Designation: E390 11

Standard Reference Radiographs for

Steel Fusion Welds1

This standard is issued under the fixed designation E390; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:3

Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion Welds:
Volume I, Thickness Up to and Including 14 in. (6.4 mm)4
Volume II, Thickness Over 14 to 3 in. (6.4 to 76 mm), incl5
Volume III, Thickness Over 3 to 8 in. (76 to 203 mm), incl6

1. Scope
1.1 This standard provides reference radiographs for steel
fusion welds that contain typical discontinuities with varying
severity levels in different thicknesses of material. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this standard and must
be purchased separately from ASTM International if needed.

3. Terminology

1.2 There are three volumes of reference radiographs based

on seven nominal weld thicknesses as follows:
Vol IrefSet of 16 plates (812 by 11 in.) covering base
material up to and including 14 in. (6.4 mm) in thickness.
Vol IISet of 29 plates (812 by 11 in.) covering base
material over 14 to and including 3 in. (6.4 to 76 mm) in
thickness.
Vol IIISet of 32 plates (812 by 11 in.) covering base
material over 3 to including 8 in. (76 to 203 mm) in thickness.

3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this

document, see Terminology E1316, Section D.

1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded

as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information
only and are not considered standard.

4. Significance and Use

1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the

safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

4.2 Each volume contains illustrations of representative

graded and ungraded discontinuities applicable to seven thickness ranges, as shown in Table 1. Table 2 lists the discontinuity
types and severities illustrated for each thickness of base
material. Each of the graded discontinuity types has five
severity levels, 1 through 5 in order of increasing severity. The
ungraded discontinuities are included for informational purposes.

3.2 The terms relating to discontinuities present in these

reference radiographs are described based upon radiographic
appearance. The terms darker and lighter as used in this
standard refer to the optical density of a radiographic film.
Where other radiographic media are used, these terms should
be understood to refer to areas of greater or lesser radiologic
transmission, respectively.

4.1 These reference radiographs may be used as a means for

establishing the types and severity levels of discontinuities that
are revealed by radiographic examination of steel fusion welds.

2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations

4.3 These reference radiographs may be used in contractual

specifications, for which agreement has been reached between
purchaser and supplier, to establish acceptance limits of the
types and severity levels of discontinuities revealed by radiographic examination.

1
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E07.02 on Reference Radiological Images.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011. Published August 2011. Originally
approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E390 - 01(2006). DOI:
10.1520/E0390-11.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.

4.4 The use of this document is not intended to be restricted

to the specific energy levels given in Table 3 or to the thickness
3

Available from ASTM Headquarters.

Order ADJE039001.
5
Order ADJE039002.
6
Order ADJE039003.
4

Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

E390 11
TABLE 1 Applicable Thickness Ranges
Illustration
Thickness,
in. (mm)

Base Material Thickness Range,

in. (mm)A
Vol I
to and including 0.050 (1.2)
over 0.050 (1.2) to and including 18 (3.2)
over 18 (3.2) to and including 14 (6.4)
Vol II
over 14 (6.4) to and including 12 (13)
1
over 2 (13) to and including 112 (38)
over 112 (38) to and including 3 (76)
Vol III
over 3.0 (76) to and including 8 (203)

0.030 (0.8)
0.080 (2.0)
316 (4.8)
(9.5)
(19)
2 (51)

38

34

5 (127)
A

In the special cases of joining two members of unequal thickness, the standard
applicable to the thinner member shall be used.

TABLE 2 Types of Discontinuities Illustrated for Each Thickness of Base Material

Base Material Thickness and Grading, in. (mm)

Discontinuity Type

0.030 (0.8)

Scattered porosity
Fine scattered porosity
Coarse scattered porosity
Clustered porosity
Linear porosity (globular indications)A

3 16

(4.8)

(9.5)

38

(19)

34

2 (51)

5 (127)
Grade 15

Slag inclusions
Tungsten inclusions
Incomplete penetration
Lack of fusion
Elongated or worm hole porosity

Grade 15
Grade 15
Grade 15
ungraded

Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade

15
15
15
15

Grade 15

Grade 15
Grade 15
ungraded

ungraded
ungraded

Burn through
Icicles (teardrops)
Longitudinal crack
Transverse crack
Crater crack
Undercut
A

0.080 (2.0)

ungraded
ungraded
ungraded
ungraded
ungraded
ungraded

Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade

15
15
15
15

Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade

15
15
15
15

Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade

15
15
15
15

Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade

15
15
15
15

Grade 15
Grade 15
Grade 15
Grade 15
ungraded

Grade 15
Grade 15
Grade 15
Grade 15
ungraded

Grade 15
Grade 15
Grade 15
Grade 15
ungraded

Grade 15
ungraded
Grade 15
Grade 15
ungraded

ungraded
ungraded
ungraded
ungraded
ungraded
ungraded

ungraded
ungraded
ungraded
ungraded
ungraded
ungraded

ungraded
ungraded
ungraded
ungraded
ungraded
ungraded

ungraded
ungraded
ungraded
ungraded
ungraded
ungraded

Grade 15
Grade 15
Grade 15
Grade 15
Grade 15

ungraded
ungraded

The severity of linear porosity (globular indications) should be judged by their length and clustering rather than by their optical density.

TABLE 3 Radiographic TechniqueA

Base Material
Thickness,
in. (mm)

kVp

mA

Timers

Source-toFilm Distance, in.

0.030 (0.8)
0.080 (2.0)
316 (4.8)

90
120
150

10
10
10

180210
150210
180270

48
48
48

none
none
0.005 in. Pb front
0.010 in. Pb back

1
1
1

(9.5)

175

10

Vol II
175200

48

(19)

250

0.005 in. Pb front

0.010 in. Pb back
0.005 in. Pb front
0.010 in. Pb back
0.005 in. Pb front
0.010 in. Pb back

Screens in
Cassettes

Film Type
ASTM
E94B

Vol I

38

34

10

4365

60

1.5

4553

108

CoD

1.5

2 (51)

2000 or

60

5 (127)

2000 or

60

Co

Vol III
420450

108

1
1

All films were processed by automatic film processors.

B
ASTM Guide E94.
C
Not defined in Guide E94; manufacturers description isultra fine grain, high contrast.
D
These reference radiographs were made with 60Co.

limits given in Table 1. This document may be used, where

there is no other applicable document, for other energy levels
or thicknesses, or both, for which it is found to be applicable
and for which agreement has been reached between purchaser
and manufacturer.

5. Preparation of Reference Radiographs

5.1 The illustration in Vol I and the first two thicknesses of
Vol II are radiographic while those in the thick section of Vol
II (2 in.) and Vol III are photographic reproductions.

E390 11
5.2 The radiographs were made to a quality level of at least
2-2T penetrameter sensitivity.

6.7 Icicles (Teardrops) are fused droplets of weld metal

extending beyond the root of the weld. They appear as
individual, rounded, lighter indications with an occasional
small dark spot in the center of a drop. Icicles occur in seams
welded from one side only.

5.3 Table 3 lists the technique used in producing the original

radiographs. The data are included for information and are not
to be construed as the recommended technique.

6.8 A Burn Through is a melting of the metal from the root

of the weld or through the backing strip. It appears on the
radiograph as an individual darkened area of elongated or
rounded contour which may be surrounded by a lighter ring.
This discontinuity occurs in seams welded from one side only.

5.4 The radiographic exposure was controlled so as to

produce an optical density of from 2.00 to 2.25 in a selected
location on the weld bead. The reproductions used in Vol III
were prepared to the same density requirements and they
substantially retain the contrast and detail of the original
radiographs.

6.9 An Undercut is a longitudinal groove melted into the

base metal adjacent to the toe of a weld and left unfilled with
weld metal. It appears as a dark linear indication of indistinct
outline adjacent to the edge of the weld. Undercut may be
observed by visual examination. Another type of undercut may
occur in backing strip joints where the backing strip is left in
place. It is caused by a melting away of the base metal at the
root. This type is generally termed root undercut. It appears on
the radiograph as a relatively straight and narrow dark line and
can be located on either or both sides of the root opening
location.

6. Description of Discontinuities
6.1 Porosity occurs as voids caused by gas trapped in the
weld metal deposit. The voids may occur as spherical,
elongated, or worm hole shapes and in patterns that are
random, clustered, or linear. On a radiograph the spherical
voids have the appearance of a rounded dark area while the
nonspherical voids have an elongated dark area with a smooth
outline.
6.2 Tungsten Inclusions are tungsten particles entrapped in
the weld deposit. These inclusions are particles broken off or
melted from the electrodes and may be caused by faulty
equipment or poor manipulation. On the radiograph the tungsten inclusions are lighter than the surrounding areas and may
be rounded or irregularly shaped.

7. Application of Reference Radiographs

7.1 The following procedures are recommended in arriving
at acceptance standards in the application of such standards to
film interpretation.
7.1.1 The graded reference radiographs may be used in
whole or in part as applicable to particular requirements.
7.1.2 The length of the welding to which the selected
standard applies shall be established. These designated lengths
shall not contain any discontinuity whose severity exceeds that
in the reference.
7.1.3 When the production radiograph is interpreted as
showing equal or less severe discontinuities than the selected
standard, the weld shall be judged radiographically acceptable.
When the production radiograph is interpreted as showing
greater severity than the selected standard, the weld shall be
judged unacceptable and shall be repaired in accordance with
contractual agreements.
7.1.4 If more than one type of discontinuity occurs in the
same radiograph, the predominating type alone shall govern
acceptability unless the severity represented by the combination of discontinuity types is such as to make the overall
condition unacceptable for the intended application.
7.1.5 When two or more discontinuity types are present in
the same radiograph to an extent equal to the maximum
acceptable for two of these types, the weld shall be judged
unacceptable, with repair welding to be done in accordance
with contractual agreement.
7.1.6 Where the reference image consists of a collection of
discontinuities, as in the case of porosity, for example, acceptability may be based on the aggregate size of the discontinuities present on both the reference radiograph and the object
radiograph, the maximum defect size present, the spacing
between discontinuities, or a combination of these or other
criteria. These criteria must be determined based upon the
particular application or part under consideration and must be
specified by agreement between the purchaser and supplier.

6.3 Incomplete Penetration is a discontinuity that occurs at

the root of welds designed for through penetration where full
penetration has not been achieved. The discontinuity appears
on a radiograph as a straight dark line that may be either
continuous or intermittent. The indication may be thin and
sharp, broad and diffuse or two parallel lines depending upon
the specific geometry of the joint and the width of the
discontinuity.
6.4 Slag Inclusions are particles of slag entrapped in the
weld metal or along the fusion planes. The particles appear
darker than the surrounding area and may be irregular in shape
or elongated in the direction of the deposited weld bead.
6.5 Lack of Fusion is a discontinuity caused by molten weld
metal which has failed to bond to the base metal or to a
previously deposited weld bead. On the radiograph it appears
as a dark indication usually elongated and varying in width.
6.5.1 Although all of the illustrations for lack of fusion
show the discontinuity near the edge of a weld joint, this
discontinuity may exist anywhere in the weld.
6.6 A Crack is a rupture of solidified metal. Cracks associated with welding may be longitudinal, transverse, or radially
oriented and may occur in the weld metal, base metal, or
through both. Radially oriented cracks are called crater cracks
because they generally originate in a weld bead crater. When
the plane of the crack is perpendicular to the film, the
radiographic image appears as either a jagged or a straight line.
As the plane of the crack deviates from the direction of the
radiation beam, the appearance of the crack becomes an
increasingly broad and poorly defined line.
3

E390 11
7.1.7 When repair welding is permitted, the repair need only
be to that extent which will bring the weld quality to within the
acceptable reference.

periodically examined for signs of wear and tear, including

scratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth. Any reference radiographs which show signs of excessive wear and tear which
could influence the interpretation and use of the radiographs
should be replaced.

7.2 Film DeteriorationRadiographic films are subject to

wear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which the
image deteriorates over time is a function of storage
conditions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference
radiograph films are no exception and may exhibit a loss in
image quality over time. The radiographs should therefore be

8. Keywords
8.1 discontinuities; fusion welds; gamma ray; reference
radiographs; steel; X-ray

APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS

X1.1 In selecting the reference radiographs, the attempt was

made to obtain a progressively increasing severity of grades for
each discontinuity type. It is not to be implied that the same
grade number designation represents equivalent severity for all
types of discontinuities. To arrive at acceptance standards, each
type of discontinuity should be considered individually, and an
appropriate grade (severity) designation applicable to the type
should be assigned.

applicable nondestructive testing techniques.

X1.3 The suggested optical density range in some ASTM
documents is 1.5 to 3.5. In general, however, better interpretation will be obtained when the production radiographs are of
approximately the same film density as the reference radiographs to which they are compared.

X1.2 Any film indication suspected to be a crack should be

treated with concern and properly investigated with other
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