A Technical Seminar Report

on

CLOUD COMPUTING
A Seminar report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

Computer Science & Engineering

By

MOHIT GUPTA
[1364510006]

In

Computer Science and Engineering

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University,

Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow
April, 2016

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Seminar Report entitled CLOUD COMPUTING is a bonafide
record of the work done by Mr. MOHIT GUPTA, 1364510006, in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of degree B.Tech in Computer Science & Engineering to Ideal
Institute of Management and Technology, Ghaziabad, Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam Technical
University, Lucknow is a record of the candidate own work carried out by him under my
supervision.

Date:

Signature of Coordinator

Signature of Supervisor

Mr. Puneet Varshney

Ms. Shivali Tyagi

Signature of HOD

Ms. Nandita Magon

Abstract
Cloud computing describes computation, software, data access, and storage
services that do not require end-user knowledge of the physical location and
configuration of the system that delivers the services. Parallels to this concept can be
drawn with the electricity grid where end-users consume power resources without any
necessary understanding of the component devices in the grid required to provide said
service. Cloud computing is a natural evolution of the widespread adoption of
virtualization, service-oriented architecture, autonomic and utility computing. Details are
abstracted from end-users, who no longer have need for expertise in, or control over, the
technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them. Cloud computing describes a
new supplement, consumption, and delivery model for IT services based on Internet
protocols, and it typically involves provisioning of dynamically scalable and often
virtualized resources. It is a byproduct and consequence of the ease-of-access to remote
computing sites provided by the Internet. This frequently takes the form of web-based
tools or applications that users can access and use through a web browser as if it was a
program installed locally on their own computer.

TABLE CONTENTS
S. NO.
CHAPTER
1.
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1
1.2

2.

3.

1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
Chapter 2: Literature Survey
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.4

PAGE NO.

Cloud Computing
Concept of cloud Computing

05
06

Comparison
Implementation
Economics
Companies

07
07
07
08
11
11
12
13
13
14

History
Political Issues
Legal Issues
Security Issues
Risk mitigation

Chapter 3: Discussion

15

3.1
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.3
3.2.5
3.2.6
3.2.7
3.3

Key Characteristics
Component
Cloud computing Components
Application
Client
Infrastructure
Platform
Service
Storage
Architecture

15
16
16
17
17
18
18
18
19
19

3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3

Types
Public Cloud
Private Cloud
Hybrid Cloud
Roles
Provider
Vendor
User
Standards
Case study
Product & Service
Cloud(Operating System)
Browse & Operating System
Reception

20
21
21
21
22
22
23
23
23
24
25
29
30
30
31
32

3.5
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3

4.
5.

TOPIC

3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.9.1
3.9.2
Conclusion
References

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Imagine yourself in the world where the users of the computer of todays internet
world dont have to run, install or store their application or data on their own computers,
imagine the world where every piece of your information or data would reside on the
Cloud (Internet).

1.1 Cloud Computing:

As a metaphor for the Internet, "the cloud" is a familiar clich, but when combined
with "computing", the meaning gets bigger and fuzzier. Some analysts and vendors define
cloud computing narrowly as an updated version of utility computing: basically virtual
servers available over the Internet. Others go very broad, arguing anything you consume
outside the firewall is "in the cloud", including conventional outsourcing.
Cloud computing comes into focus only when you think about what we always
need: a way to increase capacity or add capabilities on the fly without investing in new
infrastructure, training new personnel, or licensing new software. Cloud computing
encompasses any subscription-based or pay-per-use service that, in real time over the
Internet, extends ICT's existing capabilities.
Cloud computing is at an early stage, with a motley crew of providers large and
small delivering a slew of cloud-based services, from full-blown applications to storage
services to spam filtering. Yes, utility-style infrastructure providers are part of the mix,
but so are SaaS (software as a service) providers such as Salesforce.com. Today, for the
most part, IT must plug into cloud-based services individually, but cloud computing
aggregators and integrators are already emerging.

1.2 Cloud computing- The Concept:

5

Cloud computing is Internet ("cloud") based development and use of computer

technology ("computing"). It is a style of computing in which dynamically scalable and
often virtualized resources are provided as a service over the Internet. Users need not
have knowledge of, expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure "in the
cloud" that supports them.
The concept incorporates infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service
(PaaS) and software as a service (SaaS) as well as Web 2.0 and other recent technology
trends which have the common theme of reliance on the Internet for satisfying the
computing needs of the users. Examples of SaaS vendors include Salesforce.com and
Google Apps which provide common business applications online that are accessed from
a web browser, while the software and data are stored on the servers.
The term cloud is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on how the Internet
is depicted in computer network diagrams, and is an abstraction for the complex
infrastructure it conceals.

1.2.1 Comparison:
Cloud computing is often confused with grid computing ("a form of distributed
computing whereby a 'super and virtual computer' is composed of a cluster of networked,
loosely-coupled computers, acting in concert to perform very large tasks"), utility
computing (the "packaging of computing resources, such as computation and storage, as
a metered service similar to a traditional public utility such as electricity") and autonomic
computing ("computer systems capable of self-management").
Indeed many cloud computing deployments as of 2009 depend on grids, have
autonomic characteristics and bill like utilities but cloud computing can be seen as a
natural next step from the grid-utility model. Some successful cloud architectures have
little or no centralized infrastructure or billing systems whatsoever, including peer-to-peer
networks like Bit Torrent and Skype and volunteer computing like
1.2.2 Implementation:
The majority of cloud computing infrastructure as of 2009 consists of reliable services
delivered through data centers and built on servers with different levels of virtualization
technologies. The services are accessible anywhere that has access to networking
infrastructure. The Cloud appears as a single point of access for all the computing needs
of consumers. Commercial offerings need to meet the quality of service requirements of
customers and typically offer service level agreements. Open standards are critical to the
growth of cloud computing and open source software has provided the foundation for
many cloud computing implementations.
1.2.3 Characteristics:
As customers generally do not own the infrastructure, they merely access or rent, they
can avoid capital expenditure and consume resources as a service, paying instead for
what they use. Many cloud-computing offerings have adopted the utility computing
model, which is analogous to how traditional utilities like electricity are consumed, while
others are billed on a subscription basis. Sharing "perishable and intangible" computing
7

power among multiple tenants can improve utilization rates, as servers are not left idle,
which can reduce costs significantly while increasing the speed of application
development. A side effect of this approach is that "computer capacity rises dramatically"
as customers do not have to engineer for peak loads. Adoption has been enabled by
"increased high-speed bandwidth" which makes it possible to receive the same response
times from centralized infrastructure at other sites.
1.2.4 Economics:
Cloud computing users can avoid capital expenditure (CapEx) on hardware, software
and services, rather paying a provider only for what they use. Consumption is billed on a
utility (e.g. resources consumed, like electricity) or subscription (e.g. time based, like a
newspaper) basis with little or no upfront cost. Other benefits of this time sharing style
approach are low barriers to entry, shared infrastructure and costs, low management
overhead and immediate access to a broad range of applications. Users can generally
terminate the contract at any time (thereby avoiding return on investment risk and
uncertainty) and the services are often covered by service level agreements with financial
penalties.
According to Nicholas Carr the strategic importance of information technology is
diminishing as it becomes standardized and cheaper. He argues that the cloud computing
paradigm shift is similar to the displacement of electricity generators by electricity grids
early in the 20th century.

1.2.5 Companies:
Providers including Amazon, Apple, Microsoft, Google, Sun and Yahoo exemplify the
use of cloud computing. It is being adopted by individual users through large enterprises
including General Electric, L'Oral, and Procter & Gamble.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 History:
The Cloud is a term with a long history in telephony, which has in the past decade,
been adopted as a metaphor for internet based services, with a common depiction in
network diagrams as a cloud outline.
The underlying concept dates back to 1960 when John McCarthy opined that
"computation may someday be organized as a public utility"; indeed it shares
characteristics with service bureaus which date back to the 1960s. The term cloud had
already come into commercial use in the early 1990s to refer to large ATM networks. By
the turn of the 21st century, the term "cloud computing" had started to appear, although
most of the focus at this time was on Software as a service (SaaS).
In 1999, Salesforce.com was established by Marc Benioff, Parker Harris, and his
fellows. They applied many technologies of consumer web sites like Google and Yahoo!
to business applications. They also provided the concept of "On demand" and "SaaS"
with their real business and successful customers. The key for SaaS is being customizable
by customer alone or with a small amount of help. Flexibility and speed for application
development have been drastically welcomed and accepted by business users.
IBM extended these concepts in 2001, as detailed in the Autonomic Computing
Manifesto -- which described advanced automation techniques such as self-monitoring,
self-healing, self-configuring, and self-optimizing in the management of complex IT
systems with heterogeneous storage, servers, applications, networks, security
mechanisms, and other system elements that can be virtualized across an enterprise.

10

Amazon.com played a key role in the development of cloud computing by modernizing

their data centers after the dot-com bubble and, having found that the new cloud
architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency improvements, providing access to
their systems by way of Amazon Web Services in 2005 on a utility computing basis.
2007 saw increased activity, with Google, IBM, and a number of universities
embarking on a large scale cloud computing research project, around the time the term
started gaining popularity in the mainstream press. It was a hot topic by mid-2008 and
numerous cloud computing events had been scheduled.
In August 2008, Gartner Research observed that "organizations are switching from
company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models" and that
the "projected shift to cloud computing will result in dramatic growth in IT products in
some areas and in significant reductions in other areas."

2.2 Political Issues:

The Cloud spans many borders and "may be the ultimate form of globalization." As
such it becomes subject to complex geopolitical issues: providers must satisfy myriad
regulatory environments in order to deliver service to a global market. This dates back to
the early days of the Internet, where libertarian thinkers felt that "cyberspace was a
distinct place calling for laws and legal institutions of its own"; author Neal Stephenson
envisaged this as a tiny island data haven called Kinakuta in his classic science-fiction
novel Cryptonomicon.
Despite efforts (such as US-EU Safe Harbor) to harmonize the legal environment, as of
2009 providers such as Amazon Web Services cater to the major markets (typically the
United States and the European Union) by deploying local infrastructure and allowing
customers to select "availability zones." Nonetheless, there are still concerns about
security and privacy from individual through governmental level, e.g., the USA
PATRIOT Act and use of national security letters and the Electronic Communication
Privacy Act's Stored Communications Act
11

2.3 Legal Issues:

In March 2007, Dell applied to trademark the term "cloud computing" (U.S.
Trademark 77,139,082) in the United States. The "Notice of Allowance" it received in
July 2008 was canceled on August 6, resulting in a formal rejection of the trademark
application less than a week later.
On 30 September 2008, USPTO issued a "Notice of Allowance" to CGactive LLC
(U.S. Trademark 77,355,287) for "CloudOS". A cloud operating system is a generic
operating system that "manage[s] the relationship between software inside the computer
and on the Web", such as Microsoft Azure. Good OS LLC also announced their "Cloud"
operating system on 1 December 2008.
Richard Stallman, founder of the Free Software Foundation, believes that cloud
computing endangers liberties because users sacrifice their privacy and personal data to a
third party. In November 2007, the Free Software Foundation released the Affero General
Public License, a version of GPLv3 designed to close a perceived legal loophole
associated with free software designed to be run over a network, particularly software as
a service. An application service provider is required to release any changes they make to
Affero GPL open source code.

2.4 Risk Mitigation:

Corporations or end-users wishing to avoid not being able to access their data or
even losing it should research vendors' policies on data security before using vendor
services. One technology analyst and consulting firm, Gartner, lists seven security issues
which one should discuss with a cloud-computing vendor:
1. Privileged user accessinquire about who has specialized access to data and
about the hiring and management of such administrators.

12

2. Regulatory compliancemakes sure a vendor is willing to undergo external

audits and/or security certifications.
3. Data locationsask if a provider allows for any control over the location of data.
4. Data segregationmake sure that encryption is available at all stages and that
these "encryption schemes were designed and tested by experienced
professionals".
5. Recoveryfind out what will happen to data in the case of a disaster; do they
offer complete restoration and, if so, how long that would take.
6. Investigative Supportinquiry whether a vendor has the ability to investigate
any inappropriate or illegal activity.
7. Long-term viabilityask what will happen to data if the company goes out of
business; how will data be returned and in what format.
8. In practice, one can best determine data-recovery capabilities by experiment:
asking to get back old data, seeing how long it takes, and verifying that the
checksums match the original data. Determining data security is harder. A tactic
not covered by Gartner is to encrypt the data yourself. If you encrypt the data
using a trusted algorithm, then regardless of the service provider's security and
encryption policies, the data will only be accessible with the decryption keys.

13

CHAPTER 3
DISCUSSION

3.1 Key characteristics:

Cost is greatly reduced and capital expenditure is converted to operational

expenditure. This lowers barriers to entry, as infrastructure is typically provided
by a third-party and does not need to be purchased for one-time or infrequent
intensive computing tasks. Pricing on a utility computing basis is fine-grained
with usage-based options and minimal or no IT skills are required for
implementation.

Device and location independence enable users to access systems using a web
browser regardless of their location or what device they are using, e.g., PC,
mobile. As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and
accessed via the Internet the users can connect from anywhere.

Multi-tenancy enables sharing of resources and costs among a large pool of users,
allowing for:
o

Centralization of infrastructure in areas with lower costs (such as real

estate, electricity, etc.)

Peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer for highest

possible load-levels)

Utilization and efficiency improvements for systems that are often only
10-20% utilized.

Reliability improves through the use of multiple redundant sites, which makes it
suitable for business continuity and disaster recovery. Nonetheless, most major
cloud computing services have suffered outages and IT and business managers are
able to do little when they are affected.

Scalability via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources on a finegrained, self-service basis near real-time, without users having to engineer for

14

peak loads. Performance is monitored and consistent and loosely-coupled

architectures are constructed using web services as the system interface.

Security typically improves due to centralization of data, increased securityfocused resources, etc., but raises concerns about loss of control over certain
sensitive data. Security is often as good as or better than traditional systems, in
part because providers are able to devote resources to solving security issues that
many customers cannot afford. Providers typically log accesses, but accessing the
audit logs themselves can be difficult or impossible.

Sustainability comes about through improved resource utilization, more efficient

systems, and carbon neutrality. Nonetheless, computers and associated
infrastructure are major consumers of energy.

3.2 Components:

3.2.1 Cloud computing Components

Applications Facebook Google Apps SalesForce Microsoft Online
Client

Browser(Chrome) Firefox Cloud Mobile (Android iPhone) Netbook

(EeePC MSI Wind) Nettop (CherryPal Zonbu)

Infrastructur
BitTorrent EC2 GoGrid Sun Grid 3tera
e
Platforms

App Engine Azure Mosso SalesForce

Services

Alexa FPS MTurk SQS

Storage

S3 SimpleDB SQL Services

Standards

Ajax Atom HTML 5 REST

15

3.2.2 Application:
A cloud application leverages the Cloud in software architecture, often eliminating the
need to install and run the application on the customer's own computer, thus alleviating
the burden of software maintenance, ongoing operation, and support. For example:

Peer-to-peer / volunteer computing (Bittorrent, BOINC Projects, Skype)

Web application (Facebook)

Software as a service (Google Apps, SAP and Salesforce)

Software plus services (Microsoft Online Services)

3.2.3 Client:
A cloud client consists of computer hardware and/or computer software which relies
on cloud computing for application delivery, or which is specifically designed for
delivery of cloud services and which, in either case, is essentially useless without it. For
example:

Mobile (Android, iPhone, Windows Mobile)

Thin client (CherryPal, Zonbu, gOS-based systems)

16

Thick client / Web browser (Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox)

3.2.4 Infrastructure:
Cloud infrastructure, such as Infrastructure as a service, is the delivery of computer
infrastructure, typically a platform virtualization environment, as a service. For example:

Full virtualization (GoGrid, Skytap)

Management (RightScale)

Compute (Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud)

Platform (Force.com)

3.2.5 Platform:
A cloud platform, such as Platform as a service, the delivery of a computing platform,
and/or solution stack as a service, facilitates deployment of applications without the cost
and complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers.
For example:

Web application frameworks

o

Python Django (Google App Engine)

Ruby on Rails (Heroku)

.NET (Azure Services Platform)

Web hosting (Mosso)

Proprietary (Force.com)

3.2.6 Service:
A cloud service includes "products, services and solutions that are delivered and
consumed in real-time over the Internet". For example, Web Services ("software
system[s] designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a
17

network") which may be accessed by other cloud computing components, software, e.g.,
Software plus service, or end users directly. Specific examples include:

Identity (OAuth, OpenID)

Integration (Amazon Simple Queue Service)

Payments (Amazon Flexible Payments Service, Google Checkout, PayPal)

Mapping (Google Maps, Yahoo! Maps)

Search (Alexa, Google Custom Search, Yahoo! BOSS)

Others (Amazon Mechanical Turk)

3.2.7 Storage:
Cloud storage involves the delivery of data storage as a service, including databaselike services, often billed on a utility computing basis, e.g., per gigabyte per month. For
example:

Database (Amazon SimpleDB, Google App Engine's BigTable datastore)

Network attached storage (MobileMe iDisk, Nirvanix CloudNAS)

Synchronization (Live Mesh Live Desktop component, MobileMe push functions)

Web service (Amazon Simple Storage Service, Nirvanix SDN)

3.3 Architecture:
Cloud architecture, the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the
delivery of cloud computing, comprises hardware and software designed by a cloud
architect who typically works for a cloud integrator. It typically involves multiple cloud
components communicating with each other over application programming interfaces,
usually web services.
This closely resembles the UNIX philosophy of having multiple programs doing one
thing well and working together over universal interfaces. Complexity is controlled and
the resulting systems are more manageable than their monolithic counterparts.

18

Cloud architecture extends to the client, where web browsers and/or software
applications access cloud applications.
Cloud storage architecture is loosely coupled, where metadata operations are
centralized enabling the data nodes to scale into the hundreds, each independently
delivering data to applications or user.

3.4 Types:
There are three type of cloud.
1. Public Cloud.
2. Private Cloud.
3. Hybrid Cloud.

19

3.4.1 Public cloud:

Public cloud or external cloud describes cloud computing in the traditional mainstream
sense, where by resources are dynamically provisioned on a fine-grained, self-service
basis over the Internet, via web applications web services, from an off-site third-party
provider who shares resources and bills on a fine-grained utility computing basis.
3.4.2 Private cloud:
Private cloud and internal cloud are neologisms that some vendors have recently used
to describe offerings that emulate cloud computing on private networks. These products
claim to "deliver some benefits of cloud computing without the pitfalls" , capitalizing on
data security, corporate governance, and reliability concerns.
While an analyst predicted in 2008 that private cloud networks would be the future of
corporate IT, there is some uncertainty whether they are a reality even within the same
firm. Analysts also claim that within five years a "huge percentage" of small and medium
enterprises will get most of their computing resources from external cloud computing

20

Provider as they "will not have economies of scale to make it worth staying in the IT
business" or be able to afford private clouds.
The term has also been used in the logical rather than physical sense, for example in
reference to platform as service offerings, though such offerings including Microsoft's
Azure Services Platform are not available for on-premises deployment.
3.4.3 Hybrid cloud:
A hybrid cloud environment consisting of multiple internal and/or external providers
"will be typical for most enterprises".

21

3.5 Roles:
3.5.1 Provider:
A cloud computing provider or cloud computing service provider owns and operates
live cloud computing systems to deliver service to third parties. The barrier to entry is
also significantly higher with capital expenditure required and billing and management
creates some overhead. Nonetheless, significant operational efficiency and agility
advantages can be realized, even by small organizations, and server consolidation and
virtualization rollouts are already well underway. Amazon.com was the first such
provider, modernizing its data centers which, like most computer networks, were using as
little as 10% of its capacity at any one time just to leave room for occasional spikes. This
allowed small, fast-moving groups to add new features faster and easier, and they went
on to open it up to outsiders as Amazon Web Services in 2002 on a utility computing
basis.
3.5.2 User:
A user is a consumer of cloud computing. The privacy of users in cloud computing has
become of increasing concern. The rights of users are also an issue, which is being
addressed via a community effort to create a bill of rights.
3.5.3 Vendor:
A vendor sells products and services that facilitate the delivery, adoption and use of
cloud computing. For example:

Computer hardware (Dell, HP, IBM, Sun Microsystems)

o

Storage (Sun Microsystems, EMC, IBM)

Infrastructure (Cisco Systems)

Computer software (3tera, Hadoop, IBM, RightScale)

o

Operating systems (Solaris, AIX, Linux including Red Hat)

22

Platform virtualization (Citrix, Microsoft, VMware, Sun xVM, IBM)

3.6 Standards:
Cloud standards, a number of existing, typically lightweight, open standards, have
facilitated the growth of cloud computing, including:

Application
o

Communications (HTTP, XMPP)

Security (OAuth, OpenID, SSL/TLS)

Syndication (Atom)

Client
o

Rows (AJAX)

first line (HTML 5)

Implementations
o

Platform:
o

Virtualization (OVF)\
Solution stacks (LAMP)

Service
o

Data (XML, JSON)

Web Services (REST)

Storage :
o

Database(Amazon Simple DB, Google App Engine BigTable Datastore)

Network attached storage (MobileMe iDisk, Nirvanix CloudNAS)

Synchronization (Live Mesh Live Desktop component, MobileMe push

functions)

Web service (Amazon Simple Storage Service, Nirvanix SDN)

23

3.7 Case Study:

Amazon EC2:
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (also known as "EC2") is a commercial web
service that allows customers to rent computers on which to run their own computer
applications. EC2 allows scalable deployment of applications by providing a web
services interface through which a customer can create virtual machines, i.e. server
instances, on which the customer can load any software of his choice. A customer can
create, launch, and terminate server instances as needed, paying by the hour for active
servers, hence the term "elastic". A customer can set up server instances in zones
insulated from each other for most failure causes so that one may be a backup for the
other and minimize down time. Amazon.com provides EC2 as one of several web
services marketed under the blanket term Amazon Web Services (AWS).

History:
Amazon announced a limited public beta of EC2 on August 25, 2006. Access to
EC2 was granted on a first come first served basis. EC2 became generally available
on October 23, 2008 along with support for Microsoft Windows Server.

Virtual machines:
EC2 uses Xen virtualization. Each virtual machine, called an "instance", functions
as a virtual private server in one of three sizes; small, large or extra large.
Amazon.com sizes instances based on "EC2 Compute Units" the equivalent CPU
capacity of physical hardware. One EC2 Compute Unit equals 1.0-1.2 GHz 2007
Opteron or 2007 Xeon processor. The system offers the following instance types:
Small Instance
The small instance (default) equates to "a system with 1.7 GB of memory, 1
EC2 Compute Unit (1 virtual core with 1 EC2 Compute Unit), 160 GB of instance
storage, 32-bit platform"
Large Instance

24

The large instance represents "a system with 7.5 GB of memory, 4 EC2
Compute Units (2 virtual cores with 2 EC2 Compute Units each), 850 GB
instance storage, 64-bit platform".
Extra Large Instance
The extra large instance offers the "equivalent of a system with 15 GB of
memory, 8 EC2 Compute Units (4 virtual cores with 2 EC2 Compute Units each),
1690 GB of instance storage, 64-bit platform."
High-CPU Instance
Instances of this family have proportionally more CPU resources than memory
(RAM) and address compute-intensive applications.
High-CPU Medium Instance
Instances of this family have the following configuration:

1.7 GB of memory

5 EC2 Compute Units (2 virtual cores with 2.5 EC2 Compute Units each)

350 GB of instance storage

32-bit platform

I/O Performance: Moderate

High-CPU Extra Large Instance

Instances of this family have the following configuration:

7 GB of memory

20 EC2 Compute Units (8 virtual cores with 2.5 EC2 Compute Units each)

1690 GB of instance storage

64-bit platform

I/O Performance: High

Pricing:
Amazon charges customers in two primary ways:

Hourly charge per virtual machine

Data transfer charge

25

The hourly virtual machine rate is fixed, based on the capacity and features of the
virtual machine. Amazon advertising describes the pricing scheme as "you pay for
resources you consume," but defines resources such that an idle virtual machine is
consuming resources, as opposed to other pricing schemes where one would pay for basic
resources such as CPU time.
Customers can easily start and stop virtual machines to control charges, with Amazon
measuring with one hour granularity. Some are thus able to keep each virtual machine
running near capacity and effectively pay only for CPU time actually used.
As of March 2009, Amazon's time charge is about $73/month for the smallest virtual
machine without Windows and twelve times that for the largest one running Windows.
The data transfer charge ranges from $.10 to $.17 per gigabyte, depending on the
direction and monthly volume. Amazon does not have monthly minimums or account
maintenance charges.

Operating systems
When it launched in August 2006, the EC2 service offered Linux and later Sun
Microsystems' OpenSolaris and Solaris Express Community Edition. In October 2008,
EC2 added the Windows Server 2003 operating system to the list of available operating
systems.
Plans are in place for the Eucalyptus interface for the Amazon API to be packaged into
the standard Ubuntu distribution.

Persistent Storage:
Amazon.com provides persistent storage in the form of Elastic Block Storage (EBS).
Users can set up and manage volumes of sizes from 1GB to 1TB. The servers can attach
these instances of EBS to one server at a time in order to maintain data storage by the
servers.

26

Salesforce.com

Salesforce.com (NYSE: CRM) is a vendor of Customer Relationship Management

(CRM) solutions, which it delivers to businesses over the internet using the software as a
service model.

Origins:
Salesforce.com was founded in 1999 by former Oracle executive Marc Benioff. In
June 2004, the company went public on the New York Stock Exchange under the stock
symbol CRM. Initial investors in salesforce.com were Marc Benioff, Larry Ellison,
Halsey Minor, Magdalena Yesil and Igor Sill, Geneva Venture Partners.

Current status:
Salesforce.com is headquartered in San Francisco, California, with regional
headquarters in Dublin (covering Europe, Middle East, and Africa), Singapore (covering
Asia Pacific less Japan), and Tokyo (covering Japan). Other major offices are in Toronto,
New York, London, Sydney, and San Mateo, California. Salesforce.com has its services
translated into 15 different languages and currently has 43,600 customers and over
1,000,000 subscribers. In 2008, Salesforce.com ranked 43rd on the list of largest software
companies in the world.
Following the Federal takeover of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae in September 2008,
the S&P 500 removed the two mortgage giants after Wednesday, September 10, 2008,
and added Fastenal and Salesforce.com to the index, effective after Friday, September 12,
2008.
27

3.8 Products and Services:

Customer Relationship Management
Salesforce.com

CRM solution is broken down into several applications: Sales,

Service & Support, Partner Relationship Management, Marketing, Content, Ideas and
Analytics.

Force.com Platform
Salesforce.com Platform-as-a-Service product is known as the Force.com Platform.
The platform allows external developers to create add-on applications that integrate into
the main Salesforce application and are hosted on salesforce.com's infrastructure.
These applications are built using Apex (a proprietary Java-like programming language
for the Force.com Platform) and Visualforce (an XML-like syntax for building user
interfaces in HTML, AJAX or Flex).

AppExchange
Launched in 2005, AppExchange is a directory of applications built for Salesforce by
third-party developers which users can purchase and add to their Salesforce environment.
As of September 2008, there are over 800 applications available from over 450 ISVs.

Customization
Sales force users can customize their CRM application. In the system, there are tabs
such as "Contacts", "Reports", and "Accounts". Each tab contains associated information.
For example, "Contacts" has fields like First Name, Last Name, Email, etc.

Customization can be done on each tab, by adding user-defined custom fields.

Customization can also be done at the "platform" level by adding customized
applications to a Salesforce.com instance that is adding sets of customized / novel tabs
for specific vertical- or function-level (Finance, Human Resources, etc) features.

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Web Services
In addition to the web interface, Salesforce offers a Web Services API that enables
integration with other systems.

3.9 CLOUD (Operating System):

Cloud is a "browser based Operating system" created by 'Good OS LLC, a Los

Angeles-based corporation. The company initially launched a Linux distribution called
gOS which is based on Ubuntu, now in its third incarnation
3.9.1 Browser and Operating System:
Cloud is a combination of a simplified operating system that runs just a web browser,
providing access to a variety of web-based applications that allow the user to perform
many simple tasks without booting a full-scale operating system. Because of its
simplicity, Cloud can boot in just a few seconds. The operating system is designed for
Netbooks, Mobile Internet Devices, and PCs that are mainly used to browse the Internet.
From Cloud the user can quickly boot into the main OS, because Cloud continues booting
the main OS in the background.
Combining a browser with a basic operating system also allows the use of cloud
computing, in which applications and data "live and run" on the Internet instead of on the
hard drive.
Cloud can be installed and used together with other operating systems, or can act as a
standalone operating system. When used as a standalone operating system, hardware
requirements are relatively low.
At the moment Cloud is only officially available built into the GIGABYTE
M912 Touch Screen Netbook, but a Private Beta test is currently (early February, 2009)
running.
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3.9.2 Reception:
Early reviews compared the operating system's user interface to Mac OS X and noted
the similarity of its browser to Google Chrome, although it is actually based on a
modified Mozilla Firefox browser.
Cloud can boot in just a few seconds. The operating system is designed for Netbooks,
Mobile Internet Devices, and PCs that are mainly used to browse the Internet. From
Cloud the user can quickly boot into the main OS, because Cloud continues booting the
main OS in the background.

4. Conclusion:
Cloud Computing is a vast topic and the above report does not give a high level
introduction to it. It is certainly not possible in the limited space of a report to do justice
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to these technologies. What is in store for this technology in the near future? Well, Cloud
Computing is leading the industrys endeavor to bank on this revolutionary technology.
Cloud Computing Brings Possibilities..

Increases business responsiveness

Accelerates creation of new services via rapid prototyping capabilities

Reduces acquisition complexity via service oriented approach

Uses IT resources efficiently via sharing and higher system utilization

Reduces energy consumption

Handles new and emerging workloads

Scales to extreme workloads quickly and easily

Simplifies IT management

Platform for collaboration and innovation

Cultivates skills for next generation workforce

Today, with such cloud-based interconnection seldom in evidence, cloud computing

might be more accurately described as "sky computing," with many isolated clouds of
services which IT customers must plug into individually. On the other hand, as
virtualization and SOA permeate the enterprise, the idea of loosely coupled services
running on an agile, scalable infrastructure should eventually make every enterprise a
node in the cloud. It's a long-running trend with a far-out horizon. But among big
metatrends, cloud computing is the hardest one to argue with in the long term.
Cloud Computing is a technology which took the software and business world by
storm. The much deserved hype over it will continue for years to come.
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5. References:
[1]. www.wikipedia/cloud computing.com
[2]. www.infoworld.com/article/08/04/07/15FE-cloud-computing-reality_1.html
[3]. www.wiki.cloudcommunity.org/wiki/CloudComputing:Bill_of_Rights
[4]. www.davidchappell.com/CloudPlatforms--Chappell. PDF
[6]. www.thinkgos.com/cloud/index.html
[7]. www.salesforce.com
[8]. www.cloud computing.com
[9]. Chip Computer Magazine, December 2014 - Feb 2015 Edition

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