CpE 320 Database Management Systems

Chapter I: The Database Environment and

Development Process

Objectives

Basic Concepts and Definitions

Objectives

Concisely define key terms

Name several limitations of conventional

file processing systems

List and describe nine components of a

typical database environment

Explain at least ten advantages of the

database approach

Describe the life cycle of a systems

development project

Identify several costs and risks of the

database approach

Explain prototyping and agile-development

approaches to database and application
development

Basic Concepts and Definitions

Database

Basic Concepts and Definitions

An organized collection of logically related data

Data
Stored representations of objects and events

that have meaning and importance in the users

environment

Structured data
Numeric, character, and date types

Unstructured data
Multimedia data
Documents, images, videos, maps

Structured data
Unstructured data

CpE 320 Database Management Systems

Basic Concepts and Definitions

Example: list of facts

Information
Data that have been processed in such a way as

to increase the knowledge

Converting data to information

Baker, Kenneth D.

153564573

Doyle, Joan E.

547247536

Finkle, Clive R.

634645745

Lewis, John C.

542632165

McFerran, Debra R.

346462462

Sineros, Michael

534645745

Baker, Kenneth D.

153564573

Doyle, Joan E.

547247536

Finkle, Clive R.

634645745

Lewis, John C.

542632165

McFerran, Debra R.

346462462

Sineros, Michael

534645745

Converting data to information

List of facts

Converting data to information

Data in context

Basic Concepts and Definitions

Metadata
Data that describe the properties or

characteristics of end-user data and the context

of those data
Metadata describe the properties of data but

are separate from that data

Summarized data

CpE 320 Database Management Systems

Basic Concepts and Definitions

Basic Concepts and Definitions

Metadata describing data context

Metadata

Source of data

Data about data

Location of data

Data that describes the properties of data

Ownership

Data names

Usage

Definitions
Length or size
Allowable values

Data
Item
Name

Type

Course

Alphanumeric 30

Section

Integer

Metadata
Length Min Max Description
1

Source

Course ID and name Academic Unit

Section number

Registrar

Semester Alphanumeric 10

Semester and year

Registrar

Name

Alphanumeric 30

Student name

Student IS

ID

Integer

Student ID (SSN)

Student IS

Major

Alphanumeric 4

Student major

Student IS

GPA

Decimal

0.0

4.0

Traditional File Processing Systems

Student grade point

Academic Unit
average

Example Metadata

Traditional File Processing Systems

Disadvantages of File Processing

Systems

Program-Data Dependence

Duplication of Data

Limited Data Sharing

Old file processing systems at Pine Valley Furniture Company

CpE 320 Database Management Systems

Disadvantages of File Processing

Systems

Lengthy Development Times

The Database Approach

Excessive Program Maintenance

The Database Approach

Data model
Graphical systems used to capture the nature

and relationships among data

The Database Approach

Entity
A person, a place, an object, and event, or a

concept in the user environment about which

the organization wishes to maintain data

A typical data model is made up of entities,

attributes, and relationships

The most common data modeling

representation is the entity-relationship model

The Database Approach

Relational Database
A database that represents data as a collection

of tables in which all data relationships are

represented by common values in related
tables.
Relationships can be one-to-many (1:M) or

many-to-many (M:N)
Enterprise data model

Project data model

CpE 320 Database Management Systems

The Database Approach

Database Management Systems

A software system that is used to create,

maintain, and provide controlled access to user

databases
Purpose: to provide a systematic method of

creating, updating, storing, and retrieving the

data stored in a database

Enterprise model for Pine Valley Furniture Company

Advantages of the Database Approach

Advantages of the Database Approach

Program-Data Independence

Improved Data Sharing

Planned Data Redundancy

Increased Productivity of Application

Development

Improved Data Consistency

Enforcement of Standards

Advantages of the Database Approach

Improved Data Quality

Improved Data Accessibility and

Responsiveness

Assignment

Why do we need to understand Database

Management Systems?

Contrast the following terms:

data; information

entity; enterprise data model

Reduced Program Maintenance

Improved Decision Support

systems development life cycle; prototyping

CpE 320 Database Management Systems

Costs and Risks of the Database Approach

New, Specialized Personnel

Installation and Management Cost and

Complexity

Conversion Costs

Costs and Risks of the Database Approach

Costs and Risks of the Database

Approach

Need for Explicit Backup and Recovery

Organizational Conflict
Agreement on data definitions and ownership

Components of the Database Environment

Responsibilities for accurate data maintenance

Conflicts on data formats and coding

Components of the Database Environment

Computer-aided software engineering

(CASE) tools
Software tools that provide automated support

for some portion of the systems development

process.

Components of the Database Environment

CpE 320 Database Management Systems

Components of the Database Environment

Repository

Components of the Database Environment

A centralized knowledge base of all data

A software system that is used to create,

definitions, data relationships, screen and

report formats, and other system components
A repository contains an extended set of

maintain, and provide controlled access to user

databases

metadata important for managing databases as

well as other components of an information
system

Components of the Database Environment

Application Programs

Components of the Database Environment

Includes menus and other facilities by which

users interact with various system components

Data and database administrators

Persons who are responsible for the overall

create and maintain the database and provide

to users

User Interface

Database
An organized collection of logically related data

Computer-based application programs used to

DBMS

management of data resources in an

organization

System Developers
Persons such as systems analysts and

programmers who design new application

programs

Components of the Database Environment

End Users
Persons who add, delete, and modify data in the

database and request or receive information

from it

The Range of Database Applications

CpE 320 Database Management Systems

The Range of Database Applications

Personal Databases

The Range of Database Applications

Personal Databases
Provide the user with ability to manage (store,

Two-Tier Client/Server Databases

Multitier Client/Server Databases

update, delete, and retrieve) small amounts of

data in an efficient manner

Information can be easily transferred from one

device to the other

Data cannot be easily shared with other users

The Range of Database Applications

Two-Tier Client/Server Databases

Used by a workgroup who collaborate on similar

projects or applications

Data can be shared among the group

Computers are linked by means of a network

Two-tier database with local area network

The Range of Database Applications

Two-Tier Client/Server Databases

Each computer has a copy of a specialized

application (client)
The database and the DBMS are stored on a
central device (server)

The Range of Database Applications

Two-Tier Client/Server Databases

Issues
Data management
Data security
Data integrity

CpE 320 Database Management Systems

The Range of Database Applications

Multitier Client/Server Databases

Intended to support a group of people larger

than a workgroup
Overcome the limitations of Two-Tier

Client/Server Database
Amount of functionality that needs to be

programmed on the users computer

Multitier database with local area network

The Range of Database Applications

Multitier Client/Server Databases

Application layer/Web server layer contains the

business logic required to accomplish the

business transactions requested by the users.

The Database Development Process

Separates the development of the database and

the modules that maintain the data from the

information systems

The Database Development Process

Enterprise data modeling

The first step in database development, in

which the scope and general contents of

organizational databases are specified

The Database Development Process

Enterprise data modeling

Describe the data needed at a very high level of

abstraction
Plan one or more database development

projects
Review current systems
Analyze the nature of the business areas to be

supported

CpE 320 Database Management Systems

Systems Development Life Cycle

Systems development life cycle (SDLC)

The traditional methodology used develop,

maintain, and replace information systems

Systems Development Life Cycle

Systems Development Life Cycle

Planning

Planning
Purpose
To develop a preliminary understanding of a

Maintenance

Implementation

business situation and how information systems

might help solve a problem or make an
opportunity possible

Analysis

Design

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Systems Development Life Cycle

Planning
Enterprise modeling
Analyze current data processing
Analyze the general business functions and their

database needs
Justify need for new data and databases in
support of business

Systems Development Life Cycle

Planning
Conceptual data modeling
Identify scope of database requirements for

proposed information system

Analyze overall data requirements for business

function(s) supported by database

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CpE 320 Database Management Systems

Systems Development Life Cycle

Analysis

Systems Development Life Cycle

Purpose

Analysis
Conceptual data modeling

To analyze the business situation thoroughly to

Develop preliminary conceptual data model,

determine requirements, to structure those

requirements, and to select among competing
system features

including entities and relationships

Compare preliminary conceptual data model with

enterprise data model

Develop detailed conceptual data model,

including all entities, relationships, attributes, and

business rules

Systems Development Life Cycle

Analysis

Systems Development Life Cycle

Conceptual data modeling

Purpose

Develop detailed conceptual data model,

To elicit and structure all information

including all entities, relationships, attributes, and

business rules
Make conceptual data model consistent with
other models of information system
Populate repository with all conceptual database
specifications

Systems Development Life Cycle

Design
Logical database design

Design

requirements
To develop all technology and organizational

specifications

Systems Development Life Cycle

Design
Physical database design and definition

Analyze in detail the transactions, forms, displays,

Define database to DBMS

and inquiries (database views) required by the

business functions supported by the database
Integrate database views into conceptual data
model
Identify data integrity and security requirements,
and populate repository

Decide on physical organization of data

Design database processing programs

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CpE 320 Database Management Systems

Systems Development Life Cycle

Implementation

Systems Development Life Cycle

Purpose

Implementation
Database Implementation

To write programs, build databases, test and

Code and test database processing programs

install the new system, train users, and finalize

documentation

Complete database documentation and training

materials
Install database and convert data from prior

systems

Systems Development Life Cycle

Maintenance
Purpose

Systems Development Life Cycle

Maintenance
Database maintenance

To monitor the operation and usefulness of the

Analyze database and database applications to

system, and to repair and enhance the system

ensure that evolving information requirements

are met
Tune database for improved performance
Fix errors in database and database applications
and recover database when it is contaminated

Assignment

In the three-tiered database architecture, is

it possible for there to be no database on a
particular tier? If not, why? If yes, give an
example.
Name the five phases of the traditional
systems development life cycle, and explain
the purpose of each phase.
How are relationships between tables
expressed in a relational database?

Alternative Information Systems Development Approaches

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CpE 320 Database Management Systems

Alternative Information Systems

Development Approaches

Alternative approach to the SDLC

Alternative Information Systems

Development Approaches

Prototyping
An iterative process of systems development in

which requirements are converted to a working

system that is continually revised through close
work between analysts and users.

Uses Rapid Application Development (RAD)

methods

The Prototyping Methodology

Conceptual data modeling

Analyze requirements
Develop preliminary data model

The Prototyping Methodology

The Prototyping Methodology

Logical database design

The Prototyping Methodology

Physical database design and definition

Analyze requirements in detail

Define new database contents to DBMS

Integrate database views into conceptual data

Decide on physical organization for new data

model

Design database processing programs

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CpE 320 Database Management Systems

The Prototyping Methodology

Database implementation

The Prototyping Methodology

Code database processing

Database maintenance
Analyze database to ensure it meets application

needs

Install new database contents, usually from

Fix errors in database

existing data sources

Tune database for improved performance

The Prototyping Methodology

Database implementation and

maintenance activities are repeated as new
prototype are produced

Security and integrity controls are minimal

The Prototyping Methodology

Documentation is delayed until the end of

the project

User training occurs from hands-on use

Agile Software Development

Agile software development

An approach to database and software development

that emphasizes

Individuals and interactions over processes and tools

Working software over comprehensive documentation
Customer collaboration over contract negotiation, and
Responding to change over following a plan

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