The Effect of Performance Appraisal Systems On Employees in Kenya Tea Development Agency: A Survey of Selected Tea Factories in Meru County-Kenya

Research Journal of Finance and Accounting
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online)

Vol 2, No 3, 2011
The Effect of Performance Appraisal Systems on Employees in

Kenya Tea Development Agency: A Survey of Selected Tea
Factories in Meru County-Kenya
Omboi Bernard Messah (corresponding author)

School of Business & Management Studies
Kenya Methodist University
P O box 267-60200, Meru -Kenya
Tel: +254 724770275 E-mail: [email protected]
Shadrack M. Kamencu
P O box 600-60600, Maua Kenya
Tel: +254710459009 e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
At an organizational level, the performance appraisal system impacts other HR systems as well as
organizational strategy. The effectiveness of an organization's performance appraisal system is a
prerequisite for ensuring the success of its selection, training, and employee motivation practices. At a
strategic level, the need for rapid and effective organizational change in today's dynamic social,
economic, and political environment requires that employees continually re-align their performance with
the evolving goals and objectives of the organization. The need to continually re-align performance
characterizes many organizational departments which continue to struggle with getting their members to
embrace the philosophy and practices that are geared at enhancing performance. None of these local and
international studies has focused on the effectiveness of performance appraisal systems in the Kenyan
context.
The purpose of the study is to investigate the effectiveness of performance appraisal systems in Kenya
Tea Development Agency with special focus on, Githongo, Imenti Tea Factory, Kiegoi and Miciimikuru
Tea factories in Meru County in Kenya. This research adopted a descriptive research design where the
population of interest in the selected tea estate were visited. 70 respondents were selected out of
representing a population of 348 possible respondents using stratified random sampling by taking 20% of
the target population in each stratum.
16
www.iiste.org

Vol 2, No 3, 2011
The study used a questionnaire as primary data collection instrument. The questionnaire was administered
through drop and pick method to the officers of the selected departments. Data analysis and Presentation
included analysis of data to summarize the essential features and relationships of data in order to
generalise from the analysis to determine patterns of behaviour and particular outcomes. The content
analysis was used to analyze the respondents views about the effectiveness of performance appraisal.
The quantitative data was then coded to enable the responses to be grouped into various categories.
The research revealed that competence, assessment and development, management by Objectives,
performance based pay and employee training all had an effect on employee Performance in Kenya Tea
Development Agency. However the factors, employee training, Performance based pay, and management
by objectives were the key factors that influenced Employee performance as indicated by the respondents
whereby the rated the three to a great Extent. However, the factor, competence, assessment and
development could not be ignored since it was rated to a moderate extent by the employees an indication
that it also contributed a lot to employee performance. This correlation and multiple regression analysis
also revealed that the factors employee training, Performance based pay, and management by objectives
were the main factors that had an impact on employee performance in KTDA.
Keywords: Performance appraisal; Employees; Promotion; Kenya Tea Development Agency;
Performance based pay.
Abbreviations
HR
Human resource
KTDA
Kenya Tea Development Authority
GOK
Government of Kenya
WB
World Bank
MBO
Management by objectives
IPT
Implicate person theory
USA
United States of America
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
Performance appraisal is one of the most problematic components of human resource (HR) management
(e.g. Allen and Mayfield, 1983). All involved parties supervisors, employees, and HR administrators
typically are dissatisfied with their organization's performance appraisal system (Smith et al., 1996)
and view the appraisal process as either a futile bureaucratic exercise or, worse, a destructive influence on
the employee-supervisor relationship (e.g. Momeyer, 1986). This is certainly true of most organizations,
at least in the USA, wherein surveys typically reveal widespread dissatisfaction with the appraisal process
(Huber, 1983; Walsh, 1986). Despite these indictments, managers are reluctant to abandon performance
appraisal which they still regard as an essential tool of HR management (Meyer, 1991).
17
www.iiste.org

Vol 2, No 3, 2011
Appraisal, according to Smith (2000), involves the identification of cause and effect relationships on
which employment and labour policies are based or can be based and are a routine process that
organizations use to evaluate their employees. It is a systematic assessment that is as objective as possible
of an ongoing programme or policy, its design, implementation and results. Its aim is to appraise the
relevance and fulfillment of objectives, efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability.
Although, performance appraisal itself is often a process that involves documentation and
communication, the tendency in recent years has been to formalize the appraisal process, whereas in years
past, an informal approach with very little record keeping sufficed, now more documentation is required.
Organizations usually formalize part of the process by using a standard form.
Currently, many organisations are implementing or planning to implement, reward and/or recognition
programmes believing that these will help bring about the desired cultural change. In some organisations,
large amounts of money are being invested in these types of activities and some managers are required
specifically to set aside a certain amount from their budgets for this purpose (Denning, 2001). This
rationale is based on the assumption that these types of incentives will encourage employee loyalty, foster
teamwork and ultimately facilitate the development of the desired culture that encourages and supports
knowledge sharing. Others maintain that to encourage knowledge-sharing organisations should design
reward and recognition systems that stimulate sharing of all kinds: goals, tasks, vision as well as
knowledge (Wright, 2004).
One factor that contributes to an effective performance appraisal system entails ensuring that the system
focuses on performance variables as opposed to personal traits (Smither, 1998). Whereas experts disagree
about whether performance should be measured in terms of the results produced by employees (e.g. Kane
et al., 1995) or in terms of work-related behaviors (e.g. Murphy and Cleveland, 1991), they agree that
measuring personal traits has several drawbacks. For example Jankowicz (2004) notes that the validity
and reliability of trait-based performance appraisals is highly suspect because the rater's perceptions of
the traits being assessed are affected by his/her opinions, biases, and experiences that may have little to do
with the particular employee. In addition, appraisals based on personal traits have little value for
providing diagnostic feedback to employees or for designing training and development programs to
ameliorate identified skill deficiencies (Squires and Adler, 1998). Furthermore, based on his review of the
findings from several court cases involving performance appraisal, Malos (1998) concluded that, to be
legally sound, appraisals should be job-related and based on behaviors rather than traits.
For an appraisal system to be effective, employees must believe that they have an opportunity for
meaningful input into the appraisal process (Weick, 2001). Such input may range from having the
opportunity to challenge or rebut the evaluation one receives to judging one's own performance through
self appraisal. Regardless of the nature of employee input, it is clear that giving employees a voice in their
own appraisals enhances the perceived fairness of the appraisal process, which, in turn, increases the
likelihood that employees will accept the appraisal system as a legitimate and constructive means of
gauging their performance contributions. As noted by Gilliland and Langdon (1998), without the
perception of fairness, a system that is designed to appraise, reward, motivate, and develop can actually
have the opposite effect and create frustration and resentment.
1.1.1 Kenya Tea Development Agency
There is tremendous growth of the KTDA from 1964 to 2000 previously a parastatal before being
privatized and acquiring a new status, namely Kenya Tea Development Agency Limited (KTDA LTD)
The Kenya Tea Development Agency Ltd was incorporated on 15th June, 2000 as a private company
under (Cap486) of laws of Kenya becoming one of the largest private tea management Agency. The
Agency manages 54 operational factories in small-scale tea sub-sector in Kenya.
18
www.iiste.org

Vol 2, No 3, 2011
Currently, KTDA ltd tea growing areas are found in the following districts: Kiambu, Thika, Maragwa,
Muranga, Nyeri, Kirinyaga, Meru central, Meru north, Meru south, Embu, Kericho, Bormet, Bureti,
Nandi, Trans-zoia, Gucha, Nyamira, Kisii, Kakamega, Vihiga, Transmara, Nakuru, Mt Elgon, Marakwet,
Keiyo and Rachuonyo.
The agriculture, session paper no 1 of 1999 brought major changes to the tea industry .Its on liberisation
and restructuring of the tea industry. Ideally it brought reforms in the Tea Board of Kenya.
Before the liberisation initiatives, the ministry of Agriculture was charged with the role of decision
making in agriculture and its function spanned the entire sector, leaving little, if any, individual
entrepreneurial decision making in the hands of the farmers. The process of liberisation of the tea Industry
began in 1992 when the GOK and WB (IDA) signed an agreement under public enterprise reform
program covering major parastatals KTDA included.Kenya Tea Development Agency limited was
incorporated on 15th June 2000 as a private company under (cap 486) of laws of Kenya becoming one of
the largest private tea management agency.
The agency currently manages 54 operational factories in small-scale tea sub-sector in Kenya .The agency
currently has 400,000 growers cultivating over 86,000 hectares with an annual green leaf products in
excess of 700 million Kgs about 6,000 per hectares by year 2003. With about 400,000 small-scale tea
growers, economically empowered directly for KTDA Ltd
Tea bonus has remained a key
performance indication in the industry .Its fluctuating rates of payment have remained a bone of
contention for years now.
1.2 Statement of the problem
At an organizational level, the performance appraisal system impacts other HR systems as well as
organizational strategy. Latham and Wexley (2001) assert that the effectiveness of an organization's
performance appraisal system is a prerequisite for ensuring the success of its selection, training, and
employee motivation practices. At a strategic level, the need for rapid and effective organizational change
in today's dynamic social, economic, and political environment requires that employees continually realign their performance with the evolving goals and objectives of the organization (O'Donnell and
Shields, 2002). The need to continually re-align performance characterizes many organizational
departments which continue to struggle with getting their members to embrace the philosophy and
practices that are geared at enhancing performance (Scrivner, 1995; Vinzant and Crothers, 1994). As
noted by Kane et. al. (1995, p. 285), an appraisal system must be considered a major organizational
change effort which should be pursued in the context of improving the organization's effectiveness.
This study therefore, seeks to fill this knowledge gap by investigating the effect of performance appraisal
systems in on employee performance in Kenya tea development agency with special focus on selected tea
factories in Meru County in Kenya.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.3.1 General Objective
The studys main objective was to investigate the effect of performance appraisal systems on employee
performance in Kenya Tea Development Agency with special focus on the selected tea factories in Meru
County in Kenya
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
19
www.iiste.org

Vol 2, No 3, 2011
i.
To investigate the effect of competence assessment and development on the employees performance
in Kenya Tea Development Agency
ii.
To assess the effect of management by objectives on the employee performance in Kenya Tea
Development Agency
iii.
To establish the effect of performance based pay on the employee of performance in Kenya Tea
Development Agency
iv.
To determine the effect of employee training on the employee performance in Kenya Tea
Development Agency
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Theoretical review
Critiques of appraisal have continued as appraisals have increased in use and scope across sectors and
occupations. The dominant critique is the management framework using appraisal as an orthodox
technique that seeks to remedy the weakness and propose of appraisals as a system to develop
performance (Bach, 2005). This orthodox approach argues there are conflicting purposes of appraisal
(Strebler et al., 2001). Appraisal can motivate staff by clarifying objectives and setting clear future
objectives with provision for training and development needs to establish the performance objective.
These conflict with assessing past performance and distribution of rewards based on past performance
(Bach, 2005, p. 301). Employees are reluctant to confide any limitations to and concerns with their
current performance as this could impact on their merit-related reward or promotion opportunities. This
conflicts with performance appraisal as a developmental process as appraisers are challenged with
differing roles as both monitors and judges of performance, and an understanding counselor, which
Randell (1994) argues few managers receive the training to perform. Managerial reluctance to criticize
also stems from classic evidence from McGregor that they are reluctant to make negative judgments on an
individual's performance as it could be de-motivating, leading to appraisee accusations of lack of
managerial support and contribution to an individual's poor performance.
2.1.1 Performance Appraisal
Although often discussed in tandem, the terms rewards programmes and recognition programmes do
refer to different concepts. In general terms rewards programmes come within the overall concept of
compensation strategies which are defined as the deliberate utilisation of the pay system as an essential
integrating mechanism through which the efforts of various sub-units or individuals are directed towards
the achievement of an organisation's strategic objectives (Gomez-Mejia and Balkin, 1992). They are
management tools that hopefully contribute to a firm's effectiveness by influencing individual or group
behaviour (Lawler and Cohen, 1992). All businesses use pay, promotion, bonuses or other types of
rewards to encourage high levels of performance (Cameron and Pierce, 1977).
While recognition is still an important management tool it is slightly different. Usually it is a nonfinancial award given to employees selectively, in appreciation of a high level of behaviour or
accomplishment that is not dependent on achievement against a given target. Recognition can be as
simple as giving someone feedback on what they have done right, or just saying thank-you. It is about
acknowledging effort, commitment and learning, even if the outcomes were not as planned and it is also
about, most importantly, celebrating successes.
It is generally accepted that incentives such as rewards and recognition programmes are used in the belief
that they will reinforce an organisation's values, promote outstanding performance and foster continuous
20
www.iiste.org

Vol 2, No 3, 2011
learning by openly acknowledging role model behaviour and ongoing achievement. Both types are
dependent on managers recognising the subordinates' achievements whether as individuals or as part of
teams.
Lachance (2000, p. 3) has noted that rewards that bind an employee to an organisation have more to do
with the way an employee is treated than any particular pay scheme. She suggests that while people may
come to work for the pay, but they stay at work for many other reasons. Managers need to acknowledge
and manage those other rewarding conditions as part of an overall strategic approach to rewards. Using
the term recognition as the broader term Lachance further noted that the primary reason recognition
works is that fundamentally it is a way to show managers are paying attention and that the power of just
noticing cannot be overestimated. Paying attention does not simply mean handing out money and a
simple thank you goes a long way. A big part of motivating people is giving direction and purpose to
what they do. By recognising accomplishments when they occur can keep enthusiasm going. It is
especially important when a big project is getting underway and the overall goal is a long way off.
Stopping to celebrate the milestones, however informally, keeps people working towards a goal.
Appraisal of any type is often a very subjective process. Prendergast and Topel (1996, p. 960) argue that
accurate and objective measures of an employee's performance are typically unavailable. Instead
performance is gauged from subjective opinions provided by superiors and this subjectivity opens the
door to favouritism where evaluators use their power to reward preferred subordinates beyond their true
performance. The harmful effects of favoritism have two implications for the design of rewards. Incentive
pay for employees will be de-emphasized and favoritism causes organizations to use bureaucratic rules in
pay and promotion decisions.
Barnard (1998) provides a summary of important issues that help ensure a successful reward process.
These are: Rewards can be used effectively to enhance interest and performance; Rewards do not
undermine performance and interest; Verbal rewards lead to greater task interest and performance;
Tangible rewards enhance motivation when they are offered to people for completing work or for
attaining or exceeding specified performance standards; Rewards given for creativity encourage
generalized creativity in other tasks; Reward systems should support the new dynamics of team-based
organizations and reward the right kind of team behaviour and performance; Reward systems should
recognize both the importance of co-operation and the differences in individual performance; Problems
can occur when reward systems stress individual results even though people have worked together in
teams.
2.1.2 Performance appraisal studies in Kenya
It is important that staff appraisals do not become an end in themselves. There must be clear an obvious
expectations that it, non-performers can expect either to separate with the organization or assisted to
develop their weak areas. But how do you deal with the good performers. Performance-related salary
progression is one way to incentives good performers. It involves the movement of an individual form
one step within the grade to the next (also between grades). It is used on recognition of increased value of
the jobholder to the organization and therefore a need to compensate them at a commensurate level.
Performance-related bonuses are often considered a better alternative for rewarding performance. These
are one-off payments and involve any step movements and are not institutionalized. Thus reducing an
organizations risk because the organization is rewarding performance that has already been achieved.
Bonuses also give management greater control over labour costs, and are motivational because they are
based on performance over a specified duration.
Another way of rewarding performance is giving an employee a higher level of responsibility and a
corresponding authority. This is usually common for a staff that have consistently achieved or exceeded
21
www.iiste.org

Vol 2, No 3, 2011
expectations and have the skills required for the higher level. Training would also be provided to expose
staff to new skills which would either enhance their performance or would be needed in performing
higher responsibilities. Other incentives may include, job expansion secondment to parent or sister
companies and commendations such as staff of the year award.
In the 2005 Annual Human Resources Survey launched, it is clear that Kenya Companies continue to
place a premium on staff performance management. In line with the current global trend, organizations
are seeking to retain staffs who achieve set objectives and appraisals are the commonest basis for
performance management. All except one of the organization surveyed this year, for instance indicated
that they carry out formal staff appraisals, with annual appraisals being the commonest method of
appraising staff performance. A significant number of respondents in the survey said they carry out the
formal staff appraisals twice a year. Turning to the approach adopted to appraise staff performance, most
if the surveyed organization this year indicated that they base their staff performance appraisals on predetermined targets and objectives (Clear performance standards) that were agreed with the respective
staff. Hybrid performance systems that combine set performance standards and personal qualities are also
a popular appraisal system with nearly 40% of respondents reporting they applied it. Some respondents
indicated they use more than one appraisal system. A survey of performance based compensation
schemes in companies listed at the stock exchange found out that there was a complete absence of share
ownership schemes and stock options and therefore companies faced difficulties in aligning compensation
with performance. Salary does not depend on performance. Most companies considered experience, of the
employees as well as education background when setting compensation scheme. The performance of a
company influenced the schemes that the companies applied to compensate their employees with only a
small number combining both salaries and bonuses Kiarie (2005) conclude therefore that performance is
not a major factor while settling compensation schemes for most quoted companies in Kenya
2.2 Underlying theories
2.2.1 Justice theory
More recently, Roch and Shanock (2006) used exchange theory to incorporate all four justice dimensions
into one theoretical framework. They found that procedural, interactional, interpersonal, and
informational justice were related to social relationships, either with the organization (i.e. procedural
justice) or with the supervisor (i.e. interactional, interpersonal, and informational justice), whereas
distributive justice is related more to an economic exchange relationship. In the current study, we draw
upon this integrative framework and apply it specifically to a performance appraisal context. This
conceptualization may hold the key to explaining employees' perceptions of fairness concerning their
performance appraisals and appraisal systems. Below we discuss relevant performance appraisal literature
pertaining to each of the four justice dimensions.
Procedural justice perceptions; According to Rosenzweig and Nohria, (1994) model, judgments will
depend on the relative weighting of the perceived fairness of the structural components of the
performance appraisal procedure. Three specific procedures have shown prominence in the performance
appraisal research (assigning raters, setting criteria and seeking appeals). Folger et al. (1992) and the
subsequent empirical work by Taylor et al. (1995) emphasized the importance of setting criteria and
seeking appeals. Silverman and Wexley (1984) found that participation in construction of behaviorally
anchored rating scales led to favorable perceptions regarding the performance appraisal interview process
and outcomes. Stratton (1988), found that perceptions of appeal procedures were positively related to
evaluations of supervisors, trust in management, and job satisfaction.
Distributive justice perception; Distributive justice is deeply rooted in the research of the original equity
theorists. There are two types of structural forces associated with the distributive justice of a performance
appraisal as an outcome. The first type is decision norms (e.g. equity). Receivers of distributions
22
www.iiste.org

Vol 2, No 3, 2011
structured to conform to existing social norms, like equity, typically believe that the distributions are fair.
Raters, however, may also feel driven to develop appraisals that conform to other distribution norms such
as equality, need, or social status which may seem unfair to those being rated (Leventhal, 1980). The
second type of structural force relates to the personal goals of the rater (e.g. to motivate, teach, avoid
conflict or gain personal favor). Whether employees consider a particular appraisal as fair or unfair can
depend on their perceptions of the rater's goals. Employees may consider an appraisal as fair if they
perceive that the evaluator is trying to motivate them, improve their performance or expand their
perceptions of their own capabilities. Goals that may not be perceived as fair can include conflict
avoidance, favoritism and politics.
Interpersonal justice perceptions; Interpersonal justice concerns fairness perceptions that relate to the
way the rater treats the person being evaluated. Greenberg (1986a) provided evidence that individuals are
highly influenced by the sensitivity they are shown by their supervisors and other representatives within
the organization. This is especially true when raters show concern for individuals regarding the outcomes
they receive. Specifically, Greenberg found that apologies and other expressions of remorse by raters
have been shown to mitigate ratees' perceptions of unfairness.
Informational justice perceptions; Informational justice concerns fairness perceptions based on the
clarification of performance expectations and standards, feedback received, and explanation and
justification of decisions. Like procedural justice, the focus is on the events which precede the
determination of the outcome, but for informational justice, the perceptions are socially rather than
structurally determined. Information about procedures can take the form of honest, sincere and logical
explanations and justifications of any component of the allocation process. In the context of performance
appraisals the most common interactions will involve the setting of performance goals and standards,
routine feedback, and explanations during the performance appraisal interview.
2.2.2 Implicit Person Theory
Dweck (1986) defined implicit theories as lay beliefs about the malleability of personal attributes (e.g.,
ability and personality) that affect behavior. A prototypical entity implicit theory assumes that personal
attributes are largely a fixed entity, whereas an incremental implicit theory assumes that personal
attributes are relatively malleable.
Implicit theory research, conducted with children and students by educational and social psychologists
(Kamins & Dweck, 1999), has focused largely on the motivational implications of holding a primarily
entity or incremental implicit theory. Within an organizational context, several studies have examined
how implicit theories of ability influence aspects of self-regulation including the goals that people set
(e.g., Wood & Bandura, 1989), their level of self-efficacy (e.g., Martocchio, 1994), the resilience of their
self-efficacy following setbacks (e.g., Wood & Bandura, 1989), and their performance on complex
decision-making tasks (e.g., Tabernero & Wood, 1999). However, no published studies, to our
knowledge, have examined the effect of managers implicit theories on their judgments of others.
Implicit theories can be domain specific, pertaining particularly to areas such as ability, morality, or
personality. Chiu, Hong, and Dweck (1997) argued, however, that judgments about others are more likely
to be influenced by a persons implicit person theory (IPT), that is, his or her domain-general implicit
beliefs about the malleability of the personal attributes (e.g., ability and personality) that define the type
of person that someone is, as well as how he or she behaves.
In the present series of studies we investigated the potential role of IPT in the revision of a managers
performance appraisal judgments. This is an important issue in organizational psychology because failure
by managers to recognize a significant decrease in the performance of a medical surgeon, a paramedic, a
security guard, an airline pilot, or a nuclear power plant operator, for example, could be catastrophic.
23
www.iiste.org

Vol 2, No 3, 2011
Similarly, failure to acknowledge a significant improvement in the behavior of an employee can lead to
employee frustration, resentment, and withdrawal.
2.2.3 Equity Theory
The pay-for-performance effect is clearly rooted in the equity theory that emphasizes employees'
perception of fairness. According to the theory, employees will perceive a practice to be fair or equitable
when their input-output ratio is equal to that of a referent. When paid in accordance to individual
performance, it is likely that employees perceive fairness or justice in the ratio. Studies have shown that a
rating based on individual performance and a salary based on the rating tend to enhance employee
perceptions of distributive justice (Campbell et al., 1998; Greenberg, 1996).
It is true that the equity aspect has been largely ignored in collectivistic cultures such as Korea, in which
pay-for-performance was rarely utilized. As described, however, recent changes in the compensation
techniques of Korean companies toward an ability/performance basis are quite notable. Despite the
suspicions that the technique conflicts with the traditional cultural value of the country, an increased
number of companies have used it as the preferred remedy to enhance flexibility and productivity.
2.2.4 Social Justice Theory
The organizational justice literature provides a robust framework for explaining and improving
perceptions about performance appraisals. Organizational justice is deeply rooted in social exchange
theory. Social exchange theories make two basic assumptions about human behavior (Mowday, 1991):
social relationships are viewed as exchange processes in which people make contributions for which they
expect certain outcomes; and, individuals evaluate the fairness of these exchanges using information
gained through social interactions.
The original version of social justice theory suggested that social exchanges were perceived as fair when
people sensed that their contributions were in balance with their rewards (Adams, 1963). This equity
theory later became known as the distributive form of organizational justice because it involved the
allocation or distribution of outcomes (Greenberg, 1990). Subsequent research discovered that individuals
would accept a certain amount of injustice in outcome distributions as long as they perceived that the
procedures that led up to those outcomes were fair (Cropanzano and Folger, 1991). Procedural justice
describes the phenomena of perceived fairness in the allocation process. Leventhal (1980) identified
seven procedural categories that individuals can use in order to determine the fairness of organizational
processes. These include procedures for selecting agents, setting ground rules, collecting information,
making decisions, appealing decisions, safeguarding employee rights, and changing procedures. An
individual's awareness of unfair practices in any one of the seven factors can lead to perceptions of
injustice. Since the publication of Leventhal's model, researchers have clearly demonstrated the existence
of two justice factors: a distributive factor associated with the fairness of distribution of outcomes, and a
procedural factor associated with the fairness of the means used to determine the outcomes.
3.0 Methodology
3.1 Research design
Descriptive research design was used in cases where researcher expected to have target group explain or
describe certain issues about important variables of the study. This research adopted a descriptive
research design where the population of interest in Githongo tea factory, Imenti Tea Factory, Kiegoi tea
factory and Miciimikuru Tea factory were visited. The design was deemed appropriate because the main
interest was to explore the viable relationship and describe how the factors that supported matters under
investigation. Descriptive design method provided quantitative data from cross section of the chosen
population.
24
www.iiste.org

Vol 2, No 3, 2011
3.2 Target population

The target population of this study was the staff working in the four selected tea factories in Meru
County. The population characteristic was as summarized in the table 3.2.
3.3 Sampling design
From the above population of 348 each group beard to the population as a whole which was taken using
stratified random sampling which gives each item in the population an equal probability of being selected.
For this study, 70 respondents were selected representing a population of 348 possible respondents using
stratified random sampling by taking 20% of the target population in each stratum. Random selection was
determined objectively by means of random number tables. This was so because most of the staff
members were aware of the information required by the study and selection of 20% is considered
representative of each stratum, cheaper and cost effective beside the limited time the analysis was to be
done .See table 3.3.
3.4 Data collection
The questionnaire was the primary data collection instrument. The questionnaire was administered
through drop and pick method to the officers of the selected departments. The questions were designed to
collect qualitative and quantitative data
3.5 Data analysis and presentation
This included analysis of data to summarize the essential features and relationships of data in order to
generalise from the analysis to determine patterns of behaviour and particular outcomes. Before
processing the responses, the completed questionnaires were edited for completeness and consistency. A
content analysis and descriptive analysis was employed. The content analysis was used to analyze the
respondents views about the effect of performance appraisal. Data was grouped into frequency
distribution to indicate variable values and number of occurrences in terms of frequency. Frequency
distribution table was an informative to summarize the data from respondents. The organized data was
interpreted on account of concurrence and standard deviation to objectives using a computer package
SPSS.
In addition, the researcher used correlation analysis and a multiple regression analysis so as to determine
the relationship between Employee Performance (E.P) (dependent variable) and the variables (which were
the performance appraisal systems), namely; Competence, assessment and development, management by
objectives, performance based pay and employee training (which were the independent variables) in the
companies. The multiple regression was:
E.P = ao + ax1 + bx2 + cx3 + dx4 + e
E.P = Employee Performance
Where ao = constant
a, b, c and d= Regression coefficients
x1= Competence, assessment, and development
x2= Management by objectives
x3= Performance based pay
25
www.iiste.org

Vol 2, No 3, 2011
x4= Employee training

e= Error term
4.0 Findings
The following were the main findings of the study objective wise;
4.1: Effect of competence, assessment and development on employee performance in KTDA
The entire study targeted at evaluating the effect of performance appraisal systems on employees
performance in the selected tea factories in Meru County in Kenya. The research revealed that
competence, assessment and development affected employee performance to a moderate extent as
indicated by 56.9% of the respondents. There were also a number of number of statements on
competence, assessment and development that enhanced employee performance as indicated by the
respondents. The main statements were; Competence assessment and development is seen, by both staff
and management, as a mechanism for identifying people with promotion potential and Competence
assessment and development at the firm emphasizes on integrating individuals aspirations and abilities
with organizational goals.
4.2: Effect of management by objectives on the employee performance in KTDA
The research revealed that management by objectives enhanced the performance of the tea estate to a
great extent with an indication of 67.5% of the respondents. The researcher also sought to know the extent
to which a number of factors of management by objectives affected performance.
These factors included; a climate of achievement is generated by mutual trust and goal setting between
the employee and his immediate manager at the estate, A successful program with the communication
necessary to achieve desired results requires commitment and dedication, One of the major contributions
of management by objectives is that it enables the firm to substitute management by self-control for
management by domination, The MBO approach overcomes some of the problems that arise as a result of
assuming that the employee traits needed for job success can be reliably identified and measured, Instead
of assuming traits, the MBO method concentrates on actual outcomes, If the employee meets or exceeds
the set objectives, then he or she has demonstrated an acceptable level of job performance, Employees are
judged according to real outcomes, and not on their potential for success, or on someone's subjective
opinion of their abilities, The guiding principle of the MBO approach is that direct results can be
observed, whereas the traits and attributes of employees (which may or may not contribute to
performance) must be guessed at or inferred, The MBO method recognizes the fact that it is difficult to
neatly dissect all the complex and varied elements that go to make up employee performance and MBO
advocates claim that the performance of employees cannot be broken up into so many constituent parts as one might take apart an engine to study it. The research revealed that, the statements; one of the major
contributions of management by objectives is that it enables the firm to substitute management by selfcontrol for management by domination, and was the main effects of management by objectives on the
performance of the tea estimates.
4.3: Effect of performance based pay on the employee performance in KTDA
The study also revealed that performance based pay affected employee performance to a great extent with
a 46.1% of the respondents indication. The researcher was interested by the extent to which a number of
factors of performance based pay enhanced the performance of the tea estate. The researcher put several
factors to test which included; Satisfaction of employees and supervisor/organization, Appraisal process,
Evaluation of employees for reward purposes, Frank communication of appraisals and Wage and salary
reviews. Of these factors, the factors; wage and salary reviews, Evaluation of employees for reward
26
www.iiste.org

Vol 2, No 3, 2011
purposes and appraisal process were the main factors of performance based pay that enhanced the
performance of the tea estate as revealed by the research. In addition the statements; The appraisal
process in this organization is directly linked to rewards, Performance based pay increases employee
motivation in the organization, and Merit rises and bonuses are decided arbitrarily by supervisors and
managers were the main factors of performance based pay that influenced the effectiveness of
performance appraisal systems in the organizations as revealed by the research.
4.4: Effect of employee training on the employee performance in KTDA
The research revealed that employee training enhanced the performance of the estates to a great extent
with a 45.7% of the respondents indication. The researcher also wanted to know the extent to which the
factors; Training programs, Frequency of training, Effectiveness of training methods, Form of training
methods/approaches and Required knowledge/objectives affected the effectiveness of the performance
appraisal in the organizations. The research revealed that all these factors influenced the effectiveness of
the performance appraisal in the organizations to a moderate extent.
4.5 Correlation and regression analysis:
The researchers wanted to find out the relationship between the employee performance (EP) which was
the dependent variable and the independent variables which were; competence, assessment and
development, management by objectives, performance based pay, and employee training. The
researchers also sought to know the effect of the independent variables (i.e. performance appraisal
systems) namely; competence, assessment and development, management by objectives, performance
based pay, and employee training on the dependent variable; employee performance (EP) by using the
multiple regression analysis.
4.5.1: Correlation analysis
The correlation coefficients were obtained see table 4.5.1
Table 4.5.1, shows the correlation coefficients that gave the measure of the relationship between the
dependent variable (Employee performance (E.P)) and the independent variables, which were;
Competence, Assessment, and Development (X1), Management by objectives (X2), Performance based
pay (X3), Employee training (X4). From table 4.7 there was a low positive correlation (relationship)
between employee performance and Competence, Assessment, and Development (X 1) with a correlation
coefficient of 0.389. The relationship between employee performance and Management by objectives
(X2) high, with a correlation coefficient of 0.603; the correlation between employee performance and
Performance based pay (X3) was also high with a correlation coefficient of 0.548. There was also a high
positive correlation between employee performance and employee training with a correlation coefficient
of 0.734. From the study the researchers deduced that the variables management by objectives,
performance based pay, and employee training were the main variables that affected employee
performance.
4.5.2: Regression analysis
The multiple regression equation was:
E.P = ao + ax1 + bx2 + cx3 + dx4 + e
E.P = Employee Performance
Where ao = constant
a, b, c and d= Regression coefficients
x1= Competence, assessment, and development
27
www.iiste.org

Vol 2, No 3, 2011
x2= Management by objectives

x3= Performance based pay
x4= Employee training
e= Error term
The estimate multiple regression model is given by; E.P = ao + ax1 + bx2 + cx3 + dx4
The coefficients of the model were obtained using SPSS version 17 and they are as follows; a o = 0.482,
a=0.034 b = 0.738, c = 0.581, and d= 0.884. Thus, the estimated multiple regression equation is;
EP = 0.482 + 0.034X1 + 0.738X2 + 0.581X3 + 0.884X4
From the multiple regression equation the researchers deduced that the variables; management by
objectives, performance based pay, and employee training had the greatest effect on the employee
performance while the variables competence, assessment and development also had an effect on the
employee performance though the effect could not be compared to the other three performance appraisal
systems (i.e. management by objectives, performance based pay, and employee training) which had quite
high effect to employee performance.
4.5.3: The coefficient of determination:
The coefficient of determination obtained was 0.672 (67.2%) which is commonly referred to as the value
of R square, (
). This value of R square, (
) is the proportion of variation associated to the
independent variables (performance appraisal systems). Thus from the value obtained from this research
the researchers deduced that the proportion of variation associated to the independent variables had a
large effect since the value is greater than 50%.
4.6 Conclusions
The study revealed that competence, assessment and development, management by objectives,
performance based pay and employee training all affected employee performance in Kenya Tea
Development Agency. However the factors, employee training, performance based pay, and management
by objectives were the key factors that influenced employee performance as indicated by the respondents
whereby the rated the three to a great extent. However, the factor, competence, assessment and
development could not be ignored since it was rated to a moderate extent by the employees and indication
that it also contributed a lot to employee performance.
Also, from correlation analysis and the multiple regression analysis, the performance appraisal systems
namely; management by objectives, performance based pay and employee training has the largest effect
on employee performance. The factor; competence, assessment and development also had a positive
effect on employee performance as indicated by the positive correlation coefficient of 0.389.
The value of the coefficient of determination obtained which was 67.2% indicated that proportion of
variation associated to the independent variables had a large effect since the value is greater than 50%.
This was an indication that all the independent variables (competence, assessment and development,
management by objectives, performance based pay and employee training) had a large effect on the
dependent variable, which was the employee performance (E.P).
4.7: Recommendations
This study recommends that;
28
www.iiste.org

Vol 2, No 3, 2011
Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA) should take initiative to give proper training to all its
employees in order to improve the performance in the tea factories in all the the departments.
To improve efficiency in the factories the Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA) should adopt the
system of Performance based pay on all its employees.
Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA) should also take proper consideration of competence,
assessment and development of the employees that are working within and out of the tea factories.
In addition the company should adopt management by objectives in order to improve performance of its
employees.
REFERENCES
Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (1996), Employee Appraisal, Advisory, Conciliation and
Arbitration Service, London.
Alice W. Richu (2007) A Survey Of Teachers Perception Of Performance Appraisal Practices In Public
Secondary Schools In Nakuru District. Unpublished MBA project, University of Nairobi
Armstrong, M., Baron, A. (2005), Managing Performance: Performance Management in Action,
Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, London.
Bach, S. (2005), "New directions in performance management", in Bach, S. (Eds), Managing Human
Resources: Personnel Management in Transition, Blackwell, Oxford.
Bach, S., Sisson, K. (Eds) (2000), Managing Human Resources: A Comprehensive Guide to Theory and
Practice, Blackwell, Oxford.
Campbell, D., Campbell, K., Chia, H. (1998), "Merit pay, performance appraisal, and individual
motivation: an analysis and alternative", Human Resource Management, Vol. 37 pp.131-46.
Chang, E. (2001), "Individual performance based compensation in Korean companies: in the context of
commitment HR bundles", paper presented at the Academy conference. Washington, DC.
Chang, E. (2002), "Distributive justice and organizational commitment revisited: moderation by layoff in
the case of Korean employees", Human Resource Management, Vol. 41 pp.261-70.
Deci, E.L. (1971), "Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation", Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, Vol. 18 pp.105-15.
Denning, S. (2001), "Incentives for knowledge management", Incentives for Knowledge Management
Incentives
for
Knowledge
Sharing
2000,
available
at:
www.stevedening.com/incentives_knowledge_management.html (accessed 27 February 2010).
Dweck, (1999) "Rewards, interest and performance: an evaluation of experimental findings", American
Compensation
Association
Journal,
available
at:
http://zigonperf.com/PMNews/reward_and_perf_research.html (accessed 19 February 2010), Vol. 6 No.4.
29
www.iiste.org

Vol 2, No 3, 2011
Folger, R., Konovsky, M., Cropanzano, R. (2002), "A due process metaphor for performance appraisal",
in Staw, B.M., Cummings, L.L. (Eds),Research in Organizational Behavior, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT,
Vol. 14 pp.129-77.
Geddes, D., Konrad, A. (2003), "Demographic differences and reactions to performance appraisal",
Human Relations, Vol. 56 No.12, pp.1485-513
Gilliland, S.W, Langdon, J.C. (1998), "Creating performance management systems that promote
perceptions of fairness", in Smither, J.W. (Eds), Performance Appraisal: State of the Art in Practice,
Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
Giuliani, R. (2002), Leadership, Little Brown & Co., Boston, MA.
Hauenstein, N.M.A. (1998), "Training raters to increase the accuracy of appraisals and the usefulness of
feedback", in Smither, J.W. (Eds), Performance Appraisal: State of the Art in Practice, Jossey-Bass, San
Francisco, CA, pp.404-42.
Huber, V.L. (1983), "An analysis of performance appraisal practices in the public sector: a review and
recommendations", Public Personnel Management Journal, Vol. 12 pp.258-67.
Jankowicz, A.D. (2004), the Easy Guide to Repertory Grids, John Wiley & Sons, Chiche
Jematia Anne Tuitoek (2008) Performance Appraisal Practices Among Mass Media Houses In Kenya.
Unpublished MBA project, University of Nairobi.
Kane, J.S., Russell, J.E.A. (1998), "Performance appraisal and management", in Bernardin, H.J., Russell,
J.E.A. (Eds), Human Resource Management: An Experiential Approach, Irwin/McGraw-Hill, Burr Ridge,
IL, pp.237-72.
Lachance, J.R. (2000), "International Symposium of the International Personnel Management
Association", Public Personnel Management, Vol. 29 No.3, pp.305-13.
Latham, G.P., Wexley, K.N. (2001), Increasing Productivity Through Performance Appraisal, AddisonWesley, Reading, MA.
Makinson, J. (2000), Incentives for Change: Rewarding Performance in National Government Networks,
Public Services Productivity Panel, HM Treasury, London.
Malos, S.B. (1998), "Current legal issues in performance appraisal", in Smither, J.W. (Eds), Performance
Appraisal: State of the Art in Practice, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, pp.537-47.
Marsden, D. (2007), "Pay and rewards in public services: fairness and equity", in Dibben, P., James, P.,
Roper, I., Wood, G. (Eds),Modernising Work in Public Services: Redefining Roles and Relationships in
Britain's Changing Workplace, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, .
Marsden, D., French, S. (1998), What a Performance! Performance Related Pay in the Public Services,
Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, London,
CEPSP10.
O'Donnell, M., Shields, J. (2002), "Performance management and the psychological contract in the
Australian federal public sector", Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 44 No.3, pp.435-57.
30
www.iiste.org

Vol 2, No 3, 2011
Owuor Millicent (2005) The Implementation Process Of Performance Appraisal In Large Manufacturing
Firms In Nairobi. Unpublished MBA project, University of Nairobi.
Prendergast, C., Topel, R.H. (1996), "Favoritism in organizations", Journal of Political Economy, Vol.
104 No.5, pp.958-78
Randell, G.A. (1994), "Employee appraisal", in Sisson, K. (Eds), Personnel Management: A
Comprehensive Guide to Theory and Practice in Britain, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford, pp.221-52.
Scrivner, E.M. (1995), "Community policing: new roles for police psychology", in Kurke, M.I., Scrivner,
E.M. (Eds), Police Psychology Into the 21st Century, Earlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp.419-33.
Silverman and Wexley (1984) "Beyond seniority-based systems: a paradigm shift in Korean HRM? Asia
Pacific Business Review, Vol. 3 pp.82-110.
Smith, H.J. (2000), "The reliability and validity of structural measures derived from repertory grids",
Journal of Constructivist Psychology, Vol. 13 pp.221-30
Smith, M. (1987), "Feedback as a performance management technique", Management Solutions, Vol. 32
pp.20-9
Smither, J.W. (1998), "Lessons learned: research implications for performance appraisal and management
practice", in Smither, J.W. (Eds), Performance Appraisal: State of the Art in Practice, Jossey-Bass, San
Francisco, CA, pp.537-47.
Squires, P., Adler, S. (1998), "Linking appraisals to individual development and training", in Smither,
J.W. (Eds), Performance Appraisal: State of the Art in Practice, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, pp.44595.
Starcher, R. (1992), "Mismatched management techniques", Quality Progress, Vol. 25 No.12, pp.49-52.
Taylor, S., Beechler, S. (1995), "Human resources management system integration and adaptation in
multinational firms", Advances in International Comparative Management, Vol. 8 pp.115-74.
Townley, B. (1999), "Practical reason and performance appraisal", Journal of Management Studies, Vol.
36 No.3, pp.287-306.
Villanova, P., Bernardin, H.J., Dahmus, S., Sims, R. (1993), "Rater leniency and performance appraisal
discomfort", Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 53 pp.789-99.
Vinzant, J., Crothers, L. (1994), "Street-level leadership: the role of patrol officers in community
policing", Criminal Justice Review, Vol. 19 pp.189-211.
Walker, A.G., Smither, J.W. (1999), "A five-year study of upward feedback: what managers do with their
results matters", Personnel Psychology, Vol. 52 No.2, pp.393-423.
Walsh, W.F. (1986), "Performance evaluation in small and medium police departments: a supervisory
perspective", American Journal of Police, Vol. 5 pp.91-109.
31
www.iiste.org

Vol 2, No 3, 2011
Figure 2.2
2.2.5 Theoretical Framework
Justice Theory
Implicit Person Theory
Employee
performance
Equity Theory
Social Justice Theory
Independent Variables
Dependent Variable
Source: Authors 2011

Figure 2.3
2.3.2 Conceptual framework
Competence assessment and

development
Management by objectives
Employee performance
Performance based pay
Employee training
Independent Variables
Dependent Variables
32
www.iiste.org

Vol 2, No 3, 2011
Source: Authors, 2011

Table 3.2: Target Population
TEA FACTORY
SECTIONS
POPULATION
Githongo tea factory
Top Management
15
Middle level management
17
Lower level management
35
Other staff
51
Top management
15
20
22
Other staff
25
Top management
19
20
Other staff
31
Top management
16
23
Other staff
26
Imenti factory
Miciimikuru Tea factory
Kiegoi tea factory

Table 3.3: Sample of the Study
Tea factory
Sections
Ratio Target population Sample

population
Githongo Tea Factory
Top management
0.2
15
Middle level management 0.2
17
0.2
35
Other staff
0.2
51
10
33
www.iiste.org

Vol 2, No 3, 2011
Imenti Tea Factory
Top management
0.2
15
20
0.2
22
Other staff
0.2
25
0.2
middle level management
0.2
19
lower level management
0.2
20
other staff
0.2
31
Top management
0.2
16
0.2
23
Other staff
0.2
26
Miciimikuru Tea Factory Top management
Kiegoi Tea Factory
348
70

Table 4.5.1: Correlation coefficients
Competence, Assessment,
and Development
(X1)
Employee
0.389
Performance (E.P)
Source; Research data
Management
objectives
(X2)
0.603
34
by Performance
based pay
(X3)
0.548
Employee
training
(X4)
0.734
This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTEs homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. Prospective authors of
IISTE journals can find the submission instruction on the following page:
http://www.iiste.org/Journals/
The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified
submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the
readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than
those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the
journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar

The Effect of Performance Appraisal Systems On Employees in Kenya Tea Development Agency: A Survey of Selected Tea Factories in Meru County-Kenya

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Effect of Performance Appraisal Systems On Employees in Kenya Tea Development Agency: A Survey of Selected Tea Factories in Meru County-Kenya

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Effect of Performance Appraisal Systems On Employees in Kenya Tea Development Agency: A Survey of Selected Tea Factories in Meru County-Kenya

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Research Journal of Finance and Accounting

ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online)