United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit

21 F.
3d 370
1 Wage & Hour Cas. 2d (BNA) 1601
Albert L. BRINKMAN, Pamela N. Brinkman, Luther Blanton,

Jr.,
Earl A. Colver, III, David R. Edmonds, Larry L. Girard,
Arthur T. Green, Lawrence Henderson, Thomas E. Hunt, Jr.,
Robert P. Kult, Steven A. Martin, Jon O. McClendon, Ruth I.
Miller, Stefanie Penrod, Vincent Reed, Patrick Simpson,
Margaret A. Swope, Billie Joe Buchanan, William A. Gambrel,
Barbara J. Kesinger, Herbert Dean Wolf, Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v.
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS OF the STATE OF
KANSAS, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 93-3019.
United States Court of Appeals,

Tenth Circuit.
April 11, 1994.
Charles E. Simmons, Chief Legal Counsel, Dept. of Corrections, Topeka,

KS, for defendant-appellant.
Brad E. Avery, Topeka, KS, for plaintiffs-appellees.
Before LOGAN and MOORE, Circuit Judges, and KANE, Senior District
Judge.*
LOGAN, Circuit Judge.
Defendant Kansas Department of Corrections appeals from a judgment under

the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) requiring it to pay actual and liquidated
damages for unpaid overtime compensation. See 29 U.S.C. Secs. 207(a),
216(b). Defendant argues that as an agency of the state it is immune from suit
pursuant to the Tenth and Eleventh Amendments. It also argues that the district
court erred in denying defendant's motion in limine which sought to preclude
plaintiffs from introducing evidence of missed, interrupted or restricted meal

breaks, and that the court erred in holding it was compelled to award liquidated
damages when the jury found defendant's violation to be willful.
2
Plaintiffs, correctional officers at the Lansing Correctional Facility, were

required to report to roll call fifteen minutes before their eight-hour shifts and
also to remain fifteen minutes after their shifts to provide relief briefings to the
officers who began work on the next shifts. To offset this extra thirty minutes
their daily work schedules provided for a thirty-minute meal break. Plaintiffs
were not compensated for this scheduled break, although their activities were
curtailed. For instance, they could not leave the prison grounds, go to their
automobiles, or read, and were required to respond to alarms. Plaintiffs also
alleged they did not always receive their breaks. They sought overtime
compensation for the break periods at one-and-a-half times their regular hourly
rate. See 29 C.F.R. Sec. 785.19. After a jury verdict in favor of plaintiffs, the
district court awarded each plaintiff liquidated damages in an amount equal to
their actual damages based on the jury's finding that defendant's FLSA
violations were willful.
In making its Tenth Amendment argument defendant seeks to resurrect

National League of Cities v. Usery, 426 U.S. 833, 96 S.Ct. 2465, 49 L.Ed.2d
245 (1976), which was expressly overruled by Garcia v. San Antonio Metro
Transit Auth., 469 U.S. 528, 105 S.Ct. 1005, 83 L.Ed.2d 1016 (1985). Garcia
held that state employees, including employees of state political subdivisions,
could properly be brought within the coverage of the FLSA. We have expressly
recognized the authority of Garcia 's holding that the Tenth Amendment is not
violated by extending the FLSA to the states. Renfro v. City of Emporia, 948
F.2d 1529, 1541 (10th Cir.1991), cert. dismissed, --- U.S. ----, 112 S.Ct. 1310,
117 L.Ed.2d 510 (1992). The issue is settled; defendant's Tenth Amendment
immunity argument fails.
Defendant asserts that this suit is also barred by the Eleventh Amendment,
which prohibits suits against states in federal court unless Congress specifically
waives that protection. Pennsylvania v. Union Gas Co., 491 U.S. 1, 14-15, 109
S.Ct. 2273, 2281, 105 L.Ed.2d 1 (1989). Congress can override state sovereign
immunity, but must "mak[e] its intention unmistakably clear in the language of
the statute." Atascadero State Hosp. v. Scanlon, 473 U.S. 234, 242, 105 S.Ct.
3142, 3147, 87 L.Ed.2d 171 (1985).
We agree with the Second and Ninth Circuits that Congress made clear in the
FLSA its intention to override the Eleventh Amendment. Reich v. New York, 3
F.3d 581, 590 (2d Cir.1993), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 114 S.Ct. 1187, 127
L.Ed.2d 537 (1994); Hale v. Arizona, 993 F.2d 1387, 1391 (9th Cir.1993) (in
banc). The FLSA defines an employee to include "[i]n the case of an individual
employed by a public agency, ... any individual employed by a State, political
subdivision of a State, or an interstate governmental agency...." 29 U.S.C. Sec.
203(e)(2)(C). Further, in the aftermath of the Supreme Court's Garcia decision,
Congress specifically accommodated state employers by delaying the date by
which states were required to comply with the FLSA to April 15, 1986. Pub.L.
No. 99-150, 99 Stat. 788 Sec. 2(c)(1) (1985). Congress thus has unequivocally
manifested its purpose to permit employees to sue their employers pursuant to
the FLSA, even when those employers are states and state agencies. See also
29 U.S.C. Sec. 207(k) and (o). Plaintiffs' suit is not barred by the Eleventh
Amendment.
6
Defendant's motion in limine that sought to prevent the plaintiffs from

introducing evidence of lost breaks was predicated upon answers by plaintiffs
to requests for admission, the alleged absence of specific incidents of lost
breaks identified by plaintiffs in deposition testimony, and the stipulation of
issues contained in the pretrial order. We review evidentiary rulings for abuse
of discretion. Fox v. Mazda Corp. of Amer., 868 F.2d 1190, 1194 (10th
Cir.1989).1
The district court concluded that plaintiffs' response to defendant's request for
admissions, when read in the context of the entire pretrial order, was simply a
stipulation as to basic break policy, not a stipulation that defendant consistently
adhered to that policy. The court noted that the pretrial order also contained a
stipulation that some plaintiffs did "not always receive their breaks."
Appellant's App. 85; see id. at 32. We agree with the district court's evaluation
of the pretrial order; the thrust of plaintiffs' position--that although defendant
intended to routinely provide breaks those opportunities did not consistently
materialize--is reflected throughout the pretrial order. The district court did not
abuse its discretion in denying the motion in limine.
Finally, defendant objects to the liquidated damages award by the district court
following the jury's determination that defendant intentionally violated the
FLSA. When an employer is liable for compensatory damages, 29 U.S.C. Sec.
216 permits an additional award of liquidated damages in the amount of the
compensatory damages. The FLSA provides, however, that "if the employer
shows to the satisfaction of the court that the act or omission giving rise to such
action was in good faith and that he had reasonable grounds for believing his
act or omission was not a violation of the [FLSA], the court may, in its sound
discretion," award less or no liquidated damages. Id. at Sec. 260.
In this case, the jury determined that defendant willfully violated the FLSA,
rejecting any evidence defendant offered to the contrary. This issue apparently
was submitted to the jury because plaintiffs could recover for only two years of
violations unless defendant had acted willfully, in which case a three-year
limitations period applied. Id. Sec. 255(a); see Pretrial Order at 5, Appellant's
App. 34. We have held that when fact issues central to a claim are decided by a
jury upon evidence that would justify its conclusion, the Seventh Amendment
right to a jury trial prohibits the district court from reaching a contrary
conclusion. Skinner v. Total Petroleum, Inc., 859 F.2d 1439, 1443 (10th
Cir.1988). The same willfulness standard for the statute of limitations issue
applies to the liquidated damages issue, see EEOC v. City of Detroit Health
Dep't, 920 F.2d 355, 359-60 (6th Cir.1990) (Guy, J., concurring). That Sixth
Circuit case decided the precise issue before us contrary to defendant's position.
We agree with its conclusion.
10
Defendant has not provided us with a transcript of the trial, and has not argued
that there is insufficient evidence for the jury to find a willful violation. The
district court properly awarded liquidated damages based upon the jury's
finding of willfulness.
11
AFFIRMED.
The Honorable John L. Kane, Jr., Senior United States District Judge, United
States District Court for the District of Colorado, sitting by designation
Plaintiffs argue that defendant failed to preserve the issue for appeal by not
making a contemporaneous objection at trial. In denying the motion in limine,
the district court stated only that plaintiffs were not foreclosed from "admission
of this evidence [of defendant's noncompliance with its policy to provide
breaks] at this point in time because of the argued contradiction" in the pretrial
stipulation. Appellant's App. 85. The appellate record contains no transcript of
the trial, and defendant's brief does not identify whether or where an objection
was made at trial. Nevertheless, we need not have that information to determine
this issue, as we can find no abuse of discretion

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21 F.

Albert L. BRINKMAN, Pamela N. Brinkman, Luther Blanton,

United States Court of Appeals,

Charles E. Simmons, Chief Legal Counsel, Dept. of Corrections, Topeka,

Defendant Kansas Department of Corrections appeals from a judgment under

plaintiffs from introducing evidence of missed, interrupted or restricted meal

Plaintiffs, correctional officers at the Lansing Correctional Facility, were

In making its Tenth Amendment argument defendant seeks to resurrect

Defendant's motion in limine that sought to prevent the plaintiffs from

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