Refrigerantion Complete 2
Refrigerantion Complete 2
Refrigerantion Complete 2
INTRODUCTION
Refrigeration is used widely in various applications from industrial to domestic
situations, mainly for the storage and transport of perishable foodstuff and chemical
substances. It has the prime functions to remove heat from a low temperature
region, and it can also be applied as a heat pump for supplying heat to a region of
high temperature.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the variation in Coefficient of Performance (COP)R of a vapor
compression refrigeration system.
THEORY
A refrigeration cycle works to lower and maintain the temperature of a controlled
space by heat transfer from a low to a high temperature region.
Wnet
QL
Low Temperature Reservoir, TL
Refrigeration duty is another term for the cooling effect of the refrigeration system,
which is the rate of heat being removed from the low temperature region with
specified evaporation and condensation temperatures. The unit for duty
measurements is in Watts (for 1 ton of refrigeration = 3517W).
3.1
The cycle :
1 2 Condensation of the high pressure vapour during which heat is
transferred to the high temperature region.
2 3 Adiabatic throttling of the condensed vapour from the condensing to
the evaporating pressure.
3 4 Evaporation of the low pressure liquid during which heat is absorbed
from the low temperature source.
4 1 Isentropic compression of the vapour, from the evaporating to the
condensing pressures.
Energy Transfer Analysis
Compressor
q1-2 = h2 h1 + w
If compressor is adiabatic, q1-2 = 0 and w = h1 h2
Power requirement, P = m (h1 h2 ), where m is the flow rate of working fluid per
unit time.
Condenser
q2-3 = h3 h2 + w
w = 0, therefore q2-3 = h3 h2 and rate of heat rejection Q2-3 = m ( h3 h2 )
Expansion valve
q3-4 = h4 h3 + w
w = 0 at the expansion valve, and the process is adiabatic
Therefore h4 = h3
Evaporator
q4-1 = h1 h4 + w
w = 0, therefore q4-1 = h1 h4 and rate of heat absorbed Q4-1 = m ( h1 h4 )
Coefficient of Performance (COP)
CO Pr ef
q 4 1 h1 h 4
w
h 2 h1
Quantity
Unit
Cp
Specific Heat
F
h
I
m
Force
Specific enthalpy
Current
J kg-1
K-1
N
J kg-1
A
kg/s
N
q
Rotational speed
Heat Transfer per unit
Mass
Rev/min
J kg-1
T
V
w
Temperature
Potential Difference
Work per unit Mass
Angular velocity
K
Volts
J kg-1
Rad s-1
APPARATUS
TH Series Computer Linked Refrigeration Unit (Edibon).
PROCEDURE
a) Condenser-water and evaporator-water
b. Adjust the air flow of the condenser to maximum flow (100%) and adjust
the water flow rate at the evaporator to 3 L/m (evaporator load).
c. Then click COMPRESSOR
d. When the system is stabilized, start recording the data by click START
SAVING
e. Set the sampling rate at 120 second per sample.
f. Record the data for six minutes (3 samples @ 360 second). STOP
SAVING
g. Then increase evaporator load to 5 L/m and repeat step (c) to step (f).
RESULT
Experiment A
Working fluid = Cond- water
Evap -water
Condenser cooling load = SC-2 =5
L/m
Evaporator heat
load
SC-3 = 3 L/m
SC-3=5 L/m
Time(s
)
120
240
360
120
240
360
ST-2
(C)
36.56
35.63
40.01
40.97
41.11
41.18
ST3(C)
5.89
6.34
7.33
8.49
7.15
6.86
ST4(C)
8.91
15.15
15.04
12.62
12.60
12.59
SP1(bar)
8.43
8.608
9.56
9.81
9.78
9.78
SP2(bar)
1.81
1.88
2.05
2.12
2.00
1.97
SC1(L/h)
26.58
30.03
29.72
30.18
29.51
29.79
SW1(W)
480.08
476.08
489.04
486.17
486.02
468.95
Experiment B
Working fluid = Cond- Water
Evap- Air
Condenser cooling load = SC-2 = 5
L/m
Evaporator heat
load
Fan power at evap=
50%
Time(s
)
ST-2
(C)
ST3(C)
ST4(C)
SP1(bar)
SP2(bar)
SC1(L/h)
SW1(W)
120
240
360
40.44
41.78
42.24
14.39
15.81
16.05
22.29
22.23
21.85
9.70
10.07
10.17
2.09
2.26
2.27
29.75
31.54
31.61
481.45
490.09
479.00
120
240
360
41.52
42.45
43.04
16.29
17.75
18.58
23.84
24.74
25.15
10.03
10.36
10.57
2.31
2.46
2.56
32.59
34.01
34.55
482.80
490.18
493.87
Experiment C
Working fluid = Cond- Air
Evap- Air
Condenser cooling load =Fan power at
condenser = 100%
Evaporator heat
load
Fan power at evap=
50%
Time(s
)
ST-2
(C)
ST3(C)
ST4(C)
SP1(bar)
SP2(bar)
SC1(L/h)
SW1(W)
120
240
360
42.55
43.62
44.27
16.57
17.31
17.59
23.17
23.06
23.20
9.85
10.21
10.43
2.16
2.34
2.38
30.57
32.45
32.32
476.25
484.65
489.98
120
240
360
43.89
45.48
46.34
16.80
19.20
20.06
24.31
25.46
25.95
10.43
10.98
11.26
2.34
2.63
2.72
32.99
34.87
36.21
482.94
497.76
504.33
ST3(C)
ST4(C)
SP1(bar)
SP2(bar)
SC1(L/h)
SW1(W)
12.08
10.37
9.93
14.43
14.77
14.89
10.89
10.50
10.44
2.34
2.20
2.16
30.90
31.10
30.88
482.03
476.60
472.46
11.47
10.95
10.93
15.91
15.92
16.04
10.69
10.73
10.73
2.33
2.27
2.27
31.09
30.74
30.17
477.57
484.92
483.98
Qevap(
kW)
COP
Experiment D
Working fluid = Cond- Air
Evap- Water
Condenser cooling load = SC-2 = 5
L/m
Evaporator heat
ST-2
load
Time(s) (C)
Fan power at evap=
50%
120
45.49
240
44.81
360
44.71
Fan power at evap=
100%
120
45.37
240
45.53
360
45.58
Vref
(m3/s)
V2
mref(Kg/ h3
3
(m /kg) s)
(KJ/Kg
h4
(KJ/Kg
)
120
240
360
120
240
360
EXP B
Time(s
)
120
240
360
120
240
360
EXP C
Time(s
)
120
7.383
E-06
8.342
E-06
8.256
E-06
8.383
E-06
8.197
E-06
8.275
E-06
Vref
(m3/s)
8.264
E-06
8.761
E-06
8.781
E-06
9.053
E-06
9.447
E-06
9.597
E-06
Vref
(m3/s)
8.492
0.0008 0.0086
51
8
98.16
0.0008 0.0097
53
8
99.25
0.0018 0.0045
04
8
104.85
Average COP
0.0008 0.0096
68
6
106.25
0.0008 0.0094
67
5
106.08
0.0008 0.0095
67
4
106.08
Average COP
)
268.17
1.476
3.074
268.52
1.655
3.476
270.25
0.758
1.549
2.699
270.67
1.588
3.266
270.62
1.555
3.199
270.62
1.569
3.346
3.270
V2
mref(Kg/ h3
(m3/kg) s)
(KJ/Kg
)
0.0008 0.0095
66
4
105.63
0.0008 0.0100
71
6
107.69
0.0008 0.0100
72
7
108.21
Average COP
0.0008 0.0104
70
1
107.48
0.0008 0.0108
74
1
109.20
0.0008 0.0109
77
4
110.30
Average COP
h4
(KJ/Kg
)
Qevap(
kW)
270.49
1.572
3.265
271.09
1.644
3.354
271.23
1.642
3.428
3.349
271.03
1.703
3.527
271.51
1.755
3.733
271.81
1.767
3.729
3.663
V2
mref(Kg/ h3
3
(m /kg) s)
(KJ/Kg
)
0.0008 0.0097 106.48
h4
(KJ/Kg
)
270.74
Qevap(
kW)
1.606
COP
COP
3.372
240
360
120
240
360
EXP D
Time(s
)
120
240
360
120
240
360
E-06
9.014
E-06
8.977
E-06
9.1639
E-06
9.6861
E-06
10.0583
E-06
Vref
(m3/s)
8.5833
E-06
8.6389
E-06
8.5778
E-06
8.6361
E-06
8.5389
E-06
8.3806
E-06
68
8
0.0008 0.0103
72
4
108.42
0.0008 0.0102
75
6
109.57
Average COP
0.0008 0.0104
75
7
109.57
0.0008 0.0109
81
9
112.44
0.0008
85
0.01137 113.90
Average COP
V2
mref(Kg/ h3
(m3/kg) s)
(KJ/Kg
)
0.0008 0.0097
80
5
119.97
0.0008 0.0098
74
8
109.93
0.0008 0.0098
75
0
109.62
Average COP
0.0008 0.0098
78
4
110.93
0.0008 0.0097
79
1
111.13
0.0008 0.0095
79
3
111.13
Average COP
SAMPLE CALCULATION
Volume flow rate of refrigerant;
271.29
1.684
3.475
271.61
1.663
3.394
3.414
271.61
1.697
3.514
272.40
1.758
3.532
272.80
1.807
3.583
3.543
h4
(KJ/Kg
)
Qevap(
kW)
272.27
1.485
3.081
271.71
1.598
3.353
271.62
1.637
3.465
3.299
271.98
1.585
3.319
272.04
1.562
3.221
272.04
1.533
3.169
3.236
COP
1 hr
1m
V =SC1 x
x
3600 s 1000 l
26.58 x
1
1
x
3600 1000
6 3 1
= 7.383 x 10 m s
Volumetry of refrigerant
Based on the properties given at temperature and pressure, the volumetry is
interpolated based on the given pressure of SP-1
State 1
Pressure:
800 kPa
Volumetry:
0.0008458 m3/kg
State 2
Pressure:
850 kPa
Volumtery:
0.0008520 m3/kg
Vo lumetry=
0.000851 m3/kg
mass flow rate , m=
V
Volumetry
7.383 x 106 m 3 s1
3
1
0.000851 m kg
0.00868 kg s1
Enthaply H3
Based on the properties given at temperature and pressure, the volumetry is
interpolated based on the given pressure of SP-1 (8.49 Bar)
State 1
Pressure:
800 kPa
Enthalpy:
95.47 kJ/kg
State 2
Pressure:
850 kPa
Enthalpy:
98.60 kJ/kg
H 3=
98.16 kJ k g1
Enthaply H4
Based on the properties given at temperature and pressure, the volumetry is
interpolated based on the given pressure of ST-4 (8.91 OC)
H4=
268.17 kJ k g
COP;
COP=
Qevap
1.476
=
Work
480.08
(
) (
)
1000
1000
= 3.074
QL
qL
(kJ/kg) is
the heat extracted by a unit mass of refrigerant during the evaporating process in the
evaporator.
The rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space is the cooling capacity of a
refrigerated system, is often expressed in term of tons of refrigerations. In this case,
the system can freeze 1 ton of liquid water at 0C into ice at 0 C in 24 hour is said to
be I ton that is equivalent to 211 kJ/min or 200 Btu/min. the cooling load of a typical
200-m residence is in 3-ton (10-kw) range.
In this modern day, this refrigeration has use at many practical applications.
What I understand by term of load is a amount of things or an object itself that we
want to keep it cool and fresh.
For example, in domestic usually the loads are food like fishs, meats, fruits,vegetable
and others that we keep it in our refrigerator at home in a small quantity. But in
factory, the loads not only foods. Sometime they put steel, or project sample or
something that need certain temperature to keep its characteristic and material
microstructure maintained same because it sensitive to the temperature. Usually the
factory use large of refrigeration system because they keep their product in a large
quantity.
(COPref )
from condenser, Coefficient of Performance
been given. The complete result we can refer through the table in result and sample
of calculation section above. But we think that there have something that not right or
we can say error because we got the values of enthalpy are same. So it effect to our
(COPref )
that maintained same but according to the theory it must increased as the
load is increased. Other than that there are no problem about our experiment.
ref
also increases.
In a room
In a factory
door seals to prevent air from going in and out, refrigerator use less energy
than it was when it is first invented. To ensure that certain amount of load can
be applied in the refrigerator, special compartments are used. The whole shell
of the refrigerator is sealed to avoid from water leakage or moisture migration
into the insulation since moisture degrades and decreased the effectiveness
of insulation. Larger loads are possible to practice and placed in refrigerator
nowadays because of the uses of thinner but more effective insulation that will
minimizes the space occupied by the compressor and the condenser.
MOHD HAFIDZI BIN YUSOF
2011197021
CONCLUSION
In this experiment, we know that COP of the refrigeration system increased
considerably relative to the single stage. As a result, the COP of the refrigerator
would increase, when load increased. The refrigeration duty and compressor work
also increased when load is increased. Heat rejected from condenser, remain
constant when load is applied.
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION
2011974363
COP=
h1 h4
h2 h 1
types, which are sensible load and latent load. Sensible load results when
heat entering the conditioned space that causes dry bulb temperature to
increase. Latent load occurs when moisture entering the space causes the
humidity to increase.
In a room
Actual load of refrigeration in a room was introduced which are not experienced by
the coil. They are piping sensible heat gain as the cold pipe passes through warm
surroundings and pumping heat gain as the pump does work on the water. Todays
refrigerators use much less energy as a result of using smaller and higher efficiency
motors and compressor, better insulation materials, larger coil surface areas, and
better door seals.
In a factory
The use of refrigerators in factory and industrial sectors is said to be costly, but new
improvement had changed the situation. Because of the factors such as better
insulating material that dissipated more heat, higher efficiency yet smaller
compressor and motors, larger coils surface area, and also better door seals to
prevent air from going in and out, refrigerator use less energy than it was when it is
first invented. To ensure that certain amount of load can be applied in the
refrigerator, special compartments are used. The whole shell of the refrigerator is
sealed to avoid from water leakage or moisture migration into the insulation since
moisture degrades and decreased the effectiveness of insulation. Larger loads are
possible to practice and placed in refrigerator nowadays because of the uses of
thinner but more effective insulation that will minimizes the space occupied by the
compressor and the condenser.
CONCLUSIONS
2011974363
2011981111
DISCUSSION
From the result, the coefficient of performance is increased as the load is increased at
experiment a and c because the working fluid that is used at the condenser and evaporater is
same which at the experiment a is using water while at the experiment c is using air. For the
experiment b and d, the coefficient of performance is decreased becaused the working fluid
that is used at evaporater and condenser are different and also due to the evaporater heat load.
The effect of cooling medium on the average refrigeration COP is to increased the value of
COP because the cooling medium is conducts heat from one or more heat sources and
transports it to a heat exchanger, where the heat is removed and disposed.
Domestic refrigerators have two types which is a single door fresh food refrigerator or a twodoor refrigerator.
A single door fresh food refrigerator consists of an evaporator placed either across the top or
in one of the upper corners of the cabinet. The condenser is on the back of the cabinet or in
the bottom of the cabinet below the hermetic compressor. During operation, the cold air from
the evaporator flows by natural circulation through the refrigerated space. The shelves inside
the cabinet are constructed so air can circulate freely past the ends and sides, eliminating the
need for a fan. This refrigerator has a manual defrost, which requires that the refrigerator be
turned off periodically (usually overnight) to enable the buildup of frost on the evaporator to
melt. Both the outside and inside finish is usually baked-on enamel. Porcelain enamel is
found on steel cabinet liners. The interior of the unit contains the shelves, lights, thermostats,
and temperature controls
The two-door refrigerator-freezer combination is the most popular type of refrigerator. It is
similar to the fresh food refrigerators in construction and the location of components except it
sometimes has an evaporator for both the freezer compartment and the refrigerator
compartment. Also, if it is a frost-free unit, the evaporators are on the outside of the cabinet.
Because of the two separate compartments and the larger capacity, these types of refrigerators
use forced air to circulate the air through the inside of both compartments. The two-door
refrigerator also has one of the following three types of evaporator defrost systems which is
manual defrost, automatic defrost, or frost-free.
There are two types of automatic defrosting. There are the hot gas system and the electric
heater system. The hot gas system, through the use of solenoid valves, uses the heat in the
vapor from the compressor discharge line and the condenser to defrost the evaporator. The
other system uses electric heaters to melt the ice on the evaporator surface.
2011981111
CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, the coefficient of performance of vapor compression refrigerationis obtained
using the refrigerant enthalpy by assuming there is no heat transfer occurs or called an
adiabatic system. The reducing of the temperature has optimize the value of coefficient of
performance due to its load and the working fluid.
REFERENCES
1. Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach 5th
Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2006.
2. http://home.howstuffworks.com/refrigerator.htm
3. http://www.answers.com/coefficient-of-performance.htm
4. http://books.google.com.my/books?
id=iRlnToZbRxEC&pg=PA305&lpg=PA305&dq=refrigeration+practise+in+factory&
source=bl&ots=0nDnDkoHfL&sig=16hdBEyVWfPMPlsczn4d8pfyfM&hl=en&ei=MB_SumdBYeMkAWvycH_Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onep
age&q=&f=false