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Mechanical Properties of Materials

The document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including Hooke's law, strain hardening, Poisson's ratio, shear stress-strain behavior, and the relationships between modulus of elasticity, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio. Key points covered include the linear elastic behavior defined by Hooke's law, how plastic deformation causes permanent set and increases yield strength, and definitions of important material properties and constants.

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th05691
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69 views19 pages

Mechanical Properties of Materials

The document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including Hooke's law, strain hardening, Poisson's ratio, shear stress-strain behavior, and the relationships between modulus of elasticity, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio. Key points covered include the linear elastic behavior defined by Hooke's law, how plastic deformation causes permanent set and increases yield strength, and definitions of important material properties and constants.

Uploaded by

th05691
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mechanical Properties

of Materials

Experimental Stress-Strain Diagram

Which one to use


in engineering
design?

Engineering
stress-strain

True stress-strain

Hookes Law

Stressstrain diagrams exhibit a linear relationship between stress and


strain within the elastic region

An increase in stress causes a proportionate increase in strain

Known as Hookes Law

represents the constant of proportionality, which is called the


modulus of elasticity or Youngs modulus

Represents the equation of the initial straight lined portion of the


stressstrain diagram up to the proportional limit

Hookes Law

Modulus of elasticity represents the slope of stress strain curve in


elastic region

Since strain is dimensionless, has the same units as stress, such as


psi, ksi, or pascals

Proportional limit for a particular


type of steel alloy depends on its
carbon content

However, most grades of steel,


have about the same modulus of
elasticity, generally accepted to
be 29x103 ksi or 200 GPa

Hookes Law

Modulus of elasticity is a mechanical property that indicates the


stiffness of a material

Materials that are very stiff, such as steel, have large values of E=200
GPa, whereas spongy materials such as vulcanized rubber may have

low values E=0.7 MPa

Strain Hardening

If a material is loaded into the plastic


region and then unloaded, elastic
strain is recovered

As the material returns to its equilibrium


state. The plastic strain remains

The material is subjected to a


permanent set

If load is reapplied, the new stress-strain


diagram now has a higher yield point

Greater elastic region

Less ductility

Poissons Ratio

When a deformable body is


subjected to an axial tensile force,
not only does it elongate but it also
contracts laterally

Compressive force causes body to


contract in the direction of the force
and its sides expand laterally

Poissons Ratio

Consider a bar, radius r and length L

Subjected to the tensile force P

Force elongates the bar by an amount

Radius contracts by an amount

Strains in the longitudinal and in the


lateral direction

Within the elastic range, the ratio of these strains is a constant. This
constant is referred to as Poissons ratio

Poissons Ratio

Mathematically

Negative sign indicates that longitudinal elongation (positive


strain)causes lateral contraction(negative strain), and vice versa

Poissons ratio is a dimensionless quantity

For an ideal material having no lateral deformation when it is


stretched or compressed Poissons ratio will be 0

It can be shown that maximum possible value for Poissons ratio is 0.5

Example

Example

Example

Shear Stress-Strain Diagram

Consider a small element of material is subjected to pure shear

Equilibrium requires that equal shear stresses must be developed on


four faces of the element

If the material is homogeneous and isotropic, then this shear stress


will distort the element uniformly

Shear strain measures the angular distortion of the element relative


to the sides

Shear Stress-Strain Diagram

Pure shear can be studied using specimens in the shape of thin tubes
and subjected to torsional loading

Data can be used to determine the shear stress and shear strain,
and a shear stressstrain diagram plotted

Elastic behaviour is linear, and so


Hookes law for shear

Shear Stress-Strain Diagram

G is called the shear modulus of elasticity or the modulus of rigidity

Represents the slope of the line on the shear stress-strain diagram

Units of G are same as that of

The three material constants , E, and G are related by the equation

Example

Example

Example

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