circuit-current magnitude results (but probably nonconservative X/R ratios). The separate X and R reductions are sim- ple, conservative, and have the added benefit that they give the best approximation for the 2X/R eto atthe fault point. They ae illustrated by this example: 160Ieee ‘SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS. ‘sig 141-1985 4.7.1 Step 1: Convert all element impedances to per-unit values on a common base ‘The assumed base power is 1000 kVA and the base voltage is E, = 480 V: vasecaren = EVA do E-, so 1000 Aras an ay boeing, = fH! e018 = 02304 2 12028 4) 13.8 AV source impedance. The short-circuit-current contribution from the 13.8 kV system will usually be expressed as @ symmetrical rms current (in kA) or apparent power (in MVA), giving a specific X/R ratio. This three-phase short-circuit duty should be the maximum possible availabe at the primary terminals of the transformer and equivalent tothe first-cycle symmetrical short-circuit duty. For this example, the 13.8 KV available short-circuit duty is 600 MVA or 25 102 A symmetrical rms at an XAR ratio of 15. The equivalent R, and X, impedance Z, can be obvained as follows: base kVA, 1000 Zo aA Shor-ciuit kVA ~ 600 000 0.00166 per unit Since Z, = «/(R,)'+ (X,)? and XJR, = 15, the value of R = Z,//1-+ US) 0.00011 per unit, 15IR, = 0.00165 per unit b) 1000 KVA transformer impedance. The transformer manufacturer provides the infor. ‘mation thatthe impedance is 5.75% on the self-cooled base rating of 1000 kVA, and. [2° -R* = 5.62% (X,). The per the resistance is 1.21% (Rr). Reactance X unit values are as follows’ basekVA Ry) _ 1000 1.21 fy = —OMEVA 1000121 0121 pert T) wansformer kVA 100 1000 100 Les pase HX 1000 fy = BEA = 1S se rat wwansformer kVA 100 ~ 1000 161eee Sig 141-1995 CHAPTER 4 ©) Cable C, (300 ft of two 250 kemil three-conductor copper cables in nonmagnetic duct). From published tables, the ac resistance Rc} is 0.0541 @ per conductor per 1000 f, and the reactance Xcy is 0.0330 2 per conductor per 1000 fi For 300 ft of two paralleled conductor, 0.0541 - 300 oy = 20830 gco812 0 21000 Key = 22330-300 _ oo495.0 2- 1000 Converting impedances to per unit, actual ohms _ 0.00812 ‘base ohms 0.2304 (0.0352 per unit actual ohms _ 0.00495 " 0.0215 per unit base ohms 0.2304 4) Cable Cy (200 fof three 250 kemilthree-conductor copper cables in magnetic duct), From published tables, the ac resistance Rc is 0.0552 92 per conductor per 1000 ft, and the reactance Xe is 0.0379 Q per conductor per 1000 f For 200 ft of thee parallel conductors, 0052-200 goo368.2 100 0009-2 pena 3-180 Converting impedances to per uni 0.00368, _ = 0.01597 per unit 0.2304 _ Xe = 0.01098 per unit ©) Cable C; (100 1 of one AWG No, 2/0 two-conductor capper cable in magnetic duct), From published tables, the ac resistance Rc3 is 0.102 £/1000 ft, and the reactance Xe is 0.0407 2/1000 f.ieee SHORTCUT CURRENT CALCULATION ou For 1008 oy = 121% - oor0a ooo Converting impedances to per unit, Rey = ete _ 0.0443 per unit 0.2304 Xe, = COMET _ 0.01766 per unit 0.2304 1D) Motor contribution. The running motor loads at motor control center 1 and 2 buses ‘otal 400 hp and 500 hp. respectively. Typical assumptions made for 480 V small ‘motor groups are that 1 hp = 1 KVA, and the average subtransient reactance is 25%. “The resistance is 4.167%, based on a typical X/R ratio of 6. Converting impedances to per unit on the 1000 kVA base, base kVA Ry) 1000-4.167 = : 0108 per iowrkVA 100 ~ 400: 100 base kVA yy | es iiorkVA “100 400-100 a LOWES tot 0.0833 per unit 500 100 1000-25 Syn = 0500 peri m= 500-100 Le 4.7.2 Step 2: Draw separate resistance and reactance diagrams applicable for fault locations F, and F> (figures 4-21 and 4-22) Since the single-phase 120/240 V system has no short-circuit current contributing sources, it will not be represented in these diagrams, 163‘eee Sis 141-1900 (CHAPTER 85 = 00000 Xs= 00065 xy1= 00562eee ‘SHORT.CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS 10 141-1908 4.7.3 Step 3: For each fault location reduce A and X networks to per-unit values and calculate fault current ‘The reduction of the R and X networks at short-circuit location Fy is shown in figures 4-23, and 4-24. The short-circuit current at Fis then calculated as follows ‘The total impedance Z is (0.010 09)? + (048.11) Rae (049 16 per unit ‘The total three-phase symmetrical short-circuit current at Fy is (E/Z) base current; that is, = 24470 and the X/R ratio of the system impedance for the short circuit at F is _ 0.048 11 . =47 0.01009 ‘The reduction of the R and X networks at short-circuit location F) is shown in figures 4-25 and 4-26, The short-circuit current at Fis then calculated as follows: “The total impedance Z is ! (0.0319)? + (0.0657)? = 0.073 per unit ‘The total three-phase symmetrical short-circuit current at Fis bas _, 12028 perunit Z 0.073 = 16 480 4. ‘and the X/R ratio ofthe system impedance for the short circuit at Fis _ 0.0657 X/R = 0.0319 = 2.06 165vece Sid 141-1999, CHAPTER 4 coe oTssa* TORR £001009 oe unit 5+ x1) #008789, * ages? OST xo Xw2 O aes 3110 Figure 4-24—Reduction of X network for fault at F; 4.7.4 Step 4: Draw separate resistance and reactance diagrams applicable for short circuits at the 120/240 V single-phase secondary of the 75 kVA trans- former, and calculate fault currents. Per-unit calculations of short-circuit currents atthe low-voltage side ofa single-phase trans- former connected line-to-line to a three-phase system may continue to use the same base, in this example 1000 kVA, but as a single-phase base. Impedances in the primary system con- nected tothe transformer have double the values used for three-phase calculations to account for both outgoing and return paths of single-phase primary currents, This procedure assumes thatthe positive and negative sequence impedances are equal, The total system three-phase short-circuit point impedance, as calculated above for a short circuit at F consists of R, = 0.0101 per unit and X, =0,0481 per unit. Since these ate line-o- neutral values, they are doubled to obtain the line-o-Line equivalents. Thus R, becomes 10,0202 per unit and X, becomes 0.0962 per unit, 16eee SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS sis 141-1995, Rs emy< 0.0122 +ooss2 (04607 per unt Reet Rue Goss? I | |. | aoan* co Rey a0382 | Ryi1 01082 Ry 01082 ooaeor * Toe 00318 per unt % Figure 4-25—Reduction of A network for fault at Fz xsexsoosmes | x2 +Xm2 Fi T xovoors jaye | | dewoees LL | = oe en * Figure 4-26—Reduction of X network for fault at F, 167ieee Sid 141-1998, CHAPTER « ‘The single-phase cable circuit Cy was determined to have a per-unit line-to-neutral resistance cs equal 10 0.0443 and a per-unitline-to-neutral resctance Xc3 of 0.017 66, These values ‘must also be doubled for the lie-to-ie short-circuit calculation, and become 0.0886 and (0.0353 per unt, respectively. ‘The 75 kVA transformer impedance, from a manufacturer's published tables, is 2.6 on the base rating of 75 KVA, including the full secondary winding. The impedance components are 1.2% resistance Rya and 2.3% reactance Xp. ‘The per-unit values on the common 1000 kVA base are as follows: basekVA Rr 1000 1.2 * transformer kVA 100 75 100 = 0.16 per unit basekVA — %Xr _ 1000 23 ik 100 ~ 75 100 x, es = 0.3067 per unit Transformer : Fora line-to-ine short circuit at F; across the 240 V secondary winding of the 75 kVA trans- former, the applicable resistance and reactance diagrams are shown in figures 4-27 and 4-28 ‘The total impedance Z is 4 (0.2688)" + (0.4382)" = 0.5141 per unit the total short-circuit apparent power (in kVA) is basekVA _ 1000 = = 1945 kVA perunit Z~ 05141 and the total symmetrical rms short-circuit current is VA.1000) _ 1945-1000 _ grog 4 Fu 240 For a line-to-line short circuit across the 120 V secondary of the 75 kVA transformer, the transformer resistance and reactance values are modified to compensate for the half winding effect, On the same 75 kVA base rating, impedances of one 120 V winding are obtained from those ofthe 240 V winding using a resistance multiplier of approximately 1.$ and a reactance ‘multiplier of approximately 1.2. These multipliers are typical for a single-phase distribution class transformer. However, for greater accuracy, the transformer manufacturer should be consulted. 168‘SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS. As 0.0202 R¢3 0.0086 > Ryot = 0.2688 perunt nrg 016 fy Figure 4-27—Resistance network for fault at Fy tec sis 141-1999, xs 00962 X¢3 "0.0383 > Kyat 0.4382 per unit xr 03067 * Figure 4-28—Reactance network for fault at Fa For a short circuit at F the resistance and reactance diagrams are shown in figures 4-29 and 4.30, The total impedance Z is Z= | (0.3488)" + (0.4995)" = 0.6092 per unit the total short-circuit apparent power (in kVA) is base kVA _ 1000 perunit 2" 0.6092 = 1642 kVA, and the total symmetrical ems short-citeuit current is kVA (1000) __ 1642: 1000 cs = 2100 Rs" 0.0202 2¢310.0886 5 Rey +0 3408 Rie 19-016 iy Figure 4-29—Resistance network for fault at F = 13 683.4. x5+00962 es 0.0385 0.4999 per unit 12 112..93067 Figure 4-30—Reactance network for fault at Fyeee Ste 41-1990, CHAPTER 4.8 Calculation of short-circuit currents for de systems ‘The calculation of de short-circuit currents is essential in the design and application of disti= bution and protective apparatus used in dc systems. A knowledge of mechanical stresses ‘imposed by these fault currents is also important i the installation of cables, buses, and theit supports, AAs inthe application of ac protective devices, the magnitude ofthe available de short-circuit current isthe prime consideration. Since high-speed or semi-high-speed de protective devices, «an interrupt the flow of fault current before the maximum value is reached, it is necessary to consider the rate of rise ofthe fault current, along with the interruption time, in order to deter ‘mine the maximum current that will actually be obtained. Lower speed protective devices will generally permit the maximum value to be reached before interruption. ‘The sources of de short-circuit currents are the following: a) Generators ) Synchronous converters ©) Motors @) Electronic rectifiers ©) Semiconductor re ) Batteries 2) Electrolytic cells Simplified procedures forthe ealevlation of de short-circuit currents are not well established: therefore this chapter can only provide reference to publications containing helpful infor. mation (see ANSI C97.1-1972, IEEE Sid C37.5-1979, IEEE Std C37.41-1988, NEMA AB 1-1975, and NEMA SG 3-1981), 4.9 References ‘This standard shall be used in conjunction with the following publications: ANSI C84.1-1989, American National Standard Electric Power Systems and Equipment — Voltage Ratings (60 Hz)? ANSI C97.1-1972, American National Standard for Low-Voltage Cartridge Fuses 600 Vols, or Less IEEE Std C37.010-1979, IEEE Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis (ANSD)? ANST publications ae ayabe fom the Sales Deparent, American Nato Slandrdslsiue, 1 West $n Steet. [th Face, NewYork, NY 10036, USA. >IEEE publications are asl om the lsu of letcal and lecroncs Engineers, Service Cente. 445 Hoes ane, PO, Box 133, Pseaanay, NUBBSS. 1331, USA, 170ieee ‘SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS, ‘Sd 141-1995 IEEE Std C37,5-1979, IEEE Guide for Calculation of Fault Currents for Application of AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Total Current Basis (ANSI)4 IEEE Std C37,13-1990, IEEE Standard for Low-Voltage AC Power Circuit Breakers Used in Enclosures (ANSI). IEEE Std C37.41-1988, IEEE Standard Design Tests for High-Voltage Fuses, Distribution Enclosed Single-Pole Air Switches, Fuse Disconnecting Switches, and Accessories (ANSI). NEMA AB 1-1975, Molded-Case Circuit Breakers NEMA SG 3-1981, Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breakers, 4.10 Bibliography [BI] AIEE Committee Repor, “Protection of Electronic Power Converters." A/EE Transac~ tions, vol. 69, pp. 813-829, 1950. [B2] Beeman, D. L., Ed,, Industrial Power Systems Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955, chapter 2 A.G., “Short-Circuit Calculating Procedure for DC Systems With Motors and Generators." AIEE Transactions (Power Apparatus and Systems), pt. Il, vol. 73, pp. 816-825, Aug, 1954, [B4] Dorton, IK, “Equivalent Machine Constants for Rectifiers. ‘munications and Electronics), p. 1, vol. 72, pp. 435-438, Sept. 1953. VEE Transactions (Com- [BS] Dortort, I. K., “Extended Regulation Curves for Six-Phase Double-Way and Double- Wye Rectifiers" AIEE Transactions (Communications and Electronics), pt. 1, vol. 7: pp. 192-202, May 1953. {B6] Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book. East Pittsburgh, PA: Westing- house Electric Corporation, 1964, [B17] Greenwood, A., “Basic Transient Analysis for Industrial Power Systems,” Conference Record, 1972 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems and Electric Space Heating, Joint ‘Technical Conference, IEEE 72CHO600-7-A, pp. 13-20. [B83] Herskind, C. C, Schmidt, A. I, and Rettig, C.E., “Rectifier Transactions, vol. 68, pp. 243-252, 1949. “EEE Sid C37 51979 has eon witha an i tof pint However copes can He obtained from the IEEE Stundans Depurtnent, IEEE Senice Cente, 4&8 Hoes Lae, POBox 1531, Prestay. NIORSSS-1331, USA SEMA pubis canbe obned fom the Nationa Eleceal Manufacturers Association, 21011 Street, NW. Washingon, DC 20037, USA, m(eee Sia 141-1983 HAPTER [B9] Huening, W. C., Je, Interpretation of New American National Standards for Power Circuit Breaker Applications. IEEE Transactions on Industry and General Applications, vel IGA-5, no. 5, Sep/Oct. 1969, (B10) Reed, M. B., Alternating Current Circuit Theory, 2nd edition, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1956, [B11] St. Piere, C. R., Time-Sharing Computer Programs (DATUMS) for Power System Data Reduction. Schenectady, NY: General Electric Company, 1973, [B12] Stevenson, W. D.. Jr, Elements of Power System Analysis. New York: MeGraw-Hill, 1982, [B13] Wagner, C. F, and Evans, R. D., Symmetrical Components, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1933. mieee ‘SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS 51d 141-1985 Annex 4A Typical impedance data for short-circuit studies (informative) The following tables and figures appear inthis annes: ‘Table 44-1, Typical reactance values for induction and synchronous machines, in per-unit of ‘machine kVA ratings ‘Table 44-2, Representative conductor spacings for overhead lines ‘Table 44.3, Constants of copper conductors for 1 ft symmetrical spacing ‘Tuble 4A-4, Constants of aluminum cable, steel reinforced (ACSR), for 1 ft symmetrical spacing Table 44-5, 60 Hz reactance spacing factor Xp, in ohms per conductor per 1000 ft Tuble 44-6, 60 Hz reactance spacing factor Xp, in ohms per conductor per 1000 ft ‘Table 44-7, 60 He impedance data for three-phase copper cable circuits, in approximate ‘ohms per 1000 ft at 75°C (nonshielded varnished cambric/shielded neoprene insulated cables) Table 44-8, 60 Hz impedance data for three-phase aluminum cable eicuits, in approximate ‘hms per 1000 frat 90 °C (cross-linked polyethylene insulated cable) Figure 44-1, X/R ratio of transformers Figure 4A.2, X/R range for small generators and synchronous motors (solid rotor and salient, pole) Figure 44.3, X/R range for three-phase induction motors The following tables appear in other chapters: Table 10-15, BILs and percent impedance voltages at self-cooled (QA) rating for liquid- immersed transformers (Chapter 10) ‘Tuble 10-16, BILs and percent impedance voltage for dry-type transformers (Chapter 10) ‘Table 13-2, Voltage-drop values of three-phase, sandwiched busways with copper bus bars, in V/100 f,line-o-Lne, at rated current with concentrated load (Chapter 13) ‘Table 13.3, Voltage-drop values of three-phase, sandwiched busways with aluminum bus bars, in V/100 ft, line-to-lne, at rated current with concentrated load (Chapter 13) maeee Sis 14-1999, CHAPTER 4 Table 4A-1—Typical reactance values for induction and _ synchronous machines, in per unit of machine KVA ratings Turbine generator? poles 009 4 poles os Salient ple generators with damper windings! 12poleserless 01s 033 14 poles or less | oat 033, ‘Synchronous motors 6 poles ois 023 8 poles 020 030 16 poles of more 028 040 | Synchronous condensers® om ee ‘Synchronous convenes? (600 V direc current 020 250 V direct current 033 = Individual large induction mowors, usually | Oo above 600 V oa7 . [ Smater motors usually 600Vandbelow | —~—=Seetables ands. 'NOTE—Appronimate synchronous motor kVA bases can be Found from motor horsepower rang as follows: (8 power factor motor—KVA base 1D poster factor motar—KVA base Use manufacturer's specified values if available. *X/ noc normally used in shor sireut calculations 14eee SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS i6 141-1998 ‘Table 4A-2—Representative conductor spacings for overhead lines "Nominal system voltage vols) "2400 4160 30 “00 36 B80 2 ; 3000 «| 34500 4 69.000 96 | t1s00 208 [NOTE When the cross section indicates conductors are arranged at points ofa wiangle with spacings A, B, and C between pairs of conductors, the following formula may be used spuivalet dla acing = Va-B-€ |When the conductors are Hated in one place and the ut- sie conductors ane equally spaced at distance A fom the riddle conductors, the equivalents 1.26 times the dis- tance ceouvaleat de spacing = Viva2A vsvece Sts 141-1999, CHAPTER 4 Table 4A-3—Constants of copper conductors for 1 ft symmetrical spacing” i Resistance R at 50°C, |] Reactance X4 at ft a ‘60 Hz spacing, 60 Ha (emi) (AWG No) (Deonduetor{1000N) | (Cfeonductor/1000 %) 1 000 000 00130 00788 500 000, oa 0.0769 $00 000, | 0159 07K? 750000, 0168 0.0790 700 000, 00179 0.0800 60000 0.0206 00818 500 000 | 026 0.089 350000, 00273 oss 00000, 0.0307 0.0867 350 000 00338 0.0883 300 000 i 0807 0.0902 250000 | 00887 oe 211 0 0 0374 0.0953 167 800 30 oor 0981 133 100 2 | ooo 01 105 500 uo ous 0.103 33690) r | 0.185 0.106 66370 2 aus 0.108 52.630 3 0227 oun 1730 a | 0.288 ous 33 100 5 0.362 0116 26250 6 0433 out 20 600 7 0570 0.23 16510 8 070 0.126 NOTEW—Fora three-phase citeit the rota impedance, line 10 neural is Z= R + j (Xy + Xp) “Use spacing factors of Xj of tables 44-5 and 44-6 for othe spacings 176ieee ‘SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATIONS. Sid 141-1998 Table 4A-4—Constants of aluminum cable, stee! reinforced (ACSA), for 1 ft ‘symmetrical spacing” Resistance R at 50°C, | Reactance Xy at ft T coher 0 Hz | spacing, 60 He = ee ee (emil) {AWG No) | (Qjconductor/1000 ft) | (2/eonduetor/1000 ft) 1590 000 00129 0.0679) 1431 000 Doras 0.0692 1272000 dost 0704 1192 300 | oor ora 1113 000 018s oon9 954000 | 90213 00738 795 000 | 0283 ors 715500 oom 00736 636000 0.0307 0768 556 500 0352 0786. 477 00 ox 6.0802 397 500 ows R24 36 400, | 0.0526 0.0883 266 300 | 0.0662 0885 0835 6.1099) 1032 ours 04330 01212 ours 0.1282 02120 01259) 02670 0215 03370 01251 4240 0.1240 0.5340 01259) 06740 01273 [NOTE Fora thece-phas ctcit the total impedance, ne 1 neta is Z= R + j(Xy + Xp) "Use spacing factors of Xj fom tables 4A-S and 4-6 for other spacings, m‘Table 44-5—60 Hz reactance spacing factor Xz, in ohms per conductor per 1000 ft Separation Gaches) mo 1 2) 3 | 3 6 7 a |? w ] ou © | — | -00sm | -oon2 | 00219 | -o0asa | -ooa0i | 00159 | -aoize | -000»3 | 000% | oan | noon 1 [= [oom [oons Tomar [amr [oom [oom Too [oor | oon [oon one | 200159 [oor | oors | acre a019s | om | aan | aonis | oorss | oo | oa» | oom fs | o0ase fooas | oo [oaz7 | ocr | 00a | aos | 00293 | oc | 0030s | aos | costs + [00x19 [ows [ous [oo | aor aon | oo | amso | oosse | 0035s | 00362 | 0036 5 [ouiro [oon | oor | aassi | aoass conse | omve | 0039s | 00 | oou | amos | 00% | [s [0002 foons [ons | oo | cons | 0127 | 0050 | 0083 | 0086 | oo» | aom2 | aoms 00. oss | s ot | 0.0476, 0.0450 | o.08s3 00855 | o08s8 | 00460 | oot6s | a0%6s —ooass | oos71 | o0473eee ssonroncuncunenrcacsrons owl ‘Table 4A-6—60 Hz reactance spacing factor Xz, 1 reas sec near ° “we | | : = =e 1 0.0571 0.0519 0.0077 | 0.0443 2 1.0412 0.038 4 T 09 | 3 0.0319 0.0301 | 00267 4 0.0252 9038 0.0225 iz 0.0212 gag cae fF 6 0.0159 0.014 94 | 0013.99 001323 7 0.0124 “0.011 52 | 0.01078 0.01002 yaw [Tama eons ae 3 [ame [Teme | eo [Tame eva ~ " “oom fl = 4 5 = = = :‘Table 44-7—60 Hz impedance data for three-phase copper cable circuits, in approximate ohms per 1000 ft at 75 °C’ (@) Three single conductors Tn magnetic duet To ponmagoetic duet savor | #0V and SRV nomicied | Sk shickedandiskV | 600 Vand SKY nmsielded | SV sided and 15 KY © Joa [omss [os [os loom [oie oan | omos osm ]osn |oowm oma Seon ome | Omrs4 | O70 O76 cmd aot | O76 | OOo O58 | OTaG | COREE | OHS oo asta | oma9 | O31 sto come |asie | asto | ous ost | osi0 | Oueae | asta Scam | 0356 [mess | 0501 0358 | me | Oste | tame [oui cas | oase | ome | 0300 4 esr [oo |ox7 | 0321 | oom | 0329 [a3 | ons | 022 Fooses | 0326 Scots) 0312 | mma | O3is | 0312 pore oer | 0312 | ome | O86 “dosat_| Osis 2 0.202 | 00585 | 0210 | 0202 | oosss | 0214 | 0202 | 00467 | 0.207 | 0.202 | 0.0547 | 0209 1 [ete “vas 170 | 0160 | oos7s | aire | 0160 | o0ss6 | oss | ot60 | 00340 | 0.169 0 0128 | 0054 0139 | 0428 | 00635 | 0143 | 0.4127 oom2 lors aie | eosor [one 2 dios os ais fotos | boao [ois | oror | Ons | ai0 | one | oasDe | Gtae 30 oss | On519 dose | oosia | Bae | cot | don | oaeis | Goss | oosos | Oosee | nasse 40 e610 | 00157 Oona | dncso | Bose: | Sons | Ommss Ons | OUME | ned | Hoses | BOI 20 | o.0ss2 | 0019s | oors2 | 00387 [osm | 00797 | o0s41 | 00396 _ 0.0670 | ooser ooise | 0072 300 | Ooaoe | Omi99 over? | OOTs ase | corse | Coss | onss4 | Coss | Ose | OOssl | Ducke $0 ome om | onmir | oonte Goes Gansta | Hoos | Suse | onss | OntD | Ouse 4) m3 | Bow | Sows | onsee Ouse | Bows? |Home | cow | Ona | ome mows | Goss) 450 | 00322 oowso | 00578 | ans | 00s 0060 | cos | oases | 00:80 | 00312 | oo130 | oosar 500 dams aves | Gosst | 00300 | Onsse cuss | ooo | Oosrs | Ome | oosss | Ooi | Bisae oo bbas? owes | asso | onze | Onsie | aosto | o0zs7 | oosrt | GouO none | oD? | bor 7) 0214 Gos ows Oamas Oy toss | on ome ons onans tose | os [NOTE—Resistance based on tinned copper at 60 Hz: 600 V and 5 kV nonshielded cable based on varnished cambrie insulation; S KV shiclded and SKY cable based om neoprene insulation. Ry QMSeT). “Resistance values (ft lower copper temperatures (7) ae obtied by ssn the formula, = ">‘Table 4A-7—60 Hz impedance data for three-phase copper cable circuits, in approximate ohms per 1000 ft at 75 °C" (b) Three-conductor cable ‘In nonmagnetic duct and aluminum interlocked armor ANG or | oo Vand SRY nome (600 Vand SRV nonshilded | SV shielded and 15 KY k oe ee * ost! | ous | oats ost | o0sse oxi |osn | oor | osis Soi) | 07K | 00577 | OTe | 0786 | O08SE 077 | 076 | oosrs | 0788 6 Osi0 0035 0513 | S10 | o0610 esi |osio | ooss | sis Sona) | 096 | 00525 0499 | 0496 | ODsI0 048 | 0496 | oss | 0399 4 ox aoe 032s | 0321 | o0see oa [oar | oows | 0325 Soi) | 0312 | 00m} 0316 | 0312 | C0508 03s |o3i2 | dons | 0316 2 202 nous 0207 | 0202 | oosas 9.206 | 0202 | voss7 | 0207 i fied tone 0166 | 0160 | Oost6 o16s | 0160 | 90880 | 0.66 im oie oon | ons or | oom 00360 oi [000s | ors oy | oto2, | 0007 | 0.110 | 0.103 | ows 0.0355, 0.102 | 0.0420 | 0.110 30 oss | 00397 | 00368 | oasis | cots Doses Somos | Bou | 8000 40 | o06e0 | asst | 00745 | 00550 | 0.0446 00332 0.0640 | 0.0389 | 00749 ce eel = [see eee 230 0.0552 0.0379 | 0.0670 | 0.0557 | 0.0536 0.0330 0.0547 | 0.0380 | 0.0666 300 oust 0377 | aaso8 | 00873 | oat 0329 sos | 00376 | 20396 30 | ogs7e | boas | ous | ouaee | 00827 00328 0375. | o037s_ | 80530 a0 | 0386 | 00871 | Hasta | 00362 | O0sis 00327 o3a8 | 00366. | n0s0s 000222 | 0036) | oo1es | o0%ex | ooioe 0320 | noes | o0312 | 0039 | o0sr6 Sm ogame | baat | oatse | e300 O04 dost | Dome | Boas | Bost | Bosse Go oaast | boss nas | aazet | 008K 00309 | 00m9 | D026 | boas | 90822 $80 bone | 80326 bass | wa | OO364 doy | doses | oo20s | oo | B0389 [NOTE-Resistance based on tinned copper at 6H: 410 V and S kV nonshiekld cable based on varnished cambric insulation: S kV shielded and SKY cable bused on neoprene insulation, “Resistance values (R,) at lower copper temperatures (7) ae obtained by using the formula, 5085Table 44-860 Hz impedance data for three-phase aluminum cable circults, in approximate ohms per 1000 ft at 90 °C" (@) Three single conductors [ In magnetic duet a] Innonmagnetic duct (600-V and S kV nonshielded SRV shielded and 18 kV ne x |x nota oe 6 0.847 0.053 0.849 _ = 0347 0.042 0.848 - se {oss to ose | 052 oom [oss oss [ono joss os2 joo | oss 2 ogee ome | oss | 0335 | ones oss oom ost oss |aoso | 0339 7 [36s ooss 268 | 026s | ons aes [ons oer | 02K | oer | 0309 mw [ozo Joos |[o2w | van Joa [ao [eas [aa | oo | ons » |or7 oon ar | bare | ter |G03 om at6? bow | B13, | ors [oom O19 cue [ots |Sos jorsr [aise ond | O19 a | ons [00s | ons curr | a1 | ton [oi ais oom | ans 250 | 00836 | oosse 0.0075 | oows2 | o019s | 0102 | ooaes | oox07 | oomss | oowor | aoe | 0097s 3o | oarso |cosrs | omy | come | on cose | ogres | noswo | omar | Ooms | ooses | bony 350 | 0.0644 | 0.0369 0.0742 | 0.0640 | 0468 | 0.0793 | 0.0640 | 0.0245 | 0.0705 | 0.0638 | 0.0374 | 0740 ‘0 [basse | coase | oes |oses | om | corae | ones coos: | ome | goss | oust | Our | | a . ui jeone | 500 0.0459 | 00355 | O0580 | 0.0453 | BoM4s | 0.0634 0.0453 0.0284 | 0.0535 0.0450 | 0.0355 0.0573, Go dom Gass | bows | Goss | oo | goss | onset | omBeY | oosT On | Geass | Otsr go ors noo joo? | ooste | ones |oosee | ons | coos 003 | ooze | Ooms | Bowe 330 anit oosa | Goi gosto omnis | onset | ome | cosrs Oma Oo3e) ONES | Done voce nase Gosat | oor Gonss oats | Gowgo | 002% | OlRT} ows | leet | aoa | bates NOTE —crostinked peeves led ile re 2b +T) “Resistance values (Rat lower aluminum temperatures (7) are obtained by using the formula &, ToTable 44-860 Hz impedance data for three-phase aluminum cable circuits, in approximate ohms per 1000 ft at 90 °C” (b) Three-conductor cable Inmagic dat Ta pcomgeei dt 00 Vand SAY nnshieded | SKVshieded and 1SkV 600 andSKV monshiced © fem [eos owe | — | — | — Jom [oon leas | — [os | om0 | asst = [oss |oow | ose 3 Ohs Gow joss oss | ons jos josss fon 037 | ass {| 038 Ooi [oa | aes jams [osm | oa [oss | O26 | oa Ww | 0210 | 001 | 021s oo | 0216 | 0210 Joos 023 |o210 | oo | o214 %» ter joo tre fom jor | ater [ooss | oro | ote | oss | eat ass foo | a9 Foow [ort |aiss [ous | ort forse | nose | oss | toe | Goss | ons foos ars | S108 [oon | oso» foros | tose | oar 250 | 0.0896 | 0.0384 | 0.0975 | 0895 | 0.0836 | 0.100 | 00894 | 0.0307 | oo94s | 0.0893 | 0.0349 | 00939 Soo dors | bass | fom [noms | onset | asco | conse | aos | oma | ms | cosa | oosi9 33) dost axe | ona | coess | onsis | omer | coos | ooese fours | ono | cosse oor? foo Gases coset | 00ers | Oaser | Goutt oom | onses | omze1 | aoess | cose | 0mm | Oms0 son 00439 | om%35 | asso | o04s7 | 00% | oo6o7 |ooass | ooase | ousss | oms2 | oos19 onsss fo Gunes oon | ous | ome | Goa90 ones | onsat | ome? | oow7? | coe | OusI2 | ome Soo tusss | ooo oom? |omms Coss oor | oom | ons | oom ooses | onms | Ont 3s | bonis | Oost bows | omsts | noms ones | ome | Goer | oo: | oom | ome | Gost 1000, 00252 | 00341 | O.O424 | 0.0248 0.0368 .444 | 0.0239 | 0.0273, [ 0303 0.0237 | 0.0294 0.0378 NOTE Cros linked polyethylene insulated cable. : Ry 228147) Resistance values (Rat lower luinum temperatures (7) ae cine by te fom k=eee Std 41-1998, CHAPTER 4 ryeicaL x7 of tt iT SELF-COOLED TRANSFORMER RATING IN Mus Source: Based on TEBE Sd €37,010:1979 Figure 4A-1—X/R ratio of transformers 1 . 3 : Low Evo — wera we ait oe Source: Reprinted from IEEE Std C37.010-1979, Source: Reprinted from IEEE Std C37.010.1979, Figure 4A-2—X/R range for small Figure 44-3—X/R range for generators and synchronous motors three-phase induction motors (solid rotor and salient pole) 184