Control statements enable us to specify the flow of program control; ie, the order in which the instructions

in a program must be executed. They make it possible to make decisions, to perform tasks repeatedly or to
jump from one section of code to another.
Objectives

Differentiate between a statement and compound statement

l learn about the conditional statements
l familiarize with the loop statement
l differentiate between while and do-while loop
l identify the jump statements l explain how to exit from the program

Conditional

Looping

If statement

if else statement
nested if

Breaking
for loop

while loop
do while loop

break
Continue
exit
goto

If statement: - The if statement provides a selection control structure to execute a section of code if and
only if an explicit run-time condition is met. The condition is an expression which evaluates to a boolean
value, that is, either true or false.

Syntax
if ( <expression> )
{
statement

}
Semantics

The if statement provides selection control.

The expression is evaluated first.

If the expression evaluates to true, the statement part of the if statement is executed.

If the expression evaluates to false, execution continues with the next statement after the if
statement.

A boolean false, an arithmetic 0, or a null pointer are all interpreted as false.

// Program to display a number if user enters negative number

#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int number;
printf("Enter an integer: ");
scanf("%d", &number);
// Test expression is true if number is less than 0
if (number < 0)
{
printf("You entered %d.\n", number);
}
printf("The if statement is easy.");
getch();
}
Output 1
Enter an integer: -2
You entered -2.
The if statement is easy.
When user enters -2, the test expression (number < 0) becomes true. Hence, You entered -2 is
displayed on the screen.
Output 2
Enter an integer: 5
The if statement in C programming is easy.
When user enters 5, the test expression (number < 0) becomes false and the statement inside the body
of if is skipped.

If...else statement
The if...else statement executes some code if the test expression is true (nonzero) and some other
code if the test expression is false (0).
Syntax of if...else

if (test Expression)
{
// codes inside the body of if
}
else
{
// codes inside the body of else
}
If test expression is true, code inside the body of if statement is executed; and code inside the body
of else statement is skipped.
If test expression is false, code inside the body of else statement is executed; and code inside the
body of if statement is skipped.

Flowchart of if...else statement

Example #2: C if...else statement

// Program to check whether an integer entered by the user is odd or even
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int number;
printf("Enter an integer: ");
scanf("%d",&number);

// True if remainder is 0
if( number%2 == 0 )
printf("%d is an even integer.",number);
else
printf("%d is an odd integer.",number);
return 0;

Output

Enter an integer: 7
7 is an odd integer.
When user enters 7, the test expression ( number%2 == 0 ) is evaluated to false. Hence, the

statement inside the body of else statement printf("%d is an odd integer"); is executed and the
statement inside the body of if is skipped.
Nested if...else statement (if...else if....else Statement)
The if...else statement executes two different codes depending upon whether the test expression is true
or false. Sometimes, a choice has to be made from more than 2 possibilities.
The nested if...else statement allows you to check for multiple test expressions and execute different
codes for more than two conditions
Syntax of nested if...else statement.
if (testExpression1)
{
// statements to be executed if testExpression1 is true
}
else if(testExpression2)
{
// statements to be executed if testExpression1 is false and testExpression2 is true
}
else if (testExpression 3)
{
// statements to be executed if testExpression1 and testExpression2 is false and testExpression3 is
true
}
.
.
else
{
// statements to be executed if all test expressions are false
}
Example #3: C nested if...else statement
// Program to relate two integers using =, > or <
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int number1, number2;
printf("Enter two integers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &number1, &number2);
//checks if two integers are equal.
if(number1 == number2)
{
printf("Result: %d = %d",number1,number2);

}
//checks if number1 is greater than number2.
else if (number1 > number2)
{
printf("Result: %d > %d", number1, number2);
}
// if both test expression is false
else
{
printf("Result: %d < %d",number1, number2);
}

return 0;

Output
Enter two integers: 12
23
Result: 12 < 23

LoopLoops are used in programming to repeat a specific block until some end condition is met. There are
three loops in C programming:
for loop
while loop
do...while loop
for Loop
The syntax of a for loop is:
for (initializationStatement; testExpression; updateStatement)
{
// codes
}
How for loop works?
For loop- In this, first the expression or the variable is initialized and then condition is checked. if the
condition is false ,the loop terminates

for loop Flowchart

Example: for loop

// Program to calculate the sum of first n natural
numbers
// Positive integers 1,2,3...n are known as natural
numbers
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, count, sum = 0;
printf("Enter a positive integer: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
// for loop terminates when n is less than count
for(count = 1; count <= n; ++count)
{
sum += count;
}
printf("Sum = %d", sum);

return 0;

Output
Enter a positive integer: 10
Sum = 55

while loop
The syntax of a while loop is:
while (testExpression)
{
//codes
}
How while loop works?
The while loop evaluates the test expression.
If the test expression is true (nonzero), codes inside the body of while loop is evaluated. Then, again
the test expression is evaluated. The process goes on until the test expression is false.
When the test expression is false, the while loop is terminated.
Flowchart of while loop

Example #1: while loop

// Program to find factorial of a number
// For a positive integer n, factorial = 1*2*3...n
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int number;
long long factorial;
printf("Enter an integer: ");
scanf("%d",&number);
factorial = 1;
// loop terminates when number is less than or equal to 0
while (number > 0)
{
factorial *= number; // factorial = factorial*number;
--number;
}
printf("Factorial= %lld", factorial);

return 0;

Output
Enter an integer: 5

Factorial = 120

do...while loop
The do..while loop is similar to the while loop with one important difference. The body ofdo...while loop
is executed once, before checking the test expression. Hence, thedo...while loop is executed at least
once.
do...while loop Syntax
do
{
// codes
}
while (testExpression);

How do...while loop works?

The code block (loop body) inside the braces is executed once.
Then, the test expression is evaluated. If the test expression is true, the loop body is executed again.
This process goes on until the test expression is evaluated to 0 (false).
When the test expression is false (nonzero), the do...while loop is terminated.

Example #2: do...while loop

// Program to add numbers until user enters zero
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
double number, sum = 0;
// loop body is executed at least once
do
{
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%lf", &number);
sum += number;
}
while(number != 0.0);
printf("Sum = %.2lf",sum);

return 0;

Output
Enter a number: 1.5
Enter a number: 2.4
Enter a number: -3.4
Enter a number: 4.2
Enter a number: 0
Sum = 4.70

break Statement
The break statement terminates the loop immediately when it is encountered. The break statement is
used with decision making statement such as if...else.
Syntax of break statement
break;
Flowchart of break statement

How break statement works?

Example #1: break statement

// Program to calculate the sum of maximum of 10 numbers
// Calculates sum until user enters positive number
# include <stdio.h>
int main()
{

int i;
double number, sum = 0.0;
for(i=1; i <= 10; ++i)
{
printf("Enter a n%d: ",i);
scanf("%lf",&number);
// If user enters negative number, loop is terminated
if(number < 0.0)
{
break;
}

sum += number; // sum = sum + number;

printf("Sum = %.2lf",sum);

return 0;

Output
Enter a n1: 2.4
Enter a n2: 4.5
Enter a n3: 3.4
Enter a n4: -3
Sum = 10.30
Break statement- The term break means breaking out of a block of code. The break statement has
two use, you can use it to terminate a case in the switch statement, and you can also use it to force
immediate termination of loop, bypassing the normal loop condition test
Switch Statement Flowchart

Example: switch Statement

// Program to create a simple calculator
// Performs addition, subtraction, multiplication or division depending the input from user
# include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char operator;
double firstNumber,secondNumber;
printf("Enter an operator (+, -, *,): ");
scanf("%c", &operator);
printf("Enter two operands: ");
scanf("%lf %lf",&firstNumber, &secondNumber);
switch(operator)
{
case '+':
printf("%.1lf + %.1lf = %.1lf",firstNumber, secondNumber, firstNumber+secondNumber);
break;
case '-':
printf("%.1lf - %.1lf = %.1lf",firstNumber, secondNumber, firstNumber-secondNumber);
break;
case '*':
printf("%.1lf * %.1lf = %.1lf",firstNumber, secondNumber, firstNumber*secondNumber);
break;
case '/':
printf("%.1lf / %.1lf = %.1lf",firstNumber, secondNumber, firstNumber/firstNumber);
break;
// operator is doesn't match any case constant (+, -, *, /)
default:

printf("Error! operator is not correct");

return 0;

Output
Enter an operator (+, -, *,): Enter two operands: 32.5
12.4
32.5 - 12.4 = 20.1
continue Statement
The continue statement skips some statements inside the loop. The continue statement is used with
decision making statement such as if...else.
Syntax of continue Statement
continue;
Flowchart of continue Statement

How continue statement works?

Example #2: continue statement

// Program to calculate sum of maximum of 10 numbers
// Negative numbers are skipped from calculation
# include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;
double number, sum = 0.0;
for(i=1; i <= 10; ++i)
{
printf("Enter a n%d: ",i);
scanf("%lf",&number);
// If user enters negative number, loop is terminated
if(number < 0.0)
{
continue;
}

sum += number; // sum = sum + number;

printf("Sum = %.2lf",sum);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter a n1: 1.1
Enter a n2: 2.2

Enter a n3: 5.5

Enter a n4: 4.4
Enter a n5: -3.4
Enter a n6: -45.5
Enter a n7: 34.5
Enter a n8: -4.2
Enter a n9: -1000
Enter a n10: 12
Sum = 59.70
The goto statement is used to alter the normal sequence of a C program.
Syntax of goto statement
goto label;
... .. ...
... .. ...
... .. ...
label:
statement;
The label is an identifier. When goto statement is encountered, control of the program jumps to label: and
starts executing the code.

Example: goto Statement

// Program to calculate the sum and average of maximum of 5 numbers
// If user enters negative number, the sum and average of previously entered positive number is displayed
# include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
const int maxInput = 5;
int i;
double number, average, sum=0.0;
for(i=1; i<=maxInput; ++i)
{
printf("%d. Enter a number: ", i);
scanf("%lf",&number);
// If user enters negative number, flow of program moves to label jump

if(number < 0.0)

goto jump;
sum += number; // sum = sum+number;
}
jump:
average=sum/(i-1);
printf("Sum = %.2f\n", sum);
printf("Average = %.2f", average);
return 0;
}
Output
1. Enter a number: 3
2. Enter a number: 4.3
3. Enter a number: 9.3
4. Enter a number: -2.9
Sum = 16.60
Reasons to avoid goto statement
The use of goto statement may lead to code that is buggy and hard to follow. For example:
one:
for (i = 0; i < number; ++i)
{
test += i;
goto two;
}
two:
if (test > 5) {
goto three;
}
... .. ...
Also, goto statement allows you to do bad stuff such as jump out of scope.
That being said, goto statement can be useful sometimes. For example: to break from nested loops.

Exit statement-

Exit is a function defined in the stdlib library means (stdlib.h).

The purpose of exit is to terminate the current program with a specific exit code. Its prototype is:
exit (exitcode);
The exitcode is used by some operating systems and may be used by calling programs. By convention, an
exit code of 0 means that the program finished normally and any other value means that some error or
unexpected results happened
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main ()
{
printf("Start of the program....\n");
printf("Exiting the program....\n");
exit(0);
printf("End of the program....\n");

return(0);

Output:
Start of the program....
Exiting the program....