United States v. Vidrios, 10th Cir. (2002)

F I L E D
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT
United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit
OCT 24 2002
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
JUAN CARLOS VIDRIOS,
No. 01-4180
D.C. No. 2:00-CR-425-C
(D. Utah)
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT
Before KELLY , BALDOCK , and HENRY , Circuit Judges.

Juan Carlos Vidrios was charged with one count of possession of
methamphetamine with intent to distribute (Count I), and with one count of
possession of marijuana with intent to distribute (Count II), both in violation of
21 U.S.C. 841(a)(1). After entering a plea of not guilty, Mr. Vidrios moved to
suppress the evidence discovered by the highway patrol trooper who had stopped
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
*
Mr. Vidrios. The district court denied the motion to suppress. Mr. Vidrios
subsequently entered a conditional plea of guilty to Count I and was sentenced to
57 months imprisonment, followed by 60 months supervised release. Mr.
Vidrios now appeals, and, exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1291,
we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
On August 25, 2000, at approximately 10:50 a.m., Utah Highway Patrol
Trooper Steve Salas noticed an eastbound vehicle with heavily tinted widows that
he suspected violated Utahs window-tinting regulation, Utah Stat. Ann. 41-6149. Trooper Salas followed the vehicle and, after pacing the car, noted that the
driver was also speeding. Trooper Salas initiated a traffic stop, approached the
drivers side of the vehicle, and knocked on the window.
When Mr. Vidrios rolled down the window, the trooper smelled a strong
odor of air freshener coming from the car. Trooper Salas also noticed irregular
paneling on the middle console, and spotted some energy drink containers and fast
food wrappers on the front passenger seat and floor. Mr. Vidrios supplied
Trooper Salas with his Colorado drivers license and a Colorado registration in
the name of Victor Vargas. The trooper questioned Mr. Vidrios regarding his
residence, his place of employment, and his travel plans.
-2-
Mr. Vidrios stated that he lived in Westminster, Colorado. He said he

worked in construction, but, he could not readily supply the companys name, as
he had been there for only two weeks. Trooper Salas thought it odd that Mr.
Vidrios would be traveling after just starting a new job. Mr. Vidrios stated he
had been vacationing with friends and they were returning from Las Vegas, and
that he had left approximately thirteen hours earlier. Trooper Salas believed Las
Vegas to be much closer but mentally noted that Los Angeles was approximately
thirteen hours away. Trooper Salas also noticed that none of Mr. Vidrioss
friends materialized and that Mr. Vidrios did not seem concerned about their
whereabouts.
Trooper Salas also inquired about the identity of the registered owner of
the vehicle. Mr. Vidrios thought the car was owned by a man named Ezequel
Lares, whom Mr. Vidrios identified as a co-worker. Mr. Vidrios claimed he did
not know the actual registered owner, Mr. Victor Vargas.
Trooper Salas explained the suspected window-tinting violation and asked
Mr. Vargas to step out of the car and to stand behind it. Trooper Salas asked if
Mr. Vidrios had any drugs or weapons in the car. Mr. Vidrios responded No,
theres only junk. Supp. Rec. vol. II, at 9:59:22 (videotape).
In an effort to confirm that Mr. Vidrios was in lawful possession of the
vehicle, Trooper Salas contacted dispatch to try to clear up the registration
-3-
confusion. Dispatch reported that Mr. Vidrioss license was valid and that the
vehicle, registered to Mr. Vargas, had not been reported stolen. Trooper Salas
asked dispatch to try to contact Mr. Vargas to confirm this information.
Trooper Salas issued a warning citation to Mr. Vidrios and returned Mr.
Vidrioss documents to him. Trooper Salas then asked Mr. Vidrios several more
questions, none of which are at issue in this appeal. At the conclusion of the
questioning, Trooper Salas asked if he might search the car. Mr. Vidrios
consented to a search of the entire vehicle. The search revealed marijuana under
the cushion of the back seat and marijuana and methamphetamine in a
compartment in the passenger side air bag.
II. DISCUSSION
In reviewing the district courts denial of Mr. Vidrioss motion to suppress,
we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the district courts
determination and accept the factual findings of the district court unless they are
clearly erroneous.
United States v. Wood , 106 F.3d 942, 945 (10th Cir. 1997).
Our ultimate determination of reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment is a

question of law that we review de novo.
See id.
A traffic stop is a seizure within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment,

United States v. Anderson , 114 F.3d 1059, 1063 (10th Cir. 1997), and such a stop
-4-
is properly analyzed as an investigative detention that must be supported by a

reasonable, articulable suspicion that criminal activity is afoot.
v. Sokolow , 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989). Applying the principles of
See United States

Terry v. Ohio , 392
U.S. 1, 20 (1968), we evaluate the reasonableness of the stop based on whether

the officers action was justified at its inception, and whether it was reasonably
related in scope to the circumstances which justified the interference in the first
place. Id.
Mr. Vidrios concedes the initial stop was valid. On appeal, the only
relevant issue for inquiry is whether it was reasonable, given the circumstances,
to detain Mr. Vidrios for questioning that was unrelated to purpose of the initial
stop. 1 After reviewing the record in the light most favorable to the government,
considering the totality of the circumstances and deferring to the district courts
assessment of the credibility of the witnesses, we conclude that the district courts
factual findings are not clearly erroneous.
See, e.g., United States v. Long
, 176
F.3d 1304, 1307 (10th Cir. 1999). Upon de novo review of the legal question
presented, see United States v. Caro , 248 F.3d 1240, 1243 (10th Cir. 2001), we
agree with the district courts ultimate determination of reasonableness under the
Fourth Amendment.
On appeal and before the district court, Mr. Vidrios also argues that if the
detention was invalid, his subsequent consent was a product flowing from the
invalid detention. Aplts Br. at 53. Because we agree with the district court
that the detention was lawful, we need not address this issue.
1
-5-
The district court properly concluded that Trooper Salas reasonably

suspected the car might be stolen because (1) Mr. Vidrios was not the registered
owner of the car, (2) Mr. Vidrios admitted that he did not know the party to whom
the vehicle was registered, and (3) Mr. Vidrios claimed an unknown third party
owned the car. Trooper Salas was therefore justified in detaining Mr. Vidrios for
additional questioning.
See United States v. Hunnicutt,
135 F.3d 1345, 1349
(10th Cir. 1998) (noting that further detention was justified by factors such as
having no proof of ownership of the vehicle [and] having no proof of authority
to operate the vehicle).
Because we may affirm the district court for any reason
that finds support in the record,
see Mallinson-Montague v. Pocrnick
, 224 F.3d
1224, 1233 (10th Cir. 2000), we need not address the alternative reasons given by
the district court to uphold the detention of Mr. Vidrios.
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district courts denial of Mr.
Vidrioss motion to suppress.
Entered for the Court
Robert H. Henry
Circuit Judge
-6-

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F I L E D

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

United States Court of Appeals

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

ORDER AND JUDGMENT

Before KELLY , BALDOCK , and HENRY , Circuit Judges.

Mr. Vidrios stated that he lived in Westminster, Colorado. He said he

Our ultimate determination of reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment is a

A traffic stop is a seizure within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment,

is properly analyzed as an investigative detention that must be supported by a

See United States

U.S. 1, 20 (1968), we evaluate the reasonableness of the stop based on whether

See, e.g., United States v. Long

The district court properly concluded that Trooper Salas reasonably

See United States v. Hunnicutt,

135 F.3d 1345, 1349

Because we may affirm the district court for any reason

that finds support in the record,

see Mallinson-Montague v. Pocrnick

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