Materials Sciences and Applications, 2016, 7, 26-38

Published Online January 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/msa

http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/msa.2016.71004

Emerging Trends in Automotive

Lightweighting through Novel
Composite Materials
Muhammad Pervaiz1*, Suhara Panthapulakkal1, Birat KC1, Mohini Sain1,2, Jimi Tjong1,3,4
1

Center for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada
2
Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
3
Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
4
Powertrain Engineering Research and Development Centre, Ford PERDC Engineering, Windsor, Canada

Received 22 December 2015; accepted 26 January 2016; published 29 January 2016

Copyright 2016 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Abstract
Owing to unprecedented climate change issues in recent times, global automotive industry is
striving hard in developing novel functional materials to improve vehicles fuel efficiency. It is believed that more than a quarter of all combined greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) are associated
with road transport vehicles. All these facts in association with heightened consumer awareness
and energy security issues have led to automotive lightweighting as a major research theme
across the globe. Almost all North American and European original equipment manufacturers
(OEMs) related to automotive industry have chalked out ambitious weight reduction plans in response to stricter environmental regulations. This review entails main motives and current legislation which has prompted major OEMs to have drastic measures in bringing down vehicle weight
to suggested limits. Also discussed are recent advances in developing advanced composites, and
cellulose-enabled light weight automotive composites with special focus on research efforts of
Center for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing (CBBP), University of Toronto, Canada.

Keywords
Automotive Lightweighting, Biocomposite, Cellulose, Hybrid Structures

Corresponding author.

How to cite this paper: Pervaiz, M., Panthapulakkal, S., Birat KC, Sain, M. and Tjong, J. (2016) Emerging Trends in Automotive Light- weighting through Novel Composite Materials. Materials Sciences and Applications, 7, 26-38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/msa.2016.71004

M. Pervaiz et al.

1. Introduction

Automotive industry has always played a pivotal role to generate high-value and high-volume economic activity
in almost all industrialized regions of world, especially in North America. It is reported that USAs automotive
industry supports around seven million jobs worth $500 billion in annual employee compensation; these private
sector jobs include whole supply chain of suppliers, manufacturers and dealers [1].
Recent environmental issues related to global climate change and greenhouse gas emissions have prompted
automotive manufacturers to focus on the development of lightweight and fuel efficient vehicles. The Greenhouse Gas emissions (GHG) associated with road transport vehicles account for 27% of all combined emissions
in USA which translates into 1800 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent [2]. Globally, a very alarming trend of
increase in CO2 emissions has been observed since 1980s, as shown in Figure 1, and since 95% of the worlds
transportation energy is derived from fossil fuels [3], mostly diesel and gasoline, there arises an urgent need to
curb transport related emissions to meet international environmental control obligations.
The above mentioned facts and consumer awareness have forced governments and environmental protection
agencies to enforce stricter regulations in curbing the emissions which are directly responsible for drastic climate change phenomena around the world. Obama administrations recent commitment in November 2014 of an
Ambitious 2025 Target to Cut U.S. Climate Pollution by 26 - 28 Percent from 2005 Levels [4] seems in direct
response to global communitys concern in combating rising CO2 emissions in last three decades. Achieving
these emission cuts necessitates stringent fuel efficiency standards for automobiles which have forced OEMs
worldwide to further reduce their vehicles weight.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), USA, in association with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), USA has jointly proposed a national program that would significantly reduce carbon emissions and improve the fuel efficiency of heavy-duty vehicles. This new initiative is intended to promote specific
measures within automotive industry in reducing fuel consumption leading to significant savings of about 1 billion tons of GHG emissions. Lightweighting could be one major component to achieve these standards under
which the fleet-wide fuel consumption is foreseen to drop as much 16% to 24%, Figure 2 [5].
Apart from climate change and GHG emissions, other strategic and geopolitical concerns have also led to fuel
saving measures in automotives, especially in USA. U.S. Department of Energys Vehicle Technologies Office
(VTO) programs have multidimensional mandate to develop automotive Lightweight Materials (LM) ensuring
energy security through use of renewable sources [7]. Now its a common understanding that a 10% reduction in
vehicle weight has potential to save 6% - 8% fuel consumption [8] [9], and since lighter object needs less energy
to get accelerated compared to heavy ones, obviously, lightweight materials provide a better opportunity to enhance vehicles fuel economy and mitigate GHG emissions.
Traditionally, a car is made of a variety of materials ranging from glass and metals to plastic composites,
Figure 3. As evident from data, metals make a significant part of whole vehicle weight; therefore, research efforts are underway to develop new advanced high strength steels (AHSS) to reduce the vehicle weight [11]. The

Figure 1. Global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil-fuels 1900-2008; data source [3].

27

M. Pervaiz et al.

Figure 2. Current and projected trends of fuel efficiency standards in USA; data source [5] [6].

Figure 3. Material distribution of a standard vehicle; data source [10].

main thrust in this research area is to enable engineers in making informed decisions on material selection to
have cost-effective weight reduction by substituting steels and AHSS in body and chassis structures of vehicles.
A number of multinational companies are engaged in developing commercial products in this area; however,
being metal in nature, there is certainly a limit up to which weight reduction can be achieved by employing the
new class of steels and sheets. On the other hand, aluminium and magnesium and magnesium alloys have been
also emerging as an alternative to steel for lightweighting; however, the use of these alternatives offsets the advantages of lightweighting with their high cost, performance and environmental impact.
Recent advances in polymers and novel composites have enabled these materials to be at the forefront of
lightweight technologies. Since advance composites are of high strength and their rigidity also helps to maintain
same or higher level of safety as provided by conventionally used materials to manufacture both aerospace and
road transport vehicles. The primary advantages of using composites in automotives is the weight reduction as
the composites are up to 35% lighter than aluminium and 60% lighter than steel and the use of composites in
automotives can leads to an overall vehicle weight reduction of up to 10% [12]. In addition to this, tooling investments can be reduced up to 50% - 70%, as in one assembly, composites can replace eight metal stampings
and hence have a positive impact on the energy associated with the assembly and tooling [13] [14]. Currently
used composite materials based on thermoset as well as thermoplastics include sheet molding compounds or
bulk molding compounds (SMCs/BMCs), glass fiber mat thermoplastics (GMTs) and long fiber reinforced
thermoplastic composites (LFRT), where the fiber component is glass fiber.
Other class of lightweighting materials used in automotives for the greening of automotive industry are
natural fiber reinforced composites. Replacement of glass fibers with natural fibers allows lighter components as
the density of natural fibers (1.5 g/cc) are lower compared to glass fibers (2.5 g/cc) while simultaneously increasing the proportion of renewable resource content within the vehicle. Many manufacturers are using these
green fiber composites for non- and semi-structural applications in their vehicles and examples are given in Table 1.
As far as the market outlook for total lightweight materials for automotive industry is concerned, its growth is
expected by CAGR of 8.5% till 2019, whereas composite market will experience a growth of CAGR of 6.6%,
Figure 4 [16]. In another market study, the demand for lightweight materials, polymers and composites, in the
North American automotive market, is projected to rise to 8020 million pounds in year 2019 which is 53%
higher than year 2008 [17].
In the following sections of this article, after reviewing major OEMs plans to implement their lightweight
material development programs, a detailed discussion is presented on emerging trends in low-cost carbon fibre
and cellulose-enabled composites which are projected not only to replace traditional plastic-specific automotive

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M. Pervaiz et al.

Figure 4. Global trend and forecast of lightweight materials demand.

Table 1. Applications of natural fiber composites in vehicles by different manufacturers [15].
Manufacturer

Model

NFC composite parts

Audi

A2, A3, A4, Avant, A6

Seat backs, side and back door panel, boot lining,

hat track, and spare tire lining

BMW

3, 5, and 7 series and others

Door panels, headliner panel, noise insulation panels,

seat backs, molded foot and well linings

Daimler/Chrysler

A,C, E, and S Class

Evo Bus (exterior)

Door panel, windshield, dash board, business table,

and pillar cover panel

FORD

Mondeo CD 162, FOCUS

Door panles, B-Pillar, and boot liner

Mercedes-Benz

Trucks

Internal engine cover, engine insulation, sun visor,

interior insulation, bumper, wheel box and roof cover

Toyota

Brevis, Harrier, Celsior, RAUM

Door panels, seat backs, and spare tire cover

Volkswagen

Golf, Passat, Variant,

Bora, Fox, Polo

Door panels, seat backs, boot liner,

and boot lid finish panel

Volvo

C70, V70

Seat padding, natural foams, and cargo floor tray.

parts, but also have potential to substitute metallic components in a cost-effective manner.

2. Environmental Implications: Consumer Needs & OEMs Proactive Action Plans

Global climate change issues leading to catastrophic natural disasters in recent times have transformed consumer
awareness and their priorities. Now these well-informed customers of automobiles place fuel efficiency and environmental friendliness design among their top four priorities, Figure 5, as reported by a recent comprehensive
assessment of the global automotive industry by KPMG International [18].
By the year 2020, automotive market is expected to grow to 100 million new vehicles per year. Lightweighting in transport industry has become a major theme of research in recent years; the main motives being
anticipated fuel savings and meeting stricter environmental legislations in various jurisdictions such as Europe,
North America, and Asia. In order to meet the CO2 emission targets set for Europe in 2020, i.e., 95 g CO2/km, a
200 - 300 kg weight reduction of the vehicle is required [19]. North American automotive OEMs are striving
hard to reduce their overall fleet weight in significant numbers for both luxury and standard cars; in fact some
companies have set an ambitious target of reducing up to 350 kg (about 20%) of car weight by 2020 [20] as
shown in Figure 6.

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M. Pervaiz et al.

Figure 5. Automotive consumers top priority areas for years 2011-2013; data source [16].

Figure 6. Auto lightweighting agenda of major global OEMs and their models from 2013 to 2020.

Overall, according to same report, 9 out of 11 automotive OEMs plan to reduce a weight of at least 100 Kg
year over year (YoY) of their entire fleet weight. The main reason cited for this accelerated weight reducing
program is to meet strict North American fuel efficiency levels and CO2 emission standards in Europe. The
OEMs spearheading these programs involve both mass scale producers, like Hyundai Motor, Volkswagen AG
and Ford Motor and luxury vehicle manufacturers such as BMW AG and Audi AG who have been pioneers in
lightweighting.

3. Emerging Trends in the Lightweigting Material Development:

Carbon FibreA Resurging Dream Material
Lightweight design of automotive construction materials has become of paramount importance to not only reduce the carbon footprint of their final products but also to conserve valuable and depleting resources. The existing approaches of substitution and structure re-designing with traditional materials have reached their limits
and there exists an urgent need to explore non-metallic but equally functional set of materials to achieve stricter
fuel saving targets. Quite recently, lightweight fibre-reinforced plastics (FRP) have become material of choice
due to their flexibility, functionality and formability into intricate hybrid and multi-part designs. Generally the
FRPs are employed in areas dominated with tensile-stress, whereas metals find their utility in compressive-stress
areas of automotive applications [21].

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M. Pervaiz et al.

Recently, carbon fibers are being used as the reinforcement for plastic matrices, as these composites have
most weight reduction potential, and have higher stiffness compared to glass counterpartscommercial grade
carbon fibers offers a modulus of 230 GPa, which is three times higher compared to E-glass fibers (70 GPa)
with a specific gravity only of 70% of E-glass fibers [22]. However, the high cost seems a hindrance to mass
scale exploitation of this wonder material. Recent advances in manufacturing low-cost carbon fibre and its recycling has opened up new venues for lightweight automotive manufacturing.

Emerging Trends: Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Hybrid Automotive Lightweight Materials

Carbon fibre, being twice as strong and 30% lighter compared to glass fibre [22] [23] has been used in automotive applications for some time. However, due to very high cost, these materials are usually employed in
high-end products like sports vehicles or luxury cars. Hybrid design of carbon and glass fibre reinforced composites have been recently introduced with encouraging results. Hybrid composite structures have been developed using varying ratio of glass and carbon woven fabric in epoxy matrices and it is shown that, when employing at the exterior, composite laminates having 50% ratio of carbon fibre reinforcement exhibits optimum flexural properties and alternating carbon/glass lay-up arrangement ensures best compressive strength [24].
Commercial products arising from research in this area has already been developed by a number of companies.
Quantum Composites (Bay City, Mich., USA), a subsidiary of The Composites Group, has very recently
launched a hybrid carbon-glass fiber composite material, believed to be a high-strength, cost effective and
lightweight substitute for conventional metal and glass fibre applications in the automotive industry. This brand
named hybrid material, AMC-8590-12CFH, is suitable for fast-cure compression molding to manufacture complex parts on mass-scale [25] [26].
Very recently, Department of Energy USA in association with various universities and research institutes has
launched the Institute for Advanced Composites Manufacturing Innovation (IACMI); the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory being founding research partners. Funded through $70 million in federal and $180 million in non-federal funds, IACMI will focus on increasing production capacity of
carbon fibre and developing less expensive but advanced fiber-reinforced polymer composites for automotive
and other industrial sectors [27]. Incorporating short and nano fibres can certainly exploit the fullest potential of
high strength carbon material in hybrid design as a measure to have better properties and economize the formulation. Fua et al. [23] have reported 20% increase in ultimate tensile strength of short carbon fibre-polypropylene
composites compared to similar glass fibre-filled samples. Although synthesis of nano carbon fibre and their
composites have been reported highly energy intensive, up to 12 times more energy consuming compared to
steel, but overall life cycle studies have shown net savings in energy due to lightweight body parts used in vehicles [28]. Hybrid formulations, where carbon fibre is selectively incorporated into glass or other reinforcement
fibres to enhance performance along lading paths in automotive applications, is one option to offset high cost of
carbon fibres. However, a true potential of this otherwise excellent lightweight material can be realized until
economically sustainable manufacturing methods are not introduced. Currently, research institutes and other
stake holders are actively working on three research themes;
Advanced/alternate production techniques to produce low-cost carbon fibre from traditional feedstock, like
PAN precursor.
Exploring low cost and renewable pre-cursors to synthesis carbon fibres.
Recycling of carbon fibre in large volumes.

4. Low-Cost Carbon Economy

4.1. Advanced Production Techniques and Alternate Affordable Feedstock
The manufacturing cost of carbon fiber is the main deciding factor in its ultimate use in lightweight automotive
industry on mass scale; around 50% manufacturing cost being attributed to precursor feedstock whereas 43%
refers to conversion process in transforming precursor into carbon fibre and surface treatment, rest being spent
on spooling, etc. [29]. A number of research efforts are underway to develop low-cost conversion techniques in
reducing overall cost of carbon fibre from traditional precursor, PAN. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL),
USA, has been working to develop a higher-speed, lower-cost oxidative stabilization process and very recently,
in collaboration with RMX Technologies (RMX), they have scaled up a plasma-based oxidation process to the

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capacity of 1 ton/year. ONRL has further reported a net savings of 30% in energy consumption per kg of carbon
fibre compared to conventional methods [7] [30].

4.2. Affordable Feedstock

A number of alternate options for affordable precursor feedstock are now available; however significant research work is required to commercialize manufacturing methods. Currently, most widely explored feedstock
are; lignin based precursor (both hardwood/softwood), textile grade PAN (MA or VA formulations), and polyolefins.
Center for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing (CBBP), University of Toronto, Canada has done considerable research in using renewable sources for value added products [31]-[34]. In a recent study lignin fibers
were developed through melt spinning from a commercial available soda hardwood lignin (SHL) while using
poly (ethylene oxide) as a plasticizer. After determining the guaiacyl/syringyl ratio in SHL, a suitable temperature profile for the melt spinning was predicted through rheological studies [35]. Thunga et al. [36] have investigated lignin as a suitable precursor for carbon fibers; lignin was chemically modified and blended with poly
(lactic acid) (PLA) biopolymer before melt spinning into lignin fibers. In another research work, an economically viable and technologically sound process for the production of low-cost carbon fibers made of lignin copolymer with acrylonitrile (AN) is also reported where lignin was copolymerized with AN in dimethysulfoxide
(DMSO) [37]. Zolteck Companies Inc and DOE, USA have jointly developed lignin/PAN carbon fibres, Figure
7 [7]. The main objective of this project was to develop and commercially validate a low cost carbon fiber,
~$5.00/lb, having desired properties of strength; 250,000 psi, modulus of elasticity; 25,000,000 psi, and strainto-failure; >1%. The commercial validation of this project is scheduled to be completed by year 2015.

4.3. Recycling of Carbon Fibre

Widespread landfilling of solid waste around global urban centres have prompted the need of recycling to new
levels [38]. As the automotive lightweighting mandate is gaining momentum rapidly, concerned OEMs are
looking forward to cost-effective feedstock options to develop composite structures. Although the automotive
industry sector was using only 2150 tonnes, about 5%, of total global carbon fibre use in year 2012, however,
there exists a great potential of growth in this industry. According to a recent market study, published by Carbon
Composites eV and AVK, the annual growth of carbon fibre in the automotive sector is predicted around 34%
by year 2020, ranking among top three carbon fiber consuming market [39]. Recycling of carbon fibre has seen
great urgency in recent times among not only virgin fibre manufacturers but also post-consumer material handlers. Another very critical motive for recycling of carbon fibre is the compliance with the European Union (EU)
end-of-life-vehicle (ELV) directive which dictates that 85 percent, by weight, of the materials used in automotives, especially car and light truck built for the 2015 model year and beyond, must be recyclable [40].

Figure 7. Lignin/PAN carbon fibres produced under joint project of Zolteck Companies Inc and
DOE, USA; with permisssion from DOE-USA.

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Responding to ever increasing demand of carbon fibre, Figure 8, a number of commercial organizations have
setup a vigorous carbon fiber recycling programs of their own, mostly in North America and EU. Use and recycling of carbon fibre has become such an important strategic issue that a bill has been introduced in US Senate
requesting a study of the technology and energy savings of recycled carbon fiber. The bill, S. 1432, the Carbon
Fiber Recycling Act of 2015, also directs the DOE to collaborate with the automotive and aviation industry to
develop a recycled carbon fiber demonstration project [41]. Some of the noteworthy initiatives are;
SGL-Germany: A BMW-SGL joint venture, SGL Automotive Carbon Fibers, has developed a recycling
process to recirculate carbon fibers into the production process. A new material class Recycled carbon fibers RECAFIL has been introduced in the form of a Carbon Fiber Cut Mix or as so-called Carbon Fiber
Flocks. SGL recycles CF scrap from weaving into non-woven mats and subsequently molds these materials
into rear seat and roof structures of BMW i3 models, Figure 9 [40] [42] [43].
CFK Valley Recycling (Stade, Germany) is another major player in reclaiming carbon fibre, particularly
from aerospace industry. The fiber reclaimed by current means is chopped and not suitable for use in wind
turbine and aircraft structures. However, discontinuous fiber has long been a favorite of automotive composites, especially interiors and under the hood applications.
MIT-LLC, USA, started reclaiming carbon fibres 2009 from different industrial waste streams through its
own indigenous processes. The reclaimed carbon fibres are transformed into wet-laid nonwoven preforms
measuring in widths up to 49 inch and weighing 50 to 1000 g/m2. MIT uses its Three Dimensional Engineered Preform (3-DEP) chopped fiber composite technology, developed under DOE-USA Small Business
Innovation Research (SBIR) project, to address the need for cost-effective, high volume, lighter weight
components for automobiles.

Figure 8. Global carbon fibre production by market; 2012-2020; data source [40].

Figure 9. Non-woven mats from recycled carbon fibers transformed into BMW i-series CFRP Life
Module roof structure; with permission from [42].

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5. Cellulose-Enabled Hybrid Lightweight Engineered Composites

CBBP has demonstrated an economically and technically feasible innovative Microfiber technology (MF technology) to manufacture cellulose microfiber-enabled composite materials from a variety of biomass feed stocks
[44] [45]. Using this technology, the short yet high aspect ratio biofibres are microfibrilled and well-dispersed in
the polymer matrix, thus manufacturing a new high performing microfibre-composite a within very short cycle
times. Table 2 shows the comparison of the composites with the 40% glass fiber reinforced composites. Although MF-technology leads to high performance composites, the poor impact performance of the composites
restricts their use in high-end applications.
In order to enhance the impact performance of the micro-fiber composites, this microfibre technology (MF)
has been integrated with the currently used Direct-Long Fibre Thermoplastic technology (DLFT), which is the
current method for manufacturing long fibre composites economically, and have developed Micro Fibre DirectLong Fibre Thermoplastic technology, MF-DLFT. We have demonstrated this technology, in association with
the industrial partners, to manufacture with greater performing hybrid compositescellulose micro fiber and
carbon fiber reinforced hybrid compositesfor automotive under the hood applications. OEM requirement of
the two under the hood parts are given in the Table 3.
Microfibre-enabled composites have several unique advantages compared to conventional glass-filled thermoplastic structures; being 15% - 30% lightweight being the most important one, and can lead to about 14% of
fuel economy. With the developed technology CBBP has developed various cellulose micro-fiber carbon fiber
hybrid composites intending to use for various applications, and the details are given in the Table 4 along with
the cost of the materials.
Table 2. Comparison of the mechanical performance of the composites prepared as per the modified
MF technology with that of 40% glass fiber reinforced polypropylene.
Performance property

40% GF reinforced PP*

MF-technology plus short glass

fibre hybrid [46]

Fibre content (wt%)

40

50

Tensile strength, MPa

101

~90

Flexural strength, MPa

160

~135

Flexural modulus, GPa

6.2

~6.5

Izod impact strength, J/m

214

1.14

1.10

Density (g/cm )
*

Data from the samples prepared in our lab using 40% GF filled composites provided by industry partners.

Table 3. Comparison of the properties of the cellulose microfiber hybrid composites with the OEM
specifications.
Property specification

Engine cover

Cam cover

CBBP MF-DLFT
hybrid composite

Tensile strength, MPa

110

85

=, +

Flexural modulus, GPa

7.1

7.2

=, +

Impact strength @23C, kJ/m2

3.1

HDT @1.82 MPa, C

187

170

~, =

Flammability, (mm/min)

<100 mm/min

<100 mm/min

Density, g/cm

1.32 - 1.42

1.47

++

Current materials

30% glass filled PA6

40% glass filled PA66

Cellulose microfiber +
carbon fiber reinforced PP

= equal; + exceeds; ~ about the same; ++ exceeds well above.

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Various under the hood parts were successfully prototyped in association with one of our industrial partners,
FORD Canada, and few of the parts are shown in the Figure 10. Life cycle analysis of these composite materials
are underway and the results will be published soon. Our study on the LCA of engine cover showed that 30% of
weight reduction of a part in the vehicle body can reduce about 21 kg of CO2 emission for the vehicles lifespan.
Currently, our research is focused on the development of high performing lightweight automotive prototypes
using cellulosic nanocellulose composites as these fibers have significantly higher strength and stiffness compared to the natural fibers and micro fibers. Other companies and researchers are also moving to this direction.
Recently, two companies, (American Process Inc., Atlanta, GA and Futuris Automotive, Melbourne, Australia)
formed a partnership with researchers at three different research institutions (Georgia Institute of Technology,
Clark Atlanta University, Swinburne University of Technology, and the USDAs Forest Products Laboratory)
for developing ultra-strong and lightweight automotive structural components using nanocellulose reinforced
composites [47]. This particular partnerships goal is to use the advanced reinforced polymers in cars to replace
heavy steel structures within cars, such as the seat frames, that can compete with the cost of traditional materials.
In the future, nanocellulose composites seems to an economical substitute for expensive light-weight carbon fiber composites currently used in some luxury automobiles such as BMWs all-electric i3.
Table 4. Details of the hybrid composites prepared at the CBBP center and the percentage weight reduction compared to
the currently being used composite materials in the automotive applications.
CBBP MF
composite name

Generic name

Renewable
content (wt%)

Intended application

Cost/lb*
(US$)

MiCelD210-PP

Cellulose hybrid fiber

polypropylene composite

20 - 30

Engine cover, extension panel

dash, battery tray, door carrier
plates, air inlet box

1.31

Engine cover

30

MiCelD215-PP

Cellulose hybrid fiber

polypropylene composite

20 - 35

Oil pan, cam cover, windage

tray, engine front cover,
intake manifold

1.39

Oil pan,
cam cover

20

MiCelD112-PP

Cellulose hybrid fiber

polypropylene composite

20

Engine cover, extension panel

dash, battery tray, door carrier
plates, air inlet box

1.43

Battery tray

25

MiCelE000-PP

Cellulose fiber
polypropylene composite

25

Interior parts with

glass/mineral filled PP

1.17

Door cladding

15

Prototype
Weight
build to-date reduction (%)

Cost is calculated based on the price of the small scale shipment of raw materials and will be further reduced in the real scenario.

Figure 10. Prototypes of engine cover (A), cam cover (B), and oil pan (C) developed by CBBP,
University of Toronto, Canada.

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6. Conclusions

Recent climate change scenario associated with drastic natural disasters has prompted an urgent need to global
community in mitigating GHG emissions on realistic and war-footing basis. Road transport, using substantial
amounts of fossil fuel for its energy requirements, accounts for almost one third of all GHG related emissions
worldwide. In these circumstances, automotive fuel economy, achieved through lightweight construction materials, becomes a single most important factor to not only combat CO2 emissions on large scale but also provide
energy security on regional basis. European Union and North America in particular have formulated comprehensive agendas in developing lightweight automotive materials leading to stringent fuel economy standards in
coming years.
Apart from lightweight metallic alloys and multi-material design options, emerging trends in fibre-based hybrid composite structures provide a different kind of viable solution in the development of lightweight vehicles.
Recent technological advances in the utilization of cellulose and carbon fibre-enabled composite formulations
have led to revolutionize the design of not only standard but also luxury vehicles. Essentially speaking, use of
renewably-sourced cellulose fibre in advanced composite materials has already passed the proof-of-concept
phase and, after achieving technical validation, is now ready for scale-up commercial opportunities. CBBP, a
university of Toronto center of excellence in association with automotive industrial partners, has demonstrated a
practical feasibility of designing 20% - 30% lightweight hybrid prototypes which are currently under further
validation studies before going to commercial applications. Further, availability of low-cost carbon fibre in near
future, due to intense competition in recycling on large scale, will enable more feasible routes in the development of hybrid lightweight automotive materials. This will certainly facilitate significantly in achieving fuel
economy of 50+ MPG (20+ kpl) for most of vehicles in coming decade, as required by major environmental
protection agencies.

Acknowledgements
This work was supported financially by the NSERC, Canada, under Automotive Partnership Canada (APC) program; NSERC-APC Grant No: APCPJ 433821-12. Authors would also like to thank Ford Motor Company,
Canada, for their in-kind support.

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