Julius C. Adams v. The Board of Public Education, 770 F.2d 1562, 11th Cir. (1985)

770 F.
2d 1562
27 Ed. Law Rep. 55
Julius C. ADAMS, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.
The BOARD OF PUBLIC EDUCATION, et al., DefendantsAppellees.
No. 84-8384.
United States Court of Appeals,

Eleventh Circuit.
Sept. 17, 1985.
Thomas M. Jackson, Macon, Ga., and Theodore M. Shaw, Legal Defense

and Educ. Fund, New York City, for plaintiffs-appellants.
Edward S. Sell, Jr., W. Warren Plowden and George C. Grant, Macon,
Ga., for defendants-appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of
Georgia.
Before KRAVITCH and CLARK, Circuit Judges, and WRIGHT * , Senior
Circuit Judge.
CLARK, Circuit Judge:
This appeal is taken from a district court order, 585 F.Supp. 215
(D.C.Ga.1984), which approved a modified plan proposed by the appellee Bibb
County Board of Education (Board). The plan called for expanding a school,
closing selected schools, and changing various attendance zones.
The appellants initially filed a motion for injunctive relief maintaining that the
Board's proposed plan: (1) was racially discriminatory in that all six elementary
schools scheduled for closing under the plan had predominately black
enrollments; (2) was violative of an earlier settlement agreement which
provided that the Board would be committed to upgrading the physical plants in
inner city schools by constructing new schools or renovating existing buildings;

(3) would not prevent the recurrence of the dual school structure; (4) would
place an unequal burden on blacks because it contemplated the closing of
schools located in black neighborhoods while leaving intact schools located in
predominately white neighborhoods; and (5) ignored alternative plans. The
district court, after a full hearing and inspection of each elementary school and
the surrounding areas, ruled in favor of the Board.1 For the reasons discussed
below, we affirm.
I. FACTS
3
We shall not review the detailed history of this lawsuit. We merely note that
this lawsuit was initiated in 1963 when plaintiffs sought to dismantle Bibb
County's racially dual system of public education, and that later the district
court approved a settlement agreement which concluded fourteen years of
litigation. In its 1978 order approving the settlement agreement, the court
recognized that:
4 proposed settlement in essence approves the neighborhood school concept for

The
the kindergarten and elementary grades of the Bibb County schools as being
constitutionally sufficient even though some of those schools because of the racial
composition of the neighborhood are and will likely remain predominately of one
race....
5
Record, Vol. 1 at 601. The final terms of the settlement agreement were made
the order and judgment of the court. Id. at 602. The relevant provision of the
settlement agreement provided:
B. FUTURE CONSTRUCTION, SCHOOL CLOSINGS AND

ATTENDANCE ZONE CHANGES.
Experience has shown under the plan now in effect that changes in attendance
zones, the closing of schools, and the construction of new schools or additions
to existing schools are necessary from time to time because of various factors
including changes in housing patterns, the enrollment structure between grades,
fiscal considerations, and others. Future changes of this type relating to school
zones and assignments as well as new construction and the closing of schools
shall be made in the sound discretion of the Board. However, any such future
change shall be done in a manner which will prevent the recurrence of the dual
school structure and which will effectuate the continued existence of a unitary
school system as established by this Consent Decree. In addition, thirty days
prior to effectuating any such changes, the Board shall give notice thereof to the
Court and all other parties in the case.

8
Id. at 603 (emphasis added).
Three issues were reserved for further decision by the Court. One concerned
"the approval of a capital improvements plan with particular emphasis on the
so-called inner city schools." Record, Vol. 3 at 225B.
10
In 1979, the Board filed a proposal for capital improvements throughout the
school system. The proposal included figures for the construction of three inner
city schools, L.H. Williams, Burke and Ingram. Record, Vol. 3 at 213B.
11
On January 27, 1984 the court was informed by letter that the Board had
"adopted a new grade structure for the school system known as the 6-2-4 Plan
and also passed a resolution closing five elementary schools." Record, Vol. 1 at
447.2 The schools to be closed were Duresville (90% black), Hall (73% black),
Hunt (94% black), Unionville (100% black) and Neel (62% black). Initially,
the Board decided to defer its decision regarding the reconstruction of Ingram;
however, it later voted to close Ingram.
II. ARGUMENTS ON APPEAL

12
The appellants maintain that the district court applied improper standards for
reviewing the school board's plan. They assert that the district court's ruling
tainted the court's actions so strongly that standing alone it warrants reversal.
The ruling which the appellants question provides:
13
The settlement agreement and resulting decree eliminated possible further

integration of Bibb County's elementary schools as an issue in this lawsuit. That
issue remains eliminated. These changes are therefore not to be examined from
the standpoint of whether or not they promote further integration of the
elementary schools. They are to be examined to determine whether or not these
changes are fair and equitable to all who are effected and whether or not they
are consistent with the settlement consent decree of 1978.
14
Record, Vol. 1 at 607.
15
Next, the appellants claim that the district court erred because the plan which it
approved placed disproportionate burdens on the black plaintiffs. The final
contention of the appellants is that the district court erred because it did not
find that the Board violated its earlier ruling to rebuild Ingram and to perform
substantial repairs on several other schools.3

16
The appellees contend that the only issue before this court is whether the Board
complied with the consent decree. According to the appellees, "[t]he decree
returned to the school board the power to make future changes relating to
organizational structure, attendance zone lines and closing of schools subject to
the requirement that such changes be done in a fashion as to avoid the
recurrence of a dual school structure." Appellee's Brief at 6.
III. DISCUSSION
17
At the outset we observe that the plaintiffs-appellants have not, in the district
court nor in this court, made clear the constitutional dimension of the alleged
wrongs in the school board plan. It is doubtful if any board anywhere has ever
devised a plan that closed some schools, expanded others, and changed
boundary lines, that did not cause dissension and complaints. Appellants had
the burden of showing that this board plan did violence to the unitary school
system established by the prior decree. They failed to address that essential
issue.
18
Recently, in Pitts v. Freeman, 755 F.2d 1423 (11th Cir.1985) we observed that
until a school system achieves unitary status, "it has an affirmative duty to
eliminate the effects of its prior unconstitutional conduct." Id. at 1426. The
settlement agreement, which became the order and judgment of the court,
specifically provided that "any such future change [such as construction of new
schools and the closing of schools] shall be done in a manner which will
prevent the recurrence of the dual school structure and which will effectuate the
continued existence of the unitary school system as established by this Consent
Decree." Record, Vol. 1 at 603. Thus, the Board had an affirmative duty to act
in a manner that would prevent a recurrence of the previous dual school system,
or stated differently, that would maintain the agreed upon unitary system. See
Pitts v. Freeman, 755 F.2d at 1427.
19
We have recognized that this duty is violated when a school board "fails to
consider or include the objective of desegregation in such decisions as whether
to construct new facilities." Id. Moreover, since the schools which the Board
proposed to close had predominately minority student bodies, the Board had a
heavy burden to explain the reasons supporting its proposal. See Arvizu v.
Waco Independent School District, 495 F.2d 499, 505 (5th Cir.1974). To meet
its burden, the Board was required to "adduce evidence sufficient to support the
conclusion that their actions were not in fact motivated by racial reasons." Id. at
505.
20
We think the Board met its burden. The record reflects that the Board reviewed
a detailed study which examined attendance figures, organizational structure,
the size of schools, the racial composition of the schools, finances, and other
factors. See Record, Vol. 1 at 451-470. The Board also examined the location
of the schools, the proximity of the schools to other schools and the physical
condition of the schools. After many discussions and three public hearings, the
proposal to close several schools was adopted. Later, after further discussion,
the Board voted to close and not rebuild Ingram. There was no evidence that
any schools that remained open operated under the same handicaps as those
which the Board proposed to close. See, e.g., Arvizu v. Waco Independent
School District, 495 F.2d 499, 505 (5th Cir.1974) ("To the extent that other
schools which were kept open operate under the same handicaps from which
the closed schools suffered, the viability of the Board's justifications is diluted
commensurately."). Moreover, as the appellees' uncontroverted observation
points out, "moving the seventh grade to the middle school complexes will
totally integrate the seventh grade so that the all-black or virtually all-black
schools which remain will contain only grades K through 6." Appellee's Brief
at 17.
21
Appellees failed to present to the district court any evidence that racial factors
influenced any decisions made by the School Board, nor was any evidence
offered that would infer such. Plaintiffs' principal witness was a Board member
who had objected to closing the Ingram School. In fact, this is the chief issue
about which plaintiffs complain--that the Board did not keep its commitment to
keep open Ingram grammar school.4
22
We are persuaded that the factors considered by the Board were fair, legitimate,
and in the best interest of the school system. As we stated in Lee v. Anniston
City School System, 737 F.2d 952 (11th Cir.1984) "[a]lthough the federal
courts have a broad constitutional mandate to ensure that a unitary school
system is achieved, the Supreme Court has stressed 'school authorities have the
primary responsibility for elucidating, assessing and solving these problems....'
" Id. at 955 (emphasis in original).
23
The Board, after considerable thought and judgment, utilized its discretion to
close several schools which it concluded could no longer be operated in the
best interest of the public.
24
The plaintiffs oppose some parts of the plan and most particularly the closing
of Ingram. However, our careful review of evidence does not uncover any facts
that would demonstrate that racial motives played any part in the Board's
decision making. We are also persuaded by the proximity of three other
reasonably new grammar schools that can serve the pupils attending Ingram in
view of its dilapidated condition and the cost of building a new school.
25
Finding no violations of the former consent decree and no racial implications in

the Board's actions, the judgment of the district court is
26
AFFIRMED.
Honorable Eugene A. Wright, U.S. Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit, sitting
by designation
An alternative plan was submitted to the district court. According to the

appellants, "[i]t recommended an alternative and more equitable plan for
school closings and the creation of two new magnet schools." Record, Vol. 5 at
579
The school system had previously operated under a 7-2-3 organizational plan,
i.e., seven grades in elementary school, two grades in middle school, and three
grades in high school. Under the 6-2-4 organizational plan, there would be six
grades in elementary school, two grades in middle school and four grades in
high school. See Record, Vol. 5 at 8-9. No objection is made to the Board's
adoption of the 6-2-4 organizational plan
The appellants also assert that the court did not allow it to pursue evidence
showing the racially discriminatory intent of the Board. They also argue that
the court incorrectly placed the burden of proof on the appellants. These
arguments are without merit
It is clear that the parties to this suit had adequate opportunities to present
evidence. The record reflects that the appellants offered one witness. Moreover,
the appellants do not direct us to any of their attempts to produce evidence
regarding this issue to the district court. We also disagree with the appellants'
characterization of the district court's application of the burden of proof. Thus,
we will not address these issues.
The district court found that the bond issue money that had been raised to build
Ingram had been committed to a point that would not permit the construction of
a new school. The court also found that it would take three years to construct a
new Ingram assuming that the State Board of Education approved its
construction. The court concluded that it was doubtful that state approval would
be obtained since the state would conduct a realistic assessment of future need
and since there was great doubt as to the need for another elementary school in
the area. Last, and perhaps most important, the district court found that "
[c]ompared to other school buildings, B.S. Ingram on a scale of one to ten-worst to best--based on observation by the court, must be rated a one." The
court further observed that "[t]hree years of being educated in adequate,
pleasant surroundings will in this court's considered judgment be of far greater
benefit to the children of B.S. Ingram School than being educated in the
existing deplorable B.S. Ingram School and waiting on a new B.S. Ingram to be
built." Record, Vol. 1 at 12-13

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770 F.

Julius C. ADAMS, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants,

United States Court of Appeals,

Thomas M. Jackson, Macon, Ga., and Theodore M. Shaw, Legal Defense

inner city schools by constructing new schools or renovating existing buildings;

4 proposed settlement in essence approves the neighborhood school concept for

B. FUTURE CONSTRUCTION, SCHOOL CLOSINGS AND

Court and all other parties in the case.

Id. at 603 (emphasis added).

II. ARGUMENTS ON APPEAL

The settlement agreement and resulting decree eliminated possible further

Record, Vol. 1 at 607.

substantial repairs on several other schools.3

Finding no violations of the former consent decree and no racial implications in

An alternative plan was submitted to the district court. According to the

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