Authors Accepted Manuscript

Heat transfer enhancement in solar air channel with

broken multiple V-type baffle
Raj Kumar, Anil Kumar, Ranchan Chauhan,
Muneesh Sethi
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To appear in: Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

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Cite this article as: Raj Kumar, Anil Kumar, Ranchan Chauhan and Muneesh
Sethi, Heat transfer enhancement in solar air channel with broken multiple V-type
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Heat transfer enhancement in solar air channel with broken multiple V-type baffle
Raj Kumar, Anil Kumar, Ranchan Chauhan, Muneesh Sethi
School of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Shoolini University, Solan, India
Abstract
A current investigation deals with experimental analysis of the heat transfer behavior and
optimum relative width parameter of the the solar air channel of aspect ratio of 10.0 with 60
angled broken multiple V-type baffles. The current experiment enclosed a wide range of
parameter such as Reynolds number varied from 3000-8000, relative width varied from 1.0 to
6.0, relative baffle height of 0.5, relative baffle pitch of 10.0, relative discrete distance of 0.67
and relative gap width of 1.0. The obtained experimental results showed that higher overall
thermal performance occurred at a relative baffle width of 5.0. Also, the results reveal that the
broken multiple V-type baffles are thermo-hydraulically superior as compared to the other
baffles shaped solar air channel.
Keywords- Solar energy; friction factor; passive heat transfer; flow channel
Nomenclature
Surface area of heated plate,
Area of orifice,
Coefficient of discharge
Specific heat of air,
Gap or discrete distance
Gap or discrete width

Corresponding Author. Anil Kumar, Assistant Professor, School of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Shoolini University-India,
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A. Kumar)

Relative gap width

Convective heat transfer coefficient

Hydraulic diameter of channel,

Friction factor
Friction factor of roughened baffle
Friction factor smooth baffle
Convective heat transfer coefficient,
Height of channel,
Height of baffle,

Relative baffle height

Thermal Conchannelivity of air,

Length of test section,
Length of V-pattern baffle,
Relative discrete distance

Mass flow rate of air,

Nusselt number
Nusselt number of rough surface
Nusselt number of smooth surface
Pitch of baffle channel,

Relative pitch ratio

Pressure drop across test section,
Pressure drop across orifice plate,
Useful heat gain,
2

Reynolds number of fluid

Average temperature of air,
Inlet temperature of air,
Outlet temperature of air,
Plate temperature of air,
Mean air velocity,

Velocity of air,

Channel aspect ratio

Width of channel,
Width of a single V-broken baffle,
Relative baffle width
Solar air heater
SAC

Solar air channel

Greek symbols
Angle of attack,
Ratio of orifice meter to pipe diameter, dimensionless
Open area ratio, (%)
Density of air,

Kinematic viscosity of air,

Thermo-hydraulic performance

1. Introduction
Solar energy in the form of solar radiation is freely available and non-polluting source of energy.
The solar energy is converted into thermal energy by using solar collector for various
engineering applications. The various heat transfer techniques has been developed to improve the
thermal performance of solar collectors and these techniques has been applied in several
industrial applications. According to literature, the thermal performance of SAC can be improved
by the use baffles. Baffles in the SAC are used to produce turbulence, so as to augment the

In order to create turbulence, baffles are placed into the forced flow to generate a secondary
stream. Among the techniques used to improve

in a without baffle SAC one is to place

broken multipleV-type baffles on the channel walls [1-8]. For entire information of several
experimental and mathematical techniques on baffles with distinct shapes, size, and orientations,
readers may refer to
Dutta and Hossain [9] investigated the

and

in a SAC with inclined solid and perforated

baffles. During experimentation they found that local

distribution significantly depends on

the perforation, orientation, and position of the second baffle plate and

was 5.0 times high

as compared to flat channel. Karwa et al. [10] experimentally studied the effect of solid and
perforated baffles with

varies from 2850 to 11,500,

0.495. Lin [11] experimentally investigated the

of 7.77,
and

of 29,

is

in SAC with baffles. Author

examined the experimental outcomes of

for baffle designed with various heights and pores.

Romdhane [12] examined that effect of

in a baffled solar air collector. The baffles were

attached in the SAC. Baffles extend the trajectory of the circulation and keep the air in contact
with the absorber and act as wings and improve

of the air. B.S. Shin and Kwak [13] studied

4

the effect of the perforation shape for a blockage wall on the

in a stream passage. Five

wide, narrow and circular hole geometries were tested. Karwa and Maheshwari [14]
experimentally study

and

in a SAC with transverse fully perforated baffles and half

perforated baffles attached to one of the broad wall. Ozgen et al. [15] reported the thermal
performance in a SAC with baffles fitted to the heated wall. Bopche and Tandale [16] reported
the wholly developed stream in a roughened SAC with U-shaped pattern baffles. Eiamsa-ard et
al. [17] investigated the heat transfer augmentation in a SAC with winglet delta twisted tape
baffles with different

and

. Their studies shows that

and

data with winglet

delta twisted tape were superier as compared to without winglet delta twisted tape.Promvonge et
al. [18] mathematically examined the performance of
with 45 inclined baffles with a

and

in square channel attached

ranging from 100 to 1200. Promovong [19] experimentally

investigated the turbulent forced convection

and

loss behavior in a high

channel attached with 60 V- shaped baffles. Akpinar et al. [20] experimentally investigate the
performance analysis of four types of SAH with different obstacles and without obstacle. They
reported that efficiency of SAH depends on the surface geometry of collectors, solar radiation of
air stream line. Chompookham et al. [21] experimentally studied the effect of winglet vortex type
generators on the

and

behaviors for a turbulent stream. Bekele and Mishra [22] carried

out the experimental studied of the turbulent air stream and heat transfer characteristics of SAC
with delta shaped obstacle attached to the upper wall of a channel. Zhou and Ye [23] carried out
the experimental studied of the turbulent air stream and heat transfer characteristics of SAC with
delta winglet vortex generator baffles attached to the upper surface of a channel. Chamoli and
Thakur [24] conducted an indoor experimental investigation to study

and

data of air

passing through an air channel that was roughened by V-shaped perforated baffles. Tamna et al.
5

[25] investigated the effect of multiple V baffle vortex generators to improve

fitted with 45 BVG with
and

ranging from 4000 to 21000,

= 0.25,

in a channel
= 0.5, 1 and 2

equal to 45 respectively. Alam et al. [26] experimentally investigated the effect of

of 0.4 -1.0,

of 4 -12,

of 5 - 25%,

on V-shaped perforated blocks SAH with

of 60 and

varies from 2000-20,000

of 10. Table.1 summarises the experimental

investigations of some important baffle arrangements reported by various researchers.

Table.1. Previous experimental investigations in various baffle shapes in a solar air channel.
Baffle shapes

Parameter ranges

Principle findings

Transverse perforated
block baffles [1]

7.5,

The heat transfer and pressure drop

augmentations of 1.45 and 1.87 times
were reported over a smooth solar air
channel.

Discrete V-pattern
baffles [4]

= 1.0, =
= 2000040000

= 3000
21000

The heat transfer and pressure drop

augmentations of 3.23 and 3.55 times
were reported over a smooth solar air
channel. These studies have shown that Vshaped baffle perform better than angled
baffle.

Angled baffles [9]

= 0.0780.086 ,
= 1014,
=
4560,
= 9000
76000

The heat transfer and pressure drop

augmentations of 1.98 and 2.11 times
were reported over a smooth rectangular
channel. These studies have shown that
angled baffle perform better than
transverse baffle.

Perforated baffles [10]

= 0.495,
= 7.2128.84,
= 26%
46.8%,
= 2700
11150

The heat transfer and pressure drop

augmentations of 2.09 and 2.34 times
were reported over a smooth solar air
channel.

Multi V-shaped
baffles [19]

=0.25,
=5-12,

=45,
6

The heat transfer and pressure drop

augmentations of 5.87 and 6.08 times

were reported over a smooth solar air

channel. These studies have shown that
multi V-shaped baffle perform better than
other baffle.

=4000-21000

Delta shaped
baffles[22]

= 0.5, = 45,
= 20, =400014000

The heat transfer and pressure drop

augmentations of 2.34 and 2.65 times
were reported over a smooth solar air
channel.

Single V-Perforated
shaped blocks [24]

= 0.41.0,
= 412,
=
5%25%,
= 60,
= 200020000

The heat transfer and pressure drop

augmentations of 3.43 and 3.78 times
were reported over a smooth solar air
channel. These studies have shown that Vshaped perforated blocks perform better
than angled and simple V-shaped baffle.

Discrete multi Vpattern baffle [Present

study]

10.0,

Literature review shows that single

discrete V-pattern baffle have better
overall thermal performance than simple
continuous V-pattern baffle solar air
channel. Multi V-pattern baffle have
batter overall thermal performance than
other baffle shapes solar air channel. It is
thought that discrete multi V-pattern
baffle will augment heat transfer
compared to without discrete V-pattern
baffle.

= 0.50,
=
= 0.67,
= 1.0,
,
=1.0-6.0,
= 30008000

In view of the above, it can be stated that broken multiple V-type baffle preparation can yield
improved performance as compared to without broken baffle preparation. However,
investigations have not been carried out so far to optimize the width ratio between the baffle
elements to form the broken baffle and also to locate the optimum position of this broken. The
present investigation was therefore taken up to determine the optimum location and width baffle
ratio in an multi V-baffle to form a broken baffle. This study will help in determining the width

baffle ratio while discretizing the multi V-pattern baffle for enhancing the performance as
compared to continuous multi V-pattern baffle. In the present work, experimental investigation
on the performance of solar air channel, having the heated plate with rough in the form of multi
V-baffle has been carried out. The stream
variations of

and

has been varied between 3000 and 8000. The

as a function of rough parameter including width baffle ratio have

been evaluated to examine the

of the system to determine the assistance of this selected

roughness geometry. The main objectives of the present numerical analysis are as follows:
1. To investigate the eect of relative baffle width (

) on the heat transfer, friction factor,

and overall thermal performance.

2. To nd out the best overall thermal performance parameter under the same pumping power
constraint in order to examine the overall eect of the relative baffle width (

).

2. Experimental program
Experimental approach has been adopted to produce the data in form of

and

for a solar

air channel with broken multiple V-type baffle roughness to search the effect of
and

on

and

. The experimental study encompasses the fabrication and

installation of indoor test facility. The experimental setup has been validated by comparing
experimental data collected on without baffle wall with the available standard data. After
validation of experimental setup, extensive experimentations have been conducted on broken
multiple V- type baffle to produce raw data on heated wall temperatures, air stream rates, and
inlet and outlet temperature of air and pressure drop across the channel under stable conditions.

2.1. Experimental setup and procedure

8

To examine the influence of broken in the limbs of multi V-type baffle turbulent promoter on
and

of air stream, an experimental setup was designed and made-up. A schematic

diagram of an experimental set up and photographic view are shown in Fig.1. The setup
comprised a rectangular wooden channel coupled to a centrifugal blower through a circular
galvanized iron (GI) pipe. The rectangular channel had

of 300 mm,

of 30 mm, and

of 10. It consist of inlet and exit sections that were interposed by test sections. The upper
wall of the test section was an aluminum heated plate that was heated by an electric heater which
provides a uniform heat flux over the whole top wall. Air mass flow rate through the SAC was
measured with a calibrated orifice meter that was attached to a U-tube manometer. Air flow was
regulated with two gate valves that were coupled in the lines. The temperature was calculated at
different locations with calibrated 0.3 mm diameter Copper constantan thermocouples, which
were coupled to a digital micro voltmeter (DMV) to illustrate the temperature. Calibrated
copperconstantan (T-Type) thermocouples with data acquisition system, indicating output
temperature in degree centigrade with an accuracy of 0.5 C were used. To minimize the
percentage error in measurement of temperatures, minimum heat ux value is so selected as to
raise the temperature of air by about 8 C in the test section. The temperature difference between
the heated plate and the bulk air was observed to be above 20 C. Mass ow rate of air through
the duct was measured by a orice meter connected to U-tube inclined manometer. Orice plate
was calibrated against standard pitot tube. The pressure drop across the test section was
measured with a micro-manometer having least count of 0.001 mm of water. Data were noted
under the steady-state condition, which was assumed to have reached when the plate and air
temperatures showed negligible variation for around a 10-min duration. The steady state for each
test run was obtained in about 1.52 h.
9

Fig. 1. Schematic and photographic view of experimental setup and broken multi V-baffle.
3. Range of parameters
SAC has an

equal to 2000 mm while

is set equal to 30 mm and

hydraulic diameter,

is 300 mm; the

is equal to 54.54 mm. The 4.0 mm thick wall is made

up by aluminium and a constant heat flux equal to 1000

parameters are determined by baffle height
, Gap or discrete distance (

has been applied. The baffle

, pitch of baffle

, Gap or discrete width (

, length of V-pattern baffle

, angle of attack

, and the

shape of the roughness elements. For a specific roughness type, a family of geometrically similar
roughness is probable to recognize by altering relative baffles width (
keeping

and

) while

constant. The broken multiple V- type baffle is

shown in Fig. 2, Table. 2 shows the range of parameters.

10

Table. 2. Flow and baffles roughness parameters.

S.N.

Parameters

Ranges

1.

1.0-6.0

2.

0.50

3.

10.0

4.

0.67

5.

1.0

6.

60

7.

3000-8000

Fig. 2. Discussed broken multiple V-type baffle and variation of

11

4. Data reduction
The data composed have been used to calculate

, and . Relevant expressions for the

computation of the above parameters and some intermediate parameters have been given below.
4.1. Temperature measured
Weighted average plate air temperature:
The mean temperature of the plate is the average of all temperatures of the heated plate:

The mean air temperature is a simple arithmetic mean of the inlet and outlet temperature of air
flowing through the test section:

where
4.2. Mass flow rate measurement
Mass flow rate of air

) has been calculated from the pressure drop measurement across the

calibrated orifice meter by using the following formula:

[

where
4.3. Velocity of air through channel
The velocity of air ( ) is calculated from the mass flow rate and given by

12

4.4. Equivalent hydraulic diameter

The hydraulic diameter (

) is given by

4.5. Reynolds number

of the air flow in the rectangular channel is determined as

4.6. Friction factor

The friction factor (

is calculated from the measured value of

across the test section

length using the Darcy equation as

(

where (

4.7. Heat Transfer Coefficient

The useful heat gained by air is calculated as

The heat transfer coefficient for the heated test section has been calculated from

4.8. Nusselt Number

The

can be used to determine the (

, which is given by

13

5. Validation of experimental data

The value of

and

calculated from experimental data for a without baffle channel have been

compared with the data obtained from the Dittus-Boelter equation Eq. (11) for the
modified Blasius equation Eq. (12) for the

, and

for a smooth channel is given by the Dittus-Boelter equation as [27-29]:

for a smooth channel is given by the modified Blasius equation as [27-29]:

The comparison of the experimental and estimated data of

and

as a function of

is

shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. Comparison of experimental and predicted values of

and

for smooth wall.

6.Uncertainty analysis
An uncertainty analysis has been carried to estimate the errors involved in experimental data
measurement. The uncertainty is estimated based on errors associated with measuring
14

instruments [30]. The maximum possible measurement errors in the values of major parameters
are given below:
Mass flow rate

2.14 %

Reynolds Number

6.34 %

Heat transfer coefficient

Nusseltnumber
Friction factor

6.13 %

):

5.98 %

3.88 %

7. Results and discussion

An experimental analysis was carried out to discuss the effect of

on

and

and slots in

multi V-type baffle used to provide roughness for a solar air channel. The outcomes related with
broken multiple V- type baffles channel have been compared with those obtained from the
without baffle surface under similar working conditions in order to find the enhancement in
and

7.1. Heat transfer and fluid flow

In a SAC the effect of

on

and

in the stream of air are presented. The outcomes

have been compared with those obtained in case of without baffle surface working under similar
experimental conditions. For kept data of the parameters such as
= 0.67,
of

= 1.0 and

the data of

as shown in Fig. 4 (A). It has been found that

gets highest possible data corresponding to

= 0.50,

a function of

increases with increase in

= 10.0,
for the data

and

data of 5.0. As expected, in all the cases the

broken multiple V- type baffles wall produces higher

as compared to without baffle wall. A

better heat transfer performance is given by broken multiple V- type baffles because the baffles
15

top induces secondary streams jets. These secondary jets have the form of two counter rotating
vortices which carries cold fluid from the central core area towards the baffled walls. These
secondary flow jets interacts with the main stream affect the flow reattachment and recirculation
among baffles and interrupt boundary layer growth downstream of the reattachment regions [2729].

It can be observed that as the data of

of 3.0 is increased, the number of leading end and

trailing end also increased which rises the secondary stream cells resulting in expected
enhancement in

a data of

as observed in Fig. 4(B). However

increased continuously only up to

of 5.0. With further increase in the data of

, the data of

decreases.

Broken multiple V- type baffles induces strong secondary stream jet along the limbs and promote
turbulence mixing when jets passing from brokens reattach and mix with main stream. The
broken multiple V- type baffles used across the width of the heated wall increases number of
leading and trailing edges also increase the number of jets. These jets are responsible for rise in
heat transfer [27-29]. Fig. 5 shows that the data of
(

as a function of relative baffle width

) for a 60 broken multiple V- type baffles channel at various selected

that the data

is the highest for the

It is found

of 5.0 for all data of

Invariable use of roughness on heated wall significantly enhances

from heated wall of solar

air channel however there occurs a corresponding increase in friction losses. In this experimental
investigation it was studied that how friction characteristic of the solar air channel were affected
when broken multiple V- type baffles roughness parameter
roughness parameter are kept as

= 0.50,

. Fig. 6(A) represents the change in

= 10.0,
with

16

has been varied and other

= 0.67,

for distinct values of

= 1.0 and

. From

the plot it has been observed that

increases with decrease in

. At

in every case. It can observed

that

increases monotonically with increase in

of 6.0, the maximum data

of

has been observed. This due to the fact that the angling of the baffle helps in the

prochannelion of secondary stream jets. The number of secondary stream jets are increased with

in the increasing value of

Further increase in the
which reduces

. This leads the rise in the data of

of 5.0.

beyond 5.0 may results in partition of flow from top baffle wall

. With the increase in

maximum data corresponding to

the value of

goes on account of configuration of vortices. Several

vortices rises mixing of air due to which

rises. Because of this reason, the

to air rises but these vortices also increase the huge

channel. The number of vortices is more in case of

increases and attain a

value of 6.0 in the range of parameter considered. Due

to separation of stream, the data of

5.0. Therefore in case of

up to

from plate

through the flow across the solar air

of 6.0 as compared to

of

of 6.0, vortices and air mixing is more which causes the higher

. This extreme formation of vortices and mixing of fluid also does not contribute in rising the
with further rise in the data of

Fig. 4. (A) Effect of

on

as shown in Fig. 6(B).

(B) Effect of
17

on Nusselt number at selected

Fig. 5. Secondary flow pattern in broken multiple V- type baffle.

Fig. 6. (A) Effect of

on

(B) Effect of

18

on

at selected

7.2. Thermo hydraulic performance

From the investigation of

and

behaviors it is concluded that

V- type baffled channel is improved with a significant rise in the

geometry that should not only outcomes in

in the broken multiple

. So it is important to choose

but also retain the

at its minimum possible

level. In order to achieve this goal of simultaneous consideration of thermal as well as hydraulic
performance a parameter known as thermo-hydraulic performance
the

, designates the

by

of broken multiple V- type baffles per unit pumping power comparing with the heat

transfer for completely developed turbulent stream in the channel with without baffle walls is
given by the following Eq. (13).

A high data of this parameter shows comparatively higher utility of the augmentation device and
can be used to compare the performance of number of preparations to decide the better among
these. The data of
the data of,

for the distinct data of

is plotted in Fig. 7. It can be observed that

is maximum for

of 5.0 for all values of

considered for the current examination.

The data of

for the shapes of broken multiple V- type baffles

have been compared with the data for other baffles shapes solar air channel as shown in Fig. 8. It
is seen that from the Fig. 8 broken multiple V- type baffles shape outcomes in the greatest
thermo-hydraulic performance between all the shapes studied.

19

Fig. 7. Effect of

on

Fig. 8. Comparison various baffle rough surface air channels.

20

8. Conclusion
This experimental examination of

and

of solar air

channel attached with broken multiple V-type baffle on the base of the heated wall. The heat

transfer enhancement is a strong function of

outcomes in significant improvement in
in

rises while

and broken multiple V-type baffles

of air flow in a solar air channel. With an increase

reduces. In comparison of a solar air channel without baffles, a

broken multiple V-type baffles have high data of

and

. This causes the change in the

fluid flow characteristics due to baffles roughness which outcome in stream separation,
reattachment and generation of secondary stream jets. For broken multiple V-type baffle baffles
with

of 5.0, the extreme data of

broken multiple V- type baffle baffles with

is observed and extreme data of

occurs for

of 6.0. In broken multiple V-type baffles

solar air channel, the optimal data of thermo-hydraulic performance has been found
corresponding to

of 5.0. The broken multiple V-type baffles has also been found to be

thermo hydraulically superior as compared to other baffles shapes solar air channel.

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