Induction Course for new M&E Engineers
21, 28 March & 4, 11 April 2015
Extra Low Voltage System
Mr. Wong Shin Neng
Electrical Engineer
SM Consulting Engineers Sdn Bhd
EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM
(ELVS)
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
SMATV
CCTV SYSTEM
SECURITY AND CARD ACCESS SYSTEM
BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)
EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM
(ELVS)
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
SMATV
CCTV SYSTEM
SECURITY SYSTEM
BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)
Telecommunication SystemOverview
POTS (Plain Old Telephone System)
Internet, Ethernet
Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP)
Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) FTTO,
FTTH
Telecommunication SystemOverview
Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) FTTO,
FTTH
ONU Optical Network Unit.
An optical network unit (ONU) is a device that
transforms incoming optical signals into electronics at a
customer's premises in order to
provide telecommunications services over an optical
fiber network
RG residential gateway.
In telecommunications networking, a residential
gateway allows the connection of a local area
network (LAN) to a wide area network (WAN). The WAN
can be a larger computer network (such as a municipal
WAN that provides connectivity to the residences
within the municipality), or the Internet. WAN
connectivity may be provided through DSL, cable
modem, a broadband mobile phone network, or other
connections.
ATA Analog Telephone Adapter
An analog telephony adapter or analog telephone
adapter (ATA) is a device used to connect one or more
standard analog telephones to a digital telephone
system (such as Voice over IP) or a non-standard
telephone system.
Technical Standards:
Malaysian Technical Standards Forum Bhd:
MTSFB 008:2005 (rev 1) - Technical Standards and
Infrastructure Requirements Part 1:Fixed Network
Infrastructure
Guideline On the Provision of Basic Civil Works for
Communication Infrastructure In The New Development
Areas
MTSFB 002:2009 Technical standard for in-building
fibre cabling for fibre-to-the-premise
Note: These standards are stated in
Surat Perakuan submission to
Suruhanjaya Komunikasi Dan
Multimedia (SKMM) during DO
stage
Telecommunication SystemManholes
Manhole Type Size: L x W x H (mm)
No. of Ductway
JB30
950 x 625 x 450
2-way
JRC7
1280 x 975 x 800
2-way
JC9
1570 x 660 x 1070
4-way
JC9C
1820 x 970 x 1440
4-way
R1B
1820 x 1220 x 1970
6-way
R2A
3050 x 1220 x 1820
12-way
Telecommunication System
Cable Specifications
Cable Type
Bandwidth
Cat 3
(ISO/IEC 11801
Class C TIA/EIA 568
B)
Cat 5e
(ISO/IEC 11801
Class D
TIA/EIA 568 B)
Cat 6
(ISO/IEC 11801
Class E
TIA/EIA 568 B)
Fiber Optic
(Multi mode
OM2/OM3 &
Single Mode)
16 MHz
Application Limit
Remarks
For voice telephony & ADSL in building
or inter building
> 100 Mhz
For Ethernet
transmission up to
1GBps
For distance up to
100m
>250 Mhz
For Ethernet
transmission up to
10Gbps
For distance up to
100m
For data
transmission
>10Gbps
For distance
beyond 100m
>200 MHz / km
Depends on light
source
Recommended Building Infrastructure Design
taken from MTSFB 008:2005
Fibre
cable
to FTB
is by
NFP
Riser Cable
By NFP
ONU Optical Network Unit.
An optical network unit (ONU) is a device that transforms incoming optical signals into electronics at a customer's premises in
order to provide telecommunications services over an optical fiber network
RG residential gateway.
In telecommunications networking, a residential gateway allows the connection of a local area network (LAN) to a wide area
network (WAN). The WAN can be a larger computer network (such as a municipal WAN that provides connectivity to the residences
within the municipality), or the Internet. WAN connectivity may be provided through DSL, cable modem, a broadband mobile
phone network, or other connections.
ATA Analog Telephone Adapter
An analog telephony adapter or analog telephone adapter (ATA) is a device used to connect one or more standard analog
telephones to a digital telephone system (such as Voice over IP) or a non-standard telephone system.
By NFP
Telecommunication System
Outlets
Telephone point - RJ11
Ethernet Point - RJ45
Fibre Wall Socket (FWS)
Telecommunication System
TM Certificate
Design consideration
Remember to provide telecommunication point for
Fire Command Centre (FCC) for Bomba CMS
Specify single-mode fibre and not multi-mode.
EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM
(ELVS)
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
SMATV
CCTV SYSTEM
SECURITY SYSTEM
BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)
SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY
TERRESTRIAL BANDS
0 47 68 88
VHF
108
176
FM
TV Channels
Band I Band II
FM
Antenna
230
VHF
5
862 MHz
UHF
12 21
Band III
VHF
Antenna
470
38
69
Band IV Band V
UHF
Antenna
VHF 47-68Mhz (Band I) was never used in the industry.
TV Channels (5 69) is based on international standard definition
Refer to http://www.asiawaves.net/ for channel frequencies for tuning according to
location.
Screenshot from http://www.asiawaves.net/
Refer to http://www.asiawaves.net/ for channel
frequencies for tuning according to location.
SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY
TERESTRIAL RECEPTION
Ghost image when you receive transmission from two stations at the same
frequency range. In order to filter out the ghost image, the amplifier need to filter out
the ghost frequency.
SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY
VHF
FREQUENCY RANGES
VHF
FM
45 87,5 108
176
UHF
230 470
SATELLITE
862 950
2150
MHz
TRANSPOSING
ACTUAL SATELLITE BANDWITH
10 700
Take note that in Malaysia, Astro satellite is
facing north for reception
12 700
MHz
SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY
MIXING OF SIGNALS
FM
DIPLEXING AT OUTLET
SAT
Full band mixer
VHF / UHF
FM
VHF
UHF
TV/SAT mixer
A diplexer is a passive device that implements frequency domain multiplexing.
The diplexer, being a passive device, is reciprocal: the device itself doesn't have a
notion of input or output.
SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY
OUTLET LEVEL FOR A GOOD SIGNAL
VHF (47MHz to 68MHz)
min: 57,5dBV
max:74dBV
FM (87.5MHz to 108MHz)
min: 50 dBV
max:66dBV
UHF / VHF (176 MHz to 862MHz)
min: 57 dBV
max:74dBV
SAT (950MHz to 2050MHz)
min: 47dBV
max:77dBV
Target to achieve 60 dBV for design purposes
SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY
SMATV SIGNAL STRENGTH
The strength of the SMATV (VHF, UHF and SAT) is expressed in dBuV
Amplifiers increase the signal value : GAIN
Passive equipments (cables, splitters, connectors) decrease the signal value : INSERTION LOSS
The objective is to have , for every outlet, an output level between 57 and 74 dBuV (For UHF/VHF)
100
75
Reception Level
Outlet Level
50
25
SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN
SATELLITE RECEPTION
SATTELITE DISHES
60 CM / 90 CM / 120 CM
Steel Aluminium - Composite
LNB
Single
Quattro
Fibre
SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN
TAPS
Passive distribution equipment
Limited THROUGH LOSS (2 to 5 dB)
Adjusted TAP LOSSES from 10 to 20 dB
Available for SAT and/or Terrestrial signals
100 dBuV
Through Loss
2 to 5 dB
20
dB
Tap Loss
10 to 20 dB
- 5dB
- 2 dB
- 1dB
- 5dB
- 4dB
16
dB
- 1dB
- 5dB
- 3 dB
67 dBuV
- 5dB
- 4dB
13
dB
- 1dB
- 5dB
- 5 dB
67 dBuV
- 5dB
- 4dB
12
dB
65 dBuV
- 1dB
- 5dB
63 dBuV
- 4dB
- 5dB
SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN
SPLITTERS
Passive distribution equipment
Split the signal in 2 to 8 signals of
equal value
Insertion Losses of Splitters
Bandwidth
MHz
Number of outputs
2
5 - 1000
4.0
6.0
8.5
10.0
11.5
1000 - 1700
4.5
7.0
9.0
12.0
12.5
1700- 2400
5.5
8.5
10.5
14.0
15.0
SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN
INNER CONDUCTOR :
BARE COPPER
COVERED STEEL
1,01 mm 0,02
OUTER JACKET :
WHITE PVC RAL
1013
SHIELD 2 :
ALUMINIUM BRAID
60%
RG6
SHIELD 1 :
BONDED ALUMINIUM FOIL
POLYESTER
ALUMINIUM FOIL
INNER CONDUCTOR :
BARE COPPER
COVERED STEEL
1,62 mm 0,02
OUTER JACKET :
WHITE PVC RAL
1013
10,16mm 0,4
SHIELD 1 :
ALUMINIUM BRAID
60%
RG11
DIELECTRIC :
FOAM
POLYETHYLENE
4,57 mm 0,2
SHIELD 2 :
BONDED ALUMINIUM FOIL
POLYESTER
ALUMINIUM FOIL
DIELECTRIC :
FOAM
POLYETHYLENE
7,11 mm 0,2
SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN
COAXIAL CABLES : Main parameters
IMPEDANCE : 75 OHMS
Insertion Loss
for 100 m
800 MHz
1000 MHz
2200 MHz
RG6
17 dB
20 dB
30 dB
RG11
11 dB
13 dB
18 dB
SCREEN EFFICIENCY
Level of protection offered by the screen (foil + braid) against
external interferences
The higher the frequencies the more important is this parameter
Example : > 75 dB for Axitronic PVCRG6B & XR11A
SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN
CABLE BENDING RADIUS
Minimum bending radius of 10 X the cable diameter
68 mm for RG6
105 mm for RG11
Sharp bending radius will damage the cable dielectric and cause
impedance disruptions which can deteriorate image quality
68 mm
SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN
OUTLETS
Insertion Loss
TAP LOSS
THROUGH LOSS
87.5 - 862 MHz
960 - 2050 MHz
5.0 dB
5.0 dB
3.5 / 4.0 dB
4.5 / 6.0 dB
Insulation between outputs: 25 dB
Satellite output
F-Connector
UHF/VHF output
IEC 9.52 F -Connector
FM output
IEC 9.52 M-Connector
Through Loss
SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN
SATELLITE SIGNAL DISTRIBUTION WITH MULTISWITCHES
SATELLITE 4 HEAD AMPLIFIERS
15 m
SIMPLE CASE STUDY #1
10 storey residential building : 40 m high
6 apartments per storey
2 outlets per apartment
Terrestrial programs
ASTRO
Reception signal : 70 dB
40 m
30 m
20 m
7 m
30 m
SMATV System - Conventional
SMATV System - Conventional
SMATV System - Conventional
SMATV HD COAX BACKBONE CABLE DESIGN
SMATV HD COAX BACKBONE CABLE DESIGN
SMATV HD COAX BACKBONE CABLE DESIGN
DO NOT LOOP
THE OUTLET
POINT
MULTISWITCHERS
ARE
CASCADED
SMATV HD FIBER OPTIC BACKBONE CABLE DESIGN
SMATV HD FIBER OPTIC BACKBONE CABLE DESIGN
FIBER OPTIC CABLE
WITH 4-WAY OPTICAL
SPLITTER
SMATV HD FIBER OPTIC BACKBONE CABLE DESIGN
FIBER OPTIC
CONVERTER
CONVERT OPTICAL
SIGNAL TO
ELECTRICAL SIGNAL
EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM
(ELVS)
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
SMATV
CCTV SYSTEM
SECURITY SYSTEM
BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)
CCTV Surveillance System
TYPES OF CCTV CAMERAS:
1. DOME, - Lift lobbies, lift car, indoor space
2. CCD / BOX car parks, staircase, outdoor space
3. PTZ suitable big public areas (e.g. main office lobby,
hotel main lobby, auditoriums). allows security
personnel to rotate and zoom.
CCTV Surveillance System Camera lens
CCTV camera lens will affect the field
of view (FoV) - Extend of area
captured by the camera
Fixed lens fixed focal point
Vari-focal lens allows users to
adjust focal points
In most installations, dome cameras
are usually installed with fixed lens.
However, vari-focal lens are optional
accessories and shall be considered
depending on application.
Fixed box cameras are usually
installed with vari-focal lens. This
allows users to select the FoV.
CCTV Surveillance System
Resolution
CCTV Resolution Pixel Count
In present time, most installations uses 1MP resolution as higher
resolution require higher cost and increase data usage.
CCTV Surveillance System
Resolution
CCTV Resolution Pixel Count
Heres 4 samples ranging from 35 to 2120
pixels covering the same area:
Clearly, the more the pixels, the more fine
details that can be captured
CCTV Surveillance System
Frame rate
People are used to watching TV
at about 30 frames per second,
often called 'full' frame rate.
Integrators choose low frame
rate (<5fps) due to storage cost.
Those who chose 6 10fps try
to balance storage cost and
acceptable smooth video
display
Those who chose higher frame
rate is driven by customer
requirement (e.g. Casino and
cash counting requirement)
CCTV Surveillance System
Analog DVR vs IP NVR system
ANALOG DVR System Components:
ANALOG CCTV CAMERAS
DVR (DIGITAL VIDEO RECORDER)
CABLES RG6 COAXIAL CABLE
IP NVR System Components
IP CCTV CAMERAS
NVR (NETWORK VIDEO RECORDER)
CABLES : CAT6, CAT 5E, FIBRE OPTIC
NETWORK SWITCHES
Analog CCTV DVR system
CCTV Surveillance System IP
Camera NVR system
IP Camera NVR system
IP Camera NVR system
IP Camera NVR system
Design Consideration
Resolution, FPS will affect bandwidth and storage
size. Request manufacturer to provide Bandwidth
and Storage calculations to verify sufficient
bandwidth for the network switches and sufficient
storage for the NVR
IP cameras should be connected to POE (Power
over Ethernet) network switches
Provide sufficient illumination level (lighting) for
proper CCTV operation.
Check local city council CCTV requirements.
Design Consideration
Although CCTV can be viewed from the
workstation, an external monitor connected to the
NVR is still a good design practice to avoid
interruptions if the workstation experience
unexpected shut-down.
A good design practice is to have multiple NVRs
compared to one NVR in case failure of one NVR.
e.g. 16 cameras 1x16 Channel NVR vs 2x8
Channels NVR.
Avoid copy-paste because todays technology may
be obsolete in a few years time.
EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM
(ELVS)
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
SMATV
CCTV SYSTEM
SECURITY SYSTEM
BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)
SECURITY SYSTEM INTRODUCTION
- Security systems help protect against intruders
- Many options available: wired, wireless
- Main components:
1.Keypads and Control Devices
2.Perimeter Protection
3.Interior Protection
4.Communication & Monitoring
SECURITY SYSTEM INTRODUCTION
SECURITY SYSTEM - KEYPADS AND
CONTROL DEVICES
At least one keypad located near a commonly used entrance
to a home or business.
Allows occupants to arm the security system when the leave
the premise or disarm the security system when they enter
The system can also be armed via wireless key
Keypad
Wireless
key
SECURITY SYSTEM - PERIMETER
PROTECTION
Door Sensor
Window
Sensor
Bypassed window can be opened
when a security system is armed
Door Sensor
Main entrance
doors commonly
have time delay
and there is
usually a keypad
located beside
the entrance
Window
Sensor
SECURITY SYSTEM - INTERIOR
PROTECTION
Motion
Detector
Break glass
detector for
fixed window
SECURITY SYSTEM Communication & Monitoring
GSM wireless alarm
communicator
Internet / telephone
alarm
communicator
Monitoring station
INTEGRATED SECURITY SYSTEM
More complex
security
system for
multi-tenant
premise (e.g.
office building
and shopping
mall)
Integrate with
carpark boom
gate, turnstile,
lift access
General Configuration Of Security Controller
Controller box
house in a security
riser
Signal to output
relay to trigger
access.
Compatible card
reader. Reader can
be with or without
keypad
EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM
(ELVS)
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
SMATV
CCTV SYSTEM
SECURITY SYSTEM
BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM?
A distributed
control system
comprising
computerized,
intelligent network
of electronic
devices designed
to:
monitor
control
the mechanical and
electrical systems in
a building
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE OF BAS
Improve facility
management and
maintenance
Improve comfort
Reduce energy
SAMPLE: Chiller Status
INTRODUCTION
BAS PROTOCOLS
Proprietary Protocols
Published Interoperability Protocols
Modbus
Published by Modicon in 1979
Master/Slave protocol
Simple and robust
LonWorksTM (local operation network)
Created by Echelon Corporation in 1988
Operates on a peer-to-peer basis
Standard control networking ANSI/CEA 709.1 and IEEE 1473-L
BACNet (Building Automation and Control Networks)
Started by Standard Project Committee (SPC) in 1987
Published as ASHRAE/ANSI Standard 135 in 1995
Designed for truly interoperable non-proprietary, open protocol
communication standard
Designed for building automation and control systems application
SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE TYPICAL
BACNET SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
BAS Server
BAS Client
PDA / Mobile
WML/WAP
BACnet/IP, 100baseT Ethernet
To Third Party Equipment
Native BACnet MS/TP
Gateway / Router
ZN
(Zone
Network)
ME
(Multi
Equipment)
Fire
Security
Boiler
Lighting
SE
(Single
Equipment)
SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE TYPICAL
BACNET SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
BACNet Ethernet
IP addresses and MAC addresses
Peer to peer in nature
Third Party
Modbus network, LONWorks
network or proprietary network
Gateway / router
Router connect multiple network without changing the form
or content of the message
Gateway connect multiple network by repacking the
message (i.e. translation)
BACNet MS/TP
(Master-Slave/Token Passing)
Each device on the link is considered
the master when it has the token.
Speeds up to 1Mbps or less over
twisted pair wiring
BAS Design for GBI Office building
Ducted Variable Air Volume (VAV) system
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Monitoring and Control (CO2
sensor in return duct to control fresh air intake)
Lighting Control with photo-sensors and motion
detectors for daylighting
Lighting control with motion sensor
Linked to all electrical sub-meters to facilitate
energy monitoring by tenants and end users
Linked to water sub-meters to facilitate early
detection of water leakage
SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE
INTEGRATION WITH OTHER SYSTEM
SOME EXAMPLES
Control Strategy
Air Conditioning Control
Lighting Control
SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE
INTEGRATION WITH OTHER SYSTEM
LIGHTING CONTROL
Basic close loop feedback control system
Example: light control
Desired state = 400lux
Sensor = Photocell sensor & motion detector
Controller = BAS controller
System = Dimmable Lights
SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE
INTEGRATION WITH OTHER SYSTEM SOME EXAMPLES
AIR CONDITIONING CONTROLS:
Three Subsystems
VAV Control
AHU Fan Control
Water Flow Control
SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE
INTEGRATION WITH OTHER SYSTEM SOME EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE OF VAV CONTROLS:
Typical VAV Control
Interfacing Diagram
Desired state = 24 degC
Sensors = Thermostat
Controller = VAV Controller
System = VAV Box damper
System output = Air Flow
Design Considerations
- Incorporate EMS (Energy Management System) in
accordance to MS1525 standards (Code of Practice on
Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy for nonresidential buildings)
- Establish a common interoperability protocol for all systems
to be linked to BAS.
- Establish interfacing requirements e.g. lighting control
12V or 24V, AC or DC relay? Variable speed drive control
high level interface control using RS232 or common AO
(analog output) signaling?
