On Some Properties of Humbert'S Polynomials: G. V - Milovanovic

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ON SOME PROPERTIES OF HUMBERT'S POLYNOMIALS

G. V .

University

of Nis,

P.O.
G,

University

MILOVANOVIC

Box 73,

Nis,

Yugoslavia

DJORDJEViC

of Nis,

16000

(Submitted
1.

18000

Leskovac,

February

Yugoslavia

1986)

SNTRODUCTiON

I n 1 9 2 1 , Humbert [8] d e f i n e d a c l a s s of p o l y n o m i a l s {II n ? m } = 0 by t h e g e n erating function


(1 - mxt + tm)~x

HrA m{x)tn.

= f

(1)

n =0

These satisfy the recurrence relation


(n + l)n + lsm(a;) - mx(n

+ X)Tl^m(x)

(n + mX - m + l)Iin-m+1,

(x)

= 0.

Particular cases of these polynomials are Gegenbauer polynomials [1]

and Pincherle polynomials (see [8])

Later, Gould [2] studied a class of generalized Humbert polynomials


Pn(m,

x,

p 5 C)

ys

defined by
(C - mxt + ytm)p

= P n (^, x9

y9

p,

C)tn,

(2)

H = 0

where TTZ ^ 1 is an integer and the other parameters a r e unrestricted in general.


The recurrence relation for the generalized Humbert polynomials is
CnPn - m(n - 1 - p)xPn_1
where we put Pn = Pn(m9

x9

p9

+ in - m - mp)yPn_m==

n > m > 1,

(3)

C) .

In [6]j Horadam and Pethe investigated the polynomials associated with the
Gegenbauer polynomials
[n/2]

(X)

where (A) 0 = 1, ( X ) n = X(X + 1 ) o e e (A + n - 1 ) , n = 1, 2, ... . Listing the


polynomials of (4) horizontally and taking sums along the rising diagonals,
Horadam and Pethe obtained the polynomials denoted by px(x).
For these polynomials , they proved that the generating function Gx(x9 t) is given by
GX(x5

t)

= E pX(x)tn~1

= (1 - 2xt

+ t3)"A.

(5)

n = 1

356

[Nov.

ON SOME PROPERTIES OF HUMBERT'S POLYNOMIALS

Some special cases of these polynomials were considered in several papers (see
[3] 5 [4], and [7], for example).
Comparing (5) to (1), we see that their polynomials are Humbert polynomials for m = 3, with x replaced by 2x/39
i.e., p+1(x)
= II A (2#/3).
THE POLYNOMIALS p A

2.

(x)

In this paper9 we consider the polynomials {p*


Plm

defined by

(x) =

Jl m(2x/m).

Their generating function is given by

Gx(x,

t) = (1 - 2xt + tm)-x

n
m(x)t .

= f) p\
Yl = 0

(6)

'

Note that
px

(x)

(Gegenbauer polynomials)

= C^(x)

and
Pn 3 ^ )

Pn + i(x^

(Horadam-Pethe polynomials).

For m = 1, we have
Gx(x,

t) = (1 - (2x - l ) t r A = E p i
n=0

and

Ax)tn
'

^.

P^G*) = (-ir(~n )(2x - vf -~zr(2x - D*.


These polynomials can be obtained from descending diagonals in the Pascal-type
array for Gegenbauer polynomials (see Horadam [5]).
Expanding the left-hand side of (6), we obtain the explicit formula

^w.m

[n/m]

(A)

Ac! (n - mk) !

, _,. 7

These polynomials can be obtained from (2) by putting C = y = 1, p = -A,


and x : = 2x/m.
Then we have
px

(re) = Pn(jn9

2x/m9

1, -A, 1).

Also, if we put C = z/ = m/2 and p = -A, we obtain

pA

(x) = (-) PnQn9 x5 m/29 -A, mil).

Then, from (3), we get the following recurrence relation

np^m(x)

= (A +n - l)2xpn_lim(x)

- (n + m(X - 1) )pn _ ^ m (*),

(8)

for n > m > 1.


The starting polynomials are
pA

1987]

Or) =

r- (2x)n

n = 0, 1, . . . s m - l .

357

ON SOME PROPERTIES OF HUMBERT'S POLYNOMIALS


For corresponding monic polynomials p A

Remark:

px

(x) = xpx

VX

(x) = Xn9

n , w?

(x) - b px

, we have

(x), n ^ m > 1,

0 < Yl < 77? - 1 ,

where
,

(n - 1) !
n + 777 (X - 1 )
(777 - 1 ) ! " 2 m ( A + n - m)m '

lDn

The classes of polynomials WW} x = {pn m}n = o > m = 2 5 3, . .., can be found by
repeating the "diagonal functions process,1' starting f r o m p x (x). Listing the
terms of polynomials horizontally,
(-l) k (^) n _

[n/rn]

Plm(*)

^ E ^ ^ f e X Z x ) - - * , <<*) -

and taking sums along the rising diagonals, we obtain p


A
n-k,m^

(-1)

^ n ~ k~ (m~ Vk.
_
kl(n ~ k - TTZfc)! = a

3-

fm-i)k

kl(n-mk)l

(x), because

^ + l(^)e

SOME DIFFERENTIAL RELATIONS

In this section we shall give some differential equalities for the polynomials p x . Here, D is the differentiation operator and p x (x) E 0 when k ^ 0.
Theorem 1: The following equalities hold:

2np x >m (x) = 2xZ7p^m (x) - mDpxn_m + lim(x)


^n
2X

Proof:

+ l.m^)

Pn,m (ar)

2(W +777A)p m (a;) + 2x (777 - l)DpX^(x)9

^ \ !,*<*> " 2 ^ , w <*> + ^ -m+ 1, m <*> '

(10)
(11)

<12>

Using the differentiation formula (cf. [2, Eq. (3.5)])


D P

Z n+k(m>

> y> P> C^

(-)kkl(^)Pn(rn,

x9 y9 p - k9 C)

we obtain (9).
To prove (10), we differentiate the generating function (6) w.r.t. x and t.
Then, elimination (1 - 2xt 4- tm)~ _ 1 from the expressions, we find
T, 2npx

(x)tn

= (2x - mt^"1) TtDpx

(x)tn.

Equating coefficients of t n in this identity, we get (10).


By differentiating the recurrence relation (8), with n 4 1 substituted for
n, and using (10), we obtain (11).
Gm(x9
tn+1,

358

Finally, by differentiating the generating function (6)w.r.t. x9 replacing


t) by its series expansion in powers of t9 and equating coefficients of
we obtain the relation (12).

[Nov.

ON SOME PROPERTIES OF HUMBERT'S POLYNOMIALS

THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

k.
Let the sequence (fr)"=Q

f(t)

= (n - t)[

be given by fr

where

= f(r)9

in - t + m(A + t)L
-~
)

\
m
lm-i
Also 5 we introduce two standard difference operators, the forward difference
operator A and the displacement (or shift) operator E, by
A

and

4 =4+1 " fr

fr

4+Is

and their powers by

Ak/r =A(Afe"1/;)> Ekfr = fr+k-

A X =fr,

Theorem 2: The polynomial x H- px


ing w-order differential equation'

(x) is a particular solution of the follow-

y(m) + E asxsy{s)

= 0,

(13)

s = 0

where the coefficients a s are given by

as = ~

Asf0

(s = 0, 1, ..., m).

(14)

Proof: Let n = pm + q, where p = [n/w] and 0 < q < ??? - 1. By differentiating


(7), we find
. .
a)n (m 1)k
(~Dk
~ ~
(2x)n-mk
^ l)
kl (n - mk - s)\ K x)

**Z?V
(x) =T
x U p
n,m Kx)
^=o
and

P-i
m

D v^
(x) = V
u
Pn,m{x)
^

(A) ,
k

(~l)
l)

n {m 1)k

12m

~ kl(n - m(k +

l))r

X)

(2x)n-m(k+l\

p when s ^ q * or = p - 1 when s > g.

where

If we substitute these expressions in the differential equation (13) and


compare the corresponding coefficients, we obtain the following relations:

E (n ~mk)slas

= 2mk(X

+n -

(rn - l)k)m

(15)

(k = 0 9 1, ..., p - 1)
and

E (" ; m P )s!a s = 2mp(X + - (m - D p ) ^ s = 0N

'

Firsts we consider the second equality, i.e.,


q

(H\l A V J = 2m ^ ^ l \ + a H+ =
Asl m
o
m \
Q

,
.
mm In
lm-i

This equality is correct, because it is equivalent to

(1 + A ) V 0 = EqfQ = fq = f(q).
Equality (15) can be written in the form
(16)

1987]

359

ON SOME PROPERTIES OF HUMBERT'S POLYNOMIALS

Since t -> f{t)


is a polynomial of degree m, the last equalities are correct;
(16) is a forward-difference formula for / at the point t = n - mk>
Thus, the proof is completed.
From (14), we have
2mn/n

2mn

+ mX\

a0 ^{)m^

a, = ^ {<n - D(n~

1+

77Z l

' \

,. ^ .

...

^(n+mtt + i - 1)),

* ^ + 1 >)
77?

_ /^A|
/

- i

777

/777 - 1

Since
/() = -(

tm + terms of lower degree,

we f ind
2m(m -

If'1

m
m \ m
For m = 1, 2, 3, we have the following differential equations:
(1 - 2x)yf
2

(1 - x )y"

+ 2ny = 0,
- (2X + l)xyf

(l - | | X3)T/'"

- -^(2A

+ n(n + 2X)y

= 0,

+ 3)^2/"

- Jy(3n(n + 2X + 1) - (3A + 2) (3A + 5))xz/'


+ -~ n{n

+ 3A) (n + 3(A + l))y

= 0.

Note that the second equation is the Gegenbauer equation.


REFERENCES
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

L. Gegenbauer. "Zur Theorie der Functionen C^(x)." Osterreichische


Akademie der Wissenschaften
Mathematisch
Naturwissen
Schaftliche
Klasse
Denkscriften
48 (1884):293-316.
H. W. Gould. ffInverse Series Relations and Other Expansions Involving Humbert Polynomials." Duke Math. J. 32, no. 4 (1965):697-712.
A. F. Horadam. "Polynomials Associated with Chebyshev Polynomials of the
First Kind." The Fibonacci
Quarterly
15, no. 3 (1977):255-257.
A. F. Horadam. "Chebyshev and Fermat Polynomials for Diagonal Functions."
The Fibonacci
Quarterly
17, no. 4 (1979):328-333.
A. F. Horadam. "Gegenbauer Polynomials Revisited." The Fibonacci
Quarterly 23, no. 4 (1985):294-299, 307.
A. F. Horadam & S. Pethe. "Polynomials Associated with Gegenbauer Polynomials." The Fibonacci
Quarterly
19, no. 5 (1981):393-398.
D. V. Jaiswal. "On Polynomials Related to Tchebichef Polynomials of the
Second Kind." The Fibonacci
Quarterly
12, no. 3 (1974):263-265.
P. Humbert. "Some Extensions of Pincherle!s Polynomials." Proc*
Edinburgh
Math. Soc (1) 39 (1921):21-24.
^o*<c>^

360

[Nov.

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