UMP

THESIS
GUIDE
CENTRE FOR GRADUATE STUDIES
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

UMP THESIS GUIDE

CENTER FOR GRADUATE STUDIES

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANGPREFACE

The preparation of graduate thesis is a logical and scrupulous process. It involves

numerous steps. The Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP) Thesis Guide describes the
formatting standards set forth by the Center for Graduate Studies. This guide helps
students in the preparation of their theses. The guide covers facet of thesis writing from
the language to be used, to technical specifications that include typeface and font size,
number of pages for a Masters and PhD thesis, pagination, line spacing, units, chapter
format and references style. The guide is divided into five chapters which explain in
detail the formatting requirements and submission options to be followed by all students
writing theses at the Universiti Malaysia Pahang.TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
i
ii
iii

TITLE PAGE
PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL INFORMATION
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

Purpose of the Guide

Background Information
Language of Thesis
Submission
Consistency in Format
Definition of Terms

CHAPTER 2 TECHNICAL AND FORMATTING

SPECIFICATIONS

1
1
1
2
2
2
3
5

2.1 Paper Specifications

2.1.1 Size
2.1.2 Quality
2.1.3 Colour

5
5
5

2.2 Guidelines for Typing

2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4

Typeface or Font
Headings
Spacing
Paragraphing

2.3 Printing and Duplication

2.3.1 Copies of the Thesis
2.3.2 Copies of the Final Submission
2.3.3 Colour of the Cover
2.4 Information on the Cover

5
5
6
6
7
7
7
7
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8

2.4.1 Front Cover

2.4.2 Spine of the Thesis
2.5 Margins Specifications
2.6 Pagination

CHAPTER 3

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10

2.6.1 Position of Page Number

2.6.2 Numbering System

10
10

THESIS ARRANGEMENT AND LAYOUT

12

3.1 Arrangement of Thesis

3.2 Preliminary Pages
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.2.6
3.2.7
3.2.8
3.2.9
3.2.10
3.2.11

Examiners Approval Document

Title Page
Statement of Award
Declaration
Dedication (Optional)
Acknowledgements
Abstract and its Translation
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Symbols/Abbreviations

12
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14
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15
16
16
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17

3.3 The Text

17

3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
3.3.6
3.3.7
3.3.8
3.3.9

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21
22
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23

Length
Major Divisions
Subsections/Headings
Tables in the Text
Figures in the Text
Placement of Tables and Figures
Equations in the Text
References within the Text
Quotations

3.4 List of References

3.5 Header and Footer
3.6 Appendices
3.6.1 List of Publications
CHAPTER 4

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8

REFERENCE STYLE

23
24
24
25
26

4.1 Introduction

26

4.1.1 Authors Name

4.1.2 Titles of Publication
4.2 Styles of Writing References
4.3 References for Books

26
27
27
29

4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5
4.3.6

Single Author
Multi-authors
New Editions and Reprints
Work that are Known by the Titles
Edited Work/Compilations
References with Corporate Authorship

4.4 References for Journals

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

4.4.1 Single Author

4.4.2 Multi-authors
References for Proceedings
References for Public Documents
4.6.1 Parliament and State Assembly
4.6.2 Documents of International Organizations
References for Magazines
References for Newspapers
4.8.1 With Authors Name
4.8.2 Without Authors Name
News Reports from Newspapers
4.9.1 News/article with Authors Name
4.9.2 News/article without Authors Name
4.9.3 Letters to the Editor

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32
32
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34
34
35
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37
37
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37
38
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38

4.10 General References to Newspapers

38

4.11 References for Film, Video and Slides

39

4.11.1 Film
4.11.2 Video
4.11.3 Slides
4.12 References for Maps
4.13 Unpublished Materials
4.13.1 Thesis
4.13.2 Working Paper andAbstract for Conference
4.13.3 Technical Reports
4.13.4 Interview

39
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41
41
42
43

4.14 Electronic References

4.15 References within the Text
4.15.1 Single Author
4.15.2 Multi-authors
4.15.3 Corporate Author
4.15.4 Authors with Same Name

43
44
44
45
46
46

Vi

Multiple References 46References for the Al-Quran

4.16 References for the Al-Hadith

4.17 Abbreviations in Reference List

CHAPTER 5

UNITS, NUMBERS, QUANTITY AND FUNCTIONS

5.1 Units
5.2 Numbers

5.3 Quantity or Variable

REFERENCES

Vi

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL INFORMATION

1.1 PURPOSE OF THE GUIDE

The Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP) Thesis Guide is prepared to provide
guideline for the preparation of students at UMP, Malaysia. It establishes the technical
parameters within which all students must observe such as margin settings, spacing,
format and style, the sequence of pages within the document, and items required for final
submission. Since most of the students will publish during and after their graduate
education, it is logical to encourage the use of this Guide as reference for practices. The
application of this concept is not simple. However, it becomes necessary for students to
understand the various elements of a manuscript and general formatting requirements in
various academic publishing. Although knowledge and use of formatting are essential,
the regulations established by the guide precede over any other manuals for final
submission of a thesis in UMP.
The fact that UMP accepts a thesis and awards the degree, place its academic
reputation on the line. While the technical quality and content of the thesis are evaluated
by the examiners, Center for Graduate Studies (CGS) imposes format requirements to
ensure an appropriate academic appearance of the manuscript.

1.2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

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The commitment of Center for Graduate Studies at UMP has always been to assist
students in meeting the goals of consistency, logical organization, attractiveness and
correctness in thesis preparation. The Center for Graduate Studies is responsible for the
review and approval of the final copies of the thesis. It provides the guidance in
document preparation through this guide and submitted thesis will be checked by CGS
assigned person.LANGUAGE OF THESIS
Unless approval from the senate has been obtained for the use of other language,
the thesis should be written either in English or Bahasa Melayu. There should be
consistency in the use of the language, especially the spelling style either British or
American, throughout the thesis. The Roman alphabet should be used unless required by
the discipline otherwise.

1.3 SUBMISSION
A student is required to forward the notice of submission of thesis to the Dean,
CGS at least three months before the actual date of submission. A form for the notice of
the submission can be obtained from CGS office. The submission has to be completed
during the term of candidature.

1.4 CONSISTENCY IN FORMAT

The element that contributes most to the attractiveness and readability of the
thesis is consistency. Consistency in formatting means that the students satisfy a series of
convention regarding spacing, heading, sequencing and other aspects of appearance to
visually guide the reader throughout the document, thus enabling the reader to
concentrate on content. Consistency of thesis preparation is critical since it influences the
examiners response to its content and ultimately the acceptance of the document by the
Center for Graduate Studies.

1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Typeface or Font
These terms apply to all the features available within the family of print
characters including bold, italics and the various fonts such as Arial, Times New Roman
and Courier, etc.

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Text

In the discussion of formatting, text is used as a generic term to designate the

main body of the thesis and to distinguish this element from preliminary pages,
references, tables, figures and appendices.

Preliminary Pages

The preliminary pages serve as a guide to the contents and nature of the thesis.
These pages comprise of the examiners approval document, title page, declarations,
dedication, acknowledgements, abstract, table of contents, list of tables, list of figures
and list of symbol/abbreviations.

Table

Table presentations in which verbal, numeric or graphical information are

arranged in a systematic way in rows and columns. Tabular information allows the
student to express precise information to a reader in a structured format.

Figure

Any diagram, illustration, graph, chart, map, photograph or material that does
not fit into the restricted format for a table is a figure. Figures generally show
relationship or illustrate information rather than present precise data.

Equation

Equations are considered to be part of the text and therefore should not be set
apart from the text within a box or in any other way.

Appendix

An appendix can be used for supplementary material that is related to the text. In some
cases, table and/or figures are placed in an appendix to avoid interrupting the
text.CHAPTER 2

TECHNICAL AND FORMATTING SPECIFICATIONS

2.1 PAPER SPECIFICATIONS

2.1.1

Size

A4 (210 mm x 297 mm) size papers should be used.

2.1.2

Quality

The copy should be on simile paper (minimum quality 80 grams). Duplicate

copies should be on quality photostat or offset paper. Neither risograph copies nor carbon
copies are acceptable. The students should use normal print and a quality printer.
2.1.3

Colour

Only white paper is acceptable.

2.2 GUIDELINES FOR TYPING

2.2.1

Typeface or Font

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Typeface affects the physical appearance of a thesis more than any other single element.
Word processing software package provides the opportunity to use different typefaces,
sizes and font attributes such as bold or italics. The size of the type is determined by
point size. Text is most readable in 10, 11 or 12 point. The students are required to use
Times New Roman with 12 font size throughout the thesis including headings and page
numbers except special foreign languages.Headings
The title of a chapter should be typed using bold capital letters and centered. A
new chapter must start on a new page. Chapters and their sub-sections must be given
titles. The titles should be typed using bold letters and should not be underlined.

2.2.2

Spacing

Spacing has both artistic and utilitarian effects on the appearance of the document.
General manuscripts should have 1.5 line spacing. Single line spacing should be used for
the following
(i)

Acknowledgements

(ii)

Abstract and its translation

(iii)

List of tables, figures, symbols and abbreviations

(iv)

Footnotes

(v)

References

The following guidelines should be observed:

(i)

The spacing between upper edge of a page and a chapter number should be
50 mm;

(ii)

The spacing between a chapter number and the title, and between the title
and the first line of the text should be 2*1.5 line spacing;

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(iii)

The spacing between the last line of a text with the title of a sub-section
should be 1.5 line spacing;

(iv)

The spacing between the title of a sub-section and the first line of a text
should be 1.5 line spacing;

(v)

(vi)

The spacing between paragraphs should be 1.5 line spacing;

The number and the title of a sub-section should be aligned with the left
margin;

(vii) A new paragraph should not begin on the last line of a page;
(viii) The spacing between the last line of a text and a table, or a figure should be
1.5 line spacing;

2.2.3

Paragraphing

All paragraphs should have the first line indented 12.7 mm from the left margin.

2.3 PRINTING AND DUPLICATION

Only one side of the sheet should be printed. After binding, the printed page
should be on the right side. The final copies of the thesis must be produced using a laser
printer. Inkjet, dot matrix or bubblejet printers shall not be used to produce the final
copies of the document. Make sure that the photocopies or offset copies are in good
quality.

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2.3.1

Copies of the Thesis

Copies of the thesis for external examiner, internal examiner and supervisor/ cosupervisor and postgraduate committee should be submitted bound with black coloured
cover for Masters and maroon coloured cover for PhD thesis.

2.3.2

Copies of the Final Submission

Three (3) copies of the thesis should be submitted to the CGS after it has been
examined and passed by the examiners.

2.3.3

Colour of the Cover

The colour should be used according to the types of degree

Doctor of Philosophy

:Maroon

Masters

: Black

Degree (Final Year Project)

: Green

2.4 INFORMATION ON THE COVER

2.4.1

Front Cover

The front cover should be written in capital letters with the title of the thesis, the
candidates name, the name of degree award and the universitys name

Details on the cover should be in gold coloured CAPITAL letters (not bold face)
with font size of 20 points and should be in the following order:

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(i)

Title of the Thesis (arranged in inverted pyramid, 50 mm from the upper

edge of the cover)

(ii)

Full Name of the Student (name as appears on identification card/ passport)

(iii) Name of the Degree (for example, DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY)

(iv) Name of the University (UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG, 50 mm from

bottom edge of the cover).
(Please refer to Appendix A1)

2.4.2

Spine of the Thesis

Details should be in gold coloured CAPITAL letters using font size of 20 points in
the following order:

(i) Name of Student (50 mm from the upper edge of the cover)

(ii) Name of the Degree (abbreviated form, for example, Ph.D./M. Eng. (Mech.))

(iii) Year of Degree Awarded

(iv) Name of University (UMP; abbreviation of Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 50

mm from the bottom edge of the cover)
(Please refer to Appendix A2)

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2.5 MARGINS SPECIFICATIONS

All pages should be set with the same margin. Student should maintain the
following margin specifications:

These margins define the minimum white space to be maintained on all sides of a
page. All materials included in the document including the text, tables, figures must fit
within these margins.

Note:

(i)

(ii)
(iii)

The beginning of each chapter, except for references and appendices,

must begin 50 mm from the top edge of a page.
Tables and figures must follow the specifications.
The last paragraph on a page must have at least two (2) lines of the text
otherwise it should begin on the following page.

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The

(iv)

last word in the last line on a page must not be followed by a hyphen.

2.6 PAGINATION

2.6.1

Position of Page Number

Page numbers should come into view on the right hand corner, 15 mm from the
upper edge, and the last digit should be 25 mm from the right edge of the paper. The
candidate should follow the same font as rest of the text without trimming.

2.6.2

Numbering System

All chapters and their sub-sections should be labeled and numbered. The
chapters should be numbered using Arabic numeric, i.e. Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 3
and so on. The sub-sections should not be indented but arranged in a structured manner
not more than three levels as follows.
1

First level (Title of the chapter)

1.1

Second level (Title of the section)

1.1.1

Third level (Title of the sub-section)

If the length of a title is more than one line, single line spacing should be used.
Sub-sections beyond level three should be labeled using the characters with italic and
bold face. Preliminary pages (beginning with the title page) should be numbered
consecutively in lower Roman numbers such as i, ii, iii and so on. The text should be
numbered using the consecutive Arabic numbers such as 1, 2, 3 and so on. Pagination
using letter suffixes (example 10a, 10b) is not allowed.

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Note:

(i)

The first page (title page) is counted even though the page number does not
appear on the print.

CHAPTER
The first page of each chapter is counted
although 3the page number does not
appear on the print.

THESIS ARRANGEMENT AND LAYOUT

3.1 ARRANGEMENT OF THESIS

The layout and content of the thesis should be in the following order
TITLE PAGE
THESIS CONFIDENTIAL STATUS
SUPERVISORS DECLARATION
STUDENTSS DECLARATION
DEDICATION (Optional)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
TRANSLATION OF ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF SYMBOLS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
TEXT
REFERENCES
APPENDICES

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3.2 PRELIMINARY PAGES

3.2.1

Confidential Status

Thesis status declaration is done using the Thesis Status Declaration form (see
Appendix A3). If the box CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED is marked [/], a letter from
the party classifying the information as confidential or restricted must be attached. The
letter should clearly indicate
(i) the reasons for classification
(ii) the duration for classification
A typical duration for confidential or restricted classification is three (3) years. A
thesis can be classified as confidential or restricted up to a maximum period of five (5)
years. Examples can be seen in Appendices A3 If the status declaration form is not
submitted or the form is incompletely filled, the University will assume the thesis is
unrestricted and therefore the library will make the copies of the thesis available for
distribution as published academic exchange materials. The students name used on the
document must appear as he/she is registered at Universiti Malaysia Pahang. The major
and degree to be awarded must be exactly the same as the official major and degree to
which the student was offered by the Center for Graduate Studies. The status declaration
document is neither numbered nor counted in the numbering sequence of the thesis.

3.2.2

Title Page

The title should describe the content of the thesis accurately and concisely. The
title page should provide the following information by using single spacing and in
CAPITAL LETTERS in the following order:

(i)

Title of the Thesis: (in inverted pyramid, 50 mm from the upper edge of the
page)

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(ii) Full Name of the Student: (as appears in identification card / passport)

(iii) Purpose of Thesis Submission:

(iv) Name of Faculty/Institute/Center (Title case)

(v)

Name of University (Capital letters)

(vi) Month and Year of Degree Awarded (50 mm from the bottom edge of the
page)
(Refer to Appendix A4)

3.2.3

Statement of Award

This statement should be written on the title page. It should state the purpose and
the award for which the thesis is submitted. Example of statements for various purposes
and awards are listed in Appendix A5.

3.2.4

Declaration

The declaration must be on a fresh page. It should be typed 30 mm from the

upper edge of the page. A thesis to be submitted for the purpose of examination must
obtain prior declaration from the supervisor(s) on the standard and quality of the thesis
(refer to Appendix A6). The student should prepare the declaration using exactly the
same words in Appendix A7and is signed. The student declaration also should be typed
30 mm from the upper edge of the page.

3.2.5

Dedication (optional)

If the student wishes to dedicate the thesis, the dedication statement is included
on this page. The dedication must be brief, not more that one paragraph and must not
contain any number, chart or photograph. It should be placed in the middle of the page.

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(Refer to AppendixA8)

3.2.6

Acknowledgements

It is normal to acknowledge any individual or organisation that has provided any

sort of special assistance in the preparation of the thesis. Permission to quote copyrighted
material is also listed here. It is perfectly appropriate to express gratitude for financial or
other support that the student has received. The words ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
should be typed 30 mm from the upper edge of the page. Candidate should avoid lengthy
and wordy acknowledgements. This should be written in single line space within a page.
(Refer to AppendixA9)

3.2.7

Abstract and its Translation

Thesis submitted to the Center for Graduate Studies must include an abstract.
The abstract and its translated version should be on separate pages after the page of
Acknowledgements. The word ABSTRACT must be typed 30 mm from the upper edge
of the page and centered between the right and left margins. The length of the abstract
should be within 350 words and written in one paragraph, single line spacing. Generally,
the abstract should provide a concise description of the study and should not be a
critique. A number of criteria including comprehensiveness, preciseness, stating the
objectives, conciseness and intelligibility must be respected. Normally, an abstract should
include the following information:
(i)
(ii)

Brief statement of problem and/or objectives of the study

A concise description of research design, methodology and materials

(iii) Brief summary of major research findings including their significance

(iv) Conclusions of the research
An abstract should not include the followings:
(i)

Additional content, corrections or any information that do not appear in the

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text of the thesis

(ii)

Tables, figures, references and abbreviations or acronyms. Abbreviations or

acronyms must be preceded by the full terms at the first use

(iii) Details of experiment, organisms, standard procedures, techniques and

instruments
(iv) References to other parts of the thesis and bibliographic references
Abstract should be written in English and Bahasa Melayu. The version to appear
first should be of the same language used in the thesis text, for example, for a thesis
written in English, the abstract in English should appear first, followed by its Bahasa
Melayu version. Even though a thesis has been written in English, the abstract in Bahasa
Melayu must also reach an acceptable scholarly standard. Common pitfalls such as
spelling errors, incorrect usage of prepositions and prefixes should be avoided. Scientific
terms must be used accurately and consistently.
(Refer to Appendix A10 andA11)

3.2.8

Table of Contents

Table of Contents should start on a new page with the word TABLE OF
CONTENTS typed 30 mm from the upper edge of the page and centered. A table of
contents consists of an ordered list of headings for all the chapters, topics, subtopics, list
of references, appendices (if used) with the page numbers that mark the start of each.
Titles, headings and subheadings should be worded exactly as they appear in the body of
the text.
(Refer to Appendix A A12)

3.2.9

List of Tables

This appears on a fresh page with the heading LIST OF TABLES typed 30 mm
from the upper edge of the page and centered. The list must contain all the titles of the
tables that appear in the text or in the appendix and worded exactly the same as they
appear in the text. The page number of the table must also be included. The table number

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should be arranged according to the chapters.

(Refer to Appendix A13)List of Figures
This page appears on a new page with the heading LIST OF FIGURES typed 30
mm from the upper edge of the page and centered. This list contains the titles of figures
(charts, diagrams, photographs, drawings, maps, graphs and any other kind of
illustrations) together with their page numbers, which are listed in the text or in the
appendix. The titles must be worded exactly as they appear in the text of the thesis. The
page number of the figure must also be included. The figure number should be arranged
according to the chapters.
(Refer to Appendix A14)

3.2.10

List of Symbols/Abbreviations

All symbols/abbreviations/terminologies and glossaries that appear in the text

should be listed on this page. It should be placed 30 mm from the upper edge of the page.
They are listed in the following order:

(i) Roman
letters

alphabetical order
alphabetical order
alphabetical order
alphabetical order

(ii) Greek
letters
(iii)

Supe
rscripts

(iv)Subscripts
(Refer to Appendices A15 and A16)

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3.3 THE TEXT

3.3.1

Length

The maximum number of words for a project/dissertation/thesis is as follows:

Doctor of Philosophy:Masters:

By Research:

Not more than 60 000 words

By Coursework:
Not more than 40 000 words
Degree (Final Year Project):
Not more than 30 000 words
The total number of words does not include footnotes, quotations, appendices,
formulae, tables, diagrams and the like.

3.3.2

Major Divisions

Thesis must be divided into a logical scheme that is followed consistently

throughout the document. This logical scheme begins with a major division such as a
chapter and section. Chapters are the most common division but sections and parts are
also permissible. Each chapter must have a title and it should reflect its content. A new
chapter must begin on a fresh page. A chapter must be divided into sections. These
sections must be given appropriate titles and numbered. Texts must be written in
paragraphs. Long paragraph should be avoided. Each paragraph must describe an issue
or subject. There must be continuity between paragraphs.
The text starts with a chapter that is CHAPTER 1. The heading CHAPTER 1
must be positioned 50 mm from the top edge of the page and centered. The title of the
chapter begins 2*1.5 line spacing below the chapter title and is according to margin
specifications. The same requirements apply to the subsequent chapters.
(Refer to Appendix B)

3.3.3

Subsections/Headings

Any logical system of subsection within a chapter is permissible but the scheme used
should be consistent throughout the document. The appearance of the heading must vary
in style for each level of the heading unless a numbering sequence is used to indicate
level. The headings within a chapter do not begin on a new page unless theproceeding
page is filled with text. If there is no space for a complete heading and at least two lines
of the text at the bottom of a page, the new heading should begin on the next page. The
primary headings (first headings), subheadings (secondary heading) are left justified.
The tertiary headings (more than third level) should be written in italics font with bold
face and are not listed in the Table of Contents. The headings and subheadings of the
chapter should be the first level, for example, Section 3.1 and 3.2 would denote two
consecutive headings in Chapter 3 and Sections 3.2.3 and 3.2.4 would similarly denote
two consecutive subheadings in Chapter 3.
(Refer to Appendix B)

3.3.4

Tables in the Text

All tables must be numbered using the Arabic numeric. The caption should be
positioned at the top of the table. If the table is presented across the length of the page
(landscape direction), the head of the table must be along the bound edge of the thesis.
Tables must be numbered according to the chapter. The caption is written in single line
spacing and it should be centered. If the caption is written in more than one line, the
second and the following line should be aligned to the left caption text. The tables must
be numbered with respect to the chapter such as Table 3.1 is the first table that appears in
Chapter 3. Table sources should be placed below the table. If the table has a source but
has been adapted, indicate by using Adapted from: ... instead of Source: ....
A table should be positioned after it is being cited for the first time in the text. All tables
in the chapter can also be grouped together and positioned near the relevant text. Since
tables are typeset by the student rather than photographed, copied or imported from an
external source, the same typeface used for the thesis must be used for table number, title
and data. The size of the typeface for table content should be the same as the rest of the
document but may differ slightly if necessary, for example, a font size or two
smaller.Required Format for Tables
Since tables consist of tabulated material, the use of lines in tables assists the
reader in distinguishing the various parts of the table. The table must include the
following three horizontal lines:

(i)

The table opening line, which appears after the table title and before the
column heading

(ii)

The column heading closing line, which closes off the heading from the
main body of the table

(iii) The table closing line, signaling the end of the table. Any information
appearing below the closing line is footnote material.
Different table styles such as a full grid are not acceptable. Tables must have at
least two columns which house headings at the beginning of the table. These headings
should describe the data to be presented in the table. The headings appear between the
table opening line and the closing line must apply to the entire column down to the table
closing line. This is especially important when tables continue onto additional pages. It is
not acceptable to change column headings on continued pages. One method of avoiding
this problem is to add subheadings below the column heading closing line.
(Refer to Appendix C1 and C2)
Continued Table

Tables may be continued on as many pages as necessary, provided the column headings remain the same and are repeated on each continued page.
The first page contains the table number and title and the subsequent pages contain the remainder of the table and the designation is Table #.
Continued.

3.3.5

Figures in the Text

Illustrative visual materials such as maps, charts, graphs, drawings, diagrams and photographs are referred as figures. All figures must be
clear and of high quality. Figures must be numbered using the Arabic numeric. A caption should be positioned at the bottom of the figure. If a figure
is presented across the length of a page (landscape direction), the top of the figure must be along the bound edge of the thesis. Figures must be
numbered according to the chapter.
Typeface
Since figures are considered illustrations or diagrams and may be imported from an external source, any text that is part of the figure can be in
any typeface, provided it is neat and readable. The figure number and title must be in the same typeface as the rest of the thesis because this material
is considered to be part of the typeset body of the document.
The caption is written in single line spacing and it should be centered. If the caption is written more than one line, the second and the
following lines should be aligned to the left caption text. The figures must be numbered with respect to the chapter such as Figure 4.2 is the second
figure that appears in Chapter 4.
(Refer to Appendix D1 and D2)
Continued Figures
A figure containing several related parts too large to be included on a single page may be continued onto other pages. The first page contains
the figure number and complete title and the subsequent pages contain the remainder of the figure and the designation is Figure #. Continued.
(Refer to Appendix D3)

3.3.6

Placement of Tables and Figures

Tables and figures must be referred in text by number instead of expressions. When more than one tables/figures are referred on a page of
text, each table/figure should follow in the order mentioned until all have been placed. In degree of importance, tables/figures are secondary to the
text. It means that all text pages must be filled with text. It is recommended that tables/figures are assigned on pages separated from the text to avoid
problems in shifting during last minute revisions. However, if the student wishes to incorporate tables/figures within the text, the following criteria

must be met:
(i)

Table/figure must be separated from the text by extra space (1.5 line spacing).

(ii)

Table/figure cannot be continued onto the following page

(iii) Table/figure must be placed at the top or bottom of the page, instead of the center/near to the center of the page. If a new section occurs in
the page, the figure can be placed in between the text as shown in appendix B.
There should always be a balance of not less than half a page of the text and not more than half a page of table/figure below or above the text.
If multiple tables/figures are included on a page, it is permissible to provide approximately 1.5 line spacing between each table/figure.
Placement in an appendix: When all tables/figures are placed in an appendix, this fact is stated in a note in the body of the text and is not
repeated thereafter. This note should be placed on the page of text that refers to the first table or figure in the document. The note could be presented
as part of a sentence, parenthetical information or a footnote. When only some of the tables/figures are in an appendix, their location must be clearly
indicated as references in the text, unless the numbering scheme makes the location obvious.

3.3.7

Equations in the Text

Equation number should be Arabic numerals enclosed in parentheses on the right hand margin. The equations whether mathematical or/and
chemical should be cited in the text and must be numbered with respect to the chapter such as Eq. (4.2) as the second equation that appears in Chapter
4. Equations are placed at the center of a page (refer to Appendix B). If detailed derivation is needed, it is to be placed in an appendix. When a
complete version of an equation requires more than a single line, the expression should be divided immediately before a convenient plus or minus
sign but not one that falls within the bounds of a set of fences. Actually the best place to break a lengthy equation is right ahead of an equals sign.

3.3.8

References within the Text

Reference/Citation is a mean of formally recognising within the text, the sources from which the information or idea are obtained. The
purpose is to acknowledge the work of others, to demonstrate the body of knowledge in which the work is based on and to lead others to further
information. Citation in the texts must be written according to this guide. Referencing usually consists of information in parentheses within the text.
The purpose of internal referencing is to guide the reader to the appropriate entry in the list of references/bibliography, where complete information is
available.

3.3.9

Quotations

Quotations within a sentence should not exceed 40 words and must be placed within quotation marks ... .
All quotations exceeding 40 words must be typed separately in a new paragraph with 1.5 line spacing below and indented without the use of
quotation marks. If the quotation is in a different language, it must be written in italic.

3.4 LIST OF REFERENCES

A thesis must include a list of materials used in the preparation of the document. The student should not cite articles that were published
from the studies that he/she conducted during his/her candidature as references. The list of references should start on a fresh page with the
heading REFERENCES 30 mm from the upper edge of the page and centered. This section should contain all the sources referred to by text. Sources
not referred to in the text should not be listed in the references section. The purpose of listing the references is threefold:
(i)
(ii)

To serve as an acknowledgment of sources

To give readers sufficient information to locate the material

(iii) To save the reader the trouble of attempting to locate material that is not available in the case of personal interviews or correspondences.
The format used for the references should follow the Author-Year system. References cannot be collected at the end of the chapters and only
at the end of the document. All references should be listed in alphabetical order. The detailed reference styles are described in Chapter 4.

3.5 HEADER AND FOOTER

The use of header and footer is not allowed.

3.6 APPENDICES

An appendix is a useful device to make available material that is relevant to the text but not suitable for inclusion in it. Thesis does not
necessarily have to include appendices. The appendices may comprise of the following: glossary, data from the study, tables, charts, detailed
engineering drawing, computer program listings, sample of questionnaires, maps, photographs, and any other such material that is either too
lengthy to be included in the text or not immediately relevant to the discussion in the text.
Appendix can be named as APPENDIX A, APPENDIX B and so on, depending on the types and quantity of information to be included.
Specific titles for an appendix can also be given. Appendices should be paginated consecutively with the main text. The heading such as APPENDIX
A should be typed 30 mm from the upper edge of the page and centered. If appendices are included, they should be listed according to their titles in
the Table of Contents. If there are five or less appendices, their details should be listed in the Table of Contents. If there are more than five, the Table
of Contents should include a list of appendices with the page numbers.

3.6.1

List of Publications

All publications (either journals or proceedings) that result from the study that is carried out by a candidate while under supervision and during
his/her candidature and for which the candidate is the first author or co-author should be listed clearly and accurately. The publications listed in the
appendix are those relevant to his/her research topics and that have been either published or accepted to be published in journals or conferences
during the candidates study period

.CHAPTER 4

REFERENCE STYLE

4.1 INTRODUCTION
The details of the references cited in the text should be located in the list of
references. The list should be placed at the end of the thesis. The list of sources actually
cited should be compiled according to the following guidelines, based on the AUTHORYEAR system (Harvard System). The references are listed according to alphabetical and
chronological order. If more than one references by the same author are cited, these
references should be listed chronologically. In the reference list, information from books,
journals, newspapers, interviews and similar sources are not classified or categorise into
their own categories. References should be typed single spaced. If a reference is not in
the language of the text (except for English) then it should be translated into the
language of the text.

4.1.1

Authors Name

3
6

The authors name should be written in full, as it appears on the title page of the
publication or as in the copyright information without any titles or honorifics. The name
of author with a family name must first be shortened by starting the family name and the
rest of his name in initials. The initials (without any extra spacing) are written after the
family name and are preceded by a comma.For example,
John Harvard Kennedy is written as Kennedy, J.H.

Zakri Bin Ghazalli is written as Ghazalli, Z.

Mohd Shahrir Bin Mohd Sani is written as Mohd Sani, M.S.

4.1.2

Titles of Publication

Use capital letter for the initial letter of the title and the rest of the title should be
in lower case. In case of having abbreviation or acronym in the title, capital letter can be
used for that. Moreover, if a proper name includes in the title, capital letters should be
used only for the initial letter of the name.
For example,
... 2008. Potential of biomass electricity in four Asian countries.
... 2007. Environmental management issues in Malaysia........
English publications with titles beginning with The are listed in alphabetical
order according to the first letter of the word after it.

4.2 STYLES OF WRITING REFERENCES

(a) References should be listed in alphabetical order:

3
7

Ali, I. 2006. .

Ismail, F. 2004. ...

Mohammed, S. 2001. ...
Sharifah, H.S. 1995. ...
Zakri, A.H. 2007. ...
(b) The publication of an individual author is listed before another publication in
which the same author is the first writer and both publications are in the same
year.
Mohd Sani, M.S. 2006. ...
Mohd Sani, M.S. and Rahman, M.M. 2006. ...
(c) In the case of publications in which one author is the first author and the second
and third author are different, the works are listed according the alphabetical
order of the names of the second author and third, and so on.
Rahman, M.M. 2007.
Rahman, M.M. and Ariffin, A.K. 2004.
Rahman, M.M., Ariffin, A.K. and Noor, M.M. 2008.
(d) Single author entries by the same author are arranged by year of publication, the
earliest should be placed in the first citation.
Rahman, M.M. 2003. ...
Rahman, M.M. 2007. .

3
8

(e) References by the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same
order) with the same publication year are arranged alphabetically by the title that
follows the date. If the references with same authors published in the same year
are identified as articles in a series (for example Part 1 and Part 2), order the
references in the series order, not alphabetically by title. Lowercase letters a, b,c
and so on are placed immediately after the year.
Rahman, M.M. 2003 a. Design and development of fatigue life ... .
Rahman, M.M. 2003b. Prediction of fatigue life ... .
(f) Where two authors have the same family name, they are listed according to the
alphabetical order according to the first initial.
Rahman, A. 2006. ...
Rahman, M.M. 2002. .
Zakri, A. 2003. ...
Zakri, M.G. 2006. ...
Zakri, M.Z. 2004. ...

4.3

REFERENCES FOR BOOKS

The complete information required for a book is as follows:

Authors name, fullstop
Year of publication, fullstop
Title of book (italics, sentence case), fullstop

3
9

Editor, compiler, translator (if indicated), fullstop

Name of series, volume number, series number (where relevant), fullstop
Edition, if not the first edition, fullstop
Volume number (bold), fullstop

Place of publication, colon

Publisher, fullstop
^Name of all co-authors must be listed

If published in more than one place, use the place that is named first
For example,

New York, Heidelbeg, Berlin, London, England, Singapore will be recorded as New York
only.
Examples of listing the books referred to are given in Sub-section 4.3.1 to 4.3.6.

4.3.1

Single Author

Heywood, J.B. 1988. Internal combustion engine fundamentals. USA: McGraw-Hill.

Kececioglu, D.B. 2003. Robust engineering design-by-reliability with emphasis on
mechanical components and structural reliability. Lancaster, PA: DEStech
Publications, Inc.

4
0

Newland, D.E. 1993. An introduction to random vibrations, spectral and wavelet

analysis. 3rd ed. Essex: Longman Scientific and Technical.
Stone, R. 1999. Introduction to internal combustion engines. USA: Society of
Automotive Engineers, Inc.
Note:

The second and subsequent lines are typed single-spaced and indented 12.7 mm from left
margin.

4.3.2 Multi-authors
Juvinall, R.C. and Marshek, K.M. 2000. Fundamentals of machine component design.
New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Socie, D.F. and Marquis, G.B. 2000. Multiaxialfatigue. USA : Society of Automotive
Engineers.
Bishop, N.W.M. and Sherratt, F. 2000. Finite element based fatigue calculations.
Netherlands: NAFEMS Ltd.
Lee, Y., Pan, J., Hathaway, R. and Barkey, M. 2005. Fatigue testing and analysis: Theory
and practice. New York: Butterworth Heinrahmanemann.
Stephens, R.I., Fatemi, A., Stephens, R.R. and Fuchs, H.O. 2000. Metal fatigue in
engineering. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Wirsching, P.H., Paez, T.L. and Oritz, K. 1995. Random vibration: theory and practice.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Note:

Names of all authors must be listed. Initials appear after the name without any extra
space.

4
1

4.3.3 New Editions and Reprints

Fuchs, H.O., Nelson, D.V., Burke, M.A. and Toomay, T.L. 1977. Fatigue under complex
loading: analysis and experiments AE-6. Wetzel, R.M. (Ed.). USA: Society of
Automotive Engineers.
Cohen, J. 1977. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Revised ed. New
York: Academic Press.
Buckley, C.B. 1965. An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore. Reprint. Kuala
Lumpur: University of Malaya Press.

4.3.4 Work that are known by the Titles

Oxford regional economic atlas: the Middle East and North Africa. 1960. London:
Oxford University Press.
The encyclopedia of Islam. 1960. 2nd ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill

4.3.5 Edited Work/Compilations

Rice, R.C. (Ed.). 1997. Fatigue design handbook. USA: Society of Automotive
Engineers.
Wetzel, R.W. (Ed.). 1977. The SAE cumulative fatigue damage test program: Fatigue
under complex loading, analysis and experiments. PA: Society of Automotive
Engineers.

4.3.6 References with Corporate Authorship

ASI (Art students international). 1988. Princeton, NJ: Educational Publications
International.
IELTS annual review: 2003/2004. University of Cambridge Local Examination

4
2

Syndicate, The British Council and IDP Education Australia, Cambridge.

4.4

REFERENCES FOR JOURNALS

The complete information required for a journal articles are as follows:
Authors name, fullstop
Year of publication, fullstop
Title of article (sentence case), fullstop
Name of Journal (Italics, Title case), fullstop

Volume number, (bold)

Issue Number (within parentheses, no bold), colon Page Numbers,
fullstop
Volume number must be in Arabic numeric.
Examples of listing the journal articles referred are given in Sub-section 4.4.1 to 4.4.2.

4.4.1

Single Author

Amann, C.A. 1999. Evaluating alternative internal combustion engines: 1950-1975.

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. 121(3): 540-545.
Anthes, R.J. 1997. Modified rainflow counting keeping the load sequence. International
Journal of Fatigue. 19(7): 529-535.
Zhang, S. 1999. Stress intensities derived from stresses around a spot weld. International
Journal of Fracture. 99: 239-257.

4
3

4.4.2

Multi-authors

Agerskov, H. and Nielsen, J.A. 1999. Fatigue in steel highway bridges under random
loading. Journal of Structural Engineering ASCE. 125(92): 152-162.
Conley, J.W. and Tukey, J.W. 1965. An algorithm for the machine calculation of complex
Fourier series. Math. Comp. 19: 297-301.
Amzallag, C., Gerey, J.P., Robert, J.L. and Bahuad, J. 1994. Standardization of the
rainflow counting method for fatigue analysis. International Journal of Fatigue.
16(4): 287-293.
Haiba, M., Barton, D.C., Brooks, P.C. and Levesley, M.C. 2002. Review of life
assessment techniques applied to dynamically loaded automotive components.
Computers and Structures. 80(5-6): 481-494.

Note

All authors should be listed. Initials positioned after the name with a comma and put the
word and before last author name.

4.5

REFERENCES FOR PROCEEDINGS

The complete information required for journal articles are as follows:
Authors name, fullstop
Year of publication, fullstop

Title of article (sentence case), fullstop

Name of Conference/Seminar/Symposium (Italics, Title case), comma

Volume number, (bold, if any)

4
4

Issue Number (within parentheses, no bold), colon Page Numbers,

fullstop

Note:

All authors should be listed. Initials positioned after the name with a comma and place
the word and before last author name.
For example,
Manson, S.S. 1953. Behavior of materials under conditions of thermal stress. Heat
Transfer Symposium, pp. 9-75.
Arshad, W.M., Thelin, P., Backstrom, T. and Sadarangani, C. 2003. Alternative electrical
machine solutions for a free piston generator. Proceedings of the 6th International
Power Engineering Conference, pp. 329-334.
Famouri, P., Cawthrne, W.R., Clark, N., Nandhumar, S., Atkinson, C., Atkinson, R.,
McDaniel, T. and Petreanu, S. 1999. Design and testing of a novel linear
alternator and engine system for remote electrical power generator. Proceedings
of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting 1999, pp. 108-112.
Fu, Z.X., Nasar, S.A. and Rosswurm, M. 1992. Stability analysis of free piston Stirling
engine power generation system. Proceedings of the 27th Intersociety Energy
Conversion Engineering Conference, 5: 13-21.
Brown, R. and Higgins, P.J. 1978. On the connection between the second relative
homology groups of some related spaces. Proc. London Math. Soc., 36(3): 193212.

4
5

4.6

REFERENCES FOR PUBLIC DOCUMENTS

The complete information required for referring the public documents as follows:

Country(or State)/Institution, fullstop Year of Publication, fullstop

Document referred to (include relevant details in italic), fullstop

Examples of listing public documents referred to are given in Sub-section 4.6.1 and
4.6.2.

4.6.1 Parliament and State Assembly

(i) Parliament and State Assembly

Acts of parliament
Malaysia.1990. Bernama Act 1967 (Revised 1990). (Act 449).
Reports and Documents

Dewan Rakyat Malaysia. 1986. PeristiwaMemali. Document 21, 1986.

4
6

Dewan Rakyat Malaysia. 1988. Ke arah memelihara keselamatan negara. Document 14,
1988.
Parliament Debates
Dewan Rakyat Malaysia. 1984. Perbahasan rang undang-undang mesin cetak dan
penerbitan. Penyata Rasmi Dewan Rakyat. 2(12): 1792-1850 Parlimen Keenam
Penggal Kedua.

(ii) Government Publications (Federal, State)

Federal Government Gazettes

Federal Malay States. 1926. Government Gazette. 18(12): Notification No. 3178.

Federal Malay States. 1939. Sedition Enactment 1939 (Enactment No. 13 of 1939).
Government Gazette. 31(23): 231-255.
Malaysia. 1990. Akta Kehakiman 1964 (Akta 91). Warta Kerajaan. 43(26): Circular No.
10926.
State Government Gazettes
Johor. 1990. Akta Eksais 1976: Peraturan-peraturan Eksais (Lembaga Perlesenan) 1977.
Warta Kerajaan Negeri Johor. 34(1).
Federal Government Reports
Malaysia. 1991. Rancangan Malaysia Keenam 1991-1995.
Ministry of Finance Malaysia. 1988. Economic Report 1988/89. 17.

4
7

(iii) Committee Reports

Jawatankuasa Tetap Bahasa Malaysia. 1987. (2nd ed.). Pedoman umum ejaan Bahasa
Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

4.6.2 Documents of International Organizations

(i) United Nations

United Nations. 1974. The charter of economic rights and duties of states. General
Assembly Resolution 321, 29. UN G.O.A.R Supplement. (No. 31), 50, UN
Document A/9361. New York: United Nations.
United Nations. 1986. Report of the committee on information. General Assembly
Official Records. Forty First Supplement No. 21 (A/41/21). New York: United
Nations.

(ii) UNESCO
UNESCO. 1960. Director General of UNESCO report. Paris: UNESCO.

(iii) IAEA
IAEA. 1995. Coordinated research program on assessment of environmental explosure
to mercury in selected human populations. Vienna: International Atomic Energy
Agency.

4
8

(iv) WHO
WHO. 1991. Guidelines for the assessment of herbal medicines. Geneva: World Health
Organization.

4.7

REFERENCES FOR MAGAZINES

The complete information required for referring the magazines as follows:
Authors name, fullstop
Year of publication, fullstop
Title of article (sentence case), fullstop
Name of magazine (Italics, Title case), comma

Month of publication, colon Date of publication, fullstop

For example,
Poster, M.I. 1993. Seeing the mind. Science, October: 29.
Robert, R. 2003. The right spot to write. Going places, August: 20.

4.8 REFERENCES FOR NEWSPAPERS

The complete information required for referring the newspapers as follows:
Authors name, fullstop
Year of publication, fullstop

Title of article (sentence case), fullstop

Name of Newspaper (Italics, Title case), fullstop

4
9

Date and Month of publication, colon Page Numbers,, fullstop

Examples of listing the newspaper referred are given section 4.8.1 and 4.8.2.

4.8.1

With Authors Name

Philip, G. 2004. Primer on primates. Star. 18 January: 4-5.

4.8.2

Without Authors Name

The title of the article should be placed before the year of publication.

For example,

Nuclear power for deep space travel. 2003. New Sunday Times. 21 December: F7.

5
0

4.9 NEWS REPORTS FROM NEWSPAPERS

The complete information required for referring the news reports from the
newspapers as follows:
Authors name, fullstop
Year of publication, fullstop
Title of article (sentence case), fullstop
Name of Newspaper (Italics, Title case), fullstop

Date and Month of publication, colon Page

Numbers, fullstop

4.9.1 News/article with Authors Name

Hardev, K. 2004. Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok agreed to develop border areas. New Straits
Times. 17 January: 1.

4.9.2 News/article without Authors Name

Abdullah slams tax traders for irresponsibility. 2004. Star. 18 January: 2-4.

5
1

4.9.3 Letters to the Editor

Izhab, Z. 1992. Effective reading is the way to ensure success of science students. Letter
to the Editor. New Straits Times. 25 January: 9.

4.10

GENERAL REFERENCES TO NEWSPAPERS

The complete information required for general references to the newspapers as

follows:
Name of Newspaper (Italics, Title case), fullstop
Year of publication, fullstop
Date and Month of publication, fullstop.
For example,
The Malay Mail. 2002. 26 July.

The Star. 2005. 11 March.

New Straits Times. 2006. 10 December.

5
2

4.11 REFERENCES FOR FILM, VIDEO AND SLIDES

4.11.1 Films

The complete information required for referring a film is as follows:

Title of film (sentence case, italics), fullstop

Year of production, fullstop
Type of film, (for example, film or documentary drama), fullstop
Origin of film, colon
Name of production House/Company, fullstop For example,

Crystals and their structures. 1973. Film. New York: Modern Living Aids.

My name is Natrah not Bertha. 1992. Documentary drama. Singapore: Singapore

Broadcasting Corporation.

4.11.2 Videos
The complete information required for referring a video is as follows:
Title of video (sentence case, italics), fullstop
Year of production, fullstop Type of video, fullstop Origin of video,
colon

5
3

Name of production House/Company, fullstop For example,

Language and verbal skills. 1976. Video. Virginia: Association for Retarded Citizens.

4.11.3 Slides

The complete information required for referring a slide is as follows:

Authors name, fullstop
Year of production, fullstop

Title of slide (sentence case, italics), fullstop

Type of slide, fullstop
Origin of slide, colon
Name of production House/Company, fullstop For example,

Deacon, J.E. 1975. The Galapagos island: birds. Slide. New York: Harper and Row.
Investigation in life science: man and nature. 2003. Slide. Colorado: Crystal Productions.

4.12

REFERENCES FOR MAPS

The complete information required for referring a map is as follows:

Authors name, fullstop
Year of production, fullstop

5
4

Title of map (sentence case, italics), fullstop

Scale of the map, fullstop
Place of publication, colon
Name of publisher/Company, fullstop
For example,
Gobbett, D.J. 1972. Geological map of Malay Peninsular. Scale 1:1000000. Kuala
Lumpur: Geological Society Malaysia.

4.13

UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS

Examples of listing the unpublished materials referred to are given in Section 4.13.1 to
Section 4.13.4.

4.13.1 Thesis
The complete information required for referring a thesis is as follows:
Authors name, fullstop
Year of publication, fullstop
Title of thesis (italic, sentence case), fullstop
Type of the thesis, fullstop
Place (institute, town, state) where thesis is kept, comma
Country, fullstop
For example,
Shen, C. 1994. The statistical analysis of fatigue data. Ph.D. Thesis. University of
Arizona, USA.
Aichlmayr, H.T. 2002. Design consideration modeling and analysis of microhomogeneous charge ignition combustion free-piston engine. Ph.D. Thesis.
University of Minnesota, USA.
Benasciutti, D. 2004. Fatigue analysis of random loadings. Ph.D. Thesis. University of

5
5

Ferrara, Italy.

4.13.2 Working Paper and Abstract for Conference

The complete information required for referring the working paper and abstract
for conference is as follows:
Authors name, fullstop Year of publication, fullstop Title of article, fullstop
Type of the documents, fullstop
Name of the conference/seminar/symposium, fullstop
Place of conference/seminar/symposium, colon Date
and month, fullstop
For example,
Malcolm, C. 2003. Expressing opinions in court. Abstract. Language and the Law. Sixth
International Conference. University of Sydney: 9-12 July.
Jamaluddin, M.J. 2000. Environmental issues and management challenges in Malaysia:
facing the new millennium. Working Paper. National Seminar on Environmental
Management Issues and Challenges in Malaysia. Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia: 25-26 July.

4.13.3 Technical Reports

The complete information required for referring the technical reports is as follows:
Authors name, fullstop Year
of publication, fullstop Title of
report, fullstop Type of the
report, fullstop Place, colon
Identification number, fullstop
Collection number, fullstop
For example,
Hafriza, B. 2003. A comparative study of linguistic strategies used by counsels

5
6

representing Malaysia and the Republic of Indonesia in the Case concerning

sovereignty over the islands of Sipadan and Ligitan. Technical Report. UKM:
SK/008/2003.

4.13.4 Interview
The complete information required for referring the interviews is as follows:
Authors name, fullstop Year of
interview, fullstop Title of interview,
fullstop Place of interview, fullstop
Interview, colon
Date and month of interview, fullstop

For example,
James, T.A. 2001. Lobby urges Japan reform, not devaluation, Hong Kong. Interview: 19
June.

4.14

ELECTRONIC REFERENCES

Generally, references from the electronic sources for instance CD-ROM, internet,
websites, electronic journals and electronic mail should provide the following
information:
Name of author, fullstop Year,
fullstop Title of article, fullstop Name
of journal/book (italics)
Volume Number (bold)
Issue number (within parentheses), colon
Page Numbers, fullstop Website/file/email address, comma Date of access
(within parentheses)
However, the information may be adjusted if necessary, without affecting the
validity of the reference materials.

5
7

For example,
Clark, J.K. 1999. Humidity sensor. Journal of Physics. 2(2): 9-13 (online).
http://www.cit.edu/phy/sensor/phy/sensor.html (20 July 1999).
Crane, N. 1997. Electronic sources:

MLA style of citation.

http://www.uvm.edu/ncrane/estyle/mla.html (31 July 2000)

Kawasaki, J.L. 1996. Computer administered surveys in extension. Journal of Extension.
33(3): 204-210 (online). http://www.apa.org/journals/sebret.html (18 November
1999).
Medical Information Group. 1998. Arsenic contamination of drinking water (online).
http://www.cit.edu/phys/sensor.html (4 July 2000)
Pritzer,

T.J. (undated). An early fragment from central Nepal

http://www.ingress.com/astanart/pritzer/pritzer.html (5 June 2000)

(online).

Clark, J.K. 1993. Complication in academia: sexual harassment and the law. Siecus
Report. 21(6): 6-10. (CD-ROM). 1994 SIR/SIRS 1993 School/Volume 4/Article
93A (13 June 1995).

4.15

REFERENCES WITHIN THE TEXT

References in the body of the text are made to acknowledge the source of writing
which is taken from other books, articles or papers. The complete bibliographical details
are recorded in the list of references at the end of the thesis. The references cited in the
text should be indicated using the AUTHOR-YEAR system. In this system, references
within the text must include only the Author and Year of publication. Examples of
citation in the text are given in Subsection 4.15.2- 4.15.5.

4.15.1 Single Author

The surname of the author followed by the year of publication is written in the
relevant place in the text. If the name of the author is written as a part of a sentence, the
year published should be written in parentheses.

5
8

(i)

Noor (2007) has stated that ... .

(ii)

... as has been carried out by Mohd Sani (2008).

(iii) In a study on the teaching and learning of mechanical engineering (Rahman,

2008) ... .
(iv) In a study on the teaching and learning of mechanical engineering, Mohd
Sani (2007) expressed the view that ... . Mohd Sani also said that ... .
If the authors name is used as part of the sentence, as examples (i) and (ii), only
the year is within the parentheses. If it is not, both the authors name and year of
publication, with a comma in between are placed within the parentheses (refer to
example (iii)).
If the same source is referred to more than once within the same paragraph, the
year of publication does not need to be repeated as there is no possibility of confusion
with another work by the same author (refer to example (iv)).

4.15.2

Multi-authors

Where the work of two authors is referred to, then both names must be
mentioned each time it is referred to:
(i)

As Rahman and Rosli (2008) carried out their study ... .

(ii)

As has been proven (Rahman and Ariffin, 2006).

If the reference is made to a work authored by more than two, the name of the
first author is written followed by et al. and the year of publication is typed after a
comma.
(i)

Rahman et al. (2006) has proposed that ... .

(ii)

... has been studied (Kadirgama et al., 2005).

5
9

4.15.3

Corporate Author

Corporate authors are usually spelled out each time they appear in a text citation.
The names of some corporate authors are spelled out in the first citation and abbreviated
thereafter. Nevertheless, references to works by an organisation are written as follows:

(i)

Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE, 2005)

(ii)

Institute of Engineers, Malaysia (IEM, 1969) ...

(iii) The name of institution ( Organizations, government agencies and other can
be abbreviated:
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2006) is referred to the first citation
and as NIMH (2006) for subsequent text citation.

Jawatankuasa Tetap Bahasa Malaysia (JKTBM, 1979) is referred to as JKTBM

(1979).

4.15.4

Authors with Same Name

If the list of references includes works by two or more authors with the same
name, to avoid confusion, the full name or initials of each author must be used each time
one of these works cited.
Rahman, M.M. (2004) and Rahman, M.K. (2006) carried out ... .
Noor, M.M. (2007) and Noor, M.Z. (2001) also found ... .

4.15.5

Multiple References

Two or more references made at the same place should be separated by

semicolons. Then, the word and should be placed before the last authors name.

6
0

For example,

( Mohd Sani, 2004; Rejab, 2005 and Rahman et al. 2007)

(Noor, 2006; Rahman et al. 2006, and Ariffrn and Rahman, 2007)

If more than one reference materials by the same author in the same year are
cited, use small letter of alphabets (a, b, c and so on separated by comma) to distinguish
them. The suffixes are assigned in the reference list, where references are in alphabetical
order by the title.
(Rahman et al., 2003a, b, 2004)
Several studies ( Rejab, 2006a, b; Rahman, 2008 and Kadirgama et al., 2009)
List two or more works by different authors which have been cited within the
same parentheses in alphabetical order by the first authors surname. Separate the
citations by semicolons.
Several studies (Noor, 1998; Rahman et al., 2000, and Rahman and Rejab, 2008)

Cross referencing is not allowed in a thesis. Only primary sources should be used.

Note : Foot notes can be used to make immediate clarification.

6
1

4.16

REFERENCES FOR THE AL-QURAN

The number of verses used and quoted from the Al-Quran should be placed at
the end of the text. The reference should indicate the Quran, the chapter and the number
of verse, for example, Al-Quran, Al-Imran 3: 92.

4.17

REFERENCES FOR THE AL-HADITH

References to the hadith are specific collections indicated by the number or name
of the book (kitab) and the chapter where it appears, for example, Al-Bukhari, Sahih,
Kitab 1, Chap 1: page number, City: Publisher.

4.18

ABBREVIATIONS IN REFERENCE LIST

Accepted abbreviations in the reference list for parts of books and other
publications are listed in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1: Abbreviations in the reference of
books and other publications

CHAPTER 5

UNITS, NUMBERS, QUANTITY AND FUNCTIONS

5.1 UNITS
Use internationally recognized units of measure such as System International (SI).
Units should be written numerically not in words, for example, 5 m instead of five meters
unless if they are the first word of a sentence. Use abbreviated form of units, for example,
5 sec instead of 5 seconds or 5 m instead of 5 meters. The unit of measurement should be
clearly separated from the corresponding numerical value by a standard single space, for
example, 4 m instead of 4m, 5 sec instead of 5second, 5 kg rather than 5kg. The
abbreviation for kilo is k not K and centimeter is cm not c.
Units that are named after a person should be written as follows:
5 Newton should be 5 N
5 Joule should be 5 J
The use of units should be consistent, for example 5 N/m 3 or 5 Nm-3, or 45 m/sec
or 45 m per sec.
Do not place a full stop after a unit except when it is at the end of a sentence.
There are no plural forms for abbreviations of units, for example, 5 cm instead of 5 cms.

5.2 NUMBERS

6
3

Numerical (quantitative) information plays a key role in much scientific writing.

It is essential that candidates should carefully check every piece of reported data to
guarantee the absence of errors including typographical mistakes. This requires devoting
particularly close attention to tables and figures. All integers less than ten should be spelt
out unless they are attached to units of measure, for example, 5 kg, 15 mL. Use the
figures of the number if the integer is more than and equals to 10. If a sentence begins
with a number or symbol, it should be written in words or change the sentence structure
or order. Use numerals for a series of figures, for example,
(i)

(ii)

In a lecture room, there are 50 chairs, 55 tables, 3 white boards and 15

umbrellas.
The numbers of frequency were selected in this study including 50, 100, 150,
200, 250 and 300 Hz.

The zero should be included in numbers written as decimals, for example, 0.4 m
instead of .4 m. Decimal numbers should be clearly distinguished. Date should be written
without a comma, for example, 31 August 2007. A range is most frequently signaled with
the assistance of a dash, for example, the period of time should be written as 1993-2000,
2003-07.
Numbers up to the four digits should be written without a comma or space
between them. Numbers larger than four digits should be written with a space before each
set of three digits, for example, 213 000, 21 000 000, 252 000 000. Numbers written as
decimals have spaces like this: 0.001, 0.000 05, 35 321.062 42.

5.3 QUANTITY OR VARIABLE

Specificity can be conferred on a letter symbolising a quantity or variable by
attaching one or more qualifying subscripts and/or superscripts to it. Sometimes, it can be
crowned with a hat in the form of a straight line or other distinctive mark.
For example,

(i)

Cp (both italicized) is used to represent the heat capacity (C) at constant pressure,
p

6
4

(ii)

gn (g italicized, n normal) represents for the acceleration due to earths

gravitational force, g, while the n here signifies normal.

A clear explanation should be supplied when any symbol makes its first
appearance in a document. In addition, it is strongly recommended that all symbols
presented in the text especially those representing quantities, be meticulously defined in a
separate List of Symbols. The list must identify applicable units of measurement and
should be positioned near the beginning of the work.
For examples,

CL liquid phase specific heat, J kg-1 K-1

D diameter, m etc.

(iii)An expression of a measurement as the product of a numerical value and a unit,

candidates should adjust the unit to a suitable prefix. Thus resulting the numerical
value fall between 0.1 and 1000. In other words, it is better to write 30 ^L rather
than the equivalent 0.030 mL.

(iv)A single blank space is used to separate a pair of unit symbols. It is done to
represent a product, for example, 80 A s, 34 N m, 10-3 g/(m2 d).

5.4 SUBSCRIPTS AND SUPERSCRIPTS

The subscripts and superscripts should be set in type roughly 3/5 the size of the
corresponding host symbol. In the other words, 7 or 8 pt font would be an appropriate
choice to indicate associated symbol displayed in 12 pt type. Subscripts and superscripts
belong immediately adjacent to the symbols they are intended to modify. In the case of
chemical formulas for charged particles (ions), one of the latter typographic solutions is
actually deemed preferable, for example, NH^SO^. Multiple subscripts that apply
simultaneously to a single host symbol would logically appear at the same level vertically.
Potential confusion can be prevented by carefully spacing of the collaborating elements or

6
5

through intervening commas or careful use of parentheses, for example, Xn^ is better
replaced by XB(max). Now-a-day, the favor practice for
typesetting the chemical expression is to consign all formulas to the normal text

baseline, even ones that are intended to function as indices, in other words, the
arrangement, c(H2SO4) is preferred over CH2SC,4

Table 5.1 provides a summary of the most important expressions and formulae.
Table 5.1: Basic rules applicable to expressions of mathematical and physical kind.

Symbols for vectors and matrices are to be displayed in boldface italic type.
For examples,
B = biei + b2e2

6
6

/1 2 3\ 2 1 0
F (force), E (electric field strength)

An appropriate quantity symbol topped with a small arrow (for example, a,F,E) is
no longer recommended. Another rule with respect to type states that the tensors should
be represented by roman, boldface characters (no italic), for example, A,
B, C.
5.5

MISCELLANEOUS CONVENTIONS

(i)

The shorten form of persons name should be written with a space after the initials,
for example, M.M. Rahman not M.M.Rahman.

(ii)

Abbreviations have no full stops after each letter, for example, UMP, CGS, ASME
etc.

(iii)

Elliptical marks consists of three dots (...) either linear or vertical direction. When
an ellipsis comes at the end of the sentence, it appears as four dots (...). One dot
marks the end of the sentence.

(iv)

A single blank space should be inserted between the numerical value and the
symbol used to indicate percentage as well as in conjunction with the related
expressions ppm (parts per million), ppb (parts per billion) and ppt (parts per
trillion), for example, 34 % 0.2 %, 30 ppm, 0.06 ppb.

(v)

The symbol combination oC is considered a single discrete entity with the

meaning degree Celsius. It should be set one space removed from the associated
numerical value, for example, 135 oC (not 135oC or 135o C). The rule is also
applied to the symbols for angular minutes and angular seconds, for example
15.4', 20'35.2".

Information related to error limits or tolerances should be conveyed using a

notation like (150 10) mm not the commonly encountered.

6
7

REFERENCES
This guide is prepared based on the following references;
Ebel, H.F., Bliefert, C. and Russey, W.E. 2004. The art of scientific writing. Weinheim:
Wiley-VCH
Guide to the Preparation of Research Reports, Dissertations and Theses 2003. Institute
of Postgraduate Studies. University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Guide to Thesis Preparation. 2007. School of Graduate Studies. Universiti Putra Malaysia,
Selangor, Malaysia.
Russey, W.E., Ebel, H.F. and Bliefert, C. 2006. How to write a successful science thesis.
Weinheim: Wiley-VCH
The UKM Style Guide. 2005. Centre for Graduate Studies. Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.
UTM Thesis Manual. 2007. School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Skudai, Malaysia

.APPENDIX A1
SAMPLE OF FRONT PAGE (COVER PAGE)

50 mm

FINITE ELEMENT BASED DURABILITY

ASSESSMENT FOR A NEW FREE
PISTON LINEAR ENGINE
a

ABDUL RAHMAN BIN ABDUL KARIM

X

NAME OF DEGREE
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

50 mm

(20 gold-coloured font)

o
o
r"F
tr

<D
O

APPENDIX A3

o
<

P
CTQ

7
0

<D

Example of thesis status validation form

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

DECLARATION OF THESIS AND COPYRIGHT

Author's full name

Date of birth

---------------------------

SAMPLE OF THE SPINE

Title :

Academic Session :

I declare that this thesis is classified as :

CONFIDENTIAL (Contains confidential information under the Official Secret

Act 1972)*
RESTRICTED

(Contains restricted information as specified by the organization

where research was done)*

OPEN ACCESS

I agree that my thesis to be published as online open access

(Full text)

I acknowledge that Universiti Malaysia Pahang reserve the right as follows:

1.
2.

The Thesis is the Property of University Malaysia Pahang

The Library of University Malaysia Pahang has the right to make copies for the purpose of
research only.

7
1

3.

The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange.

Certified By:

(Student's Signature)

New IC / Passport Number

(Signature of Supervisor)

Name of Supervisor

Date :NOTES
:
*If
the
thesis
is
CONFIDENTIAL
or
RESTRICTED,please attach
with the letter from the organization with period and reasons for
confidentiality or restriction.
Date :

APPENDIX A3
Example of a thesis status declaration letter

Date
Librarian
Perpustakaan Universiti Malaysia Pahang Universiti Malaysia Pahang
Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300, Gambang, Kuantan

Sir,

CLASSIFICATION OF THESIS AS
RESTRICTED - T I T L E A N D
N A M E O F AUHORS
Please be informed that the above mentioned thesis entitle TITLE be classified
as RESTRICTED for a period of three (3) years from the date of this letter. The reasons
for this classification are
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Thank you.
Sincerely yours,

NAME, ADDRESS, TELEPHONE NUMBER OF SUPERVISOR

Note :

this letter should be written by the supervisor, addressed to

Perpustakaan Universiti Malaysia Pahang and a copy attached to the thesis. APPENDIX A4

SAMPLE OF TITLE PAGE

FINITE ELEMENT BASED DURABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR A NEW FREE

PISTON LINEAR ENGINE

ABDUL RAHMAN BIN ABDUL KARIM

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements

for the award of the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy/Master of Science/Master of Engineering in......
Y

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

50 mm

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

(Specialisation)

APPENDIX A5

SAMPLE OF STATEMENT OF AWARD FOR DEGREE

1. Doctor of Philosophy
Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy (specialisation).

2. Master of Engineering (by Research)

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Science/Master of Engineering in...............................(Specialisation).

3. Master of Engineering (by Coursework)

Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree
of Master of Science/Master of Engineering...............................(Specialisation).

4. Bachelor Final Year Project Report

Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of

APPENDIX A6

SAMPLE OF SUPERVISORS DECLARATION

SUPERVISORS DECLARATION

j- 1x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)

>.

3 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)

I/We hereby declare that I/We have checked this thesis/project and in my/our opinion,
this thesis/project* is adequate in terms of scope and quality for the award of
Signature
> Upper case, no boldface

the degree of *Doctor of Philosophy/Master of Engineering/Master of Science in...........

Name of Supervisor:
Position:
..............(specialisation) or>Bachelor
of.............................
3x ENTER
(1.5 line spacing) (Specialisation).
Date:
Signature
>-

*
Name of Co-supervisor:
Position:
Date:
*Delete
unnecessary

if

Upper case, no boldface

1.5
lin
e
sp
aci
ng

(Specialisation).

APPENDIX A7

SAMPLE OF STUDENTS DECLARATION

STUDENTS DECLARATION
J- 1x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)

line
sp
I hereby declare that the work in this thesis/project is my own except for quotations and aci
summaries which have been duly acknowledged. The thesis/project 1 has not been f ng
accepted for any degree and is not concurently submitted for award of other degree.

>. 3x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)

Signature
Name ID
Number
Date

1Delete if unnecessary

1.5

> Upper case, no boldface

]APPENDIX A8
SAMPLE OF DEDICATION

Dedicated to my
parents

APPENDIX A9

SAMPLE OF ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
1 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)
I am grateful and would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor A
Professor X for his/her germinal ideas, invaluable guidance, continuous encouragement '
and constant support in making this research possible. He has always impressed me with
his outstanding professional conduct, his strong conviction for science, and his belief that a
PhD program is only a start of a life-long learning experience. I appreciate his consistent
support from the first day I applied to graduate program to these concluding moments. I am
truly grateful for his progressive vision about my training in science, his tolerance of my
naive mistakes, and his commitment to my future career. I also would like to express very
special thanks to my co-supervisor Professor Y for his/her suggestions and co-operation
Single line
throughout the study. I also sincerely thanks for the time spent proofreading and correcting
sp
my many mistakes.
aci
1XENTER\
(Single line spacing)
ng
My sincere thanks go to all my labmates and members oi the staii oi the
Mechanical Engineering Department, UMP, who helped me in many ways and made my
stay at UMP pleasant and unforgettable. Many special thanks go to member engine
research group for their excellent co-operation, inspirations and supports during this
study. "I 1XENTER (Single line Spacing)

acknowledge my sincere indebtedness and gratitude to my parents for their love, dream
and sacrifice throughout my life. I acknowledge the sincerity of my parents- in-law, who
consistently encouraged me to carry on my higher studies in Malaysia. I am also grateful
to my wife, daughter and son for their sacrifice, patience, and understanding that were
inevitable to make this work possible. I cannot find the appropriate words that could
properly describe my appreciation for their devotion, support and faith in my ability to
attain my goals. Special thanks should be given to my committee members. I would like
to acknowledge their comments and suggestions, which was crucial for the successful
completion of this study.APPENDIX A10
SAMPLE OF ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT
1 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)

This thesis deals with durability assessment for new two-stroke free piston linear engine
' components using variable amplitude loadings. The objective of this thesis is to develop
the general procedures for durability assessment and optimization of safety-critical free
piston engine components. The thesis describes the finite element analysis techniques to
predict the fatigue life and identify the critical locations of the components. Forged steel,
cast iron, and a set of aluminium alloys materials were studied in this thesis which
commonly used in industry. The structural three-dimensional solid modeling of free
piston engine was developed using the computer-aided drawing software. The strategy of
validation of finite element model was developed. The finite element analysis was then
performed using MSC.NASTRAN code. The finite element model of the components
was analyzed using the linear elastic and frequency response approaches. Finally, theSingle
stress-strain state of the components and frequency of the stresses obtained previously
are employed as input for the fatigue life. From the results, it is observed that the
analysis using Goodman mean stress correction method yields more conservative life
prediction. The acquired results utilizing the strain-life method indicate that when the
loading sequences is predominantly tensile in nature, the SWT and the Morrow models
give shorter life than that the results obtained using the Coffin-Manson model. However,
the Coffin-Manson method gives conservative prediction when the time histories are
predominantly compressive, and zero mean stress loadings. The obtained results indicate
that the nitride treatment produces the longest life. The results concluded that the
polished surface finish conditions give the highest life. Therefore, the nitriding process is
the promising surface treatments for the aluminium alloy parts to increase the fatigue life
of the linear engine components. The durability assessment results are significant to
improve the component design at the early developing stage. The results can also
significantly reduce the cost and time to market, and improve product reliability and
customer confidence.APPENDIX A11

SAMPLE OF TRANSLATION OF ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

^j- 1 ENTER (1.5 line spacing)

Tesis ini membentangkan penyelidikan menggunakan unsur terhingga berasaskar
pengkomputeran bagi menilai kebolehtahanan terhadap komponen enjin linear omboh

line
sp
aci
ng

bebas dua-lejang baru menggunakan beban amplitut berubah. Objektif tesis ini ialah
membangunkan prosedur penilaian kebolehtahanan dan pengoptimuman bagi komponen
enjin linear omboh bebas yang selamat. Proses penilaian kebolehtahanan dijalankan
menggunakan analisis unsur terhingga dan lesu. Permodelan struktur pejal tiga-dimensi
bagi enjin omboh bebas dibangunkan dengan perisian lukisan bantuan komputer.
Strategi pengesahan model unsur terhingga dibangunkan. Analisis unsur terhingga
dijalankan dengan kod MSC.NASTRAN. Model unsur terhingga bagi komponen
dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan elastik linear dan sambutan frekuensi. Akhirnya, Single
keadaan tegasan-terikan komponen dan frekuensi tegasan yang diperolehi sebelumnya
digunakan sebagai masukan dalam pengiraan hayat lesu. Pendekatan tegasan hayat
nominal, terikan hayat tempatan dan sambutan frekuensi digunakan bagi menilai
kebolehtahanan komponen dengan unsur terhingga berasaskan aturcara analisis lesu.
Keputusan didapati bahawa analisis menggunakan kaedah pembetul tegasan min
Goodman meramalkan hayat konsevertif. Keputusan yang diperolehi dari kaedah hayatterikan menunjukkan bila rentetan beban lebih kepada tegangan sifatnya, model SWT
dan Morrow memberikan hayat yang pendek dari model Coffin-Manson. Keputusan
berupaya menunjukkan plot kontur bagi histogram hayat lesu dan kerosakan pada tempat
yang paling rosak. Keputusan yang diperolehi menunjukkan rawatan nitrat memberikan
hayat lebih panjang. Dari hasil keputusan dapat disimpulkan bahawa bagi permukaan
yang digilap memberi hayat tertinggi. Oleh itu, proses penitridan memberi rawatan
permukaan yang baik bagi komponen aloi aluminium menambah hayat enjin.
Keputusan penilaian kebolehtahanan amat bermakna bagi memperbaiki reka bentuk
SUPERVISORS
DECLARATION
komponen
diawal tahap pembangunan.
Keputusan juga berupaya menurunkan kos dan
masa STUDENTS
ke pasaran, memperbaiki
kepercayaan Iproduk dan keyakinan pelanggan.
bo
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
SH
APPENDIX A12
ABSTRACT ^ ABSTRAK T
TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF
TABLES LIST OF FIGURES

line
sp
aci
ng

SAMPLE OF TABLE OF CONTENTS

^ 1 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)
^ LIST OF SYMBOLS TABLE OF CONTENTS

age
ii

iii
10

Internal Combustion Engine

1 x ENTER (1.52.2.1
line spacing)
Historical Perspective
LIST
OF
ABBREVIATIONS
1.1
Introduction
bo

Classification of Internal Combustion

J. 1 x ENTER 2.2.2
(1.5 line spacing)
Engines Case

S1.3
1

Problem Statement

oo

2.2.3
Generation and Electrical Machines
r 1 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
^ 2 KCHAPTER
c <D
1.3 Objectives of the Research
'o a3
2.3
j- 1 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)
Ctf
C/3

QH
C/3

<D

iv
10
vii
v
101
viii
vi
114
Xi
ix
147

<D

1.4 Overview
of Piston
theIntroduction
Thesis
Free
Engine Applications Conclusions
2.4CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION
C
H

x
218

bo
ldf
ac
e,
rig
ht
ali
gn

CHAPTER 3

DURABILITY ASSESSMENT METHODS

-t
3.6
CHAPTER 4
4.1

Conclusions

52

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

53

4.5
CHAPTER 5

Conclusions

74

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1

Introduction

75

5.3

Recommendations for the Future Research

80

bold face, left align, 1.5 line spacing

81

REFERENCES "1

APPENDIX A13
SAMPLE OF LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF TABLES
xx
j- 1
ENTER (1.5 line spacing)

5.1
6.1

Mechanical properties of three materials

119

,o

6.2

List of the components and their material properties

120

<5

6.3

Components maximum principal and equivalent von Mises stresses

121

~R

6.5

Monotonic and cyclic properties of the MANTEN and RQC100

materials

130

6.6

Experimental actual life (Tucker & Bussa 1977) and predicted

fatigue life using the stress-life approach

135

6.7

Experimental actual life and predicted fatigue life using the crack
initiation approach

136

>1

6.8

Summary of the mechanical properties and their comparative ratios

(forged steel is taken as the base for ratio calculations)

140

6.9

Predicted fatigue life at critical location with mean stress effect

160

6.10

Comparisons between the Material S-N and Component S-N

approaches for the SAETRN loading conditions

161

6.15

Predicted fatigue life at critical location (node 132171) using the

crack initiation approach for the various loading conditions

172

6.17

The results of the modal analysis

177

6.18

.bo

<1
<5

o
to
"3S

ju

o
S3
<5

Predicted fatigue life in seconds between two approaches at critical 182 , /

Table No.
Title
Page

APPENDIX A14
SAMPLE OF LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF FIGURES
1 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)
Figure No.

Title

Page

1.1

A two-stroke free piston linear generator engine

2.1

An illustration of a conventional crankshaft driven IC engine

10

2.2
2.3

Ideal Otto cycle

A comparison of piston motion and energy storage device
between the free piston and crank engine

11
19

3.1

The fatigue process: a thin plate under cyclic tensile loading

35

3.2

Typical S-N curve

3.3
3.4

Principle parameters of a variable amplitude load

Sequences which cause problems for the peak-valley and range
counting methods

38
46

3.5

Sequences having the same average value taken as the reference

level

47

5.1

Schematic diagram of the fatigue life estimation

88

5.2

The developed finite element based integrated durability analysis

89

6.1

Finite element meshing for (a) TET4 and (b) TET10 using the
same global mesh length

114

6.2

Von Mises stresses contours (a)TET4 and (b) TET10 meshes at a

115

high load levelAPPENDIX A15

SAMPLE OF LIST OF SYMBOLS

LIST OF SYMBOLS
1 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)

(O

Natural frequency

Total strain, Bandwidth parameter

Strain amplitude
\ 1X ENTER (Single line spacing)

Fatigue ductility

True stress, local stress

Ao

Stress range

Local stress amplitude

Local mean stress

Local maximum stress

f

True tracture strength

Sf

Fatigue strength

Fatigue strength

'f

AA

A-A

APPENDIX A16

Al

ASTM

SAMPLE OF LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CAD
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)
CAE
Aluminum alloy
DOF
ASTM air to air typical fighter loading
DTP
Aluminium
FE
American Society for Testing and Materials
Computer-aided drafting
^ 1X ENTER (Single line spacing)

FFT

Computer-aided engineering Degree-of-freedom Discretized turning point

Finite element Fast Fourier transform Frequency response function Internal
combustion Linear generator Multibody dynamics Probability density function
Power spectral density Society of Automotive Engineers
APPENDIX B

FRF

IC

INTRODUCTION
3 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)
SAMPLE OF FRONT PAGE OF CHAPTER, FIGURE AND EQUATION

LG

^jMBD

1 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)

CHAPTER 2

x ENTER
spacing)
-------The purpose of this chapter is to provide 2a review
of (1.5
past line
research
efforts related^
PDFUPPERCASE, BOLD
to internal combustion engine, free piston engine, finite element analysis, durability
1 x ENTER
(1.5 line
spacing)
TAB: 12.7assessment
2.2
mmINTERNAL
COMBUSTION
ENGINE
(Main
title:life.
Upper
case and
bold)relevant
1x
models
and surface
treatment
on the
fatigue
A review
of other
2 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)
research studies is also provided. Substantial
literature
has been studied on stress history
1.5
line
ENTER (1.5
line spacing)
LITERATURE
REVIEW
PSD computation, fatigue life prediction,
and durability
analysis of components of two- stroke sp
Theengine.
IC engine
firstis realised
in chronologically
its modern formtoby
Nikolaus
in 1867
free piston
The was
review
organized
offer
insight Otto
to how
past aci
(Heywood,
1988;
Stone,
1999).
The
technology
spread
quickly,
and
by
World
War
I,
the ng
.1
research efforts have laid the groundwork for subsequent studies, including the present
internal
combustion
engine
was
ubiquitous
in
both
the
mobile
and
stationary
applications.
research effort. The review is detailed so that the present research effort can be properly )
SAEtailored
1(sub-title:
x Enter
(1.5
spacing)
25of
mm
and direction
the
present
effort.
to add
2.2.1
to
the
Historical
presentresearch
body
Perspective
of literature
as well
Title
asline
tocase
justly
and
thebold
scope
)

Page number starts from 2nd

page of every chapter
With the advent of mass production, automobiles actuated by the chemical
power plant entered the garages of middle class America. Around the world, fortunes
were made and lost by those who made automobiles, fuels, tires, and all the other things
necessary for peoples new found mobility. In the manufacturing and power generation,
these sources of mechanical energy were also common. Such uses include air
compressors, power equipment, electrical generators, and, of course, all types of
transport vehicles. The remarkable versatility of the IC engine has been due to its
inherent simplicity, favorable power-to-weight ratio, and exceptional ruggedness
(Heywood 1988). Figure 2.1 presents an illustration of one of these crankshaft driven
machines.
1 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)

1 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)

Figure 2.1: An illustration of a conventional crankshaft driven IC engine
1 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)

Source: Heywood 1988

1 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)

2.2.2

Classification of Internal Combustion Engines

1 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)

Sub-topic title: Title Case Bold

The force balance to the crank engine piston in the x direction isRight
expressed
as in
align within
Eq. (2.3)
parentheses
1 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)
Center p

2 C C 1

There are many ways in which internal combustion engines may be classified (Heywood,
1988; Dawson, 1998). However, if the limit of the scope to geometries involving
reciprocating pistons, two broad distinctions are of special importance.l F *(2.3)
df

1 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)

Table 2.1 are listed the materials properties of the materials used in this study
1 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)
Table 2.1: Monotonic and cyclic properties of the MANTEN and RQC100 materials
1 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)

1 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)

Source: Rahman (2007)
^ 1 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)

The SAE keyhole was modeled using the MSC.PATRAN and analyzed utilizing the

single line spacing

Sentence Case

I
MSC.NASTRAN, the finite element analysis code.APPENDIX C1
SAMPLE OF TABLE

Table 6.5: Monotonic and cyclic properties of the MANTEN and RQC100 materials
Bold_
\ 1 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)

f- 1 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)

Source: Juvinall and Marshek (2000)Table 6.12: Predicted fatigue life using the biaxiality correction method

9
7

APPENDIX C3

SAMPLE OF CONTINUOUS TABLE

Table 6.5: Continued

Table 6.12: Continued

Loading

Predicted Life in seconds at critical location (at node 49360) x lO6

98

APPENDIX D1

SAMPLE OF FIGURE WITH SOURCE

9
9

27.0

68.6

5.4

load

Applied
Notch depth
in

25

25

75
Diameter

load

Thickness
A
pp
lie
d

1 x ENTER (1.5 line spacing)

Figure 6.8: SAE keyhole specimen
in millimeter (Sentence case) / > 1 x
ENTER (1.5 line spacing)
B0ld Source: Bannantine et al. (1990

)
APPENDIX D2
SAMPLE OF LANDSCAPE
FIGURE
Pressure(MPa
)

6.694

2000

34

4000

Pressure(MPa)

1000

Press ure(MPa)

5000
Seconds

1000

6.452

3000

Narrow band signals

2000

3000

4000

5000

Seconds

Bimodal (2 peaks) signals

2
5000

1000

Second
s

2000

3000

4000

Figure 5.3: Time-loading histories of narrow and wide band

Trimodal (3 peaks) signals
signals

APPENDIX D3
SAMPLE OF COUNTINUOUS
FIGURE

Figure 6.8: Continued