Chapter 8

Advanced Data Communications

Topics
8.1

Problem Solutions

Problem 8.1
Use the relationship
Rb = (log2 M ) Rs bps
where Rb is the data rate, Rs is the symbol rate, and M is the number of possible signals
per signaling interval. In this case, Rs = 2000 symbols per second. For M = 4, Rb =
2 2, 000 = 4, 000 bps, for M = 8, Rb = 6, 000 bps, and for M = 64, Rb = 12, 000 bps.
Problem 8.2
(a) 5,000 symbols per second. (b) Recall that

1 d2 (t)
y (t) = A [d1 (t) cos (c t) + d2 (t) sin (c t)] = 2A cos [ c t i (t)] , i (t) = tan
d1 (t)
Alternating every other bit given in the problem statement between d1 (t) and d2 (t) gives
d1 (t) = 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 and d2 (t) = 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 which results in
i (t) = /4, 7/4, 5/4, 7/4, 7/4, 3/4, 7/4, . For QPSK the symbol switching
points occur each Ts seconds. (c) Now the switching instants are each Tb seconds. Start
with d1 (t) = 1. Then d2 (t) is staggered, or oset, by 1 bit time. So the first phase shift
is for d1 (t) = 1 and d2 (t) = 1 or 2 (t) = /4. After Ts = 2Tb seconds d1 (t) takes on the
second 1-value, but d2 (t) is still 1, so 1 (t) = /4. At 3Tb seconds, d2 (t) changes to 1,
so 2 (t) = 7/4. At 4Tb seconds, d1 (t) changes to 1, so 2 (t) = 7/4, etc.
1

CHAPTER 8. ADVANCED DATA COMMUNICATIONS TOPICS

Problem 8.3
For QPSK,
PE, symbol = 2Q

p
Es /N0 = 105

Trial and error using the asymptotic approximation for the Q-function gives [Es /N0 ]reqd
12.9 dB = 19.5. If the quadrature-carrier amplitudes are A, then the amplitude of the

2
2A T / (2N0 ) =
envelope-phase-modulated form of the carrier is 2A, and Es /N0 =
q
p

2
11
A /N0 R. Hence, Areqd = N0 R [Es /N0 ]reqd = (10 ) (19.5) R = 1.4 105 R. The
answers are as follows: (a) 0.0014 V; (b) 0.0031 V; (c) 0.0044 V; (d) 0.0099 V; (e) 0.014 V;
(f) 0.0442 V.

Problem 8.4
Take the expectation of the product after noting that the average values are 0 because
E[n (t)] = 0:
Z Ts

Z Ts
E [N1 N2 ] = E
n (t) cos ( c t) dt
n (t) sin ( c t) dt
=

Ts

=
=

Ts

E [n (t) n ()] cos ( c t) sin ( c ) dtd

Ts

Ts

N0
(t ) cos (c t) sin (c ) dtd
2

Z
N0 Ts
cos ( c t) sin ( c t) dt
2 0
Z
N0 Ts
sin (2 c t) dt = 0
4 0

Problem 8.5
(a) Use
1

i (t) = tan

d2 (t)
d1 (t)

(i) If i (t) = 45o , d1 (t) = 1 and d2 (t) = 1; (ii) If i (t) = 135o , d1 (t) = 1 and d2 (t) = 1;
(iii) If i (t) = 45o , d1 (t) = 1 and d2 (t) = 1; (iv) If i (t) = 135o ; d1 (t) = 1 and
d2 (t) = 1.
(b) Error in detecting d1 (t): (i) i (t) = 135o ; (ii) i (t) = 45o ; (iii) i (t) = 135o ; (iv)
i (t) = 45o .

8.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS

(c) Error in detecting d2 (t); (i) i (t) = 45o ; (ii) i (t) = 135o ; (iii) i (t) = 45o ; (iv)
i (t) = 135o .
Problem 8.6
(a) Both are equivalent in terms of symbol error probabilities. (b) QPSK is 3 dB worse in
terms of symbol error probability for equal transmission bandwidths, but it handles twice
as many bits per second. (c) Choose QPSK over BPSK in terms of performance; however,
other factors might favor BPSK, such as simpler implementation.
Problem 8.7
The exact result is
Psymbol = 1 (1 PE1 )2
= 2PE1 PE2 1

The approximation is Psymbol 2PE1 , so the error term is

=

PE2 1

" r

= Q

Es
N0

!#2

Clearly, since the Q-function is monotonically decreasing

q with increasing Es /N0 , the error
Es
term becomes negligible compared with PE1 = Q
N0 as Es /N0 becomes larger.
Problem 8.8
For the data stream 11100 10111 00100 00011, the quadrature data streams are
d1 (t) = 11-1-11-11-1-11
d2 (t) = 1-1111-1-1-1-11
Each 1 above means a positive rectangular pulse Ts seconds in duration and each -1 above
means a negative rectangular pulse Ts seconds in duration. For QPSK, these pulse sequences are aligned and for OQPSK, the one corresponding to d2 (t) is delayed by Ts /2 = Tb
seconds with respect to d1 (t). Type I MSK corresponds to the OQPSK waveforms d1 (t)
and d2 (t) multiplied by cosine and sine waveforms with periods of 2Ts , respectively, and
type II MSK corresponds to d1 (t) and d2 (t) multiplied by absolute-value cosine and sine
waveforms with periods of Ts , respectively (one half cosine or sine per Ts pulse).
Waveforms for QPSK, OQPSK, and Type II MSK generated by a MATLAB program are
shown in Figures 8.1 - 8.3 for a random (coin toss) serial bit sequence.

CHAPTER 8. ADVANCED DATA COMMUNICATIONS TOPICS

Figure 8.1:

Figure 8.2:

8.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS

Figure 8.3:
Problem 8.9
For QPSK, the excess phase corresponds to a stepwise function that may change values
each Ts seconds. The phase deviation is given by

1 d2 (t)
i (t) = tan
d1 (t)
so the sequence of phases for QPSK computed from d1 (t) and d2 (t) given in Problem 8.8
is /4, /4, /4, 3/4, /4, 3/4, /4, 3/4, 3/4, /4 radians. For OQPSK,
the phase can change each Ts /2 = Tb seconds because d2 (t) is delayed by Ts /2 seconds
with respect to d1 (t). The maximum phase change is /2 radians. For MSK, the excess
phase trajectories are straight lines of slopes /2Tb radians/second.
Problem 8.10
Write the sinc-functions as sin(x) /x functions. Use appropriate trigonometric identities to
reduce the product of the sinc-functions to the given form.
Problem 8.11
If d (t) is a sequence of alternating 1s and 0s, the instantaneous frequency is 1/4Tb Hz above
the carrier (with the definition of i (t) given by (8.17) and (8.18)). If it is a sequence of

CHAPTER 8. ADVANCED DATA COMMUNICATIONS TOPICS

1s or 0s, the instantaneous frequency is 1/4Tb Hz below the carrier. (a) The instantaneous
frequency is 5, 000, 000 + 100, 000/4 = 1, 025, 000 Hz. (b) The instantaneous frequency is
5, 000, 000 100, 000/4 = 975, 000 Hz.
Problem 8.12

The signal points lie on a circle of radius Es centered at the origin equally spaced at
angular intervals of 22.5 degrees (360/16). The decision regions are pie wedges centered
over each signal point.
Problem 8.13
The bounds on symbol error probability are given by
P1 PE, symbol 2P1
where
P1 = Q

"r

#
2Es
sin (/M )
N0

For moderate signal-to-noise ratios and M 8, the actual error probability is very close to
the upper bound. Assuming Gray encoding, the bit error probability is given in terms of
symbol error probability as
PE, bit

PE, symbol
log2 (M )

and the energy per bit-to-noise spectral density ratio is

Es
1
Eb
=
N0
log2 (M ) N0
Thus, we solve
2
Q
log2 (M )

"r

#
Eb
2 log2 (M )
sin (/M ) = 105
N0

or

"r

2 log2 (M )

Eb
105
sin (/M ) =
N0
2

1.5 105 , M = 8

2 105 , M = 16
log2 (M ) =
2.5 105 , M = 32

3 105 , M = 64

8.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS

The argument of the Q-function to give these various probabilities are found, approximately,
by trial and error (either using MATLAB and a program for the Q-function or a calculator
and the asymptotic expansion of the Q-function):

4.17, M = 8

4.1, M = 16
Q-function argument =
4.06,
M = 32

4.02, M = 64

Thus, for M = 8, we have

r

Eb
2 log2 (8)
sin (/8) = 4.17
N
r 0
Eb
6
0.3827 = 4.17
N0
Eb
N0

"
#
1
4.17 2
= 12.96 dB
= 10 log10
6 0.3827

For M = 16, we have

r

Eb
2 log2 (16)
sin (/16) = 4.1
N0
r
Eb
8
0.1951 = 4.17
N0
Eb
N0

"
#
4.17 2
1
= 17.57 dB
= 10 log10
8 0.1951

For M = 32, we have

r

Eb
2 log2 (32)
sin (/32) = 4.06
N0
r
Eb
10
0.098 = 4.06
N0
Eb
N0

= 10 log10

"

1
10

4.06
0.098

2 #

= 22.35 dB

CHAPTER 8. ADVANCED DATA COMMUNICATIONS TOPICS

For M = 64, we have

r

Eb
2 log2 (64)
sin (/64) = 4.02
N0
r
Eb
12
0.049 = 4.02
N0
Eb
N0

Problem 8.14
The binary number representation
alents are given below:
Bin. No. Gray Bin. No.
0000
0000
0100
0001
0001
0101
0010
0011
0110
0011
0010
0111

= 10 log10

"

1
12

4.02
0.049

2 #

= 27.49 dB

for the decimal digits 0 15 and their Gray code equivGray

0110
0111
0101
0100

Bin. No.
1000
1001
1010
1011

Gray
1100
1101
1111
1110

Bin. No.
1100
1101
1110
1111

Gray
1010
1011
1001
1000

Problem 8.15
Let the coordinates of the received data vector, given signal labeled 1111 was sent, be
(X, Y ) = (a + N1 , a + N2 )
where N1 and N2 are zero-mean, uncorrelated Gaussian random variables with variances
N0 /2. Since they are uncorrelated, they are also independent. Thus,
P (C | I) = P (0 X 2a) P (0 Y 2a)
Z 2a (xa)2 /N0 Z 2a (ya)2 /N0
e
e

=
dx
dy
N0
N0
0
0
Let

2 (x a)
2 (y a)
u=
and u =
N0
N0

8.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS

This results in

P (C | I) =

2a2
N0

r
2
2a
N0
r

2
eu /2

du
2

2a2
N0

r
2
2a
N0
r

Z
2
eu /2

du
= 4
2
0
0

s
2
2a2
= 1 2Q
N0
Z

2a2
N0

ev /2

dv
2

2a2
N0

ev /2

dv
2

Similar derivations can be carried out for the type II and III regions.
Problem 8.16
The symbol error probability expression is

1
1
1
Ps = 1 P (C | I) + P (C | II) + P (C | III)
4
2
4
where
P (C | I) = [1 2Q (A)]2 , A =

2a2
N0

P (C | II) = [1 2Q (A)] [1 Q (A)]

P (C | III) = [1 Q (A)]2
Thus

1
1
1
[1 2Q (A)]2 + [1 2Q (A)] [1 Q (A)] + [1 Q (A)]2
4
2
4

1
1

1
2
2
2
1 4Q (A) + 4Q (A) +
1 3Q (A) + 2Q (A) +
1 2Q (A) + Q (A)
= 1
4
2
4

PE = 1

1 {1 + 3Q (A)} , neglecting all terms in Q2 (A)

s

2
2a

= 3Q
N0

10

CHAPTER 8. ADVANCED DATA COMMUNICATIONS TOPICS

Problem 8.17

This follows by counting type I, II, and III regions. There are M M total regions,

four of which are type III regions (the corner regions), 4

M 2 type II regions, and

2
M 2 type I regions. A sketch will help in determining this. Thus, the given
expression for PE follows. The expression for a follows by computing the average symbol
energy in terms of a. To accomplish this, the sums
m
X
i=1

m
X
m (m + 1)
m (m + 1) (2m + 1)
i=
i2 =
and
2
6
i=1

are convenient. The approximate probability of error expression follows in a manner similar
to the derivation for M = 16 outlined in Problem 8.16.
Problem 8.18
Use
PE, bit =

Es
Eb
M
1
PE, symbol and
=
2 (M 1)
N0
log2 (M ) N0

A tight bound for the symbol error probability for coherent M -ary FSK is
r !
Es
PE, symbol M Q
N0
Use the asymptotic expression for the Q-function and iteration on a calculator to get the
following results:
For M = 8, PE, bit = 104 for Eb /N0 = 7.5 dB;
For M = 16, PE, bit = 104 for Eb /N0 = 6.5 dB;
For M = 32, PE, bit = 104 for Eb /N0 = 5.9 dB;
For M = 64, PE, bit = 104 for Eb /N0 = 5.3 dB.
Problem 8.19
Use the same relations as in Problem 8.18 for relating signal-to-noise ratio per bit and
symbol and for relating bit to symbol error probability, except now
PE, symbol =

M1
X
k=1

M 1
k

k Es
(1)k+1
exp
k+1
k + 1 N0

Use MATLAB to perform the sum. The following results are obtained:
For M = 2, PE, bit = 104 for Eb /N0 = 12.3 dB;

8.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS

11

For M = 4, PE, bit = 104 for Eb /N0 = 9.6 dB;

For M = 8, PE, bit = 104 for Eb /N0 = 8.2 dB.
Problem 8.20
This is a normal
cartesian coordinate system with the signal points located on the 1 and

2 axes at Es . The decision regions are formed by the positive coordinate axes and the
45-degree bisector of the first quadrant angle.
Problem 8.21
The bandwidth eciencies are given by
(
0.5 log2 (M ) , M -PSK and M -QAM
R
=
log2 (M)
B
M+1 , coherent M -FSK
This gives the results
given in the table below:
1.5 bps/Hz, M = 8
R
PSK: B
=
2.0 bps/Hz, M = 16 ;

2.5 bps/Hz, M = 32
FSK:

R
B

R
B

= 2.0 bps/Hz, M = 16;

0.33 bps/Hz, M = 8
=
0.24 bps/Hz, M = 16 ;

0.15 bps/Hz, M = 32

16-QAM:

6.67 kHz, M = 8
B=
5.0 kHz, M = 16

4.0 kHz, M = 32

B = 5.0 kHz

30.0 kHz, M = 8
B=
42.6 kHz, M = 16

66.0 kHz, M = 32

Problem 8.22
Use Figure 8.19 noting that the abscissa is normalized baseband bandwidth. RF bandwidthis twice as large. The 90% power containment bandwidth is defined by the ordinate
= -10 dB. (c) B90, BPSK = 1.6/Tb = 1.6Rb ; (b) B90, QPSK, OQPSK = 0.8/Tb = 0.8Rb ; (a)
B90, MSK = 0.8/Tb = 0.8Rb .
Problem 8.23
Use Figure 8.19 noting that the abscissa is normalized baseband bandwidth. RF bandwidth
is twice as great. The 99% power containment bandwidth is defined by the ordinate =
-20 dB. (a) B99, BPSK = 14/Tb = 14Rb ; (b) B99, QPSK, OQPSK = 3.5/Tb = 3.5Rb ; (c)
B99, MSK = 1.23/Tb = 1.23Rb .
Problem 8.24
The baseband power spectrum is
G (f ) = 2A2 Tb [log2 (M )] sinc2 [log2 (M ) Tb f ]

12

CHAPTER 8. ADVANCED DATA COMMUNICATIONS TOPICS

where
A2 = Es cos2 i = Es sin2 i

M
M
1 X 2 2 (i 1)
1 X 2 2 (i 1)
=
=
cos
sin
M
M
M
M
i=1

i=1

The 10% power containment bandwidth is defined by (see Problem 8.22)

log2 (M ) B90, MPSK = 0.8/Tb = 0.8Rb
B90, MPSK

0.267Rb Hz, M = 8
= 0.8Rb / log2 (M ) =
0.25Rb Hz, M = 16

0.16Rb Hz, M = 8

Problem 8.25
(a) For NRZ mark:
Rm =

(A) (A) 12 + (A) (A) 12 = A2 , m = 0

(A) (A) + (A) (A) 14 + (A) (A) 14 + (A) (A) 14 = 0, m 6= 0
1
4

Sr (f ) = Tb sinc2 (f Tb )

SNRZ, mark (f ) = A2 Tb sinc2 (f Tb )

(b) For polar RZ:
Rm =

A2 , m = 0
0, m 6= 0

Tb
sinc2
Sr (f ) =
2

f Tb
2

A2 Tb
Spolar RZ (f ) =
sinc2
4

f Tb
2

8.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS

13

(c) Bipolar RZ:

(A) (A) 12 + (0) (0) 12 = A2 , m = 0

1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 1
Rm =
(A)
(A)
+
(A)
(A)
+
(A)
(A)
+
(A)
(A)
+
(A)
(0)
4
4
4
4
2
1 1

+ (0) (A) 41 1 + (A) (0)

1
1
1
1
2
4
4
2 + (0) (A) 2
4 + (0) (0) 2
2 = 0, m 6= 0
Tb
Sr (f ) =
sinc2
2

f Tb
2

A2 Tb
sinc2
Sbipolar RZ (f ) =
8

f Tb
2

Problem 8.26
To show:
cos

t
2Tb

2Tb

4Tb cos (2Tb f )

1 (4Tb f )2

Use the modulation theorem together with the Fourier transform of a rectangular pulse to
get

t
t

Tb sinc [2Tb (f 1/4Tb )] + Tb sinc [2Tb (f + 1/4Tb )]

cos
2Tb
2Tb
Rewrite the RHS as
RHS = Tb

sin (2Tb f /2) sin (2Tb f + /2)

+
2Tb f /2
2Tb f + /2

Note that
sin (2Tb f /2) = cos (2Tb f )
Then
RHS =
=

1
1
2Tb
+
cos (2Tb f )
1 4Tb f
1 + 4Tb f
4Tb cos (2Tb f )
1 (4Tb f )2

14

CHAPTER 8. ADVANCED DATA COMMUNICATIONS TOPICS

Figure 8.4:

Problem 8.27
Apply (5.28).
Problem 8.28
This is a matter of MATLAB programming and plotting.
Problem 8.29
A plot is given in Figure 8.4.
Problem 8.30
The states are (read from top to bottom, column by column):
1111
0100
1011
0111
0010
0101
0011
1001
1010
0001
1100
1101
1000
0110
1110
The output sequence is the last digit in each 4-element word. The autocorrelation function
is a triangular pulse centered at the origin two units wide repeated every 15 units and a
horzontal line between the triangles at 1/15 units.

8.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS

15

Problem 8.31
The states are (read from top to bottom, column by column):
11111
00101
10100
01101
01111
10010
01010
00110
00111
01001
11010
00011
10011
00100
11101
10001
11001
00010
01110
11000
01100
00001
01110
11100
10110
10000
10111
11110
01011
01000
11011
The output sequence is the last digit in each 5-element word. The autocorrelation function
is a triangular pulse centered at the origin two units wide repeated every 31 units and a
horzontal line between the triangles at 1/31 units.
Problem 8.32
To find the aperiodic correlation function, we slide the sequence past itself and compute the
number of alike bits minus the number of unalike bits for the overlap (the sequence is not
periodically repeated). The result can be scaled by the length of the sequence if desired.
(a) -1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 7, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, -1 (the maximum absolute value correlation is 1 nonzero delay); (b) -1, 0, -1, 0, 3, 0, 1, -2, -1, -4, -1, 0, -1, 0, 15, . . . (the maximum
absolute value correlation is 4 - nonzero delay).
Problem 8.33
Note that the expectation of Ng is zero because n (t) has zero mean. Write the expectation
of the square of Ng as an iterated integral. The expectation can be taken inside. Use the
fact that
E [n (t) n ()] =

N0
(t )
2

to reduce the double integral to a single integral. The integral of the resulting cosine
squared is Tb /2. The result for the variance (same as the mean square) is then found to be
N0 Tb .
Problem 8.34
The random variable to be considered is
NI =

Tb

AI c (t) cos (t + ) dt

16

CHAPTER 8. ADVANCED DATA COMMUNICATIONS TOPICS

where is assumed uniform in[0, 2). Clearly, the expectation of NI is zero due to
this random phase. The variance is the same as the mean square, which is given by
var (NI ) = E
Z

Tb

Tb

Tb

A2I c (t) c () cos (t

Tb

+ ) cos ( + ) dtd

A2I E [c (t) c ()] cos (t + ) cos ( + ) dtd

0
0
Z Tb Z Tb
1
1
= A2I Tc
[(t ) /Tc ] cos [ (t )] dtd
Tc
2
0
0
Z Tb
2
A Tc Tb
1
= A2I Tc
dt = I
2
2
0
=

Problem 8.35
(a) The processing gain is
Gp =

Tb
Rc
=
or Rc = Gp Rb
Tc
Rb

For Gp = 100 and a data rate of 1 Mbps, Rc = 100 megachips per second; (b) BRF = 2Rc =
200 MHz; (c) Use (8.99) to get the following:
PE = 5.03 105 for a JSR of 5 dB;
PE = 8.34 104 for a JSR of 10 dB;
PE = 1.42 102 for a JSR of 15 dB;
PE = 0.34 for a JSR of 30 dB.
Problem 8.36
The results are
PE = 5.72 106 for a JSR of 5 dB;
PE = 1.09 105 for a JSR of 10 dB;
PE = 5.03 105 for a JSR of 15 dB;
PE = 0.0895 for a JSR of 30 dB.
Problem 8.37

In the limit at SNR Eb /N0 , the argument of the Q-function for PE = Q

SNR
becomes
r

3N
3.81 to give PE = 104
SNR =
K 1

8.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS

17

Thus,
3N
+1
(3.81)2
= 53.7

K =

Round this down to K = 53 users since the number of users must be an integer.
Problem 8.38
The result is
Tacq

2 (1000) 103 2 0.9

nTc Te 2 PH
= 1.22 seconds
=
=
2 (1 PFA ) PH
2 (1 103 )
0.9

Problem 8.39
(a) Only the OBP case will be done. See the text for the bent-pipe case. Equation (8.121)
becomes
pd =

105 pu
1 2pu

For BPSK, the uplink and downlink probabilities of error are related to the uplink and
downlink SNRs by
s !#
"
"s #
Eb
Eb
1
1 erf
=
2
pu = Q
N0 u
2
N0 u
s !#
"
"s #
Eb
Eb
1
1 erf
=
2
pd = Q
N0 d
2
N0 d
where these probabilities have been put in terms of the error function because MATLAB
includes an inverse error function. When these relations are inverted, these become

2
Eb
= erf 1 (1 2pu )
N0
u

2
Eb
= erf 1 (1 2pd )
N0 d

Typical values are given in the table below. The MATLAB program for computing them
is also given below along with a plot. Part (b) is just a matter of inputting the desired
p_overall in the program.

18

CHAPTER 8. ADVANCED DATA COMMUNICATIONS TOPICS

Figure 8.5:

pu
109
3 109
7 109
4.3 108
7.2 107

(Eb /N0 )u , dB
12.5495
12.3228
12.0839
11.5639
10.6497

pd
9.999 106
9.997 106
9.993 106
9.957 106
9.280 106

(Eb /N0 )d , dB
9.5879
9.5880
9.5882
9.5898
9.6217

% Solution for Problem 8.39

%
p_overall = input(Enter desired end-to-end probability of error )
pu = logspace(log10(p_overall)-4, log10(p_overall)+1e-20);
pd = (p_overall - pu)./(1 - 2*pu);
Eb_N0_u = 20*log10(erfinv(1 - 2*pu));
Eb_N0_d = 20*log10(erfinv(1 - 2*pd));
plot(Eb_N0_d, Eb_N0_u), xlabel((E_b/N_0)_d, dB), ylabel((E_b/N_0)_d, dB),...
grid, axis square

8.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS

19

Problem 8.40
(a) This is similar to the previous problem except that the error probability expresseion for
noncoherent FSK is

Eb
1
PE = exp
2
2N0
Solving for

Eb
N0 ,

we have
Eb
= 2 ln (2PE )
N0

Thus,
106 pu
pd =
1 2pu

Eb
= 2 ln (2pu )
N0 u

Eb
= 2 ln (2pd )
N0 d
(b) For DPSK, the probability of error is
PE =

Eb
1
exp
2
N0

Therefore, the equations describing the link are

106 pu
pd =
1 2pu

Eb
= ln (2pu )
N0 u

Eb
= ln (2pd )
N0 d
A MATLAB program for computing the performance curves for both parts (a) and (b) is
given below. Typical performance curves are also shown.
% Solution for Problem 8.40
%
mod_type = input(Enter 1 for NFSK; 2 for DPSK )
p_overall = input(Enter desired end-to-end probability of error )
pu = logspace(log10(p_overall)-6, log10(1.000001*p_overall));

20

CHAPTER 8. ADVANCED DATA COMMUNICATIONS TOPICS

Figure 8.6:
pd = (p_overall - pu)./(1 - 2*pu);
if mod_type == 1
Eb_N0_u = 10*log10(-2*log(2*pu));
Eb_N0_d = 10*log10(-2*log(2*pd));
elseif mod_type == 2
Eb_N0_u = 10*log10(-log(2*pu));
Eb_N0_d = 10*log10(-log(2*pd));
end
plot(Eb_N0_d, Eb_N0_u), xlabel((E_b/N_0)_d, dB), ylabel((E_b/N_0)_d, dB),...
grid, axis square
if mod_type == 1
title([OBP link performance for overall P_E = , num2str(p_overall), ; NFSK
modulation])
elseif mod_type == 2
title([OBP link performance for overall P_E = , num2str(p_overall), ; DPSK
modulation])
end

8.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS

21

Figure 8.7:
Problem 8.41
For noncoherent FSK, the bit error probability, using (8.51) and (8.54), is
r
r
!
!
M
M2
Eb
Eb
Q
Q
Pb =
log2 (M )
log2 (M )

2 (M 1)
N0
2
N0
So, the equations for the OBP link are
pd =
pu

Eb
N0

pd

Eb
N0

106 pu
1 2pu
s
!
Eb
M
Q
=
log2 (M )
2
N0 u

4pu 2
2
1
1
erf
log2 (M )
M
s
!
Eb
M
Q
=
log2 (M )
2
N0 d

4pd 2
2
1
1
erf
log2 (M )
M

"
s
!#
log2 (M ) Eb
M
1 erf
4
2
N0 u
"
s
!#
log2 (M ) Eb
M
1 erf
4
2
N0 d

22

CHAPTER 8. ADVANCED DATA COMMUNICATIONS TOPICS

Figure 8.8:

A MATLAB program is given below and a plot for 16-FSK is also given in Fig. 8.8.
% Solution for Problem 8.41
%
p_overall = input(Enter desired end-to-end probability of error )
M = input(Enter the desired M )
pu = logspace(log10(p_overall)-4, log10(p_overall)+1e-20);
pd = (p_overall - pu)./(1 - 2*pu);
Eb_N0_u = 20*log10((2/log2(M))*erfinv(1 - (4/M)*pu));
Eb_N0_d = 20*log10((2/log2(M))*erfinv(1 - (4/M)*pd));
plot(Eb_N0_d, Eb_N0_u), xlabel((E_b/N_0)_d, dB), ylabel((E_b/N_0)_d, dB),...
grid, axis square
title([OBP link performance for overall P_E = , num2str(p_overall), ; coherent ,
num2str(M),
-FSK modulation])

8.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS

23

Problem 8.42
(a) The number of users per reuse pattern remain the same at 120. For 20 dB minimum
signal-to-interference ratio and a propagation power law of = 3, we have

Dco
20 = 10(3) log10
1 7.7815
dA
or

Dco
20 + 7.7815
= 0.794
1
=
log10
dA
30
Dco
= 100.794 + 1
dA

= 9.43 = 3N
or
N = d29.67e = 31 (i = 1, j = 5)
The eciency is
v =

120
31

6 MHz
3
1
=
= voice circuits per base station per MHz
6
2
(b) For 14 dB minimum signal-to-interference ratio and a propagation power law of = 3,
we have

Dco
14 = 10(3) log10
1 7.7815
dA

Dco
14 + 7.7815
= 0.726
log10
1
=
dA
30
Dco
= 100.726 + 1
dA

= 6.32 = 3N
or
N = d13.32e = 19 (i = 2, j = 3)
The eciency is
v =
=

120
19

6 MHz
6
= 1 voice circuits per base station per MHz
6

24

CHAPTER 8. ADVANCED DATA COMMUNICATIONS TOPICS

8.2

Computer Exercises

Computer Exercise 8.1

% ce8_1.m: BEPs for M-ary PSK in AWGN (uses upper bound for M > 4);
% coherent FSK (uses union bound); noncoherent FSK (exact)
%
clf
I_mod = input(Enter type of mod: MPSK = 1; CMFSK = 2; NCMFSK = 3: );
if I_mod == 1
z_dB = 3:.1:30;
elseif I_mod == 2 | I_mod == 3
z_dB = 3:.1:15;
end
z = 10.^(z_dB/10);
for j = 1:6
M=2^j;
if I_mod == 1
A=2/log2(M);
kk=(sin(pi/M))^2*log2(M);
elseif I_mod == 2
A=M/2;
kk=log2(M)/2;
elseif I_mod == 3
A=M/(2*(M-1));
kk = 1;
end
if j == 1 & I_mod == 1
Pb = .5*erfc(sqrt(z));
elseif (j >= 2 & I_mod == 1) | (j >= 1 & I_mod == 2)
Pb = (A/2)*erfc(sqrt(kk*z));
elseif I_mod == 3
Pb = zeros(size(z));
for k = 1:M-1
B = (prod(1:(M-1))/(prod(1:k)*prod(1:(M-1-k))))*(-1)^(k+1)/(k+1);
alpha=k*log2(M)/(k+1);
Pb = Pb+A*B*exp(-alpha*z);
end
end
semilogy(z_dB,Pb),xlabel(E_b/N_0, dB),ylabel(P_b),...

8.2. COMPUTER EXERCISES

axis([min(z_dB) max(z_dB) 10^(-6) 1]),...
if I_mod == 1
title(BEP for MPSK)
if j <= 2
text(z_dB(35)+.2, Pb(35), M = 2 & 4)
elseif j >= 3
text(z_dB(105)+.2, Pb(105), [M = , num2str(M)])
end
elseif I_mod == 2
title(BEP for coherent MFSK)
if j <= 3
text(z_dB(50)+.2, Pb(50), [M = , num2str(M)])
elseif j > 3
text(z_dB(25)+.2, Pb(25), [M = , num2str(M)])
end
elseif I_mod == 3
title(BEP for noncoherent MFSK)
if j <= 3
text(z_dB(50)+.2, Pb(50), [M = , num2str(M)])
elseif j > 3
text(z_dB(25)+.2, Pb(25), [M = , num2str(M)])
end
end
if j==1
hold on
grid
end
end
A typical run follows, with the resulting plot shown in Fig. 8.9:
>> ce8_1
Enter type of modulation: MPSK = 1; coh. MFSK = 2; noncoh. MFSK = 3: 1
Computer Exercise 8.2
% ce8_2.m: Out-of-band power for M-ary PSK, QPSK (OQPSK), and MSK
%
clf
A = char(-,,-.,:,.,-..);
Tbf = 0:.025:7;

25

26

CHAPTER 8. ADVANCED DATA COMMUNICATIONS TOPICS

Figure 8.9:
LTbf = length(Tbf);
A_BPSK = [];
A_QPSK = [];
A_MSK = [];
for k = 1:LTbf
A_BPSK(k) = quadl(G_BPSK, Tbf(k), 14);
A_QPSK(k) = quadl(G_QPSK, Tbf(k), 7);
A_MSK(k) = quadl(G_MSK, Tbf(k), 7);
end
OBP_BPSK = 10*log10(A_BPSK/A_BPSK(1));
OBP_QPSK = 10*log10(A_QPSK/A_QPSK(1));
OBP_MSK = 10*log10(A_MSK/A_MSK(1));
plot(Tbf, OBP_BPSK, A(1,:)), ylabel(Relative out-of-band power, dB), xlabel(T_bf),...
axis([0 5 -40 0]),grid,...
hold on
plot(Tbf, OBP_QPSK, A(2,:))
plot(Tbf, OBP_MSK, A(3,:))
legend(BPSK, QPSK/OQPSK, MSK)
A typical plot generated by the program is shown in Fig. 8.10.

8.2. COMPUTER EXERCISES

27

Figure 8.10:
Computer Exercise 8.3
% ce8_3.m: Computes spectrum of continuous phase FSK
%
clf
A = char(-,,-.,:,.,-..);
Tbf0 = input(Enter f_0 times T_b )
delTbf0 = .5:.25:1.5;
L_delTbf = length(delTbf0)
Tbf = 0:.025:10;
for k = 1:L_delTbf
delTbf = delTbf0(k);
G_FSK = (S_CFSK(Tbf-Tbf0) + S_CFSK(Tbf-Tbf0-delTbf)).^2;
area = sum(G_FSK)*0.025;
G_FSKN = G_FSK/area;
plot(Tbf, G_FSKN, A(k,:))
if k == 1
hold on
grid
xlabel(T_bf), ylabel(Spectral amplitude)
end

28

CHAPTER 8. ADVANCED DATA COMMUNICATIONS TOPICS

Figure 8.11:
end
legend([\DeltafT_b = ,num2str(delTbf0(1))], [\DeltafT_b = ,num2str(delTbf0(2))],
[\DeltafT_b = ,num2str(delTbf0(3))],[\DeltafT_b = ,num2str(delTbf0(4))],
[\DeltafT_b = ,num2str(delTbf0(5))])
title([Spectrum for continuous phase FSK; T_bf_0 = , num2str(Tbf0)])
% Function to approximate CFSK spectrum
%
function y = S_CFSK(Tbf)
y = sinc(Tbf);
A typical plot is shown in Fig. 8.11.
Computer Exercise 8.4
% ce8_4.m: Computes bit error probability curves for jamming in DSSS.
% For a desired P_E and given JSR and Gp, computes the required Eb/N0
%
clf
A = char(-,,-.,:,.,-.x,-.o);
Gp_dB = input(Enter desired processing gain in dB );

8.2. COMPUTER EXERCISES

Gp = 10^(Gp_dB/10);
z_dB = 0:.5:30;
z = 10.^(z_dB/10);
k = 1;
JSR0 = [];
for JSR_dB = 5:5:25;
JSR0(k) = JSR_dB;
JSR = 10^(JSR_dB/10);
arg = z./(1+z*JSR/Gp);
PE = 0.5*erfc(sqrt(arg));
semilogy(z_dB, PE, A(k+1,:))
if k == 1
hold on
axis([0 30 1E-15 1])
grid on
xlabel(E_b/N_0, dB), ylabel(P_E)
title([BEP for DS BPSK in jamming for proc. gain = ,
num2str(Gp_dB), dB])
end
k = k+1;
end
PEG = 0.5*qfn(sqrt(2*z));
semilogy(z_dB, PEG), text(z_dB(30)-5, PEG(30), No jamming)
legend([JSR = , num2str(JSR0(1))], [JSR = , num2str(JSR0(2))],
[JSR = , num2str(JSR0(3))], [JSR = , num2str(JSR0(4))],
[JSR = , num2str(JSR0(5))], 3)
disp(Strike ENTER to continue);
pause
PE0 = input(Enter desired value of P_E );
JSR_dB_0 = input(Enter given value of JSR in dB );
Gp_dB_0 = input(Enter given value of processing gain in dB );
JSR0 = 10^(JSR_dB_0/10);
Gp0 = 10^(Gp_dB_0/10);
PELIM = 0.5*erfc(sqrt(Gp0/JSR0));
disp( )
disp(Infinite Eb/N0 BEP limit)
disp(PELIM)
if PELIM >= PE0
disp(For given choices of G_p, JSR, & desired P_E,
a solution is not possible );

29

30

CHAPTER 8. ADVANCED DATA COMMUNICATIONS TOPICS

Gp0_over_JSR0 = (erfinv(1-2*PE0))^2;
Gp0_over_JSR0_dB = 10*log10(Gp0_over_JSR0);
disp(The minimum required value of G_p over JSR in dB is:)
disp(Gp0_over_JSR0_dB)
else
arg0 = (erfinv(1-2*PE0))^2;
SNR0 = 1/(1/arg0 - JSR0/Gp0);
SNR0_dB = 10*log10(SNR0);
end
disp( )
disp(To give BEP of:)
disp(PE0)
disp(Requires GP, JSR, and Eb/N0 in dB of:)
disp([Gp_dB JSR_dB SNR0_dB])

A typical run follows, with both a plot given in Fig. 8.12 and a specific output generated:
>> ce8_4
Enter desired processing gain in dB: 30
Strike ENTER to continue
Enter desired value of P_E: 1e-3
Enter given value of JSR in dB: 20
Enter given value of processing gain in dB: 30
Infinite Eb/N0 BEP limit
3.8721e-006
To give BEP of:
0.0010
Requires GP, JSR, and Eb/N0 in dB of:
30.0000 25.0000 9.6085
Computer Exercise 8.5
% ce8_5.m: Given a satellite altitude and desired spot diameter for
% illumination, determines circular antenna aperture diameter and
% maximum antenna gain.
%
h = input(Enter satellite altitude in km: );
d_spot = input(Enter desired illuminated spot diameter at subsatellite
point in km: );
f0 = input(Enter carrier frequency in GHz: );
rho = input(Enter desired antenna eciency: 0 < \rho <= 1: );

8.2. COMPUTER EXERCISES

31

Figure 8.12:
theta = d_spot/h;
phi3dB = theta;
lambda = 3E8/(f0*1E9);
d = lambda/(phi3dB*sqrt(rho));
% G0 = rho*(pi*d/lambda)^2
G0 = (pi/phi3dB)^2;
G0_dB = 10*log10(G0);
disp( )
disp(3-dB beamwidth in degrees: )
disp(phi3dB*57.3)
disp(Wavelength in meters:)
disp(lambda)
disp(Antenna diameter in meters:)
disp(d)
disp(Antenna gain in dB:)
disp(G0_dB)
disp( )
A typical run follows:

32

CHAPTER 8. ADVANCED DATA COMMUNICATIONS TOPICS

>> ce8_5
Enter satellite altitude in km: 200
Enter desired illuminated spot diameter at subsatellite point in km: 20
Enter carrier frequency in GHz: 8
Enter desired antenna eciency: 0 < rho <= 1: .7
3-dB beamwidth in degrees:
5.7300
Wavelength in meters:
0.0375
Antenna diameter in meters:
0.4482
Antenna gain in dB:
29.9430

Computer Exercise 8.6

% ce8_6.m: Performance curves for bent-pipe relay and mod/demod relay
%
clf
A = char(,-,-.,:);
I_mod = input(Enter type of modulation: 1 = BPSK; 2 = coh. FSK; 3 = DPSK;
4 = noncoh. FSK );
PE0 = input(Enter desired value of P_E );
for I_type = 1:2
if I_type == 1
if I_mod == 1
EbN0r = (erfinv(1 - 2*PE0))^2;
elseif I_mod == 2
EbN0r = 2*(erfinv(1 - 2*PE0))^2;
elseif I_mod == 3
EbN0r = -log(2*PE0);
elseif I_mod == 4
EbN0r = -2*log(2*PE0);
end
EbN0r_dB = 10*log10(EbN0r)
EbN0u_dB = EbN0r_dB+.000001:.01:35;
EbN0u = 10.^(EbN0u_dB/10);
den = 1/EbN0r-1./EbN0u;
EbN0d = 1./den;
EbN0d_dB = 10.*log10(EbN0d);

8.2. COMPUTER EXERCISES

elseif I_type == 2
d1 = log10(0.00000001*PE0);
d2 = log10(0.9999999*PE0);
pu = logspace(d1, d2, 5000);
pd = (PE0 - pu)./(1 - 2*pu);
if I_mod == 1
EbN0u = (erfinv(1 - 2*pu)).^2;
EbN0d = (erfinv(1 - 2*pd)).^2;
elseif I_mod == 2
EbN0u = 2*(erfinv(1 - 2*pu)).^2;
EbN0d = 2*(erfinv(1 - 2*pd)).^2;
elseif I_mod == 3
EbN0u = -log(2*pu);
EbN0d = -log(2*pd);
elseif I_mod == 4
EbN0u = -2*log(2*pu);
EbN0d = -2*log(2*pd);
end
EbN0u_dB = 10*log10(EbN0u);
EbN0d_dB = 10*log10(EbN0d);
end
plot(EbN0d_dB, EbN0u_dB,A(I_type,:)),
if I_type == 1
axis square, axis([5 30 5 30]), grid on,...
xlabel((E_b/N_0)_d, dB), ylabel((E_b/N_0)_u, dB)
hold on
end
end
legend([Bent pipe],[Demod/remod],1)
if I_mod == 1
title([Uplink E_b/N_0 versus downlink E_b/N_0, both in dB,
to give P_E = ,num2str(PE0),; BPSK modulation])
elseif I_mod == 2
title([Uplink E_b/N_0 versus downlink E_b/N_0, both in dB,
to give P_E = ,num2str(PE0),; coh. FSK modulation])
elseif I_mod == 3
title([Uplink E_b/N_0 versus downlink E_b/N_0, both in dB,
to give P_E = ,num2str(PE0),; DPSK modulation])
elseif I_mod == 4
title([Uplink E_b/N_0 versus downlink E_b/N_0, both in dB,

33

34

CHAPTER 8. ADVANCED DATA COMMUNICATIONS TOPICS

Figure 8.13:
to give P_E = ,num2str(PE0),; noncoh. FSK modulation])
end
A typical run follows:
>> ce8_6
Enter type of modulation: 1 = BPSK; 2 = coh. FSK; 3 = DPSK; 4 = noncoh. FSK 2
Enter desired value of P_E 1e-3
EbN0r_dB =
9.7998
Computer Exercise 8.7
% ce8_7.m: plots waveforms or spectra for gmsk and msk
%
A = char(-,-.,,:.);
samp_bit = input(Enter number of samples per bit used in simulation: );
N_bits = input(Enter total number of bits: );
GMSK = input(Enter 1 for GMSK; 0 for normal MSK: );
if GMSK == 1
BT_bit = input(Enter vector of bandwidth X bit periods: );
N_samp = 50;
end

8.2. COMPUTER EXERCISES

35

I_plot = input(Enter 1 to plot waveforms; 2 to plot spectra and out-of-band power );

if I_plot == 1
f0 = 1;
elseif I_plot == 2
f0 = 0;
end
clf
kp = pi/2;
T_bit = 1;
LB = length(BT_bit);
for k = 1:LB
B = BT_bit(k)/T_bit;
alpha = 1.1774/B; % Note that B is two-sided bandwidth
del_t = T_bit/samp_bit;
fs = 1/del_t;
data = 0.5*(sign(rand(1,N_bits)-.5)+1);
s = 2*data - 1;
L = length(s);
t=0:del_t:L*T_bit-del_t;
s_t = s(ones(samp_bit,1),:); % Build array whose columns are samp_bit long
s_t = s_t(:); % Convert matrix where bit samples occupy columns to vector
L_s_t = length(s_t);
tp=0:del_t:N_samp*T_bit-del_t;
L_t = length(t);
L_tp=length(tp);
t_max = max(tp);
if GMSK == 1
hG = (sqrt(pi)/alpha)*exp(-pi^2*(tp-t_max/2).^2/alpha^2);
freq1 = kp*del_t*conv(hG,s_t);
L_hG = length(hG);
freq = freq1(L_hG/2:length(freq1)-L_hG/2);
elseif GMSK == 0
freq = kp*s_t;
end
phase = del_t*cumsum(freq);
if GMSK == 0
y_mod = exp(j*2*pi*f0*t+j*phase);
elseif GMSK == 1
y_mod = exp(j*2*pi*f0*t+j*phase);
end

36

CHAPTER 8. ADVANCED DATA COMMUNICATIONS TOPICS

if I_plot == 1
subplot(3,1,1),plot(t,s_t),axis([min(t), max(t), -1.2, 1.2]), ylabel(Data)
if GMSK == 0
title(MSK waveforms)
elseif GMSK == 1
title([GMSK for BT_b = , num2str(BT_bit(k))])
end
subplot(3,1,2),plot(t,phase), ylabel(Excess phase, rad.)
for nn = 1:11
if nn == 1
hold on
end
subplot(3,1,2),plot(t,-nn*(pi/2)*ones(size(t)),m)
subplot(3,1,2),plot(t,nn*(pi/2)*ones(size(t)),m)
end
subplot(3,1,3),plot(t,real(y_mod)), xlabel(t), ylabel(Modulated signal)
elseif I_plot == 2
Z=PSD(real(y_mod),2048,fs);
% MATLAB supplied function
ZN = Z/max(Z);
ET = sum(ZN);
OBP = 1-cumsum(ZN)/ET;
LZ = length(Z);
del_FR = fs/2/LZ;
FR = [0:del_FR:fs/2-del_FR];
subplot(1,2,1),semilogy(FR,ZN,A(k,:)), axis([0 3 10^(-8) 1])
if k == 1
hold on
grid
ylabel(PSD, J/Hz), xlabel(fT_b_i_t)
title(Power spectra and out-of-band power for GMSK)
end
subplot(1,2,2),semilogy(FR,OBP,A(k,:)), axis([0 3 10^(-8) 1])
if k == 1
hold on
grid
ylabel(Fraction of out-of-band power), xlabel(fT_b_i_t)
end
if LB == 1
legend([BT_b_i_t = ,num2str(BT_bit(1))],1)
elseif LB == 2

8.2. COMPUTER EXERCISES

legend([BT_b_i_t = ,num2str(BT_bit(1))],
[BT_b_i_t = ,num2str(BT_bit(2))],1)
elseif LB == 3
legend([BT_b_i_t = ,num2str(BT_bit(1))],
[BT_b_i_t = ,num2str(BT_bit(2))],
[BT_b_i_t = ,num2str(BT_bit(3))],1)
elseif LB == 4
legend([BT_b_i_t = ,num2str(BT_bit(1))],
[BT_b_i_t = ,num2str(BT_bit(2))],
[BT_b_i_t = ,num2str(BT_bit(3))],
[BT_b_i_t = ,num2str(BT_bit(4))],1)
end
end
end
Two typical runs follow - one for plotting waveforms and one for plotting spectra.
>> ce8_7
Enter number of samples per bit used in simulation: 20
Enter total number of bits: 50
Enter 1 for GMSK; 0 for normal MSK: 1
Enter vector of bandwidth X bit periods: .5
Enter 1 to plot waveforms; 2 to plot spectra and out-of-band power: 1
>> ce8_7
Enter number of samples per bit used in simulation: 10
Enter total number of bits: 2000
Enter 1 for GMSK; 0 for normal MSK: 1
Enter vector of bandwidth X bit periods: [.5 1 1.5]
Enter 1 to plot waveforms; 2 to plot spectra and out-of-band power: 2

37

38

CHAPTER 8. ADVANCED DATA COMMUNICATIONS TOPICS

Figure 8.14:

8.2. COMPUTER EXERCISES

39

Figure 8.15: