Title

Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis

Effect of surface area on the rate of reaction

To investigate the effect of total surface area of the reactant on the rate of
reaction
How does the total exposed surface area of a solid reactant affect the rate of
reaction?
When the total surface area of marble chips increases, the rate of reaction
increases. / The smaller the size of the reactant particles, that is, the larger the
total surface area of the reactant particles, the higher the rate of reaction.

Apparatus

50 cm3 measuring cylinder

150 cm3 conical flask

Stopper with delivery tube

Basin

Burette

Spatula

Electronic balance

Stopwatch

0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid (HCl)

2 g large marble chips

2 g small marble chips

Water

Manipulated variable: Total surface area of marble chips

Responding variable: Rate of reaction

Controlled / Fixed variable: Mass of marble chips, volume and

concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl), temperature

Material

Variables

Operational
Definition

1. Smaller marble chips have a larger total surface area than larger
marble chips of the same mass.

2. For the graph of the volume of gas released against time, the curve
with higher initial gradient indicates a higher initial rate of reaction.

Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem Statement

Hypothesis

Experiment 1.2
10
Effect of concentration on the rate of reaction
To investigate the effect of concentration on the rate
of reaction
How does the concentration of a reactant affect the
rate of reaction? / Does high concentration of sodium
thiosulphate Na2S2O3 solution decrease the time
taken for the mark X to disappear from sight?
When the concentration of sodium thiosulphate,
Na2S2O3 solution increases, the rate of reaction
increases. / The higher the concentration of sodium
thiosulphate Na2S2O3 solution, the shorter the time
taken for the mark X to disappear from sight.

Apparatus

150 cm3 conical flask

50 cm3 measuring cylinder

10 cm3 measuring cylinder

Stopwatch

Material

0.2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution

1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid

Distilled water

White paper marked X at the centre

Manipulated variable: Concentration of

sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 solution

Responding variable: Rate of reaction

Controlled / Fixed variable: Concentration,

volume and initial temperature of sulphuric
acid, H2SO4. Total volume of reactants

Variables

Operational Definition

Rate of reaction is inversely proportional to the time

taken for the the mark X to disappear from sight

Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
Apparatus

Experiment 1.3
13
Effect of temperature on the rate of reaction
To investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction
How does temperature affect the rate of reaction?
An increase in temperature will increase the rate of reaction.

150 cm3 conical flask

50 cm3 measuring cylinder

10 cm3 measuring cylinder

Stopwatch

Thermometer

Bunsen burner

Tripod stand

Wire gauze

0.2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution

1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid

White paper marked X at the centre

Manipulated variable: Temperature of sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3

solution

Responding variable: The time taken for the cross X to disappear

Controlled / Fixed variable: volume and concentration of sodium

thiosulphate Na2S2O3 solution, volume and concentration of
sulphuric acid, size of conical flask

Material

Variables

Operational Rate of reaction is inversely proportional to the time taken for the mark X
Definition
to disappear from sight
.

Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis

Experiment 1.4
15
Effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction
To investigate the effect of a catalyst on the rate of reaction
How does a catalyst affect the rate of reaction? / How do catalysts affect the
rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide?
The presence of a catalyst increases the rate of reaction. / Manganese(IV)
oxide increases the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

Apparatus

Test tube

Test tube rack

Spatula

Wooden splinter

Retort stand and clamp

10 cm3 measuring cylinder

Electronic balance

Weighing bottle

20-volume hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 solution

1.0 g Manganese(IV) oxide powder

Manipulated variable: Presence or absence of a catalyst

Material

Variables

Operational
Definition

Responding variable: The release of oxygen gas / Rate of reaction

Controlled / Fixed variable: Volume and concentration of hydrogen

peroxide (H2O2) solution, temperature

The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is fast if the glowing

wooden splinter rekindles brightly and rapidly.

The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is slow if the glowing

wooden splinter glows dimly and slowly.

Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis

Experiment 1.5
17
Effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of reaction
To investigate the effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of reaction.
How does the amount of a catalyst affect the rate of reaction? / Does higher
amount of catalysts increases the rate of reaction?
When the amount of a catalyst used increases, the rate of reaction
increases. / The higher the amount of the catalysts, the higher the rate of
reaction.

Apparatus

50 cm3 measuring cylinder

150 cm3 conical flask

Stopper with delivery tube

Burette

Retort stand and clamp

Basin

Stopwatch

Electronic balance

Spatula

Weighing bottle

Beakers

2-volume hydrogen peroxide solution

1.0 g manganese(IV) oxide powder

Manipulated variable: amount / mass of catalyst

Responding variable: Rate of reaction

Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature, volume and concentration

of hydrogen peroxide solution

Material

Variables

Operational The curves for the graph of volume of gas liberated against time a higher
Definition
gradient indicated a higher rate of reaction.

Chapter 2 Carbon Compound

List of PEKA experiments:
1. Combustion products of organic compound
2. Properties of alkanes and alkenes
3. Preparation of ethanol by fermentation
4. Chemical properties of ethanol
5. Chemical properties of ethanoic acid
6. Esters Laboratory preparation and physical properties
7. Coagulation of latex
8. Elasticity of vulcanised and unvulcanised rubber
9. Latex product
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim

Laboratory Work 2.1

25
Combustion products of organic compound
To identify the combustion product of organic compound. / To investigate the
complete combustion of organic compounds.

Apparatus

250 cm3 beaker

Boiling tube

Stopper with 2 holes

Delivery tube

Rubber tubing

Filter funnel

Filter pump

Retort stand and clamp

Spirit lamp

Bunsen burner

0 110C thermometer

Test tube holder

Wooden blocks

Ice

Ethanol

Palm oil

Limewater

Material

Number
Pg.
Title
Aim

Laboratory Work 2.2

32
Properties of alkanes and alkenes
To compare the properties of alkanes and alkenes

A. Reaction with oxygen

To compare the combustion of hexane and hexane

B. Reaction with bromine

To compare the reaction of hexane and hexane with bromine

C. Reaction with acidized potassium manganate(VII) solution

To compare the reaction of hexane and hexane with acidified potassium

manganate(VII) solution

Evaporating dish / Porcelain dishes

Dropper

Test tube

Bunsen burner

Hexane

Hexene

Bromine in 1,1,1-trichloroethane

0.1 mol dm-3 potassium manganate(VII) solution

Dilute sulphuric acid

Wooden splinter

Filter paper

Apparatus

Material

Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Apparatus

Laboratory Work 2.3

38
Preparation of ethanol by fermentation
To prepare samples of ethanol, C2H5OH by fermentation

250 cm3 conical flask

150 cm3 conical flask

500 cm3 beaker

50 cm3 measuring cylinder

Distillation flask (round-bottomed flask)

Stopper with delivery tube

Stopper with 1 hole

0 110C thermometer

Liebig condenser

Fractionating column

Retort stand and clamp

Tripod stand

Wire gauze

Glass rod

Bunsen burner

1 m rubber tubing

Filter funnel

Boiling tube

Glucose

Yeast

Limewater

Distilled water

Filter paper (4 pieces)

Fruits such as pineapple, grape, papaya, banana, apple, berries

Cooked potatoes, rice or tapioca

Material

Number
Pg.
Title
Aim

Laboratory Work 2.4

41
Chemical properties of ethanol
To investigate the chemical properties of ethanol, C2H5OHA. Combustion of

Apparatus

ethanolB. Oxidation of ethanolC. Dehydration of ethanol

A. Combustion of ethanol

Evaporating dish

Wooden splinter

B. Oxidation of ethanol

Test tubes

Boiling tube

Stopper with delivery tube

Test tube holder

500 cm3 beaker

Retort stand and clamp

Bunsen burner

10 cm3 measuring cylinder

Dropper

C. Dehydration of ethanol

Test tubes

Boiling tube

Stopper with delivery tube

Test tube holder

500 cm3 beaker

Retort stand and clamp

Bunsen burner

Material

Forceps

Dropper

A. Combustion of ethanol

Ethanol

B. Oxidation of ethanol

Ethanol

30 g dm-3 potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 solution

Ice

Concentrated sulphuric acid

Blue litmus paper

C. Dehydration of ethanol

Ethanol

30 g dm-3 potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 solution

3 g dm-3 potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 solution

Bromine water

Glass wool

Unglazed porcelain chips

Water

Number
Pg.
Title
Aim

Laboratory Work 2.5

48
Chemical properties of ethanoic acid
To investigate the chemical reactions of ethanoic acid, CH3COOH

A. Reactions of ethanoic acid as an acid

i. reaction of ethanoic acid with a metal

ii. reaction of ethanoic acid with a metal carbonate

iii. reaction of ethanoic acid with a base


Apparatus

B. Reaction of ethanoic acid with alcohol

A. Reactions of ethanoic acid as an acidi. reaction of ethanoic acid with a metal

Test tube

Test tube rack

Wooden splinter

ii. reaction of ethanoic acid with a metal carbonate

Test tubes

Stopper with delivery tube

iii. reaction of ethanoic acid with a base

Test tube

Spatula

Glass rod

Bunsen burner

Tripod stand

Wire gauze

Evaporating dish

B. Reaction of ethanoic acid with alcohol

Dropper

Boiling tube

250 cm3 beaker

Test tube holder


Material

Bunsen burner

A. Reactions of ethanoic acid as an acidi. reaction of ethanoic acid with a metal

1.0 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid

Metal powder (Magnesium ribbon / Zinc)

ii. reaction of ethanoic acid with a metal carbonate

1.0 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid

Metal carbonate powder (Calcium carbonate/Iron(III) carbonate/Sodium

carbonate)

Limewater

iii. reaction of ethanoic acid with a base

1.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution

Metal oxide powder (Copper(II) oxide)

B. Reaction of ethanoic acid with alcohol

Glacial ethanoic acid

Absolute ethanol / Butan-1-ol

Concentrated sulphuric acid

Ice

Water

Number
Pg.
Title
Aim

Laboratory Work 2.6

53
Esters Laboratory preparation and physical properties
To prepare a sample of ethyl ethanoate, CH3COOC2H5 in the laboratory

A. Laboratory preparation of esterTo prepare a sample of ethyl ethanoate

B. Physical properties of ethyl ethanoate

To investigate the physical properties of ethyl ethanoate

Apparatus

A. Laboratory preparation of ester

100 cm3 beaker

500 cm3 beaker

250 cm3 distillation flask (round-bottomed flask)

250 cm3 conical flask

50 cm3 measuring cylinder

Tap funnel

0 250C thermometer

Liebig condenser

Bunsen burner

Tripod stand

Retort stand and clamp

Stopper with 2 holes

Wooden block

Porous chips / tile chips

Oil bath

B. Physical properties of ethyl ethanoate

Material

Test tube

Dropper

Glass rod

Sample bottle

A. Laboratory preparation of ester

Absolute ethanol

Glacial ethanoic acid

Concentrated sulphuric acid

Oil

Tap water

B. Physical properties of ethyl ethanoate

Ethyl ethanoate (from A)

Distilled water

Acetone

Methylated spirits

.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Apparatus

Laboratory Work 2.7

60
Coagulation of latex
To investigate the coagulation of latex

100 cm3 beaker

Measuring cylinder

Glass rod

Dropper

Rubber latex

1.0 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid

1.0 mol dm-3 ammonia solution

Red and blue litmus paper

Material

.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim

Laboratory Work 2,8

61
Vulcanised rubber
To prepare vulcanised rubber

Apparatus

10 cm x 10 cm glass plate

Glass rod

Razor blade

A pair of tongs

250 cm3 beaker

Rubber latex

Disulphur dichloride in methylbenzene

Material

.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
Apparatus

Experiment 2.1
62
Elasticity of vulcanised and unvulcanised rubber
To compare the elasticity of vulcanised and unvulcanised rubber
Is vulcanised rubber is more elastics than unvulcanised rubber?
Vulcanised rubber is more elastics than unvulcanised rubber

Retort stand and clamps

Bulldog clips

Hooks

Metre rule

Weights (50 g)

Vulcanised rubber strip

Unvulcanised rubber strip

Material

Variables

Manipulated variable: Types of rubber (vulcanised rubber strip and

unvulcanised rubber strip)

Responding variable: Elasticity of rubber / Length of rubber strip

Controlled/Fixed variable: Mass of weight, size of rubber strip

Operational If the minimum weight required for the rubber strip to fail to return to its initial
Definition
length is larger, then the rubber strip is more elastic.
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Apparatus

Laboratory Work 2.9

64
Latex product
To prepare a rubber glove in the laboratory

500 cm3 beaker

Dropper

Glass rod

Plastics arm mould

String

Retort stand and clamp

Basin

Fresh latex

2.0 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid

Water

Material

Chapter 3 Oxidation and Reduction

List of PEKA experiments:
1. Redox reaction as loss or gain of oxygen
2. Change of iron(II) to iron(III) ions and vice versa
3. Displacement of metals

4. Displacement of halogens
5. Transfer of electrons at a distance
6. Effect of other metals on rusting
7. Reactivity of metals with oxygen
8. (A) The position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals with oxygen (B) Heating
carbon dioxide with metals
9. The position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals (Demonstration by teacher)
10. Oxidation and reduction in electrolytic cells
11. Oxidation and reduction in chemical cells
12. Oxidation and reduction in voltaic cell with a salt bridge
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim

Problem
Statement

Laboratory Work 3.1

67
Redox reaction as loss or gain of oxygen
To investigate oxidation and reduction

A. Combustion of metal in oxygen

To investigate redox reaction in the combustion of metal in oxygen gas, O2

B. Heating of metal oxide with carbon

To investigate redox reaction in the heating of metal oxide with carbon

A. Combustion of metal in oxygen

In the reaction between metals in oxygen, which reagent undergoes

oxidation and which reagent undergoes reduction?

B. Heating of metal oxide with carbon

Hypothesis

In the reaction between metal oxide and carbon, which reagent undergoes
oxidation and which reagent undergoes reduction?

A. Combustion of metal in oxygen

(I) Magnesium undergoes oxidation to form magnesium ion, Mg2+

(II) Oxygen gas undergoes reduction to form oxide ion, O2-

B. Heating of metal oxide with carbon

Apparatus

(I) Carbon undergoes oxidation to form carbon dioxide gas

(II) Copper(II) oxide, iron(III) oxide and lead(II) oxide undergo reduction
to form copper, iron and lead respectively

A. Combustion of metal in oxygen

A pair of tongs

Bunsen burner

B. Heating of metal oxide with carbon

Material

Crucible

Pipe-clay triangle

Tripod stand

Bunsen burner

Spatula

A. Combustion of metal in oxygen

5cm magnesium ribbon

Sandpaper

Gas jar containing oxygen

B. Heating of metal oxide with carbon

Carbon powder


Variables

Copper(II) oxide powder / Iron(III) oxide powder / Lead(II) oxide powder

A. Combustion of metal in oxygen

Manipulated variable: Type of metal

Responding variable: Reaction product

Controlled / Fixed variable: Oxygen gas and the conditions of reaction

B. Heating of metal oxide with carbon

Manipulated variable: Type of metal oxide

Responding variable: Reaction product

Controlled / Fixed variable: Carbon and the conditions of reaction

.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim

Laboratory Work 3.2

71
Change of iron(II) to iron(III) ions and vice versa
To investigate oxidation and reduction in the change of iron(II) ions, Fe2+ to
iron(III) ions, Fe3+ and vice versa (change of iron(III) ions, Fe3+ to iron(II) ions,
Fe2+)

Apparatus

Dropper

Spatula

Test tube

Test tube holder

Test tube rack

Bunsen burner

Filter funnel

Measuring cylinder

0.5 mol dm-3 freshly prepared iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 solution

0.5 mol dm-3 iron(III) sulphate, Fe2(SO4)3 solution

Bromine water

Zinc powder

Filter paper (1 piece)

2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution

0.5 mol dm-3 potassium hexacynoferrate(III), K3Fe(CN)6 solution

Material

.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis

Laboratory Work 3.3

73
Displacement of metals
To investigate oxidation and reduction in the displacement of metals from their salt
solutions
How does redox reaction occur in a displacement reaction in which a metal is
displaced from its salt solution?

(I) The metal that acts as a reducing agent will form metal ion

(II) The metal ion that acts as an oxidising agent will be precipated as
metal

Test tubes

Test tube rack

Apparatus

Material

Zinc strip

Copper strip

Magnesium ribbon

0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate

0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate

0.5 mol dm-3 magnesium sulphate

Manipulated variable: A pair of metals and salt solutions

Responding variable: Precipitation of metal and colour changes in the

solutions

Controlled / Fixed variable: Volumes and concentrations of solutions

containing the metal ions

Variables

.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis

Laboratory Work 3.4

74
Displacement of halogens
To investigate oxidation and reduction in the displacement of halogen from its
halide solution
How do redox reactions occur in displacement reactions between halogens and
aqueous solutions of halide ions?
A more reactive halogen displace a less reactive halogen from an aqueous
solutions of its halide ions

Apparatus

Test tubes

Test tube rack

Chlorine water

Material

Bromine water

Iodine water

0.5 mol dm-3 potassium chlorine, KCl solution

0.5 mol dm-3 potassium bromine, KBr solution

0.5 mol dm-3 potassium iodine, KI solution

1,1,1-tricholoethane, CH3CCl3

Manipulated variable: A pair of halogens and their halide ions

Responding variable: Changes in colour in 1,1,1-trichloroethane, CH3CCl3

Controlled / Fixed variable: Volume of reaction mixture

Variables

.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
statement
Hypothesis

Laboratory Work 3.5

77
Transfer of electrons at a distance
To investigate oxidation and reduction in the transfer of electrons at a distance
How do redox reactions occur in displacement reactions between halogens and
aqueous solutions of halide ions?
A more reactive halogen displace a less reactive halogen from an aqueous solution
of its halide ions

Apparatus

U-tube

Galvanometer

Connecting wire with crocodile clips

Graphite electrode

Retort stand and clamp

Test tube

Dropper / glass tube

Stopper with 1 hole

2.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4

0.5 mol dm-3 freshly prepared iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 solution

0.2 mol dm-3 acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 solution

0.5 mol dm-3 potassium iodide, KI solution

0.2 mol dm-3 acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 solution

Bromine water

0.2 mol dm-3 potassium thiocyanate, KSCN solution

1% starch solution

Manipulated variable: A pair of halogen and their halide ions

Responding variable: Changes in colour in 1,1,1-trichloroethana, CH3CCl3

Controlled / Fixed variable: Volume of reaction mixture

Material

Variables

.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis

Experiment 3.1
81
Effect of other metals on rusting
To investigate the effect of other metals on rusting
How do different types of metals in contact with iron affect rusting?
When a more electropositive metal is in contact with iron, the metal inhibits
rusting. When a less electropositive metal is in contact with iron, the metal speeds

up rusting
Apparatus

Test tube

Test tube rack

Iron nail

Magnesium ribbon

Copper strip

Zinc strip

Tin strip

Hot jelly solution with a little potassium hexacyanoferrate(III), K3Fe(CN)6

solution and phenolphthalein

Sandpaper

Manipulated variable: Types of metals that are in contact with iron /

Different types of metals

Responding variable: Presence of colouration / Intensity of dark blue

colouration / Rusting of iron

Controlled / Fixed variable: Clean iron nails, medium in which the iron
nails are kept / hot jelly solution, temperature

Material

Variables

Operational Blue colouration indicates rusting of iron

Definition
.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim

Laboratory Work 3.6

85
Reactivity of metals with oxygen

(I) To investigate the reactivity of metals with oxygen


Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
Apparatus

(II) To arrange metals in terms of their reactivity with oxygen

How do different types of metals react with oxygen?

The more reactive metal react more vigorously with oxygen

Boiling tube

Retort stand and clamp

Bunsen burner

Spatula

Forceps

Magnesium powder

Copper powder

Iron filings

Lead powder

Zinc powder

Solid potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4

Asbestos paper

Glass wool

Manipulated variable: Different types of metals

Responding variable: the brightness of the flame

Material

Variables

Controlled / Fixed variable: The amount of the metal and potassium

manganate(VII) powder

Number
Pg.
Title

Laboratory Work 3.7

87

A. The position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals with oxygen

B. Heating carbon dioxide with metals

A. To determine the position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals

B. To determine the ability of a metal to remove oxygen from carbon

dioxide.

Aim

Problem
Statement
Hypothesis

Apparatus

How is the position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals determined?

(I) A reaction occur if carbon is more reactive than the metal

(II) A reaction not occur if carbon is less reactive than the metal

(III) Carbon is placed between aluminium and zinc in the reactivity series
of metals

A. The position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals with oxygen

Crucible / Porcelain dish / Asbestos paper

Spatula

Bunsen burner

Pipe-clay triangle

Tripod stand

B. Heating carbon dioxide with metals

Material

Gas jar

Gas jar cover

A pair of tongs

A. The position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals with oxygen

Carbon powder

Solid copper(II) oxide, CuO

Solid magnesium oxide, MgO

Solid aluminium oxide, Al2O3

Solid zinc oxide, ZnO

B. Heating carbon dioxide with metals

Magnesium ribbon

Gas jar filled with carbon dioxide gas, CO2

Sandpaper

Variables

A.

B.

Manipulated variable: Type of metal oxide

Responding variable: Intensity of flame

Controlled / Fixed variable: Carbon powder

Manipulated variable: Type of metal

Responding variable: Intensity of flame

Controlled / Fixed variable: Carbon dioxide gas and the conditions of

reaction

.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
Apparatus

Laboratory Work 3,8

89
The position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals (Demonstration by
teacher)
To determine the position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals
How is the position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals determined?
Hydrogen is placed between zinc and iron in the reactivity series of metals

Combustion tube

Porcelain dish

Flat-bottomed flask

U-tube

Thistle funnel

Delivery tube

Bunsen burner

Retort stand and clamps

Stopper with 1 hole

Stopper with 2 holes

2.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4

Material

1.0 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution

Zinc granules

Solid copper(II) oxide

Solid zinc oxide

Solid lead(II) oxide

Solid iron(III) oxide

Anhydrous calcium chloride

Manipulated variable: Different types of metal oxides

Responding variable: Intensity of flameControlled / Fixed variable:

Hydrogen gas and the conditions of reaction

Variables

.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Apparatus

Laboratory Work 3.9

95
Oxidation and reduction in electrolytic cells
To investigate oxidation and reduction in electrolytic cellsA. Electrolytic cell
involving molten electrolyteB. Electrolytic cell involving aqueous electrolyte
A. Electrolytic cell involving molten electrolyte

Crucible

Cardboard

Battery

Connecting wire with crocodile clips

Tripod stand

Bunsen burner

Pipe-clay triangle

Carbon electrode

Switch

Ammeter

Light bulb

A pair of tongs

Spatula

B. Electrolytic cell involving aqueous electrolyte

Material

Battery

Connecting wire with crocodile clips

Electrolytic cell

Carbon electrode

Switch

Ammeter

Light bulb

Small test tube

Beaker

A pair of tongs

A. Electrolytic cell involving molten electrolyte

Solid lead(II) bromide, PbBr2

B. Electrolytic cell involving aqueous electrolyte

0.5 mol dm-3 potassium iodide, KI solution

Starch solution

Sandpaper

Wooden splinter

.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Apparatus

Laboratory Work 3.10

97
Oxidation and reduction in chemical cells
To investigate the oxidation and reduction in chemical cells

Porous pot

Voltmeter

Connecting wires with crocodile clips

Beaker

Measuring cylinder

1.0 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution

1.0 mol dm-3 zinc sulphate ZnSO4 solution

Copper strip

Zinc strip

Sandpaper

Material

.
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Apparatus

Laboratory Work 3.10 (Similar experiment)

97
Oxidation and reduction in voltaic cell with a salt bridge
To investigate the oxidation and reduction in chemical cells

Voltmeter

Connecting wires with crocodile clips

100 cm3 beakers

Measuring cylinder

1.0 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution

1.0 mol dm-3 zinc sulphate ZnSO4 solution

1.0 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate Pb(NO3)2 solution

1.0 mol dm-3 iron(II) sulphate FeSO4 solution

Copper plate

Zinc plate

Lead plate

Iron nail

Sandpaper

Saturated potassium chloride, KCl solution

Filter paper strip

Material

hapter 4 Thermochemistry
List of PEKA experiments:
1. Exothermic and endothermic reactions
2. Heat of precipitation
3. Heat of displacement
4. Heat of neutralisation

5. Heat of neutralisation of acids and alkalis of different strength

6. Heat of neutralisation
7. Heats of combustion for alcohols
Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis

Laboratory Work 4.1

101
Exothermic and endothermic reactions
To identify an exothermic or endothermic reaction
How to identify exothermic or endothermic reactions?
Exothermic reaction occurs when the temperature of the reaction mixture
increases.Endothermic reaction occurs when the temperature of the reaction
mixture decreases.

Apparatus

Plastic cup with cover / Polystyrene cup

0 110C thermometer

Spatula

Glass rod

50 cm3 measuring cylinder

Solid sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3

Solid sodium hydroxide, NaOH

Solid ammonium chloride, NH4Cl

Solid ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3

Solid ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4

2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl

Distilled water

Material

Variables

Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Apparatus

Manipulated variable: Pairs of reactants

Responding variable: The temperature change in the reaction mixture

Controlled / Fixed variable: Types of container, volume of solution or

water

Laboratory Work 4.2

104
Heat of precipitation
To determine the heat of precipitation of silver chloride, AgCl

Plastic cup with cover / Polystyrene cup

0 110C thermometer

Glass rod

50 cm3 measuring cylinder

0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution

0.5 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution

Material

Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Apparatus

Laboratory Work 4.3

106
Heat of displacement
To determine the heat of displacement of copper

Plastic cup with cover / Polystyrene cup

0 110C thermometer

Glass rod

50 cm3 measuring cylinder

0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution

Zinc power

Material

Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Apparatus

Laboratory Work 4.4

108
Heat of neutralisation
To determine the heats of neutralisation between strong acids and strong alkalis

Plastic cup with cover / Polystyrene cup

0 110C thermometer

Glass rod

50 cm3 measuring cylinder

2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl

2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution

2.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3

2.0 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide, KOH solution

Material

Number
Pg.
Title

Laboratory Work 4.5

109
Heat of neutralisation of acids and alkalis of different strength

Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis

To determine and compare the heats of neutralisation between acids and alkalis
of different strength
How do the heat of neutralisation for reactions between acids and alkalis of
different strength?
The values of heat of neutralisation for reactions between strong acids and strong
alkalis are higher than that of reactions between strong acids and weak alkalis /
weak acids and strong alkalis or weak acids and weak alkalis.

Apparatus

Plastic cup with cover / Polystyrene cup

0 110C thermometer

Glass rod

50 cm3 measuring cylinder

2.0 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid, CH3COOH

2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl

2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution

2.0 mol dm-3 ammonia, NH3 solution

Manipulated variable: Different strength of acids and alkalis

Responding variable: The value of heat of neutralisation

Controlled / Fixed variable: Volume and concentration of acids used,

volume and concentration of alkalis used.

Material

Variables

Number
Pg.
Title
Aim

Laboratory Work 4.6

110
Heat of neutralisation
To determine and compare the heats of neutralisation between:

Hydrochloric acid (strong acid), HCl and sodium hydroxide (strong base),

NaOH solution

Problem
Statement
Hypothesis

Ethanoic acid (weak acid), CH3COOH and sodium hydroxide (strong

base), NaOH solution

Hydrochloric acid (strong acid), HCl and ammonia (weak base), NH3
solution

Ethanoic acid (weak acid), CH3COOH and ammonia(weak base), NH3

solution

How are the heats of neutralisation determined and compared?

The heat of neutralisation between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide is
higher than the heat of neutralisation between ethanoic acid and ammonia
solution.

Apparatus

50 cm3 burette

25.0 cm3 pipette

Pipette filler

Retort stand and clamps

Plastic cup / Polystyrene cup

250 cm3 beaker

Magnetic stirrer

Magnetic stir bar

Temperature sensor

Computer

Computer interface

Stopwatch

Material

1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl

1.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution

1.0 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid, CH3COOH

1.0 mol dm-3 ammonia, NH3 solution

Manipulated variable: Different types of acids and bases

Responding variable: Heat of neutralisation

Controlled / Fixed variable: Volume and concentration of acid and alkali

used

Variables

Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Problem
Statement
Hypothesis

Experiment 4.1
112
Heats of combustion for alcohols
To determine the heats of combustion for alcohols
Does alcohol with a higher number of carbon atoms per molecule have a higher
heat of combustion?
The higher the number of carbon atoms in the alcohol molecules, the higher is
the heat of combustion.

Apparatus

Copper can

Thermometer

Glass rod / Stirrer

Measuring cylinder

Tripod stand

Spirit lamp

Wooden block

Weighing balance

Wind shield / Asbestos screen

Methanol

Ethanol

Propanol / Prop-1-ol

Butanol / But-1-ol

Water

Manipulated variable: Different types of alcohols

Responding variable: Heat of combustion of alcohol

Controlled / Fixed variable: Volume of water and copper can / metal

container (calorimeter)

Material

Variables

1. Soap preparation process

Number
Pg.
Title
Aim
Apparatus

Laboratory Work 5.1

117
Soap preparation process
To prepare soap using the saponification process

250 cm3 beakers

50 cm3 measuring cylinder

Spatula

Glass rod

Filter funnel

Wire gauze

Tripod stand

Bunsen burner

Wash bottle

Test tube

Palm oil

5.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution

Sodium chloride powder

Filter paper (3 pieces)

Distilled water

Material