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Binary Phase Shift Keying

The document describes binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation and demodulation. It includes: - An introduction to BPSK that uses two phases separated by 180 degrees to represent binary digits. - Mathematical models of BPSK modulation and demodulation. - Details of a simulation circuit using function generators, oscilloscopes, and op-amps to modulate and demodulate a message signal onto a carrier signal. - Diagrams and explanations of the BPSK modulator and demodulator circuits. - Component lists and datasheets for the circuits.

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373 views30 pages

Binary Phase Shift Keying

The document describes binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation and demodulation. It includes: - An introduction to BPSK that uses two phases separated by 180 degrees to represent binary digits. - Mathematical models of BPSK modulation and demodulation. - Details of a simulation circuit using function generators, oscilloscopes, and op-amps to modulate and demodulate a message signal onto a carrier signal. - Diagrams and explanations of the BPSK modulator and demodulator circuits. - Component lists and datasheets for the circuits.

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UNIVERSITY OF TRIPOLI

FACULITY OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT

DIGITAL CARRIER MODULATION


BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING (BPSK)
EE-491 L

By
MUAD B. BAHROUN
Under Supervision of
DR. AHMED S. ASHUR

Spring 2016

CHAPTER ONE
-WHAT IS BPSK?1.1-INTRODUCTION:
A digital signal can modulate the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a sinusoidal
carrier wave. If the modulating waveform consists of none return to zero (NRZ)
rectangular pulses, then the modulated parameter will be switched or keyed from
one discrete value to another. (Figure 1) illustrates binary amplitude-shift keying
(ASK), frequency-shift keying (FSK), and phaseshift keying (PSK). In each of these
situations we need a modulator at the transmitter and at the receiver a demodulator
to recover the baseband signal. Such a modulator demodulator combination is called
a MODEM.

Figure 1
Binary modulated waveforms: (a) ASK, (b) FSK, and (c) PSK.

1.2- Binary-Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Modulation and Demodulation:


BPSK (also sometimes called PRK, phase reversal keying, or 2PSK) is the simplest
form of phase shift keying (PSK). It uses two phases which are separated by 180 and
so can also be termed 2-PSK (Figure 2). It does not particularly matter exactly where
the constellation points are positioned, and in (Figure 3) they are shown on the real
axis, at 0 and 180.

Figure 2

Figure 3
Constellation Diagram

1.3-The Mathematical Model:


1.3.1-Generation of BPSK Signal

Figure 4
Block Diagram of Phase shift keying modulator.

() = {

1 () = (2 ) , 0 < < ( = 0)
2 () = (2 ) , 0 < < ( = 1)

..Eq 1

In PSK signaling schemes waveforms Z(t) , are used to convey binary digits 0 and 1,
respectively. The binary PSK waveform Z(t) can be described by
() = ()cos(2 )

..Eq 2

Definitions:
. A = Voltage Amplitude {}.
. = Carrier Frequency {}.
. = Bit duration {}.
. = Bit Key 0 logic state or 1 logic state.
. (t) = Modulated Signal at certain state.
. D(t) = NRZ random binary waveform with period and levels (-1) and (+1).
. Z(t) = General form of BPSK Modulation.

1.3.2-Power Spectral Density and Bandwidth:


The power spectral density of the PSK signal can be shown to be:
() =

2
4

[ ( ) + ( + )]

..Eq 3

Since, D(t) is a random binary waveform with levels (-1) and (+1).
The autocorrelation function and the power spectral density of D(t) are:
||

1 + , ||
() = {

Eq 4
0,
And

() =

2 ( )

.Eq 5

2 2

Substituting Eq 4 into Eq 3 we obtain the PSD of Z(t) as :

() =

2 2 ( ( ))
4

2 ( )

2 ( (+ ))
2 (+ )

Eq 6

The Transmission Bandwidth requirement for the PSK signal is:

= 2
1.3.3-Demodulation of BPSK Signal

Figure 5
Block Diagram of Phase shift keying Demodulator

Stage 1 :
The input BPSK Signal is been multiplied or Summered by a carrier Signal.
Note (the carrier Signal should be in phase with the BPSK Signal to avoid any error).
Also if the Multiplier is used then the output is doubled the carrier frequency.
else the Summer is used then the output is doubled the carrier amplitude

Stage 2
The product of two signal is been filtered by any of these methods:
a . Low Pass Filter
b. envelope Detector

Stage 3
Threshold Device is deciding whether the filtered signal is 1 or 0

CHAPTER TWO
THE SIMULATION
2.1-COMPONENTS:
1- Function Generator

Quantity (2)

2- 4-Channel Oscilloscope

Quantity (3)

3- LM741 (OP-AMP)

Quantity (3)

4- Resistor 1K

Quantity (3)

Color Code (brown-black-red-gold)


5- Resistor 8.2K

Quantity (1)

Color Code (gray-red-red-gold)


6- Capacitor 100nF

Quantity (1)

7- 1N4004 Diode

Quantity (1)

8- 2N1711 NPN Transistor

Quantity (1)

2.2-Modulation Circuit:

Figure 6
BPSK Modulator

Figure 7
NRZ Message Signal

The Message Signal is set at 1 Volt and Frequency of 5KHz

Figure 8 Carrier Signal

The carrier frequency is set to 2 Volt and frequency of 40KHz

Figure 9
VBPSK Signal Output

Figure 10
All the Signal

2.3-The Theory of Operation:


A .Case 0 digit as input
When the 0 digit as an input the Transistor is off ,then the current through R12 and R8
is nearly 0 Amps ,that means node 3 and node 10 are the same voltage as the carrier
,the op-amp is works as buffer with unity gain (Figure 6),
As a results the output is in phase of the input (0 ).
B .Case 1 digit as input
When the 1 digit as an input the Transistor is on, then the node 3 is grounded ,due to
the op-amp principle ,the node 3 and node 12 are the same due to high input
impedance ,then the op-amp circuit work as inverting with gain of (-1) (Figure 6).
As a results the output is out of phase of the input (180 ).

2.4-Demodulation Circuit:

Figure 11
Demodulator of BPSK

Figure 12
All the Stages of Demodulation

2.4.1-The Theory of Operation:


As we can see in (Figure 12) if the input signal is (0 ) [Green waveform], then the
summer output is double the amplitude [White waveform] ,then negative cycle is
removed by connected diode in series so we can fine the envelope of the signal by
using RC circuit (Envelope Detector) [Violet waveform] ,then the signal is compare with
a fixed value of 0.978 volt below that value the comparator is (-9) Volt which is 0
digit.[Red waveform].

In the other case if the input signal is 180 [Green waveform] , then the summer output
is Zero ,then the out is 1 digit .[Red waveform].

Figure 13
The delay time between the original message and the demodulated Signal

The Delay time is about 22.962 S


Note :
that in the (Figure 13) the original message is an ideal NRZ signal,
And the output have slope at both rise edge and fall edge, and thats due to having only
one fixed point as compare value.

CHAPTER THREE
-PCB3.1-BPSK Modulator circuit

Figure 14

3.2-BPSK Demodulator circuit

Figure 15

CHAPTER FOUR
THE CIRCUIT DESIGN
4.1-BPSK Modulator circuit

Figure 14

4.2-BPSK Demodulator circuit

Figure 15

CHAPTER FIVE
-DATASHEETS5.1-LM741 OP=AMP

5.2-2N1711 NPN TRANSISTOR

5.3-1N4001-DIODE

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