Mechanics

(Statics)
By:
John Ryan D. Regalario

Mechanics
Is the oldest branch of physics. It deals with the
study of the bodies and systems and the
forces acting on them. This is traditionally
divided into two namely: statics and
dynamics.

Statics
Statics
-the study of bodies at rest or in equilibrium.

Physical Quantities in Mechanics

Scalar Quantity is a quantity that has
magnitude only.e.g. speed, distance, volume,
current, etc
Vector Quantity is a quantity that has
magnitude and direction.e.g. force gravity,
displacement, acceleration, momentum,
velocity, etc

Operations of Vectors
Addition:
A+B=B+A
Subtraction:
AB=AB
Multiplication:
Dot product: AB = Abcos
Cross product: AxB = ABsin*n

Operations of Vectors
The magnitude of a

a a a2
2
1

The angle with respect to horizontal

a2
tan
a1
1

Vector in Space
The magnitude of a

a ax ay az
2

Problem #1
A boat can travel 8mi/hr in still water. Water is
the velocity with respect to the shore if it
heads 35o E of N?
a. 6.743
b. 8.963
c. 5.400
d. 4.588

Problem #2
Find the length of the vector (2,4,4).
a. 7.00
b. 8.75
c. 6.00
d. 5.18

Problem #3
Three forces 20N, 30N and 40N are in
equilibrium. Find the angle between the 30N
and 40N.
a. 28.96o
b. 40o
c. 25.97o
d. 30o1525

Force
Is any influence that tends to change the state
(at rest or in motion) of the body
Collinear Forces are force that act on the same
line of action.

Parallel Force
Parallel Forces
are forces that are of the same angle to one
another.

Couple Force
Couple
is a part of parallel forces of the same
magnitude but opposite in direction

Frictional Force
Frictional force
a force that always acts in opposite direction
to the applied force.

Coplanar Force
Coplanar Forces
are forces lying on a same plane.

Concurrent Force
Concurrent Forces
are forces that meet in a common point.

Non-Concurrent Force
Non-concurrent Forces
are forces that do not meet in one common
point.

Conditions for Equilibrium

Static Equilibrium
is the state of the body where when at rest it
will remain at rest. The resultant of the body
in the state of equilibrium is zero.

Conditions for Equilibrium

Graphical Condition
the forces(vectors) closed a polygon. In the
state of equilibrium, there is no closing vector
needed to close the polygon, thus; the
resultant is zero.

Conditions for Equilibrium

Directional Condition Three or more forces
(vectors) are said to be in equilibrium if and
only if these forces meet in one common
point.

Conditions for Equilibrium

Analytical Condition
Forces (vectors) in equilibrium must satisfy the
three given conditions:
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
M =0

Problem #4
Two forces of 30N at 90o and 40N at 180o act at
the origin. Determine the magnitude and
direction of the equilibrant force.
a. 50N @ 143o
b. 50N @ 53o
c. 50N @ 323o
d. 50N @ 470o

Problem #5
A load of 100lbs is hung from the middle of the
rope which is stretched between two rigid wall
30ft apart. Due to the load, the load sags 4ft
in the middle. Determine the tension in the
rope.
a. 165lbs
b. 173lbs
c. 194lbs
d. 149lbs

Problem #6
A block weighing 500kN on a ramp inclined at
25o with the horizontal. The force tending to
move the block down the ramp is
a. 121kN
b. 265kN
c. 211kN
d. 450kN

Friction
Is the force that arises to oppose the motion or impending motion of
two bodies in contact.
Static Friction
is the force between two stationary surfaces in contact that
prevents motion between them
Dynamic/Kinetic friction
occurs when there is relative(sliding) motion at the interface of the
surfaces in contact.

Rolling Friction occurs when one surface rotates as it moves over the
another surface but does not slip at the point of contact.

Friction

Belt Friction

T1 = tight side tension

T2 = slack side tension
= coefficient of friction
2 1 = angle of contact

Problem #7
A 5.0kg object is pulled over a rough horizontal
surface by a 100N force directed at an angle of
14o with respect to the surface. If the
coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.40, find the
acceleration of the object.
a. 16 m/s2
b. 17 m/s2
c. 18 m/s2
d. 19 m/s2

Problem #8
A 10kg block sits on a flat surface whose
coefficient of static friction is 0.60 and whose
coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.40.
(a) What horizontal force is required to get the
block to move?
(b) If we continue to apply the same force as
in part (a), what will the blocks acceleration
be?
Ans: (a) 58.86N; (b) 1.96 m/s2

Problem #9
The tension in the pulley is 110 N when stationary.
Calculate the tension in each side and the power
transmitted when the belt is on the point of
slipping on the smaller wheel. The wheel is 240
mm diameter and the coefficient of friction is
0.32. The angle of lap is 165. The wheel speed is
1500 rev/min
a) F1 = 140 N , F2= 60 N , P= 1,500 W
b) F1 = 157 N , F2= 62 N , P= 1,786 W
c) F1 = 130 N , F2= 70 N , P= 1,632 W
d) F1 = 120 N , F2= 50 N , P= 1,720 W

Parabolic Cable
The loading is uniformly distributed horizontally
and the span-to-sag ratio is greater than 10.
Where:
T = tension at the support
H = tension at the lowest point
W = intensity of load
d = sag
L = distance between supports or span

Parabolic Cable
Symmetrical Support:
Tension at the supports:
2

WL
2
T

2
The tension at the lowest point:
WL2
H
8d
Length of cable:
8d 2 32d 4
S L

3L 5L3

Parabolic Cable
Non-Symmetrical Support:
Tension at the supports
TA Wx12 H 2
TB Wx 2 2 H 2
Tension at the lowest point
Wx12
H
2d1
Wx 2 2
H
2d 2
Length of cable:
S S1 S2

Problem #10
A suspension bridge is built with its cable
hanging between two vertical towers in the
form of a parabola. The towers are 400ft and
rise 100ft above the horizontal roadway, while
the center point of the cable is 10ft above the
roadway. Find the length of the cable.
a. 744.44ft
b. 474.44ft
c. 444.74ft
d. 447.44ft

Catenary
If the loading is uniformly distributed along the
length of the cable and the span-to-sag ratio is
lesser than or equal to 10.

Catenary
For Symmetrical Supports:
1. Tension at the supports: T = Wy
2. Tension at the lowest point: H = Wc
3. Half length of the cable: S = y c
4. Distance between the supports: L = 2x
Note:
y = c*cosh(x/c)
S = c*sinh(x/c)
x = c*ln[(S + y)/c]

Problem #11
A cable 800m long weighing 1.5kg/m has
tension of 750kg at its ends. Compute the sag
of the cable.
a. 200m
b. 100m
c. 150m
d. 50m

Centroid
Or Center of Gravity is the point where the
weight of the body is concentrated, and the
point object will not to rotate nor tend to
rotate.

Moment of Inertia
Inertia
is the natural tendency of an object to remain
at rest or in motion, to continue moving at
constant speed
Moment or Torque
is the cross product of force and the
perpendicular distance to which the force is
applied
M = Fr

Parallel Axis Theorem

(also known as Transfer Axes Inertia) of the body at a
certain axis is equal to the sum of the moment of
inertia with respect to the centroidal-axis parallel to it,
and the product of the area and the square of the
shortest distance between the two parallel axes
Ix = Ix0 + Ad
where:
Ix0 = centroidal moment of inertia
A = area
d = distance

Problem #12
What is the moment of inertia of a cylinder of
radius 5m and mass of 5kg?
a. 62.5 kg-m/s2
b. 80 kg-m/s2
c. 72.5 kg-m/s2
d. 120 kg-m/s2

Supplementary Problem #1
A drawing shows the particle with all the forces
that act on it is called
A. free body diagram
B. coordinate system
C. Gaussian system
D. force diagram

Supplementary Problem #2
When a force is applied to a body it will produce
a tendency for the body to rotate a point that
is not on the line of action of the force. This
tendency to rotate is sometimes called
A. torque
C. moment of a force
B. moment D. any of the above

Supplementary Problem #3
It states that the moment of a force about a
point is equal to the sum of the moments of
the components of the force about the point.
A. DAlemberts Principle
B. Varignons Theorem
C. Pythagorean Theorem
D. Daltons Law

Supplementary Problem #4
It states that the sum of the differences
between the forces acting on a system of mass
particles and the time derivatives of
the momenta of the system itself along
any virtual displacement consistent with the
constraints of the system, is zero.
A. DAlemberts Principle
B. Varignons Theorem
C. Pythagorean Theorem
D. Daltons Law

Supplementary Problem #5
It is defined as two parallel forces that have the
same magnitude, but opposite directions, and
are separated by a perpendicular distance d.
A. forces
C. twins
B. loads
D. couple

Supplementary Problem #6
It states that the conditions of equilibrium or
conditions of motion of a rigid body will remain
unchanged if a force acting at a give point of the
rigid body is replaced by a force of the same
magnitude and same direction, but acting at a
different point, provided that the two forces have
the same line of action.
A. Pascal's Principle
B. Archimedes Principle
C. Principle of Superposition
D. Principle of Transmissibility

Supplementary Problem #7
In statics, a structure
is ____________________ (or hyperstatic)
when the static equilibrium equations are
insufficient for determining the internal forces
and reactions on that structure.
A. statically determinate
B. statically indeterminate
C. statistically determinate
D. statistically indeterminate

Supplementary Problem #8
It is a structure composed of slender members
joined together at their end points.
A. truss
C. couple
B. joint
D. bridge

Supplementary Problem #9
It refers to a member (a single truss segment) in
a truss which, given a specific load, is at rest:
neither in tension, nor incompression.
A. force member
B. one force member
C. two forces member
D. zero force member

Supplementary Problem #10

This method uses the force balance in the x and
y directions at each of the joints in the truss
structure.
A. method of sections
B. method of joints
C. analytical method
D. graphical method

Supplementary Problem #11

It is based on the principle that if the truss is in
equilibrium then any segment of the truss is
also in equilibrium.
A. method of sections
B. method of joints
C. analytical method
D. graphical method

Supplementary Problem #12

It consists of members joined together at their
ends to form a stable three-dimensional
structure.
A. simple truss
B. complex truss
C. space truss
D. compound truss

Supplementary Problem #13

It is a force that resists the movement of two
contacting surfaces that slide relative to one
another.
A. friction
C. normal
B. weight
D. tangential

Supplementary Problem #14

It occurs between the contacting surfaces of
bodies when there is no lubricating fluid.
A. fluid friction
C. Coulomb friction
B. dry friction
D. both b and c

Supplementary Problem #15

It refers to forces acting opposite to the relative
motion of any object moving with respect to a
surrounding fluid.
A. fluid friction
B. dry friction
C. Coulomb friction
D. both b and c