Logic Notes
Logic Notes
Philosophy
etymological meaning (from the Greek word Philein means Love and Sophia means
Wisdom)
So, what is the difference between Knowledge and Wisdom???
Technical Definition: Knowledge of All things in their ultimate causes and principles
which can be acquired through human reason ALONE.
Philosophy begins with wonder.
It is innate that we are all born with wonder to investigate everything around us.
Periods of Philosophical Development
A. Ancient Philosophy- the Greek ancient Philosophers (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and many
others) raised the question Where am I?. The limelight is directed to
COSMOS/world/nature, the origin of everything. They used natural elements to explain
the origin of the cosmos that is why they are commonly known as natural philosophers.
The Asian Philosophers (Lao Tzu, Confucius, Mencius) on the other hand, asked the
question what am I. This Philosophers led their way toward the principle on HOW TO
LIVE LIFE(MORE ON VIRTUES).
The Indian Philosophers (Buddha, Mahavira, Shankara and many others)focused the
question WHO AM I. The central teaching involves how to attain wisdom of the soul.
ENLIGHTENMENT.
B. Medieval Philosophy- The significance of this Philosophy focused on the question of the
existence of the world and man in relation to GOD. (Most of the issues raised during this
period were all about how to prove that God exists.)
C. Modern/Contemporary Philosophy- the question is shifted to man himself. Man
questions himself in relation to economics, politics, morality, science, discipline, power
and many other issues which basically predicated on the sole issue of man being a selfcentered being.
Branches of Philosophy
1. Logic- Science of correct reasoning
2. Ontology- the science of being
3. Epistemology- the study of knowledge and its validity
4. Cosmology- the study of the material universe.
5. Psychology- the study of human minds (physiological function)
6. Ethics- the study of morality
7. Theodicy- the study of God (with the use of human reason alone)
What are the benefits of studying Logic? (5)
Logic
Aristotle an ancient philosopher who is generally credited as the father of Logic.
He was the one who first devised systematic criteria for analysing and evaluating
arguments.
His chief accomplishment is called Syllogistic Logic.
So, what is Syllogistic Logic?- a kind of logic which the fundamental elements are
terms, and arguments are evaluated as good or bad depending on how the terms are
arranged.
Example of an Argument:
All Logic Students did well on the exam.-----> Premise
Sophia is a logic student ------------------ Premise
Therefore, Sophia did well on the exam. ---Conclusion
------- ARGUMENT
Name
tilde
Dot
wedge
Horseshoe
Triple Bar
Logical Function
Used to translate
negation
conjunction
disjunction
implication
equivalence
Application:
Note: in doing this, we must comply with the well-established rule in propositional logic
so that we can consider the symbolic expression (well-formed formulas) meaningful,
otherwise the symbolic expression becomes confusing or uncertain.
Rule 1: The first rule tells us that symbols such as "A", "B", "C" to Z (letters of the
alphabet )are all WFFs.
Rule 2: tells us is that whatever Capital letter is, if it is a WFF, then when you add "~"
(tilde) to the front of the letter you will end up with a new and longer WFF. So from rule
1, we know that "A" is a WFF. Then we can apply rule 2 to "A" to infer that "~A" is also
a WFF.
Rule 3: Consider the formula "(P^~P)"by using the logical operator conjunction AND
(^). This is a WFF because "P" is a WFF according to rule 1, so "~P" is also a WFF
according to rule 2. Combining them according to rule 3 then, "(P^~P)" is also a WFF.
Rule 4: Even though "~P" is a WFF, "(~P)" is not, because as we can see from rule
3, any WFF that contains a pair of brackets must have at least one of the four other
connectives inside.
Exercise:
The Miami Heat will win if and only if they let him play-----------> Symbols
Note: Lets represent the statement to symbols. The Miami Heat will win may be
represented as capital letter M pursuant to rule 1 (any capital letters of the alphabet
may do). If you happen to determine any logical operator which is used to translate, set
aside for a moment. Put them together when you are finished representing all phrases
to any capital letters pursuant to rule 1. Here, the wordings if and only if is a logical
operator used to translate with a symbol (=). The wordings they let him play may be
converted to capital letter H pursuant to rule 1. Therefore, the statement may be
represented as: M=H (this is considered well-formed formula and therefore meaningful
and not ambiguous)
Truth Table to test the validity of arguments. Used to determine when a compound
statement is True or False.
Note: There are four possible cases for the combined truth values.
Formula:
For conjunction (AND)
P(True) AND Q (True), then P AND Q is True
P(True) AND Q(False), then P AND Q is False
P(False) AND Q(True), then P AND Q is False
P(False) AND Q(False), then P AND Q is False
Application:
1 Hour is 60 minutes AND blue is a color: convert it to variables, thus 1 hour is 60
minutes to capital letter H any letter of the alphabet may do. And blue is a color to
capital letter B. Thus, we have H AND B.
Next step is to determine whether the statements are true or false.
Here, H is true and B is true, therefore, H AND B is TRUE. (the statement 1 Hour is 60
minutes AND blue is a color is TRUE )
Please follow the same procedure in the above-mentioned example based on the given
formula to all other instances.
Note: Same procedure in the above-mentioned example. Just determine whether the
statements are True or False, then follow the given Formula.
LANGUAGE
Man uses a certain words and phrases to describe people, places and things.
Through language man can make friends, gives warning, order meals and open
up feelings, likes and dislikes.
Language is the expression of ideas by means of speech-sounds combined
into words.